Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2021 | 13(3): 17918–17929
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6319.13.3.17918-17929
#6319 | Received 21 June 2020 | Final
received 12 January 2021 | Finally accepted 19 March 2021
An annotated checklist of
amphibians in and around Dampa Tiger Reserve,
Mizoram, India
Ht. Decemson
1, Sushanto Gouda 2, Lalbiakzuala 3, Lalmuansanga
4, Gospel Zothanmawia Hmar 5, Mathipi Vabeiryureilai 6 & H.T. Lalremsanga
7
1,3,4,5,6,7 Department of Zoology, Mizoram
University, Aizawl, Mizoram 796004, India.
2 Amity Institute of Forestry and
Wildlife, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India.
1 htdecemson@gmail.com, 2 sushantogouda@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 3 bzachawngthu123@gmail.com,
4 muanapunte16@gmail.com, 5
goszhmar@gmail.com, 6 m.vabeiryureilai@gmail.com, 7
htlrsa@yahoo.co.in
Editor: Neelesh Dahanukar,
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India. Date
of publication: 26 March 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Decemson,
Ht., S. Gouda, Lalbiakzuala, Lalmuansanga,
G.Z. Hmar, M. Vabeiryureilai & H.T. Lalremsanga (2021). An annotated
checklist of amphibians in and around Dampa Tiger
Reserve, Mizoram, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 13(3): 17918–17929. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6319.13.3.17918-17929
Copyright: © Decemson
et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: The work
was funded by the National Mission on Himalayan
Studies (NMHS), with the sanction letter no. GBPNI/NMHS-2017/MG-221/5561 and NER-BPMC (North Eastern Region–Biotechnology Program
Management Cell), Department
of Biotechnology (DBT), Govt.
of India, DBT-NER/AAB/64/2017.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Ht. Decemson: He has
completed his MSc. (Zoology) from the Department of Zoology, Mizoram University
and is currently perusing his Doctorate degree in the same department under the
supervision of Dr. H.T. Lalremsanga. He is working as
a Senior Research Fellow in the NMHS project and focuses mainly on primates and
amphibian diversity in Dampa Tiger Reserve. Dr Sushanto Gouda
has recently completed his PhD from Amity Institute of Forestry and Wildlife,
Amity University, Noida. He is also working as a Senior Research Fellow in the
NMHS project and focuses mainly on mammalian diversity in and around the Dampa Tiger Reserve.
Lalbiakzuala
is working as a Junior Research Fellow under DBT project. He is currently
perusing his PhD from the Department of Zoology, Mizoram University. His area
of interest is amphibian and reptile diversity, taxonomy and molecular
systematic. Lalmuansanga has completed his
MSc. from the Department of Zoology, Mizoram University and is presently
enrolled as a PhD Scholar in the same department. He is working as a Junior
Research Fellow under DRDO project, Ministry of Defense, Government of India.
His area of interest is amphibian and reptile diversity from Mizoram, India. Gospel Zothanmawia
Hmar has completed his MSc. from the Department of Zoology, Mizoram
University and is presently enrolled as a PhD Scholar in the same department.
He is also a Junior Research Fellow under DST- SERB project. His subject area
is Chenonians throughout Mizoram. Dr Mathipi Vabeiryureilai was
awarded Doctorate degree in the field of Cancer Biology from the Department of
Zoology, Mizoram University, in 2017. At present he is actively engaged as a
Research Associate under the ongoing DBT project mainly focusing from the
ground level of field work to molecular analysis. Dr H.T. Lalremsangais designated as a
Associate Professor and is also the Head of the Department of Zoology, Mizoram
University. He is currently running four major projects under DBT, DST-SERB,
DRDO and NMHS. He is also supervising PhD Scholars in the field of Herpetology
and developmental biology.
Author contribution: Ht. Decemson
has led the field work, sample collection, initiate the manuscript writing and
took some photographs. Sushanto Gouda has compiled
the manuscript, designed the study area map and communicated the
manuscript. Lalbiakzuala
assist in the field work, contribute in the manuscript design and did molecular
analysis for the collected samples. Lalmuansanga
assist in the field work, sample collection and examination of the collected
samples.
