Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June
2021 | 13(7): 18846–18852
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6438.13.7.18846-18852
#6438 | Received 18 July 2020 | Final received 24 January
2021 | Finally accepted 15 June 2021
New records and distribution extension of Nassarius
persicus (Martens, 1874) and N. tadjallii Moolenbeek, 2007
(Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nassariidae)
to India
Sayali Nerurkar
1 & Deepak Apte
2
1 Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill
House, Opp. Lion Gate, Dr. Sálim
Ali Chowk, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001, India.
2 Srushti Conservation Foundation, Flat no 104, Hissa 8, Soba Garden Saffron, C Pune Cit
Mahatma Society Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India.
1 sayali.mavalankar@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 spiderconch@gmail.com
Editor: A. Biju Kumar, University of Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, India. Date of publication: 26 June 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Nerurkar, S. &
D. Apte (2021). New records and distribution extension of Nassarius
persicus (Martens, 1874) and N. tadjallii Moolenbeek, 2007
(Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nassariidae)
to India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 13(7): 18846–18852. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6438.13.7.18846-18852
Copyright: © Nerurkar
& Apte 2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai.
Competing interests: The authors declare no
competing interests.
Author details: Sayali Nerurkar is pursuing her doctoral work on taxonomy and phylogeny of family Nassariidae from India in Bombay Natural History Society,
Mumbai. Dr. Deepak Apte
is the Executive Director, Srushti Conservation
Foundation and is specialized in molluscan taxonomy, biodiversity and Marine
Ecology.
Author contributions: DA and SN carried out
field work in Gulf of Kutchch, Gujarat. SN identified
the species and prepared the manuscript. DA assisted in the preparation of the
manuscript and provided photographs of live animals.
Acknowledgements: We are grateful to Mr.
Shinde, Technical Expert, Physics Department, Savitribai Phule University, Pune
for his assistance in Scanning Electron Micrography of radula of both the
species. We thank support through All India Co-ordinated Project on Taxonomy,
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India for the
work. Special thanks to Dr. J.R. Bhatt, Advisor,
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. We
also thank Gujarat State Biodiversity Board, Government of Gujarat for granting
necessary permissions.
Abstract: We report new findings of
live specimens of Nassarius persicus (Martens, 1874) and N. tadjallii
Moolenbeek, 2007, extending their range to the Gulf
of Kachchh, Gujarat, India. The known distribution of both species was limited:
N. persicus was distributed in the
Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and Karachi in Pakistan; N. tadjallii
was reported from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. We also provide
comprehensive taxonomic descriptions of both species, along with additional
morphological and ecological information.
Keywords: Intertidal mudflats, new records, Gujarat,
Gulf of Kachchh Marine Sanctuary.
Abbreviations: BNHS—Bombay Natural
History Society, Mumbai, India | MNHN—Muséum national
d’Histoire naturelle,
Paris, France | WoRMS—World Register of Marine
Species.
Introduction
Nassarius Duméril, 1805 (Gastropoda:
Nassariidae) is the most diverse genus within the
subfamily Nassariinae and limited to the Indo-West
Pacific (Galindo et al. 2016; Dekker et al. 2016). Information on the members
of this genus from the Indian subcontinent, a major ecoregion of the Western
Indo-Pacific, however, is scarce (Nerurkar et al.
2020). In this paper, for the first time, we report the occurrence of many
living specimens of Nassarius persicus (Martens, 1874) and Nassarius
tadjallii Moolenbeek,
2007 from the intertidal reef associated mud-flats of the Gulf of Kachchh,
Gujarat, India. We also provide a complete taxonomic description for both
species, along with additional information about morphological characters which
are previously unknown (radula and operculum) for further reference.
Nassarius persicus was earlier reported from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, a
single record from Aden, Yemen, should be confirmed as it is out of the
expected range for this species. This species is also found in Karachi,
Pakistan (Cernohorsky 1984). This species is a
conspicuous member of the intertidal reef community within the Gulf of Kachchh,
Gujarat; however, it was misidentified as N. arcularia
plicatus (Röding, 1798)
(Ghosh 2008: pl. 1, figs. 5–6) and N. olivaceus (Bruguière, 1789) (Dave & Mankodi
2008: fig. 1) previously.
Nassarius tadjallii is currently known only from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.
