Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2021 | 13(3): 18004–18010
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6353.13.3.18004-18010
#6353 | Received 02 July 2020 | Final
received 12 March 2021 | Finally accepted 15 March 2021
The genus Basiria
Siddiqi, 1959 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) from Dezful region, Iran
Manouchehr Hosseinvand
1, Ali Eskandari 2 & Reza Ghaderi 3
1,2 Department of Plant Protection,
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan,
45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran.
3 Department of Plant Protection,
School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, 71441-65186, Shiraz, Iran.
1 m.houseinvand@gmail.com, 2 eskandari.a@znu.ac.ir,
3 rghaderi@shirazu.ac.ir (corresponding author)
Editor: Anonymity
requested. Date of publication:
26 March 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Hosseinvand,
M., A. Eskandari & R. Ghaderi
(2021). The genus Basiria
Siddiqi, 1959 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) from Dezful region, Iran. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(3): 18004–18010. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6353.13.3.18004-18010
Copyright: © Hosseinvand
et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The authors thank Dr. Akbar Karegar for kind help
in identification of B. ritteri.
Abstract: A survey was conducted during
2018 and 2019 in order to identify plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Basiria in Dezful region
of Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran.
Nematodes were extracted from the soil and root samples by using tray
method, transferred to glycerin and mounted on
permanent slides. Nematodes were
identified based on morphological and morphometric characters. As a result, eight species including B.
aberrans, B. duplexa,
B. gracilis, B. jirians, B. tumida,
B. graminophila, B. ritteri, and B. similis
were identified; three species namely B. jirians,
B. ritteri, and B. similis are here described and illustrated for the
first time from Iran. B. jirians is characterized by body length 445–535 µm,
stylet 9.0–9.2 µm, cephalic region without annuli, DGO 2.0–2.5 µm, median bulb
at anterior end of pharynx, basal bulb pyriform, spermatheca non offset and
tail elongate conoid with pointed to filiform terminus. B. ritteri
can be characterized by body length 685–747 µm, stylet 10.5–11.5 µm, median
bulb located at anterior half of pharynx, basal bulb cylindroid, spermatheca
non offset and tail annulated and notched at tip. B. similis
is characterized by body length 644–736 µm, stylet 10.3–11 µm, DGO 8.9–10.5 µm,
basal bulb cylindroid and tail clavate.
Keywords: First report, Boleodorinae, natural habitats, nematode, southwestern
Iran.
Members of the family Tylenchidae Örley 1880 are
important soil fauna which may constitute up to 30% of the nematodes in any given soil sample (Qing et al.
2018). The genus Basiria
Siddiqi 1959 belongs to the subfamily Boleodorinae
Khan 1964 and currently contains 42 valid species (Geraert
2008), with B. graminophila Siddiqi
1959 as type species. During recent
years, B. birjandiensis Alvani Mahdikhani-Moghadam
Rouhani Mohammadi & Karssen,
2016 and B. khouzestanensis Eisvand Farrokhi & Azimi, 2019 were described from Iran. Hitherto, 10 species of the genus Basiria have been reported from Iran (Karegar 2018). The
present study has characterized eight known species of the genus, including
three new records from Iran, based on morphological and morphometric
characters.
Materials and Methods
Soil samples were collected from the natural habitats
in different localities of Dezful region, Khuzestan
province, southwestern Iran. Nematodes
were extracted by the tray method (Whitehead & Hemming 1965), killed and
fixed by hot FPG (4:1:1, formaldehyde: propionic acid: glycerol), and processed
to anhydrous glycerol (De Grisse 1969). Nematodes were mounted in glycerol on
permanent slides using paraffin wax and studied using a light microscope,
equipped with a dino-eye microscope eye-piece camera
in conjunction with its Dino Capture version 2.0 software. Specimens were identified at species level
using available identification keys (Karegar & Geraert 1998; Geraert 2008).
Results and Discussion
In this study we identified eight species of the genus
including B. aberrans (Thorne, 1949)
Siddiqi 1963; B. duplexa (Hagemeyer & Allen, 1952) Geraert
1968; B. gracilis (Thorne, 1949)
Siddiqi 1963; B. graminophila
Siddiqi, 1959; B. jirians Renubala & Dhanachand, 1992;
B. ritteri (Baqri
& Jairajpuri, 1969) Bernard 1980; B. similis (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Bernard 1980, and
B. tumida (Colbran,
1960) Geraert 1968.