Gospel Zothanmawia
Hmar assist in the field work, sample collection and help in the manuscript
editing. Mathipi Vabeiryureilai
has assisted in the field work, sample collection and perform molecular
identification for the collected samples. He also contributed in the manuscript
write-up. H.T. Lalremsangais supervised the field
work, sample collection, taken important photographs, did identification,
provided valuable inputs and made necessary correction to the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: We thank the chief wildlife
warden, Department of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of
Mizoram for the permission of herpetofauna collections in Miroram
(Memo No: A.33011/2/99-CWLW/225). We
acknowledge the National Mission for Himalayan Studies (NMHS) Uttarakhand
(GBPNI/NMHS-2017/MG-22) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT), government of
India, New Delhi, for providing financial assistance for laboratory facilities
under NER-BPMC (North Eastern Region- Biotechnology Programme Management Cell)
number DBT-NER/AAB/64/2017. We also
appreciate the forest staff of Dampa Tiger Reserve
for their help and cooperation during the course of field work.
Abstract: Amphibians are an integral part
of the ecosystem and act as an ecological indicator. As several species are added to the list of
threatened species every year due to loss of habitat, it is important to
understand the role of unmanaged landscape for sustenance of amphibian
diversity. In this study, 28 amphibian
species were recorded from different modified habitat including 19 new records
for Dampa Tiger Reserve (DTR) and its surrounding
areas. Further, six species, Amolops indoburmanensis,
Limnonectes khasianus, Microhyla mukhlesuri, M. mymensinghensis, Raorchestes rezakhani, and Sylvirana
lacrima are new distribution records for the
state of Mizoram and out of these, two species, Raorchestes
rezakhani and Sylvirana
lacrima, are new country records for
India. Amongst the recorded species,
four species are Data Deficient, two Vulnerable, 14 Least Concern, and eight
species are not assessed as per the IUCN Red List. Within the core and buffer areas of DTR, we
found that natural perennial stream, puddles, canals, natural ponds, fish
ponds, roadside, primary forest, secondary forest, paddy fields, and human
settlement areas are excellent microhabitats for amphibian population and need
to be conserved for their rich ecological niches.
Keywords: Conservation, microhabitat,
protected area, Raorchestes rezakhani, recovery, secondary forest, Sylvirana lacrima.
Introduction
Change in matured forest lands
into modified landscape through agriculture and other human activities had
resulted in severe loss of biodiversity.
Herpetofauna that contributes for over 48% of the terrestrial
vertebrates is one of the most threatened groups of animals due to habitat
loss, environmental pollution, international trade, and agroforestry (Palacios
et al. 2013; Jayakumar & Nameer 2018; Prasad et
al. 2018). As per IUCN, of the 8,126
described amphibian species, about 2,202 amphibians are categorized as
threatened species (Frost 2020). In the
past 20 years, the number of Critically Endangered species has also increased
from 25 in the year 2000 to an alarming 587 species by 2020 (IUCN 2020). Dampa Tiger Reserve
(DTR) in Mizoram, northeastern India, is a
biodiversity hotspot that falls within the Indo-Burma region, and is also
greatly affected from shifting cultivation and other anthropogenic activities (Pawar et al. 2004). About
80% of the State’s population practices slash and burn method of agriculture
that are highly dependent on forest resources, resulting in clearing of large
areas of matured forest lands every year (Sati & Rinawma
2014). While most researchers have
mostly emphasized on the conservation of faunal diversity in protected and matured
forest, the importance of secondary or modified habitats has gained recognized
in recent times (Dunn 2004; Teegalapalli et al. 2009;
Mandal & Raman 2016; Vega-Pérez et al. 2019). Secondary forest types such as suburbia
remnant forests, riverbanks, plantation sites, abandoned crop fields, and home
gardens are reported to serve as an important refuges and breeding grounds for
variety of amphibian fauna (Dunn 2004; Banville & Bateman 2012; Nowakowski et al. 2017; Prasad et al. 2018). Only a few studies on amphibians diversity
has been reported from DTR that include amphibian survey by Pawar
& Birand (2001), where the presence of 18 species
were reported from different habitats like mature and secondary forest, open
forest and even plantation sites. Recently,
occurrences of Leptobrachella tamdil
and Hoplobatrachus litoralis
in DTR were reported by Vanlalsiammawii et al. (2020)
and Kundu et al. (2020), respectively.
Thus, further studies that focus
on the distribution, ecology and other quantitative aspects of amphibians are
important to understand the fluctuations in ecosystem functioning and
prioritize areas for conservation (Myers et al. 2000). Considering such rich and untamed amphibian
diversity and paucity of research in the region, it is important to understand
and evaluate the amphibian diversity in the modified ecosystems around the
reserve.
