Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18283–18296
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6394.13.5.18283-18296
#6394 | Received 11 July 2020 | Final
received 19 January 2021 | Finally accepted 13 April 2021
Legumes (Angiosperms: Fabaceae) of Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India
Jagdish Dalavi 1
, Ramesh Pujar 2, Sharad Kambale 3, Varsha
Jadhav-Rathod 4 &
Shrirang Yadav 5
1,4,5 Department of Botany,
Shivaji University Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416004, India.
2 Department of Botany,
Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka 580003, India.
3 Maratha Vidya
Prasarak Samaj’s Arts, Commerce & Science College, Tryambakeshwar,
Maharashtra 422212, India.
1 jagadishdalavivairag@gmail.com,
2 rameshpujarmsc@gmail.com, 3 skambalesu@gmail.com,
4 vsrathod.botany@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 5 sryadavdu@rediffmail.com
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 April 2021
(online & print)
Citation: Dalavi, J., R. Pujar,
S. Kambale, V. Jadhav-Rathod & S. Yadav (2021). Legumes (Angiosperms:
Fabaceae) of Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 13(5): 18283–18296. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6394.13.5.18283-18296
Copyright: © Dalavi et al. 2021. Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this
article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the
source of publication.
Funding: Self-funded.
Competing interests: The authors declare no
competing interests.
Author details: JVD is currently
working as doctoral student at Shivaji University, Kolhapur on floristic
studies of Bagalkot district and arid region of Northern Karnataka. He is also
engaged in systematic studies on some important families of angiosperms like
Acanthaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae and Portulacaceae. RP is a post graduate student from Karnatak
University, Dharwad, currently engaged in floristic exploration of northern
Karnataka. He is engaged with studies in seasonal herbaceous flora from Central
and Northern Karnataka. SSK is currently
working as Assistant professor at MVP’s Arts, Commerce and Science college,
Tryambakeshwar. He has vast experience in field work and exploration of
flowering plants. He has more than 20 new species to his credit and currently
engaged with studies in Apocynaceae and also revised genus Ceropegia for
India. VDJ is currently working as
Professor at Shivaji University Kolhapur. She has immense experience in
Ethnobotany and Phytochemical analysis of wild plants of India. She explored
many tribal communities from Vidarbha region of Maharashtra for ethnobotanical
research. She is engaged with nutritional analysis of wild edible plants of
Western Ghats. SRY, working as
INSA-senior scientist at Shivaji University, Kolhapur has 35 years’ experience
in angiosperm taxonomy. He has 70 new species to his credit. He is author of
some popular books on floristics and grasses. Currently he is working on
taxonomy of Aponogeton and Pancratium.
Author contribution: JVD—Field
exploration, collection, herbarium preparation, identification, herbarium
consultation and photography. RP—Field
exploration, collection, laboratory studies, literature survey and local
communication. SSK—Filed exploration,
collection, data analysis and nomenclatural updates. VDJ—Laboratory analysis, literature survey,
ethnobotanical data. SRY—Field
exploration, collection, identification, laboratory analysis and photography.
Acknowledgements: All authors are thankful
to the head of department of Botany, Shivaji University Kolhapur for laboratory
facilities. Dr. Sharad Kambale is
thankful to Principal, MVP’s Arts, Science and Commerce College Tryambakeshwar. Prof. (Dr.) S.R. Yadav is thankful to the
Indian National Science Academy. All
authors are thankful to Dr. S. Kambhar (B.K., Arts, Commerce and Science
College, Chikodi) and Dr. Vijayalaxmi Dandin (JSS College, Vidyagiri, Dharwad)
for Kannada communication.
Abstract: Fabaceae Lindl. or
Leguminosae is one of the largest families of Angiosperms. Due to adaptability in various climatic conditions,
members of the family Fabaceae are worldwide in their distribution. Globally, Fabaceae is represented by 770
genera and 19,500 taxa. Bagalkot is one
of the largest districts of northern Karnataka and falls under the Deccan
Peninsular region of India. The study
area (Bagalkot District) is a rain shadow region and remains dry and hot
throughout year. During floristic
analysis of the District the authors recorded 157 species of legumes, which is
communicated here in relation to habitat, life forms, distribution,
classification and their importance.
Keywords: Deccan, Leguminosae,
southern India, sub-family.
Introduction
Legumes are the third
largest group of Angiosperms in terms of species number after Orchidaceae and
Asteraceae and the second economically most important family after Poaceae (FAO
2016). Globally Fabaceae consists of 770
genera and over 19,500 species (LPWG 2017) in India, Fabaceae are represented
by 147 genera, 805 species, 33 sub-species, 155 varieties and 14 forms
(Sanjappa 1991, 1995; Dave 2004; Chaudhary & Khan 2005; Ansari 2008; Jabbar
et al. 2010; Chavan et al. 2013; Gaikwad et al. 2014). Legumes are important food crops providing
highly nutritious sources of protein and micronutrients. These micronutrients greatly benefit health and livelihoods,
particularly in developing countries.
They have been domesticated alongside grasses in different areas of the
world since the beginning of agriculture and have played a key role in early
agricultural development (Gepts et al. 2005; Hancock 2012; Yahara et al.