Amongst them, three species, B. jirians,
B. similis, and B. ritteri, are described and illustrated for the first
time from Iran.
Basiria jirians Renubala & Dhanachand, 1992
(Table 1; Figure 1; Image 1)
Description
Female: Body
straight to slightly ventrally arcuate following heat fixation. Cuticle annuli 1.0–1.2 µm wide at mid-body.
Lateral field with four incisures, 3.4–4.2 µm wide, occupied 28–31 % of body
diameter, without areolation. Lip region
smooth, continuous with body, at front slightly flatted, 5.2–5.5 µm wide and
2.7–3.1 µm high. Amphidial
aperture oblique, slit-like. Stylet with
small basal knobs, 1.8–2.0 µm wide.
Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice (DGO) 2.0–2.5 µm posterior to stylet
knobs. Median bulb oval, 7.0–7.5 µm wide
and 14.0-14.5 µm long, with weakly developed valve, located at anterior half of
pharynx. Isthmus slender. Excretory pore at 72–73 µm from anterior
end. Nerve ring located at 60–65 µm from
anterior end. Hemizonid
at level of excretory pore, 71–72 µm from anterior end. Basal bulb pyriform, 6.2–8.9 µm wide and
14.5–18.5 µm long. Cardia
indistinct. Reproductive system monodelphic-prodelphic, composed of an outstretched ovary
with oocytes arranged in a single row.
Spermatheca non-offset, slightly elongated, with rounded sperm, 15–22 µm
long, 8.0–9.0 µm wide. Vulva a transvers
slit lacking flaps or epiptygma. Vagina 4.0–4.5 µm long. Tail elongate-conoid, about equal to the
vulva-anus distance, at tip pointed to filiform.
Male: General
characters similar to the female.
Spicule tylenchoid, small and slightly
curved. Gubernaculum simple,
rod-shape. Bursa ad-cloacal,
simple. Tail similar to that of female.
Discussion
B. jirians is close to B. dolichura
Loof, 1971, but it differs by smaller body length
(490–530 µm vs. 820–930 µm), stylet length (8.0–9.0 µm vs. 9.0–11.0 µm),
spermatheca (non-offset vs. offset), tail length (130–136 µm vs. 220–276
µm), and V ratio (61–62 % vs. 52–57 %).
It differs from B. birjandiensis,
by smaller stylet length (8.0–9.0 µm vs. 11–12 µm), DGO (2.0–2.5 µm vs. 6.0–9.0
µm), non-offset spermatheca (vs. offset), from B. khouzestanensis by smaller stylet (8.0–9.0 µm vs.
9.3–12.5 µm), DGO (2.0–2.5 µm vs. 4.0–6.0 µm) and position of median bulb
(40–42 vs. 48–56.2), and from B. elegans
(Khan & Khan 1975) Bajaj & Bhatti 1979 by smaller body (490–530 µm vs.
750–900 µm), cephalic region (smooth vs. annulated), stylet length
(8.0–9.0 µm vs. 11–13 µm), tail length (130–136 µm vs. 192–218 µm) and
spicule length (14–15 µm vs. 25–26 µm).
Our population is very close to B. jirians, but differs from the type population in
tail length (89–98 µm vs. 130–136 µm), pharynx length (86–103 µm vs. 76–80
µm) and position of vulva (63.2–65.6 % vs. 61–62 %). These
differentiations, however, maybe related to habitat and associated host. In this study, it was found from the
rhizosphere of Nerium oleander in Dezful
region.
Basiria similis (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Bernard, 1980
(Table 1; Figure 2; Image 2)
Description
Female: Body
straight to slightly ventrally curved. Body annuli delicate, 1.1–1.4 µm wide at
mid-body. Lateral field with four incisures, 5.4–6.0 µm occupying 29–32 % of
body wide. Cephalic region with four annuli at body contour, 6.3–6.5 µm width
and 3.1–3.4 µm high. Cephalic framework
weekly sclerotized. Amphidial aperture obligate,
slit-like. Stylet delicate with distinct
knobs, 1.5–2.1 µm wide, conus 33-37% of total stylet length. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice (DGO)
8.9–10.5 µm posterior to stylet knobs.