Materials
and Methods
Study area
The study was carried out in the
modified or secondary forested areas around Dampa
Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India. DTR is
situated between 23.324–23.413 °N & 92.131–92.272 °E and encompasses a core
area of 500km2 and a buffer zone of 448km2 (Figure
1). DTR consists of undulating and
medium hills and slopes of mostly bamboo forest. Flat mainlands and
patches of grasslands with lofty and evergreen run in parallel along the rivers
(Pawar & Birand
2001). The climatic condition in DTR
ranges 10–35 °C and receives an annual rainfall ranging 2,000–2,500 mm between
the months of May to August (Pawar & Birand 2001). The
area remains mostly moist due to presence of several small perennial streams
thus forming an ideal habitat for biological assemblages for different groups
of species. The region has a rich and
diverse faunal diversity including Malayan Sun Bear, Clouded Leopard, Marbled
Cat, Golden Cat, Hoolock Gibbon, Phayre’s Leaf
Monkey, King Cobra, and Burmese Python (Gouda et al. 2016; Singh &
Macdonald 2017; Gouda et al. 2020a).
Previous studies on the herpetofauna in DTR include works of Pawar & Birand (2001), Pawar et al. (2004), Lalrinchhana
& Solanki (2015), and Vanlalsiammawii et al.
(2020). Locals around DTR are mostly
forest dwellers and are dependent on the available forest resources besides
engaging in slash and burn practice of agriculture (Solanki et al. 2016).
Methods
Multiple approaches including
visual encounter surveys (VES), acoustic surveys, drift fences, and pitfall
traps were used for determination of amphibian diversity in different gradients
of fallow forest lands along DTR. The
study was carried out from September 2018 to July 2020 in three different
seasons repeatedly. VES were carried out
during early morning hours (06.30–10.00 h) and at night (18.00–24.00 h) for an
average of five days each week using torch lights. Apart from passive observation, active
searches were carried out in leaf litter, perennial streams, rocky outcrops,
under rocks, peeling barks, abandoned crop fields, gooseberry, plantations (oil
palm, rubber, mixed farms, etc.), and temporary rain puddles (Banville &
Bateman 2012; Prasad et al. 2018).
Opportunistic observations like road kills, canals along roadside and
other areas were also noted during the survey.
Identification of species was made through reference catalogs
available at the Departmental Museum of Zoology, Mizoram University and from
literature (Boulenger 1890, 1920; Chanda 2002; Ahmed
et al. 2009). Each location was covered
on foot and individual species when encountered were photographed in their
natural habitats wherever possible and GPS readings were recorded (Garmin etrex 10). Most of
the collected specimens were released back in their natural habitat after
examining and measurement. The species
global distribution ranges are given according to Frost (2020).
For delimiting the
identification of cryptic species, molecular approach was employed in which
genomic DNA was extracted from the liver tissues of Sylvirana
lacrima (MZMU 1632), Raorchestes
rezakhani (MZMU 1785), Microhyla
berdmorei (MZMU 1824), Microhyla
mukhlesuri (MZMU 1766), Microhyla
mymensinghensis (MZMU 1747), Fejervarya
multistriata (MZMU 1360), and Amolops
indoburmanensis (MZMU 1374) using DNeasy (Qiagen™) blood and tissue kits with the protocol
given by the manufacturer. The fragment
of mitochondrial 16S rRNA marker gene was amplified using forward primer L02510
(Palumbi 1996) and reverse primer H3056 (Rassmann 1997) in a 25μl volume following standard
polymerase chain reactions (PCR) with standard thermal profiles for each primer
pairs. Samples were sequenced in both
directions using Sanger’s dideoxy method on a sequencer at Agrigenome
Labs Pvt. Ltd., Kochin,
India. The chromatograms of the partial
16S rRNA sequences were screened through nucleotide BLAST
(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and ORF finder
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/orffinder/), the generated sequences were
deposited in the GenBank repository and acquired the accession numbers
(MW440531; MW165448; MW165451; MW165454; MW165457; MT627444; MT627446). Our
sample sequences and of the closely related taxa downloaded from GenBank
database were aligned by using Muscle algorithm in MEGA 7 (Kumar et al. 2016),
the uncorrected p-distances were calculated using MEGA 7 (Kumar et al. 2016).