2013). Wild bean plants are also
uniquely important as fodder and green manure in both temperate and tropical
regions, and are used for their wood, tannins, oils and resins, in the
manufacture of varnishes, paints, dyes and medicines and in the horticultural
trading (LPWG 2017). Apart from
socio-economic importance, legumes are equally beneficial for ecosystems and
recycling by nitrogen fixation, improve soil porosity and structure, recycling
of nutrients, decrease soil pH, reduction of soil compaction and in rotation
with cereals they provide a source of slow-release nitrogen to sustainable cropping
system (USDA 1998; Popelka et al. 2004).
Many legumes play an important ecological role as they are major
components of dry deciduous forests, ground cover and many are cultivated as
major crops of the region and some have ornamental potential. In brief, legumes play a major role in
socio-economic development of the region.
Therefore, the present study focuses on the preparation of the database
of legumes of Bagalkot District. While
surveying this area it is observed that the flora of this district is dominated
by the family Fabaceae. The probable
reason of this high diversity may be adaptability to various habitats.
Materials and Methods
Study area
Bagalkot is a
district of northern Karnataka State separated from Vijayapura in 1997. The whole region falls under the Deccan
Plateau and most of it comes under a rain shadow area. Due to low rainfall and hot & dry climatic conditions, the region is
dominated by dry deciduous forests, scrub jungles, and vast seasonal
grasslands. The district lies at 16.3160N,
76.0000E and 533m altitude and having a total area of 6,552km2
(Dalavi et al. 2019). The district is
divided into six sub-district regions, namely: Badami, Bagalkot, Bilgi,
Hungund, Jamkhandi and Mudhol (Fig. 1).
Rabakavi-Banahatti Guledgudda and Ilkal are newly divided taluk
places. Major habitats of the districts
are large rocky hills, gravelly slopes, sandy plains, perennial & seasonal
lakes, marshy & saline areas, ditches, rivers, and black soil plains. Average rainfall recorded in the last decade
ranges 337–819 mm and the average temperature reported ranges 17–420C. June to September is the monsoon season and
February to May is the actual summer season.
Due to hot arid conditions the area is blessed with spiny and thorny
forests interrupted with grasslands.
Data collection
A preliminary list of the species belonging
to Fabaceae from Bagalkot District was prepared from all the available floras,
revisions and checklists (Gamble 1935; Cooke 1958; Britto 1983; Singh 1988;
Sharma & Balakrishnan 1993; Prasad & Singh 2002; Prajapati 2010;
Kambhar & Katrahalli 2016; Dalavi et al. 2019). Herbarium studies were carried out by
visiting some important herbaria namely BSI, CAL, MH, NGCPR and SUK, which was
followed by extensive and intensive field tours throughout the district
covering various habitats from June 2014 to January 2020. More than 90 tours were carried out and the
data on habitat, distribution, phenology and local uses were recorded. Three to four herbarium specimens were
prepared for each collected species by following standard procedures (Rao &
Sharma 1990). Identifications were
confirmed by using floras, revisions and all the available taxonomic literature
(Gamble 1935; Cooke 1958; Matthew 1981; Sharma et al. 1984; Sharma &
Balakrishnan 1993; Prasad & Singh 2002; Kanbhar & Katrahalli
2016). Problematic and notable species
were identified by direct comparison with identified specimens deposited in
BSI, SUK, CAL and digital herbaria such as Herbarium JCB (accessed from January
2014–December 2019), Kew Herbarium Catalogue (accessed from January 2017–March
2020) and JSTOR Global Plants (accessed from February 2017–December 2019). The nomenclature of plant species collected
was updated using POWO (Plants of the world online Kew-science accessed from
January 2015–December 2019) and Tropicos (tropicos.org accessed from January
2017–January 2020). All leguminous taxa
are grouped here according to the latest classification of Fabaceae (LPWG 2017)
(Table 1). Charts and maps are provided
for subfamily-wise classification and study area, respectively. Colour plates for important taxa are also
provided for easy identification of species.
Ethnobotanical information was collected by direct interaction with
local people, ayurvedic practitioners and farmers.
Results
Enumeration
A total of 157 taxa of Fabaceae have been
reported from the Bagalkot District of Karnataka which measures about 15% of
the total flora. All the legumes of the district belong to
four subfamilies of Fabaceae, viz., Cercidoideae, Detarioideae,
Caesalpinioideae and Papilionoideae; of which Papilionoideae or Faboideae is
the largest subfamily with 45 genera and 106 species followed by
Caesalpinioideae with 22 genera & 45 species, Cercidoideae with three
genera & four species and Deratioideae with two genera & two species,
respectively (Fig. 2). Crotalaria L.
and Indigofera L. are the largest genera with 12 species each, followed
by Rhynchosia Lour. with 10 taxa and Alysicarpus Desv. & Senna
L. with nine species each. Fabaceae
of the district consists of 48 tree species, eight shrubs, eight sub-shrubs, 74
herbs, and 18 climbers & creepers.
Endemism
Some plants are habitat specific and are
endemic to peninsular India, viz., Alysicarpus gamblei Schindl.,
Crotalaria paniculata Willd., C. pusilla Roxb. ex Wight &
Arn., C. vestita Baker found to be growing on rocky and sandy
areas and are endemic to southern peninsular India (Dalavi et al. 2019). Alysicarpus gamblei Schindl. is only
known from six localities of Karnataka and Maharashtra of which Bagalkot
District has the highest population (Dalavi et al. 2019). Vigna indica Dixit et al. is
also a dominant species of open areas and grasslands endemic to peninsular
India. Mimosa prainiana Gamble a
woody tree endemic to peninsular India which is also important member of dry
forests of Bagalkot District.