This species is very similar to N. marmoreus
(A. Adams, 1852), N. javanus (Schepman, 1891), and N. thachorum
Dekker et al., 2016.
Materials and Methods
Taxon sampling: Specimens of both
species were found and handpicked at low tide during the present study,
intertidally, up to 1 m depth, at different localities in the district Devbhumi Dwarka, Gujarat, India. Live animals were
photographed in the field before collection (Image
1). Animals were preserved in 96–98% ethanol and voucher specimens are housed
in the museum of Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS).
Morphological analyses for primary identification: A stereomicroscope (Carl Zeiss ZEISS Stemi 2000C, Germany) was used to observe shell and
operculum morphology for each specimen included in the study. A digital vernier (accurate to 0.1 mm) was used for shell
measurements. Shells were photographed using SX520 HS Canon digital single-lens
reflex camera. For SEM imaging, radulae were mounted on carbon conducting tape
and sputter coated with Au-Pd. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of
radulae were obtained on JEOL JSM 6360A (JEOL, Japan) operating at 10 kV. The
materials were confirmed following descriptions provided by Cernohorsky
(1984), Bosch et al. (1995), & Moolenbeek (2007)
and species names are updated from the (WoRMS)
website (Molluscabase Eds. 2021).
Results
Systematics
Family Nassariidae Iredale,
1916 (1835)
Subfamily Nassariinae Iredale,
1916 (1835)
Genus Nassarius Duméril,
1805
Type species: Buccinum arcularia Linnaeus, 1758 (by subsequent monotypy; Froriep, 1806).
Nassarius persicus (Martens, 1874)
(Images: 1A; 2A–B, E–G & I)
Vernacular name: Persian Nassa.
Type locality: Persian Gulf.
|
1874. |
Nassa persica v. Martens, Novit.
Conch. Suppl. 5: 94, pl. 5, fig. 47. |
|
1984. |
Nassarius (Plicarcularia) persicus (v. Martens, 1874) —Cernohorsky, Bull. Auckland. Inst. Mus. 14: p. 71, pl. 5, figs. 3-6. |
|
2008. |
Nassarius arcularia plicatus (Röding, 1798) —Ghosh: pl. 1, figs 5-6. |
|
2008. |
Nassarius olivaceus (Bruguière,
1789) —Dave & Mankodi: fig. 1. |
Examined material: Holotype: Catalogue
number 69524 (specimen in Zoological Museum, Humboldt University, Berlin)
(image examined from Cernohorsky, 1984: pl. 5, Image
2).
Other material: BNHS NASSA 303, 1 ex.,
adult, 1.iv.2014, Poshitra, Devbhumi
Dwarka, Gujarat, India, 22.403N, 69.201E, coll. Deepak Apte,
shell length 21.0 mm, shell width 13.1 mm. BNHS NASSA 304 (Figs. 2A-B), 1 ex.,
adult, 1.iv.2014, Poshitra, Devbhumi
Dwarka, Gujarat, India, 22.403N, 69.201E, coll. Deepak Apte,
shell height 21.6 mm, shell width 13.5 mm. BNHS NASSA 305, 1 ex., adult,
1.iv.2014, Poshitra, Devbhumi
Dwarka, Gujarat, India, 22°24’12.9”N, 69°12’05.8”E , coll. Deepak Apte, shell height 23.0 mm, shell width 14.4 mm. BNHS NASSA
325, 1 ex., adult, 15.i.2015, Narara, Devbhumi Dwarka, Gujarat, India, 22.469N, 69.722E, coll. Sayali Nerurkar, shell height
22.3 mm, shell width 13.3 mm. BNHS NASSA 326, 1 ex., adult, 15.i.2015, Narara, Devbhumi Dwarka, Gujarat,
India, 22.469N, 69.722E, coll. Sayali Nerurkar, shell height 22.2 mm, shell width 14.3 mm. BNHS
NASSA 304 was used for dissecting radula and studying other morphological
characters.