ResultS
In the study, 28 species from
seven families and 24 genera (Tables 1,2) were recorded from various modified
forest patches in the vicinity of DTR (Images 1,2,3,4; Figure 2). This study reported 19 new distribution records
from DTR (Table 1). Amongst the 28 documented species, four species are
categorized as Data Deficient, two as Vulnerable, 14 as Least Concern and eight
species as not assessed as per IUCN Red List.
Two species i.e. Raorchestes rezakhani and Sylvirana
lacrima are first country records. A brief
account of species recorded and their microhabitats are discussed here:
Species accounts
A. Order Anura
I. Family Bufonidae
Gray, 1825
1. Indian Common Toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus
(Schneider, 1799) (Image 1a)
It was the most commonly
available toad recorded around Dampa Tiger Reserve
(DTR). The species was sighted mostly at
noon (12.16h) and dawn (18.02h) on the roadside and canals in an open forest of
the fringe villages of Teirei and Damparengpui
(260–430 m). Head broader than long;
distinct angular dark ridges on head with tympanum large and distinctly clear;
toes blunt, half webbed. Tip of warts
and ridges are dark brown to black. It
is distributed throughout south and southeastern
Asia. n= 3 (two females and one male), SVL (Snout-vent length): 84–96 mm.
I. Family Dicroglossidae
Anderson, 1871
Paddy Frog Fejervarya
multistriata (Hallowell, 1861) (Image 1b)
An amplecting pair was recorded
from muddy spot at Teirei Village at elevation 262m
close to human settlement at 19.08h on 27 July 2019. Head triangular in dorsal view, nostrils
closer to snout tip, males with characteristic laterally dark, medially pale colored throat, and vertebral line on dorsum. Distribution ranges from China, Hong Kong,
Myanmar, India, Taiwan, Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand. The species is a new record for DTR. n= 2, SVL: 38.65mm (male) and 43.10mm
(female). Genetic sequence of our
specimen (MT627446) is similar to the sequences sampled from China (AB354241)
and Japan (AB354239) for the species Fejervarya
multistriata available in GenBank database
showing uncorrected p-distances of 0.000 and 0.002 with our sample,
respectively.
Bangladeshi Cricket Frog Minervarya asmati (Howlader, 2011) (Image 1c)
The species was collected from
paddy field near Teirei Forest village, DTR at 19.30h
on 26 August 2019. Head large and
triangular, longer than wide, hind limbs relatively long, line on both sides of
belly, smooth skin with minute warts or folds, fingers free of webbing, toes
not fully webbed. Distribution ranges in
Mizoram, India and Bangladesh. It is a
new record for DTR. n= 3 (two males and one female), SVL: 29–33 mm.
Bangladesh Skittering Frog Euphlyctis kalasgramensis
Howlader, Nair, Gopalan & Merilӓ,
2015 (Image 1d)
It is common and observed in all
natural and constructed water bodies in the low lying surrounding the Reserve
during early morning hours (08.00–10.00 h).
An adult female was collected from a fish pond near Teirei
Stream at an elevation of 248m. Skin color varies from grey to brownish. Head slightly broader, snout long and
pointed; nostrils equidistant to eye.
Fingers and toes pointed; toes fully webbed. It has a range of distribution throughout
Bangladesh, India (Mizoram and western Punjab), and Pakistan. n= 1 (adult female), SVL: 64mm.
Indian Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus
(Daudin, 1802) (Image 1e)
The species was collected from a
low lying area of Sunhlului in Damparengpui
during the night survey (21.58h) on 20 May 2019. Skin is creamy or yellow colored
with mid and dorsolateral lines from tip of the snout to posterior end. Found in low to moderate elevated areas in
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, India, and Pakistan. n= 1 (male), SVL: 129mm.
Coastal Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus litoralis
Hasan, Kuramoto, Islam, Alam,
Khan & Sumida, 2012 (Image 1f)
Recorded from Tuidamlui (230m) at 20.00h on 12 July 2020, the species is
commonly available around DTR. Distinct black margins in the upper arm, dorsum
dark gray with many large black spots. Dorsal ground colour varies from yellowish to
dark brown with many dark brown to black spots.
Global distribution includes Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar. n= 1 (male), SVL: 122mm.
Northern Trickle Frog Ingerana borealis (Annandale, 1912) (Image
1g)
Fairly common in northeastern India, a single individual of this species was
collected from a boulder of Selinglui Stream, around
DTR at an elevation of 244m during night survey (18.26h) on 19 November
2019. It is a seasonal breeder, i.e.,
during April to August. Small-sized
frog; head small and triangular; snout bluntly rounded; tympanum rounded; legs
and fingers free and toes half webbed.