Ethnobotany and economics
Many wild legumes are used as a source of
medicine and food by local people. Pods
of Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. are used to make
tooth powder by drying and crushing the seeds; gum exuded from the stem is
highly valued and used to cure many diseases and is edible, generally given to
pregnant ladies in the form of small pieces mixed with dry fruits; tender
branches are used as fodder for goats, timber is used in building and
construction. Fresh flowers of Sesbania
grandiflora (L.) Poir are popularly eaten as a wild vegetable. Pericarp of Vachellia farnesiana (L.)
Wight. & Arn. are dried and chewed to cure coughs. Young pods of Vigna indica are eaten
raw as well as after cooking. Leaf
powder of Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. is taken in water
for common fever. Leaves, roots and
seeds of Senna tora (L.) Roxb. and S. occidentalis (L.) Link are
used to cure skin problems like itching and inflammations. Powdered seeds of Senna sophera (L.)
Roxb. are used against ringworms. Leaf
juice of Guilandina bonduc L. is taken to cure piles.
Economically important pulses viz.,
Arachis hypogea L., Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth, Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba (L.) Taub., Glycine max (L.) Merr., Lablab
purpureus (L.) Sweet, Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L.,
Tamarindus indica L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Vigna
aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal, Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper, Vigna
radiata (L.) Wilezek and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. are cultivated
on a large scale as vegetables. All crop
legumes play an important role in the
agro-economic development of the region.
Avinash & Patil (2018) analysed that among the northern districts of
Karnataka, Bagalkot is second largest producer of pulses and leguminous crops.
Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth., A. mangium Willd.,
Adenanthera pavonina L., Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth., Dalbergia
sisoo Roxb. ex DC., D. latifolia Roxb., Delonix regia (Bojer
ex Hook.) Raf., D. elata (L.) Gamble, Cassia fistula L., C.
javanica L., Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Clitorea
ternatea L., Parkia biglandulosa Wight & Arn., Pithecellobium
dulce (Roxb.) Benth.,
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce,
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. are extensively planted as garden and avenue
plants throughout the district.
Wood of Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth.,
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb., D. sisso Roxb. ex DC., Tamarindus
indica L., Senegalia chundra (Roxb. ex Rottler) Maslin, Vachellia
nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. is used in the construction
of houses and farming equipment.
Guilandina bonduc L., Sesbania aculeata (Schreb.) Pers.
& S. sesban (L.) Merr. are used as bio-fencing plants along farm
yards.
Ecology
Apart from the economic potential, some
legumes are dominant weeds of the region like Aeschynomene aspera L.,
A. indica Burm.f., Neptunia triquetra Benth., etc., which
grow along water bodies and spread throughout.
N. triquetra if it enters into a pond ecosystem grows
aggressively and forms a dense mat on the water surface and affects other
biota. Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.)
DC., A. tetragonolobus Edgew., Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik,
Desmodium scorpiurus (Sw.) Desv. ex DC., Prosopis juliflora (Sw.)
DC., Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, S. tora (L.) Roxb., S.
uniflora (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby and Rothia indica (L.)
Druce grow in cultivated fields and have adverse effects on crop
productivity. Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.)
Steud. is one of the invasive tree species rapidly encroaching the forest areas
of the region and have negative effects on native flora and the natural
ecosystem.
Legumes play some important ecological
roles. They are the factories of
nitrogen fixation being equipped with root nodules. The study area is an arid zone hence it lacks
dense forests. The resulting soil
erosion is due to minimum leaf litter which fails to keeps soil moisture
constant, however, some legumes, viz., Crotalaria hebecarpa (DC.)
Rudd., C. orixensis Rottler ex Willd., Indigofera linnaei Ali,
I. linifolia (L.f.) Retz., Tephrosia strigosa (Dalzell)
Santapau & Maheshw., Eleiotis rottleri Wight & Arn., E.
sororia (L.) DC., and Rhynchosia capitata (B.Heyne ex Roth)
DC. form a dense mat on soil surfaces and maintain the moisture.
Conclusion
Due to adaptability to the various ecological
and geographical conditions Fabaceae are the most dominant family of flora of
Bagalkot District. Legumes like Acacia
Mill., Albizia Durazz., Bauhinia Plum ex L., Cassia L.,
Mimosa L., Mundulea (DC) Benth., Phanera Lour., Senegalia
Raf., Vachellia Wight & Arn. are the dominant components of dry
deciduous forests of the district while species of Alysicarpus Desv., Crotalaria
L., Indigofera L., Rhynchosia Lour., Senna Mill., Tephrosia
Pers. are the dominant herbaceous legumes of the region. Kambhar & Katrahalli (2016) reported 126
species of legumes which is the dominant family from Gadag District (adjoining
district of Bagalkot), while Seetharam et al. (2000) in flora of Gulbarga
District (region of northeastern Karnataka) also reported Fabaceae as the most
dominant family. Rain shadow area and
arid climatic conditions are favourable for farming several leguminous crops. Apart from this many leguminous trees are a
source of timber and economically important products and many others are used
as medicinal and ornamental plants.