Median bulb oval, 7.0–8.5 µm, occupied 49–55 % of body wide, with
distinct valve, located at first half of pharynx. Isthmus slender. Excretory pore at 85–94 µm
from anterior end. Nerve ring located at 77–82 µm from anterior end. Hemizonid 1–3
annuli anterior to excretory pore, 84–93 µm from anterior end. Basal bulb cylindroid, 10.0-12.0 µm wide and
27–29 µm long. Deirids
at level of excretory pore. Cardia large
and rounded. Reproductive system monodelphic-prodelphic, ovary long. Spermatheca non-offset, elongated and
rectangular, without sperm. Vulva a
transvers slit lacking flaps or epiptygma. Vagina 6.0–6.5 µm long that occupied 26–30 %
of corresponding body wide in length.
Tail elongate-clavate.
Male: Not
found.
Discussion
B. similis is very close to B. diversicauda Khan 1993, B. tumida, and B. ritteri. It differs from B. ritteri
by clavate tail (vs. notch at tip), annulation at posterior half of tail
indistinct (vs. annuli at entire tail distinct) and DGO (10–11 µm vs. less than
4.0µm). It can be distinguished from B.
tumida by DGO (10–11 µm vs. 1.5–4.5
µm), and from B. diversicauda by only
tail shape (clavate vs. elongate-conoid to a rounded terminus). B. diversicauda
probably is a synonym of B. similis (Karegar & Geraert 1997). This species has been described only from an
apple orchard in South Dakota, USA (Thorne & Malek 1968). Morphological and morphometric
characteristics of our population fit well with those of B. similis. In this
study, it was recovered from the rhizosphere of wild grasses in Dezful region.
Basiria ritteri (Baqri & Jairajpuri, 1969)
Bernard, 1980
(Table 2; Figure 3; Image 3)
Description
Female: Body
straight to slightly ventrally curved.
Body annuli delicate, 1.3–1.5 µm
wide at mid-body. Lateral field with
four incisures, 5.7–6.2 µm that occupied 25–27 % of body wide. Cephalic region with four to five annuli, not
offset from body, 6.1–6.6 µm wide and 3.1–3.4 µm high. Cephalic framework weekly sclerotized. Amphidial aperture obligate, slit-like. Stylet delicate with distinct knobs, 1.9–2.3
µm wide, conus 33–35 % of total stylet length.
Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice (DGO) 2.5–3.0 µm posterior to stylet
knobs. Median bulb oval, 8.0–8.6 µm,
occupied 50–57 % of body wide, with distinct valve, located at posterior half
of pharynx. Isthmus slender. Excretory
pore at 87–99 µm from anterior end.
Nerve ring located at 85–90 µm from anterior end. Hemizonid 1–3
annuli anterior to excretory pore, 89–92 µm from anterior end. Basal bulb cylindroid, 12.0–13.0 µm wide and
27–30 µm long. Deirids
at level of excretory pore. Cardia large
and funnel-shape. Reproductive system monodelphic-prodelphic,
ovary very long. Spermatheca non-offset,
elongated and rectangular, with rounded sperm, 25–28 µm long and 10–12 µm in
wide. Vulva a transvers slit lacking
flaps or epiptygma. Vagina 5.8–6.2 µm long occupying
25–27 % of corresponding body wide. Tail
elongate-conoid, with distinct annulation, tapering gradually, terminus with
notched.
Male: General
characters similar to female, cephalic region slightly smaller than
female. Spicules arcuate and tylenchoid.
Gubernaculum simple. Bursa
ad-cloacal.
Discussion
This species was firstly described as Basiroides ritteri Baqri & Jairajpuri 1969 from
India, then, Bernard (1980) transferred
it to the genus Basiria. It is very similar to B. guangdongensis (Xie,
Feng, Li & Yin, 1994) Siddiqi 2000 B. similis,
and B. tumida. It can be differentiated from B. guangdongensis by stylet length (8.5–11.0 µm
vs. 12.5–13 µm). It can be
separated from B. similis by slightly
shorter stylet (8.5–11.0 µm vs. 11–13 µm), DGO (2.0–3.5 µm vs. 10–11 µm), and
tail tip (notched vs. not notched), and from B. tumida
by tail tip (notched vs. not notched), entire tail annulated (vs. posterior
part of tail without distinct annulation).