Diagnosis
Shell: Shell up to 23 mm in length (20.8 mm in
holotype), elongate-ovate, with high, conical spire (Figs. 2A–B); very thin
periostracum clearly visible in the live animal. Protoconch
of three glassy-white whorls (Figs. 2E–F). Teleoconch
of 6.5–7.25 weakly convex whorls, sculptured with strong axial ribs. Axial ribs
are angulate and weakly constricted by a sharp, subsutural spiral line, to form
weak nodes at the suture (same as that of holotype); ribs numbering from 12–14
on the penultimate and 12–19 on the body whorl, ribs becoming moderately
obsolete in the center of the body whorl; only body
whorl sculptured with very weak spiral striae, 3–4
basal spiral threads more prominent, siphonal fasciole with cords. Colour of shell is yellowish to olive
green in live animals while dry shells look straw-yellow or pale grey. A
creamy, pale colored spiral band is clearly visible
on the shell with a nebulous darker band in the background of dorsal side of
body whorl. The body whorl ends with four to five shallow axial ribs followed
by a strong varix. Colour of varix is same as that of the shell. Aperture
white, ovate, narrow, with 3 brown bands interiorly; outer lip thickened, edge
slightly turned backwards; interior of outer lip with 7–8 lirate
denticles (same as that of holotype). Columella heavily calloused, white,
columellar shield large and extending up to body whorl suture; columella
plicate with one strong plication at the base and 5–8 small folds. Anterior or siphonal canal short, distinct, wide and marked with 4–5
oblique basal cords. Posterior or anal canal distinct, deep, “U” shaped and
marked by an intense posterior columellar ridge.
Operculum (Image 2G): Operculum corneous,
yellowish to light brown in colour, serrate at the margins. Roughly trapezoidal
in shape with curved bases, simple, flattened with terminal basal nucleus which
is slightly turned to left. Information on operculum of holotype is not
available.
Radula (Image 2K): Approximately, 62–70 rows
of teeth, rachidian teeth with concave crescentic
base, cutting edge is fringed with 11 or 12 sharp pointed, conical denticles
with symmetrical arrangement. Corners of rachidian
plate wide and smooth. Accessory intermediate lateral plates present in between
each rachidian tooth and left lateral and right
lateral tooth, respectively. Lateral teeth with two arched, narrow, elongated
and pointed hook-like cusps, basal cusp is shorter than the upper cusp; the
inner cutting edge of the basal cusp (between the two cusps) is finely serrate.
The outer edge of the basal cusp (below the basal spur) is serrate with small
five to six sharp, pointed denticles. Basal spur is somewhat flat with a small
bump.
Distribution (Figure 1): Saudi Arabia, Persian Gulf: Al Khobar; Ain-as-saih near Al Khobar; Ras Mishab; Tarut Bay; Saihat; Dammam.
Bahrain: Al Manamah; Zallaq, Sheiks beach. KUWAIT: Failakah I.; Injifa shore; Kuwait
Bay. United Arab Emirates: Trucial Coast, Sharjah. Oman: Mina al Fahal; Masirah I.; 18 km
south-east of Muscat (mangrove/muddy flats); Marsis, Masirah I.; 2 km north of Sur Masirah,
Masirah I.; Sur Masirah
beach, Masirah I.; Dawwah
beach, Masirah I.; southeastern
end of Bar Al Hikman Peninsula; Al Sawadi Resort, Muscat; Muscat; As Seeb,
3 miles offshore (40 m depth); Bandar Jissah.
Pakistan: Karachi. (GBIF Occurrences https://www.gbif.org/species/10492859; Cernohorsky 1984; Bosch et al. 1995; DuPont & Al-Tamimi
2002; Feulner & Hornby 2006; Al-Yamani et al.
2012; Asgari et al. 2012; El-Sorogy
2016; Grizzle et al. 2018; Al-Kandari et al. 2020; Yekta & Dekker 2021).
Localities within India: Previously none.
New localities within India (Figure 1): Narara and Poshitra,
both localities in the Gulf of Kachchh, district Devbhumi
Dwarka, Gujarat.
Habitat: Intertidal, up to 1 m depth, within degraded
reef-flat with coral sand and silt.
Remarks: Nassarius persicus
occur abundantly in its habitat and observed
to be a dominant member of the intertidal fauna in intertidal reef-flats of Poshitra, Gujarat. It is a new record for India and a
valuable addition to the fauna of Gulf of Kachchh Marine Sanctuary, Gujarat.