The present work will be helpful to the
forest officials, policy makers, teachers, students and local people for study
and sustainable utilizations of legumes of Bagalkot District.
Table. 1. Checklist of legumes of
Bagalkot District as per latest classification LPWG (2017).
|
|
Name of taxon |
Habit |
Phenology |
Habitat & Localities |
Exsiccata |
|
Sub-family: CERCIDOIDEAE (3 genera
4 species) |
|||||
|
1 |
Bauhinia tomentosa L.* |
Tree |
Nov–May |
Dry deciduous forest (Bd, Bi, G, J, M) |
JVD-247 JVD-1204 |
|
2 |
Phanera purpurea (L.) Benth. |
Tree |
Nov–Mar |
Deciduous forests/ planted (Bd, Bg, G,
H, I) |
JVD-1389 |
|
3 |
Phanera variegata (L.) Benth. |
Tree |
Oct–May |
Planted as avenue tree (Bg, J, M, N) |
JVD-1390 |
|
4 |
Piliostigma racemosum (Lam.) Benth. |
Tree |
Mar–Sept |
Deciduous and scrub forest (Bd, Bi, G,
H, I, J, M) |
JVD-22 |
|
Sub-family: DETARIOIDEAE (2
genera, 2 species) |
|||||
|
5 |
Hardwickia binata Roxb. |
Tree |
Aug–Jan |
Deciduous forests/ planted (Bd, Bg, Bi,
G, J, M) |
JVD-1391 |
|
6 |
Tamarindus indica L. * |
Tree |
Apr–Sept |
In forest/ planted (Throughout year) |
JVD-261 |
|
Sub-family: CAESALPINIOIDEAE (22
genera, 45 species) |
|||||
|
7 |
Acacia auriculiformis Benth.* |
Tree |
Jan–Aug |
Planted and escaped in wild (Bd, Bg, Bi,
J, N, R) |
JVD-1392 |
|
8 |
Acacia mangium Willd. * |
Tree |
Jun–Aug |
Planted and escaped in wild (Bg, J, N) |
JVD-1393 |
|
9 |
Adenanthera pavonina L. |
Tree |
Dec–Apr |
Planted
(Bd, Bg, J, N, R, T) |
JVD-1394 |
|
10 |
Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boiv. |
Tree |
Apr–Aug |
Deciduous and scrub forest (Throughout
district) (Bd, Bg, Bi, H, J, M) |
JVD-172 JVD-1285 |
|
11 |
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. |
Tree |
Apr–Aug |
Dry deciduous forests and along
roadsides. (Throughout district) (Bd, Bg, Bi, H, I, J, M, R) |
JVD-241 |
|
12 |
Cassia fistula L. |
Tree |
Feb–Apr |
Along roadsides (Throughout district) |
JVD-302 |
|
13 |
Cassia javanica L. * |
Tree |
Mar–Jul |
Planted (Bg, H, J, N, R, T) |
JVD-1396 |
|
14 |
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. * |
Tree |
Throughout year |
Dry deciduous forests and along
roadsides (Throughout district) |
JVD-249 |
|
15 |
Chamaecrista absus (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby |
Herb |
Aug–Feb |
Open forests and wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-303 JVD-847 |
|
16 |
Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene * |
Herb |
Jul–Nov |
Gravelly slopes (Bd, Bg, Bi, G, J, M, N,
T) |
JVD-1397 |
|
17 |
Chamaecrista pumila (Lam.) K. Larsen. |
Herb |
Jul–Dec |
Open forests and wastelands (Bd, G, J,
T) |
JVD-304 JVD-928 |
|
18 |
Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. * |
Tree |
Jan–June |
Planted and also escaped (Throughout
district) |
JVD-1398 |
|
19 |
Delonix elata (L.) Gamble * |
Tree |
Sept–Dec |
Dry deciduous forests (Throughout
district) |
JVD-1399 |
|
20 |
Dichrostachys cinerea Wight et Arn. |
Tree |
Jun–Aug |
Dry deciduous forests (Throughout
district) |
JVD-19 JVD-908 JVD-1291 |
|
21 |
Guilandina bonduc L. |
Shrubs |
Jun–Feb |
Cultivated, found along roadsides and
open places (Bd, Bi, G, J, M, R) |
JVD-250 |
|
22 |
Lysiloma latisiliquum (L.) Benth. * |
Tree |
Throughout year |
Planted along roadside and as fodder
plant (Throughout district) |
JVD-1383 |
|
23 |
Mimosa hamata Willd. |
Shrub |
Jul–Oct |
Deciduous forests (Throughout district) |
JVD-311 JVD-930 JVD-911 JVD-1209 JVD-1224 |
|
24 |
Mimosa prainiana Gamble |
Shrubs |
Jul–Oct |
Deciduous forest (Throughout district) |
(Singh 1988 Op. cit.) |
|
25 |
Mimosa pudica L. * |
Herb |
Jul–Mar |
Dry forests and wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-173 |
|
26 |
Neptunia triquetra Benth. |
Herb |
Nov–May |
Stagnant water bodies (H) |
(Singh 1988 Op. cit.) |
|
27 |
Libidibia coriaria (Jacq.) Schltdl. * |
Shrubs |
Throughout year |
Open areas (Throughout district) (Bd, Bg, T) |
JVD-1385 |
|
28 |
Parkia biglandulosa Wight & Arn. |
Tree |
Nov–May |
Planted (Bg, J, M, N) |
JVD-1386 |
|
29 |
Parkinsonia aculeata L. * |
Tree |
Mar–Oct |
Planted (Bg, J, M, N) |
JVD-1387 |
|
30 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum Aucp. Non K.Heyne. (DC.) K.Heyne * |
Tree |
Jul–Jan |