Our population is very similar to the B. ritteri
and all morphological and morphometrical characters are close to the type
population. This species has been found only in Asia, Uttar Pradesh (as type
locality), India (Baqri & Jairajpuri
1969); Pakistan (Maqbool et al. 1984 as Basirioides
sindhicus); China and Vietnam (Karegar & Geraert 1997). In this study, it was recovered from the
rhizosphere of Polianthes tubeosa in Dezful region.
Table 1. Morphometric characters of Basiria jirians and B. similis population from Dezful
region (measurements in µm) and in the form: mean ± s.d.
(range).
|
|
B. similis |
B. jirians |
|||
|
|
Present study |
Geraert 2008 |
Present study |
Renubala & Dhanachand
1992 |
|
|
Character |
Female |
Female |
Female |
Male |
Female |
|
n |
3 |
? |
3 |
1 |
4 |
|
L (µm) |
700 ± 49.3 (644–736) |
680–700 |
490 ± 45 (445–535) |
485 |
490–530 |
|
a |
37.2 ± 2.4 (34.4–39) |
42 |
37.6 ± 0.5 (37–38.2) |
41.1 |
33–39 |
|
b |
5.5 ± 0.2 (5.3–5.7) |
- |
5.1 |
16.1 |
6.1–7.3 |
|
c |
7.5 ± 0.1 (7.5–7.6) |
8.2 |
5.2 ± 0.2 (5.0–5.4) |
5.3 |
3.7–3.9 |
|
c' |
8.6 ± 0.5 (8.0–9.0) |
- |
10.8 ± 0.2 (10.6–11.1) |
8.8 |
10–17 |
|
V |
73.2 |
71.5–73 |
64.7 ± 1.3 (63.1–65.6) |
- |
61–62 |
|
V' |
84.3 ± 0.1 (84.2–84.4) |
82–83 |
80 ± 1.8 (78–81.7) |
- |
83 |
|
Stylet (µm) |
10.6 ± 0.3 (10.3–11) |
11–13 |
9.1 ± 0.1 (9.0–9.2) |
9.3 |
8.0–9.0 |
|
Conus (µm) |
3.7 ± 0.1 (3.7–3.8) |
- |
3.0 ± 0.2 (2.9–3.2) |
3.1 |
- |
|
O |
92 ± 4.9 (86.4–95.4) |
- |
25.7 ± 3.0 (22.2–27.7) |
37.6 |
- |
|
Pharynx (µm) |
125 ± 3.7 (121–128) |
122–125 |
94.6 ± 8.5 (86–103) |
102 |
76–80 |
|
Median bulb (µm) |
46 ± 1.1 (45–47) |
- |
38.5 ± 1.5 (37–40) |
46 |
40–43 |
|
MB |
36.9 ± 0.2 (36.7–37.1) |
40 |
40.7 ± 2.1 (38.8–43) |
45 |
39.6–42.0 |
|
Deirids |
95 ± 1.5 (94–97) |
- |
74 ± 1.0 (73–75) |
81 |
- |
|
Head-vulva (µm) |
513 ± 35.9 (472–539) |
- |
317 ± 30.7 (291–351) |
|
- |
|
Head-anus (µm) |
608 ± 42 (560–638) |
- |
396 ± 40.5 (356–437) |
393 |
- |
|
Vulva-anus (V-A)(µm) |
95 ± 6.0 (88–99) |
- |
79 ± 12.4 (65–87) |
- |
61.7–70.4 |
|
Tail/V-A |
0.9 |
0.8–0.9 |
1.1 ± 0.1 (1.0–1.3) |
- |
2.0 |
|
Body width (µm) |
18.8 ± 0.1 (18.7–19) |
16.5–18 |
13 ± 1 (12–14) |
11.8 |
- |
|
Vulval body width (VBW)(µm) |
15.8 ± 0.2 (15.5–16) |
- |
12.2 ± 0.2 (12.0–12.5) |
|
- |
|
Anal body width (µm) |
10.7 ± 0.1 (10.5–10.8) |
- |
8.6 ± 0.6 (8.0–9.2) |
10.4 |
- |
|
Annulus width (µm) |
1.2 ± 0.1 (1.1–1.4) |
- |
1.1 ± 0.1 (1.0–1.2) |
1.0 |
- |
|
PUS |
10.8 ± 0.3 (10.6–11.2) |
12 |
10 ± 0.5 (9.5–10.5) |
- |
- |
|
PUS/VBW (%) |
68 ± 3.3 (66–72) |
80 |
82 ± 2.4 (79–84) |
- |
- |
|
Tail length |
92 ± 7.3 (84–98) |
85–87 |
93 ± 4.5 (89–98) |
92 |
128–136 |
|
Spicules |
- |
- |
- |
13.8 |
14.5–15 |
|
Gubernaculum |
- |
- |
- |
5.5 |
3.0 |
|
Bursa |
- |
- |
- |
25.0 |
21 |
Table 2. Morphometric characters of Basiria ritteri population
from Dezful region (measurements in µm) and in the
form: mean ± s.d. (range).