Formerly, this species was misidentified (Ghosh 2008; Dave & Mankodi 2008), but a thorough investigation of its
morphological characters clarifies its correct identity. The shell of N. persicus is similar to the western Indian Ocean species
N. arcularia plicatus
(Röding, 1798) in having large shield like columellar
callous extending up to the penultimate whorl, creamy-yellow to pale grey
colour of shells, a narrow brown band or dark brown spots or a nebulous darker
band between sutural coronations of shells of both the species. But N. persicus can be easily distinguished from N. arcularia plicatus in having
a slender shell with high spire, N. arcularia plicatus has a globous shell with moderate spire and
spiral sculpture. Misidentification of N. persicus
as N. olivaceus could be only due to the
‘olive green’ colour of the shell in live condition, else not any morphological
similarity exists between these two species.
Nassarius tadjallii Moolenbeek, 2007
(Images 1B; 2C–D, H–J & L)
Vernacular name: Tadjalli’s Nassa.
|
2007. |
Nassarius tadjallii Moolenbeek: 94, pl. 5, fig. 47. |
Type locality: Ras al Batin, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Examined material: Holotype:
ZMA.MOLL.139465, adult, i.1997, Ras al Batin, Abu
Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, in breakwaters, 3m, coll. P. Micali
(images examined from Moolenbeek, 2007: p. 58, figs.
1, 2) (specimen in Naturalis Biodiversity Center,
Leiden, Netherlands). NMR56145, 1 ex., adult, Al Bide, Kuwait, in sand
at low tide, 14.iv.1982, coll. J.G.B. Nieuwenhuis
(image examined from
https://www.nmr-pics.nl/Nassariidae_new/album/slides/Nassarius%20marmoreus.html
(specimen in the Natural History Museum, Rotterdam).
Other material: BNHS NASSA 323, 1 ex.,
adult, 15.i.2015, Narara, Devbhumi
Dwarka, Gujarat, India, 22.469N, 69.722E, coll. Sayali
Nerurkar, shell length 24.4 mm, shell width 12.2 mm.
BNHS NASSA 324 (Figs. 2C–D), 1 ex., adult, 15.i.2015, Narara,
Devbhumi Dwarka, Gujarat, India, 22.469N, 69.722E,
coll. Sayali Nerurkar,
shell length 24.0 mm, shell width 13.0 mm. BNHS NASSA 340 (Image 1B), 1 ex.,
adult, 17.i.2015, Shivrajpur, Devbhumi
Dwarka, Gujarat, India, 22.345N, 68.949E, coll. Deepak Apte,
shell height 26.4 mm, shell width 13.9 mm. BNHS NASSA 348, 1 ex., adult,
18.i.2015, Poshitra, Devbhumi
Dwarka, Gujarat, India, 22.403N, 69.201E, coll. Deepak Apte,
shell height 28.4 mm, shell width 14.2 mm. BNHS NASSA 324 was used for
dissecting the radula and studying other morphological characters.
Diagnosis
Shell: Shell up to 28.4 mm in length (25.4 mm in
holotype), elongate-ovate, conical with high spire and less convex whorls
(Figs. 2C–D); periostracum was thin, fibrous, brownish (thin, fibrous, brownish
periostracum present in holotype). Protoconch of 2.5
white whorls approximately (Figs. 2H–I). Teleoconch
of 6.25 to 6.50 whorls, of which first three axially ribbed and with 4–6 spiral
grooves gradually disappearing; remaining whorls smooth with only one, rather
strong sub-sutural groove. Suture prominently channeled.
Between the suture and the sub-sutural groove, the area is slightly nodulose and consists of alternate creamy white and dark
brown dots. Shell colour is white or cream in the background with light and
dark brown patterned patches. These patches are arranged in two light and three
dark alternate bands, visible on the body whorl (shell colour in holotype is
light brown, with darker brown patches). This banding pattern is not mentioned
in the original description. The body whorl ends with three to four minor axial
ridges followed by a strong varix. Varix is creamy white in colour and bears
three distinct brown patches as extensions of the three dark patterned bands of
the body whorl (Varix orange brown in holotype. This brownish hue caused by its
intact periostracum). Aperture whitish, ovate, moderately wide, interior of
outer lip with about nine lirate denticles. Columella
plicate with two or three fine folds. Columellar callus thin, smooth, white,
spreading slightly on body whorl and extending outwards at siphonal
canal forming anterior ridge. Anterior or siphonal
canal short, distinct, wide and marked with five spiral grooves or basal cords
which ends as five denticles on outer lip. Posterior or anal canal distinct, moderately
deep and marked by a strong posterior columellar ridge and a strong denticle on
the top of the outer lip. Parietal denticle also prominent. Shell of BNHS NASSA
324 has three to four prominent repair scars on penultimate and body whorls.