Planted and escaped in forest (Ba, J, L,
M, N, T) |
JVD-171 JVD-1296 |
|
31 |
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. * |
Tree |
Throughout year |
Dry deciduous forests and along
roadsides (Throughout district) |
JVD-314 |
|
32 |
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce. |
Tree |
Sept–Apr |
Wastelands, dry deciduous forests and
along roadsides (Throughout district) |
JVD-316 |
|
33 |
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. * |
Tree |
Sept–Apr |
Dry deciduous forests and along
roadsides (Throughout district) |
JVD-317 JVD-1268 |
|
34 |
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. * |
Tree |
Apr–Aug |
Planted (Bd, Bg, Bi, J, N) |
JVD-1395 |
|
35 |
Senegalia chundra (Roxb. ex Rottler) Maslin |
Tree |
Aug–Jan |
Dry deciduous forests (Throughout
district) |
JVD-94 |
|
36 |
Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose |
Tree |
Aug–Jan |
Dry deciduous forests (Throughout
district) |
JVD-232 |
|
37 |
Senegalia polyacantha (Willd.) Seigler & Ebinger |
Tree |
Aug–Apr |
Dry deciduous forests and along
roadsides (Throughout district) |
JVD-237 |
|
38 |
Senna alexandrina Mill. |
Sub-shrubs |
Nov–Jun |
Open areas and wastelands (H, I) |
JVD-1388 |
|
39 |
Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. |
Tree |
Jul–Feb |
Deciduous forests and open areas
(Throughout district) |
JVD-159 |
|
40 |
Senna italica Mill. subsp. micrantha (Brenan)
Lock |
Tree |
Jul–Feb |
Deciduous forests and open forests (Bd, Bi, G, H, I) |
JVD-264 JVD-874 JVD-875 |
|
41 |
Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. * |
Sub-shrubs |
Oct–Feb |
Open areas and wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-1400 |
|
42 |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link * |
Herb |
Jul–Feb |
Open forests and wastelands (Throughout district) |
JVD-68 |
|
43 |
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * |
Tree |
Apr–Feb |
Open forests and wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-266 |
|
44 |
Senna surattensis (Burm.f.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby |
Tree |
Sept–Apr |
Cultivated (Bd, J) |
JVD-1401 |
|
45 |
Senna tora (L.) Roxb. * |
Herbs |
Jul–Apr |
Open areas and wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-267 |
|
46 |
Senna uniflora (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby * |
Herbs |
Sept–May |
Open areas and wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-1402 |
|
47 |
Vachellia eburnea (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. |
Tree |
Aug–Feb |
Dry deciduous forests and along
roadsides (Throughout district) |
JVD-1403 |
|
48 |
Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. * |
Small tree |
Aug–Feb |
Dry deciduous forests (Throughout
districts) |
JVD-233 |
|
49 |
Vachellia horrida (L.) Kyal. & Boatwr. |
Small tree |
Jul–Jan |
Dry deciduous forests (Throughout
district) |
JVD-204 |
|
50 |
Vachellia leucophloea (Roxb.) Maslin |
Tree |
Aug–Feb |
Dry deciduous forests and along road
sides (Throughout district) |
JVD-236 |
|
51 |
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. |
Tree |
Aug–Mar |
Dry deciduous forests and planted along
roadsides (Throughout district) |
JVD-08 |
|
PAPILIONOIDEAE (46 genera, 106 species) |
|||||
|
52 |
Abrus precatorius L. |
Climber |
Sept–Jun |
Dry deciduous forests (Bd, Bi, Bg, G, J,
M) |
JVD-07 JVD-1211 |
|
53 |
Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC. |
Herb |
Aug–Nov |
Grasslands and Open areas (Bd, Bg, G, I,
J, M, R) |
JVD-242 |
|
54 |
Alysicarpus gamblei Schindl. |
Herb |
Aug–Nov |
Rocky hills and sandy plains (Bd) |
JVD-835 |
|
55 |
Alysicarpus hamosus Edgew. |
Herb |
Sept–Nov |
Gravelly plains and Grasslands
(Throughout district) |
JVD-138, JVD-831 |
|
56 |
Alysicaprus longifolius (Rottl. ex Spreng.) Wight & Arn. |
Herb |
Sept–Mar |
Open areas and weed of cultivated fields (L, M) |
JVD-1404 |
|
57 |
Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC. |
Herb |
Aug–Dec |
Gravelly plains and Grasslands
(Throughout district) |
JVD-244 JVD-914 JVD-1230 |
|
58 |
Alysicarpus ovalifolius (Schum.) Leonard |
Herb |
Sept–Dec |
Along cultivated fields and wastelands (Bd, Bg, Bi, G, I, J) |
JVD-1405 |
|
59 |
Alysicarpus scariosus (Spreng.) Thwaites |
Herb |
Aug–Dec |