Dorsum and flanks are reticulated and with small net-like ridges and
tiny glandular warts. Distributions are
in China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. It is a new record for DTR. n= 1 (male), SVL: 29mm.
Khasi Wart Frog Limnonectes khasianus
(Anderson, 1871) (Image 1h)
A single female individual Khasi
Wart Frog was recorded from a stream along the reserve boundary at Khawhthlabung Fall at Teirei
Stream near Lallen Village (17.15h) on 11 July
2018. They are mostly of medium-sized,
short and thick body. Eyes are large and
prominent. Skin smooth throughout, no
trace of tubercles. This is a new
record for the state of Mizoram. The species is endemic to northeastern
states of Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram.
n= 1 (female), SVL: 35.61mm.
Family Megophryidae
Bonaparte, 1850
Red-eyed Frog Leptobrachium smithi Matsui,
Nabhitabhata & Panha
1998 (Image 1i)
A male and female individual of
the species were recorded from the secondary forested area near the Forest
Guest House of Teirei Forest complex at an elevation
240m during noon time (11.54h) on 24 April 2018. Head is broader and long; nostrils nearer to
tip of snout; eyes large; mouth wide; limbs slender and weak; fingers free;
toes webbed; finger and toe tips blunt.
Dorsum ash to black in colour with several black spots and markings. Distribution ranges include Thailand,
Myanmar, Malaysia, Laos, India, and Bangladesh.
n= 2, SVL: 42mm (male) and 61mm (female).
Tamdil Leaf-litter Frog Leptobrachella tamdil
(Sengupta, Sailo, Lalremsanga,
Das & Das 2010) (Image 2a)
The record of this species in
DTR is based on Vanlalsiamawii et al. (2020). n= 1 (male), SVL: 31mm.
Beautiful Pygmy Frog Megophrys major Boulenger,
1908 (Image 2b)
A male pygmy frog was recorded
around fallen dried bamboo forest around Khawhthlabung
fall at Teirei Stream near Lallen
Village at 19.18h on 10 June 2018. Head
broader than long; triangular, eyes large, prominent, jutting out above head;
snout broadly pointed; nostril closer to eye.
Dorsum dark brown in colour.
Distribution ranges include India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and
Cambodia. It is a new report for
DTR. n= 1 (male), SVL: 79mm.
Serchhip Horned Frog Megophrys
serchhipii (Mathew & Sen, 2007) (Image 2c)
A female narrowed-mouth frog was
recorded from Seling Stream at an elevation of 244m
during the night survey (21.33h) on 22 August 2019. Head moderately large, distinct oval
tympanum, snout rounded in dorsal view, nostril oval. Skin of dorsal surfaces of head, body and
limbs, smooth to rugose with small weak granular tubercles. V-shaped mark on head covering the middle of
the eyelids. It is native to the states
of Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura in India.
Also found in southeastern Bangladesh and
southwestern Myanmar. This is also a new
report for DTR. n= 1 (female), SVL: 42mm.
Family Microhylidae
Günther, 1858
Mukhlesur’s Narrow-mouthed Frog Microhyla mukhlesuri Hasan,
Islam, Kuramoto, Kurabayashi
& Sumida, 2014 (Image 2d)
The species was identified from
shallow perennial stream, beneath submerged leaf debris situated near roadside
at Zodin locality of Damparengpui
Village at elevation 407m at 19.33h on 16 February 2020. Broad head and pointed; snout obtuse, and
broadly rounded; tongue elliptical; inter orbital width broader than eye
diameter; tympanum invisible. Limbs moderate,
tibia-tarsal articulation up to eye level; fingers free; toes webbed at the
base; tips of finger and toes not swollen; subarticular tubercles distinct; an
inverse U-shaped mark on the anus: a distinct X-shaped marking on the dorsum. Skin smooth, brownish or grayish. The species is distributed across Bangladesh,
Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and northeastern India. n= 1 (male), SVL: 18.5mm. Genetic sequence of our specimen (MW165451)
is similar to the GenBank database sequences of Microhyla
mukhlesuri sampled from Mizoram, India
(MH549575), Bangladesh (MN534585), and Myanmar (KC179995) with the uncorrected
p-distances of 0.000, 0.000, and 0.021 from our sample, respectively.