Operculum (Image 2J): Operculum of BNHS NASSA
324 is corneous, yellowish brown in colour. Trapezoidal, elongate, simple,
flattened with smooth inner margin, crenate outer margin and terminal nucleus.
Information on operculum of holotype is not available.
Radula (Image 2L): Radula consists of 62–68
rows of teeth; rachidian teeth with concave
crescentic base and cutting edge fringed with 9–11 sharp, pointed, conical
denticles in symmetrical arrangement; corners of rachidian
plate wide and smooth; accessory intermediate lateral plates present in between
each rachidian tooth and left lateral and right
lateral tooth, respectively. Lateral teeth with two arched, narrow, elongated
and pointed hook-like cusps, the basal cusp being shorter than the upper cusp;
the inner cutting edge of the lateral teeth (between the two cusps) is smooth.
The outer edge of the basal cusp (below the basal spur) is also smooth. Basal
spur is prominent. Information on radula of holotype is not available.
Distribution (Figure 1): United Arab
Emirates: Ras al Batin, Abu Dhabi; Al Imarat, Abu Dhabi; Dubai. Kuwait: Al Bide; Bede Circle;
Kuwait Towers; Kuwait Bay. Iran: Chahbahar. Oman: not
any specific locality given (GBIF Occurrences https://www.gbif.org/species/6502821;
Moolenbeek 2007; Al-Yamani et al. 2012; Al-Kandari et al.
2020; Yekta & Dekker 2021).
Localities within India: Previously none.
New localities within India (Figure 1): All three localities namely, Narara, Poshitra from Gulf of Kachchh and Shivrajpur
(Arabian Sea), falls under district Devbhumi Dwarka,
Gujarat, on northwestern coast of India.
Habitat: Intertidal, up to 1 m depth, within degraded
reef-flat with coral sand and silt.
Remarks: Nassarius tadjallii Moolenbeek, 2007 is a new record for India
which extends the distribution eastwards and is an addition to the marine fauna
of Gujarat. This species shows morphological similarities and can be confused
with N. marmoreus (A. Adams, 1852), N. javanus (Schepman, 1891) and N.
thachorum Dekker et al., 2016. N. marmoreus from Oman is smaller and much darker
in colour compared to N. tadjallii. N.
javanus, which can be found in India (Tamil
Nadu), is smaller and has a much more globose body whorl. N. thachorum from Vietnam differs from N.
tadjallii in having a much weaker or lacking
subsutural groove, the presence of a ridge consisting of small denticles on the
columella, and has a darker colour of the shell (Dekker et al. 2016).
Discussion
Prior to this work, Nassarius persicus and N. tadjalli
had not been reported from India (Nerurkar et al.
2020) and thus, the present records extend the known range of these species
from the Arabian Peninsula to Gujarat, India. Both these species of Nassarius currently are found only at Narara, Poshitra (Gulf of Katchchh) and Shivrajpur (Arabian
Sea but close to Gulf of Katchchh) and not seen along
the rest of the Indian coasts.
Marine fauna changes considerably in the northern part of the Gujarat
State, especially in the Gulf of Katchchh. In the
north, the fauna is influenced by the Arabian Sea upwelling which appears to
have significant influence on the faunal change from Gulf of Katchchh across Mekran and into
the Arabian Gulf. But we know little about it as faunal barrier. Williams et
al. (2011) while discussing continental ark idea, observed a similar pattern in
the case of dispersal of Lunella coronata (Gmelin, 1791) morph
B along the continental coastline, from Arabian Peninsula to Porbunder, Gujarat, India.
Likewise, Tripathy et al. (2013) listed Congetia chesneyi (Oliver
& Chesneyi, 1994) from Adatara
from the Gulf of Katchchh , Gujarat, India which
otherwise in is known only from Kuwait area.
For
figure & images - - click here
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