Seasonal grasslands and wastelands (Bd,
L) |
JVD-871 JVD-876 |
|
60 |
Alysicarpus tetragonolobus Edgew. |
Herb |
Jul–Dec |
Grasslands and Open areas (Bd, Bg, Bi,
G, M) |
JVD-245 |
|
61 |
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. |
Herb |
Sept–Dec |
Gravelly plains and Grasslands
(Throughout district) |
JVD-246 |
|
62 |
Arachis hypogaea L. * |
Herb |
Nov–Mar |
Cultivated farms (Throughout district) |
JVD-1380 |
|
63 |
Aeschynomene aspera L. |
Herb |
Throughout year |
Along water bodies (KS) |
JVD-238 |
|
64 |
Aeschynomene indica L. |
Herb |
Throughout year |
Along water bodies (Bd, Bg, J, R) |
JVD-239 |
|
65 |
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taubert |
Tree |
Dec–May |
Dry deciduous forests and along
roadsides (Bd, Bg, J, L, M) |
JVD-248 |
|
66 |
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh |
Shrub |
Aug–Apr |
Cultivated (Throughout district) |
JVD-1381 |
|
67 |
Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars. |
Creeper |
Jul–Dec |
Grasslands, Wastelands and Open areas (B, J, L, M) |
JVD-301 JVD-863 |
|
68 |
Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. * |
Climber |
Throughout year |
Dry deciduous forests (Bd) |
JVD-218 |
|
69 |
Cicer arietinum L. * |
Herb |
Oct–Mar |
Cultivated as pulse (Throughout
district) |
JVD-1382 |
|
70 |
Clitoria annua J. Graham |
Climber |
Aug–Oct |
Dry deciduous forests and along
roadsides (Bd) |
JVD-118 |
|
71 |
Clitoria ternatea L. * |
Climber |
Jun–Jan |
Dry deciduous forests and along
roadsides (Throughout district) |
JVD-305 |
|
72 |
Crotalaria bifara L.f. |
Twining herb |
Sept–Jan |
Open areas (Bd, L) |
JVD-878 |
|
73 |
Crotalaria hebecarpa (DC.) Rudd. * |
Herb |
Jul–Jan |
Grasslands and open areas (Throughout
district) |
JVD-306 |
|
74 |
Crotalaria hirsuta Willd. |
Herb |
Sept–Dec |
Rare on gravelly slopes (Bd, C) |
JVD-1417 |
|
75 |
Crotalaria juncea L. |
Herb |
Sept–May |
Grasslands and open areas (Throughout
district) |
JVD-167 |
|
76 |
Crotalaria medicaginea Lam. |
Herb |
Oct–May |
Grasslands and sandy plains (Bd) |
JVD-1405 |
|
77 |
Crotalaria orixensis Willd. |
Herb |
Jun–Jan |
Grasslands and open areas (Bd, Bg, J, L) |
JVD-307 JVD-1294 |
|
78 |
Crotalaria pallida Aiton. Var. pallida |
Herb |
Sept–Apr |
Grasslands and open areas (Throughout
district) |
JVD-308 |
|
79 |
Crotalaria paniculata Willd. |
Herb |
Nov–Apr |
Rare on gravelly slopes (Bd) |
JVD-1428 |
|
80 |
Crotalaria pellita Bertero ex DC. |
Herb |
Aug–Dec |
Grasslands and open areas (Bd, L) |
JVD-208 JVD-889 JVD-1283 |
|
81 |
Crotalaria pusilla DC. |
Herb |
Jul–Jan |
Grasslands and open areas (Bd, G, H, I) |
JVD-309 |
|
82 |
Crotalaria retusa L. |
Shrub |
Aug–Mar |
Grasslands and open areas (Bd) |
JVD-310 |
|
83 |
Crotalaria vestita Baker. |
Herb |
Jul–Dec |
Open areas and seasonal grasslands (Bd) |
JVD-240 |
|
84 |
Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. |
Herb |
Oct–April |
Weed of cultivated fields (Throughout
district) |
JVD-1429 |
|
85 |
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. |
Herb |
Oct–May |
Cultivated (Throughout district) |
JVD-920 |
|
86 |
Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f. |
Tree |
Mar–May |
Dry deciduous forests (Throughout
district) |
JVD-251 |
|
87 |
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. |
Tree |
Feb–May |
Dry deciduous forests (Throughout
district) |
JVD-252 |
|
88 |
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. |
Tree |
Dec–May |
Planted and escaped (Throughout
district) |
JVD-1430 |
|
89 |
Deguelia scandens Aubl. * |
Climber |
Nov–May |
Dry deciduous forest (Bd) |
JVD-1431 |
|
90 |
Desmodium scorpiurus (L.) DC. * |
Herb |
Jul–Dec |
Grasslands, Wastelands and Open areas
(Throughout district) |
JVD-253 |
|
91 |
Grona triflora (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi |
Herb |
Sept–Jan |
Grasslands, Wastelands and Open areas
(Throughout district) |
JVD-157 |
|
92 |
Eleiotis rottleri Wight & Arn. |
Herb |
Jun–Oct |
Rare in gravelly plains and seasonal
grasslands (Bd) |
JVD-175 |
|
93 |
Eleiotis sororia (L.) DC. |
Herb |
Jul–Nov |
Rare in gravelly plains and seasonal
grasslands (Bd, G, H, I) |
JVD-254 JVD-1289 |
|
94 |
Erythrina suberosa Roxb. |
Tree |
Nov–Apr |
Deciduous forests (Bd, J, M) |
JVD-255 |
|
95 |
Flemingia strobilifera R.Br. |