Mymensingh Narrow-mouth Frog Microhyla mymensinghensis Hasan,
Islam, Kuramoto, Kurabayashi
& Sumida, 2014 (Image 2e)
A female individual was
collected from a grass in the backyard of ranger officer’s quarter at Teirei range at elevation 261m at 21.45h on 10 July
2020. Broad head and pointed; snout
truncate; a crescent-shaped marking on the anus an X-shaped marking on the
dorsum; tympanum hidden. Limbs moderate,
tibia-tarsal articulation up to the level from the eye to the tip of the snout;
fingers free; toes webbed at the base; skin smooth, reddish or grayish; inverted crescent mark around anus. The species is distributed across central and
northeastern parts of Bangladesh and Wet Bengal,
Assam, and Nagaland in India. n= 1
(female), SVL: 20.8mm. Genetic sequence
of our specimen (MW165448) is similar to the GenBank database sequences of Microhyla mymensinghensis
sampled from Tripura, India (MH549589), Assam, India (MH549576), Manipur,
India (MH549580), Nagaland, India (MH549584), and Bangladesh (MK635493);
showing the uncorrected p-distances of 0.002, 0.004, 0.004, 0.016, and 0.004
with our sample, respectively.
Berdmore’s Narrow Mouthed Frog Microhyla berdmorei
(Blyth, 1856) (Image 2f)
It was sighted along the puddle
at road side of Damparengpui Village at elevation
point 407m in evening survey (19.27h) on 18 February 2020. A pointed and broad head; snout obtusely
pointed; tympanum hidden; bronze or pinkish above; a dark slightly light blue
edged, large mid dorsal spot on back.
Distribution ranges in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Mizoram,
Tripura, & Meghalaya (India), northern Bangladesh, Yunnan (China), Myanmar,
Thailand, through Laos, most of Vietnam north of the Mekong River, Cambodia
south to peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo (Indonesia). This is also a new report for DTR. n= 5 (four male and one female), SVL: 32–36
mm. Genetic sequence of our specimen
(MW165457) is similar to the GenBank database sequences of Microhyla
berdmorei sampled from Assam, India (MH807388),
and Bangladesh (MN534602) with an uncorrected p-distance of 0.004 with our
sample.
Painted Balloon Frog Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 (Image 2g)
The
species was recorded from two separate locations. The SVL of the female frog from a pot-hole on
the boulder near Teirei IB guest house (elevation
241m at 20.28h on 20 April 2020) measured 82mm, while the other individuals
were collected from a burrow in the vicinity of Sesihlui
(764m elevation at 14.49h on 9 April 2019) measured 86mm (female) and 79mm
(male). Head broader than long, snout
short round and nostrils closer to tip of snout. Dorsum is dark brown with bright orange broad
band extending from tip to either side of body.
It is common in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, China, Singapore,
Sumatra, Borneo, and is introduced into the Philippines.
IV. Family Ranidae
Indo-Burma Torrent Frog Amolops indoburmanensis
Dever, Fuiten, Konu & Wilkinson, 2012 (Image 2h)
A male Indo-Burma Torrent Frog
was collected along the concrete wall of the forest guest house at Teirei Village at 20.44h on 8 June 2019. Three more individuals were collected from Dampa stream near Damparengpui
Village at 19.00–20.00 h. It is a
large-sized frog with a brown dorsum, scattered with dark brown sharp spots
from snout to vent. Skin mid-dorsally
smooth becoming tuberculated laterally. Large prominent discs present on tips of
digits. It is reported from Myanmar in
Chin State, Rakhine State, southern Sagaing Division,
and western Bago Division, possibly into Manipur,
India. It is a new report for DTR as
well as Mizoram. n= 4 (two males and two
females), SVL: 68–92 mm. Genetic
sequence of our specimen (MT627444) is similar to the GenBank database sequence
of Amolops indoburmanensis
sampled from Mizoram, India (MH059579) with an uncorrected p-distance of 0.000
between them.
Pointed-nosed Frog Clinotarsus alticola
(Boulenger, 1882) (Image 2i)
A female species was found perching
on the rock in a riparian stream close to the secondary forest between Khawhnai and Teirei villages at
around 17.26h on 19 November 2019.
Head longer; skin smooth; tympanic fold ending in glandules at corner of
mouth. Males are green and female are
orange in colour. Distribution ranges
include Bangladesh and India. n= 1
(female), SVL: 68mm.