|
|
Present study |
Baqri & Jairajpuri
1969 |
Karegar & Geraert
1997 |
|
|
Character |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Female |
|
n |
4 |
4 |
7 |
14 |
|
L (µm) |
713 ± 31.3 (685–747) |
666 ± 60.5 (618–734) |
480–680 |
625–775 |
|
a |
32 ± 0.9 (31–33) |
39± 2.6 (36–41) |
- |
- |
|
b |
5.5 ± 0.2 (5.3–5.7) |
13.7 ± 0.5 (13.2–14.3) |
- |
- |
|
c |
7.3 ± 0.2 (7.2–7.6) |
7.3 ± 0.2 (7.0–7.4) |
- |
- |
|
c' |
8.1 ± 0.2 (7.9–8.3) |
7.0 ± 0.6 (6.3–7.6) |
- |
- |
|
V |
72.2 ± 1.6 (70.3–73.4) |
- |
71–77 |
71–76 |
|
V' |
83.5 ± 1.7 (81.6–85.1) |
- |
81–85 |
82–85 |
|
Stylet (µm) |
10.9 ± 0.5 (10.5–11.5) |
10.9 ± 0.3 (10.6–11.2) |
9.0–10 |
8.5–11.0 |
|
Conus (µm) |
3.7 ± 0.2 (3.6–4.0) |
3.8 ± 0.2 (3.6–4.1) |
- |
- |
|
O |
24.4 ± 1.4 (23.3–26) |
22.5 ± 1.7 (20.5–23.6) |
- |
- |
|
Pharynx (µm) |
128 ± 1.0 (127–129) |
123 ± 5.1 (117–127) |
120 |
101–128 |
|
Median bulb (µm) |
48.5 ± 0.5 (48–49) |
47 ± 2.0 (45–49) |
- |
- |
|
MB |
37.7 ± 0.2 (37.5–37.9) |
38.3 ± 0.3 (37.9–38.5) |
36.5 |
34–39 |
|
Deirids |
94.3 ± 0.5 (94–95) |
94 ± 0.5 (94–95) |
- |
- |
|
Head-vulva (µm) |
516 ± 31.7 (482–545) |
- |
- |
- |
|
Head-anus (µm) |
617 ± 29.9 (590–649) |
575 ± 53.6 (535–636) |
485–565 |
550–705 |
|
Vulva-anus (V-A) (µm) |
101 ± 8.8 (91–108) |
- |
- |
- |
|
Tail/V-A |
0.9 ± 0.1 (0.8–1.0) |
- |
0.5–1.0 |
0.6–1.0 |
|
Body width (µm) |
22.6 ± 1.5 (21–24) |
17.3 ± 2.0 (15–19) |
15–17.5 |
- |
|
Vulval body width (µm) |
19.6 ± 0.5 (19–20) |
|
- |
- |
|
Anal body width (µm) |
11.8 ± 0.2 (11.6–12) |
12.8 ± 0.7 (12–13.5) |
- |
- |
|
Annulus width (µm) |
1.3 ± 0.1 (1.3–1.5) |
1.2 ± 0.1 (1.2–1.3) |
- |
- |
|
PUS |
10.4 ± 0.3 (10–10.7) |
- |
- |
- |
|
PUS/VBW (%) |
53 ± 2.6 (50–55.2) |
- |
30–80 |
- |
|
Tail length |
97 ± 1.5 (95–98) |
91 ± 7.5 (83–98) |
49–68 |
59–95 |
|
Spicules |
- |
18.1 ± 1.0 (17–19) |
16–17 |
15 |
|
Gubernaculum |
- |
5.2 ± 0.2 (5–5.5) |
4.0–5.0 |
4.5 |
|
Bursa |
- |
25.3 ± 0.5 (25–26) |
- |
- |
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