Herb |
Nov–Mar |
Deciduous forests (Bd) |
JVD-198 |
|
96 |
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. * |
Tree |
Dec–Apr |
Open areas (Throughout district) |
JVD-1406 |
|
97 |
Glycine max (L.) Merr. * |
Herb |
Oct–Apr |
Cultivated (Throughout district) |
JVD-1407 |
|
98 |
Indigastrum parviflorum (B.Heyne ex Wight & Arn.) Schrire |
Sub-shrubs |
Oct–Apr |
Open areas and sandy plains (Bd, L) |
JVD-1434 |
|
99 |
Indigofera arnottii (Kuntze) Peter G.Wilson |
Herb |
Aug–Feb |
Open areas and scrubs (Bd, Bg, G, I, J,
M) |
JVD-1278 JVD-1278 |
|
100 |
Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl ex DC. |
Herb |
Sept–Apr |
Open areas and scrubs (Bd) |
JVD-864 |
|
101 |
Indigofera astragalina DC. |
Herb |
Aug–Feb |
Sandy plains (Throughout district) |
JVD-1430 |
|
102 |
Indigofera coerulea Roxb. |
Herb |
Sept–Jan |
Seasonal grasslands and wastelands (Bd, G, H) |
JVD-860 |
|
103 |
Indigofera cordifolia Heyne ex Roth. |
Herb |
Aug–Oct |
Grasslands, gravelly plains and
wastelands (Throughout district) |
JVD-256 |
|
104 |
Indigofera colutea (Burm.) Merr. |
Herb |
Jun–Dec |
Grasslands, gravelly plains and
wastelands (Bd) |
JVD-210 JVD-1246 |
|
105 |
Indigofera glandulosa Wendl. |
Herb |
Aug–Feb |
Open areas and weed of cultivated fields (Throughout district) |
JVD-888 |
|
106 |
Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. |
Herb |
Jun–Dec |
Grasslands, gravelly plains and
wastelands (Throughout district) |
JVD-161 JVD-851 |
|
107 |
Indigofera linnaei Ali. |
Herb |
Jun–Feb |
Grasslands, gravelly plains and
wastelands (Throughout district) |
JVD-257 |
|
108 |
Indigofera tinctoria L. |
Shrub |
Oct–Jan |
Open areas and scrubs (Bd) |
JVD-1435 |
|
109 |
Indigofera trifoliata L. |
Herb |
Jul–Feb |
Grasslands, gravelly plains and
wastelands (Bd, Bg, L, J, M) |
JVD-258 |
|
110 |
Indigofera trita L.f. |
Herb |
Jun–Jan |
Grasslands, gravelly plains and
wastelands (Throughout district) |
JVD-259 JVD-861 |
|
111 |
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet. |
Climber |
Aug–Dec |
Cultivated fields (Throughout district) |
JVD-260 |
|
112 |
Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. * |
Twining herb |
Aug–Apr |
Open areas and along railway track (L) |
JVD-1436 |
|
113 |
Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. |
Twining herb |
Oct–Apr |
Cultivated (L) |
JVD-1437 |
|
114 |
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. |
Climber |
Aug–Jan |
Dry deciduous forests and (Bd, L) |
JVD-312 |
|
115 |
Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A.Chev. |
Shrub |
Mar–Sept |
Dry deciduous forests (Bd, G, H, I, J) |
JVD-21 |
|
116 |
Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) J.A.Lackey |
Climber |
Oct–May |
Dry deciduous forests and along streams (Bd, J, R) |
JVD-1295 JVD-905 |
|
117 |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. |
Climber |
Throughout year |
Cultivated as vegetable crop (Throughout
district) |
JVD-1408 |
|
118 |
Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv. |
Sub-shrubs |
Oct–Apr |
Deciduous forest (Bd) |
JVD-1247 |
|
119 |
Pisum sativum L. * |
Climber |
Oct–May |
Cultivated (L, M) |
JVD-1409 |
|
120 |
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |
Tree |
Mar–Sept |
Dry deciduous forests and along
roadsides (Throughout district) |
JVD-315 |
|
121 |
Pseudarthria viscida (L.) Wight & Arn. |
Herb |
Jul–Jan |
Dry scrub forests and grasslands (Bd, J,
M) |
JVD-318 |
|
122 |
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. |
Tree |
May–Oct |
Dry deciduous forests (Bd, Bg, G, J, M) |
JVD-319 |
|
123 |
Pycnospora lutescens (Poir.) Schindl. |
Twining herb |
Apr–Oct |
Dry deciduous forests (Bd) |
JVD-320 |
|
124 |
Rhynchosia aurea DC. |
Creeping herb |
Jul–Jan |
Grasslands and open areas (Bd) |
JVD-205 |
|
125 |
Rhynchosia cana (Willd.) DC. |
Sub-shrubs |
Dec–Apr |
Open areas (Bd) |
JVD-1297 |
|
126 |
Rhynchosia capitata (B.Heyne ex Roth) DC. |
Creeping herbs |
Sept–Jan |
Sandy plains (Bd) |
JVD-1298 |
|
127 |
Rhynchosia hirta (Andrews) Meikle & Verdc. |
Climbing shrub |
Jan–Jul |
Dry deciduous forest (Bd, J) |
JVD-1438 |
|
128 |
Rhynchosia minima DC. |
Climber |
Jul–Jan |
Grasslands and open areas (Throughout
district) |
JVD-155 JVD-1202 |
|
129 |