Indo-Burma Stream Frog Sylvirana lacrima Sheridan
& Stuart, 2018 (Image 3a)
The species was recorded in
early hours at 05.30h on 19 November 2019 from the Selinglui
flowing through Tuicharlui to core areas of DTR. Another individual of the same species was
recorded at 18.32h in leaf litter of the bamboo forest floor outside the
reserve. Broader head, an oblique, triangular
or tear drop shaped marking slightly posterior to the tympanum. Skin was finely granular above and smooth
below with thin dark stripe just ventral dorso-lateral
glandular fold prominent. The postaxial
side of toe IV webbed to base of disc.
This species is known from Chin and Mandalay states in western
Myanmar. The species is a new country
report. n= 2, SVL: 42mm (male) and 68mm
(female). Earlier presumed to be Amnirana cf. nicobariensis;
upon molecular analysis the species was found to be actually Sylvirana lacrima. The data on molecular analysis are
attached as supplementary files. Genetic
sequence of our specimen (MW440531) is similar to the sequences (MG606590;
MG606592; MG935996) for the species Sylvirana
lacrima available in GenBank database by the
uncorrected p-distances of 0.000–0.009 with our sample.
Assam Forest Frog Hydrophylax leptoglossa
(Cope, 1868) (Image 2b)
We recorded two individuals of
this species at different occasions at 09.35h from human settlement area of Damparengpui Village at 403m and another individual at
12.20h on 1 December 2019 near Sunhlului Stream along
foot trails with elevation of 689m. Head
was long; nostrils lateral, nearer to tip of snout, tympanum almost as large as
eye, rictal gland present at the base of forelimb,
hind limbs moderate, toes 2/3rd webbed. Males have external vocal sacs. Distribution ranges in Bangladesh, India,
Myanmar, and Thailand. n= 2 (two
females), SVL: 54–61 mm.
Green-backed Stream Frog Odorrana chloronota
(Günther, 1876) (Image 3c)
We recorded the species near an
anti-poaching camp situated in the buffer zone of DTR at 17.04h on 21 September
2018 at an elevation of 242m. Head
broader than long, much depressed.
Dorsum green, with a row of large black spots on the mid-dorsum. A prominent white streak is present on both
sides of upper jaw. Glandular fold
originates from posterior corner of eyes to the shoulder, which is followed by
a glandule. Tympanum brown with white
circular rim. Originally described as ‘Polypedates chloronotus’,
the species distribution ranges from Darjeeling region of West Bengal, Sikkim
and mountains of northeastern India (Assam,
Meghalaya, and Mizoram), through Myanmar to southern China and southern
Vietnam. It is a new report for
DTR. n= 1 (male), SVL: 48mm.
Khare’s Gliding Frog Pterorana khare Kyasetuo & Khare, 1986 (Image
3d)
A male individual (SVL: 65.8mm)
was collected from Khawhthlabung at Teirei Stream near Lallen Village
at 16.30h on 20 September 2018 at an elevation of 547m. Head broader than long; nostrils laterally
placed equidistant to eyes and tip of snout; tympanum distinct a dark band from
corner of eye to shoulder along tympanic fold.
Dorsum slate dark brown, ventrally white. Toes fully webbed. A lateral skin expanded from behind the
tympanum up to the groin including thighs.
Flap on the left measured 18mm width when stretched. The species is known from the northeastern states of India and Chin State of
Myanmar. It is also a new record to DTR
and a small population was observed in this section of stream.
V.
Family Rhacophoridae Hoffman, 1932 (1858)
Common Tree Frog Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois,
1987) (Image 3e)
It was collected from the human
settlement areas of Teirei Forest village at 16.40h
on 24 September 2018 at an elevation of 253m.
A large-sized frog, dorsal skin smooth, tips of fingers and toes with
large discs, webbing moderate, dorsal color light
brown with longitudinal brown lines, and has ossified cephalic skin on
head. Distribution ranges are Nepal,
India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and China.
It is a new record for DTR. n= 1
(female), SVL: 80mm.
Annandale’s Pygmy Tree Frog Chirixalus simus Annandale,
1915 (Image 3f)
The species was observed near
the forest guest house of Teirei forest at an
elevation of 240m at 20.25h on 26 August 2019.
A small tree frog, head are long; nostrils, closer to tip of snout;
dorsum greyish to brownish; a dorsolateral white band on either side. Distributions are reported from India and
Bangladesh. It is a new record for
DTR. n= 1 (female), SVL: 23mm.