Rhynchosia minima var. laxiflora (Camb.) Baker |
Climber |
Throughout year |
Open areas and weed of cultivated fields (Throughout district) |
JVD-1412 |
|
130 |
Rhynchosia rothii Benth. ex Aitch. |
Climber |
Oct–May |
Dry deciduous forest (Bd, H) |
JVD-1413 |
|
131 |
Rhynchosia rufescens (Willd.) DC. |
Sub-shrubs |
Jul–Feb |
Open areas and gravelly slopes (Bd) |
JVD-262 |
|
132 |
Rhynchosia suaveolens (L.f.) DC. |
Shrubs |
Nov–Mar |
Gravelly slopes of deciduous forest (Bd,
H) |
JVD-1415 |
|
133 |
Rhynchosia viscosa DC. |
Climber |
Throughout year |
Deciduous forests (Bd) |
JVD-1416 |
|
134 |
Rothia indica (L.) Druce |
Herb |
Sept–Apr |
Sandy plains (Throughout district) |
JVD-828 JVD-1132 JVD-1286 JVD-913 |
|
135 |
Sesbania aculeata (Schreb.) Pers. |
Sub-shrubs |
Sept–Jan |
Dry deciduous forests and along
roadsides (L, M) |
JVD-269 |
|
136 |
Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. * |
Tree |
Sept–Feb |
Cultivated as fodder and vegetable plant (Throughout district) |
JVD-1370 |
|
137 |
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. |
Tree |
Sept–Dec |
Common along cultivated fields
(Throughout district) |
JVD-1371 |
|
138 |
Smithia conferta Sm. var. conferta |
Herb |
Oct–Dec |
Wet grasslands (Bd) |
JVD-1418 |
|
139 |
Stylosanthes fruticosa Mohlenbr |
Herb |
Throughout year |
Open areas and wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-268 |
|
140 |
Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. * |
Herb |
Throughout year |
Open areas and wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-202 |
|
141 |
Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth) Arn. |
Herb |
Dec–Jul |
Weed of cultivated fields (R, T) |
JVD-1419 |
|
142 |
Tephrosia hookeriana Wight & Arn. |
Sub-shrubs |
Oct–May |
Open grasslands (Bd) |
Singh 1988 Op. cit. |
|
143 |
Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Pers. |
Herb |
Jul–Dec |
Open areas and wastelands (Bd) |
JVD-263 |
|
144 |
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. |
Sub-shrubs |
Jul–Dec |
Open areas and wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-098 |
|
145 |
Tephrosia strigosa (Dalzell) Santapau & Maheshw. |
Herb |
Jul–Dec |
Open areas and wastelands (Bd, L, M) |
JVD-1420 |
|
146 |
Tephrosia subtriflora Baker |
Herb |
Aug–Jan |
Open areas and wastelands (Bd) |
JVD-1425 |
|
147 |
Tephrosia uniflora Pers. |
Herbs |
Oct–Jun |
Open areas and wastelands (Bd) |
Singh 1981 Op. cit. |
|
148 |
Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. |
Sub-shrubs |
Jul–Jan |
Open areas and wastelands (Bd, G, H, I,
J, M) |
JVD-265 JVD-919 JVD-1213 |
|
149 |
Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. |
Twining herb |
Aug–Jan |
Open areas and along cultivated fields
(Bd, L) |
JVD-1209 |
|
150 |
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. |
Herb |
Throughout year |
Cultivated as vegetable crop (Throughout
district) |
JVD-1411 |
|
151 |
Vigna indica T.M.Dixit, K.V.Bhat & S.R.Yadav |
Climber |
Jul–Jan |
Open areas and wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-1145 |
|
152 |
Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal |
Creeping herb |
Aug–Jan |
Cultivated and escaped in wild
(Throughout district) |
JVD-1421 |
|
153 |
Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper |
Creeping herb |
Aug–Jan |
Cultivated (Throughout district) |
JVD-1422 |
|
154 |
Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdcourt |
Creeping herb |
Jul–Jan |
Open area sand wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-270 |
|
155 |
Vigna radiata (L.) Wilezek |
Creeping herb |
Jul–Jan |
Open areas and wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-332 |
|
156 |
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. * |
Creeping herbs |
Jul–Jan |
Open areas and wastelands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-1423 |
|
157 |
Zornia gibbosa Span. |
Herb |
Jul–Jan |
Open areas and grasslands (Throughout
district) |
JVD-334 |
Bd—Badami | Bg—Bagalkot | Bi—Bilgi | C—Cholachgudda
| G—Guledgudda | H—Hungund | I—Ilkal | J—Jamkhandi | KS—Kudal Sangam |
L—Lokapur | M—Mudhol | R—Rabkavi | T—Terdal. |(*) —non-native species (which
are either introduced or invasive)
Figure
figures & images - - click here
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