Giant Tree Frog Zhangixalus smaragdinus
(Blyth, 1852) (Image 3g)
The species was collected from
litter along the road edges with stagnant water at 12.49h on 3 April 2019 near Damparengpui Village at an elevation of 455m. Head broader than long; tympanum distinct,
fingers webbed, discs prominent; dorsum, green; ventrally yellowish; dorsal
skin smooth, ventral and lateral sides minutely granulated; toes fully
webbed. It is distributed in India,
Nepal, China, and Bangladesh. n= 1
(female), SVL: 93mm.
Twin-spotted Tree Frog Rhacophorus
bipunctatus Ahl, 1927
(Image 3h)
A female species was sighted
which was resting on a leaf of Licuala peltata
along the road leading to jhum fields at an elevation of 725m at around 11.58h
on 1 December 2019. Head broader than
long; nostril equidistant between the tip of snout and eye. The species distribution region is considered
to be well documented from Bangladesh, China, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar,
Thailand, and India. Recently, the
occurrence of the species in DTR was confirmed by Decemson
et al. (2020). n= 1 (female), SVL: 59mm.
Reza Khan’s Bush Frog Raorchestes rezakhani Al-Razi, Maria & Muzaffar, 2020 (Image 3i)
The female specimen (SVL:
19.5mm) was found from the bushes at the peak of Pathlawilunglentlang,
near Damparengpui Village at ca. 18.00h on 7 July
2019 at an elevation of 578m. It is
having a grayish-brown dorsum with “)-(“mark, less distinct
bars on arms and legs; rounded snout, indistinct supratympanic fold and
tympanum; pupil oval, horizontal; vomerine teeth absent; rounded discs on tips
of digits; inner and outer metacarpal tubercles absent; metatarsal tubercles
absent; belly pale white. Genetic
sequence of our specimen (MW165454) is similar to the GenBank database
sequences sampled from Bangladesh (MN072374; MN615902) by the uncorrected
p-distance of 0.007 with our sample.
B. Order Gymnophiona
VI.Family Ichthyophidae
Fitzinger, 1826
1. Ichthyophis
moustakius Kamei, Wilkinson, Gower & Biju,
2009 (Image 3j)
A single Ichthyophis
moustakius individual was collected from a
roadside near the entry of the forest guest house, Teirei
(241m) at 23.50h on 12 July 2020. The
species identification is based on the original description by Kamei et al.
(2009). Its known distribution range
includes Aziuram, Nswanram,
Nriangluang, Guwahati Metropolitan, and Bamgaizaeng in Tamenglong
District, Manipur, and Sawleng Village in Aizawl
District, Mizoram, in northeastern India. This is a new record for DTR. n= 1, dorsal annular groove: 275, head
length: 11mm, head width: 9mm, SVL: 195mm, total length: 199mm.
Discussion
In the study, 28 species were
documented from different habitat types including streams, roadside, secondary
forest, and human settlements (Image 5).
While 19 species are new records from DTR and six species, Amolops indoburmanensis,
Limnonectes khasianus, Microhyla mukhlesuri, M. mymensinghensis, Raorchestes rezakhani, and Sylvirana
lacrima are new to the State’s amphibian fauna
and out of these, two species Raorchestes rezakhani and Sylvirana
lacrima are new records for the country (Table
1). From the present study, we assumed
that the report of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, Limnonectes laticeps, L. limnocharis, and
Raorchestes (Philautus)
parvulus by Pawar
& Birand (2001) might possibly be Euphlyctis kalasgramensis,
L. khasianus, Minervarya asmati, and Raorchestes
rezakhani, respectively. Although Pawar
& Birand (2001) reported Megophrys
parva from this area, Mahony et al. (2020)
recently removed M. parva from the Indian
faunal list and reassigned it as M. serchhipii. This is also evidenced by our
morphological and molecular analysis of the specimens collected from this
area. We also suggested Microhyla ornata and
Odorrana (Rana) livida reported by Pawar
& Birand (2001) supposed to be M. mukhlesuri or M. mymensinghensis
and O. chloronota in viewing their current
distribution records and genetic data, respectively. The reports of the species Rhacophorus
bipunctatus and Microhyla
berdmorei based on secondary source of
information by Pawar & Birand
(2001) was confirmed through direct records in our study and are listed as new
records to DTR. Also, the record of Amolops marmoratus and
A. cf. viridimaculatus by Pawar & Birand (2001) are
most likely to be A. indoburmanensis depending
upon the morphological and molecular analysis from the present collection. Polypedates
leucomystax cf. sexvirgatus
which was previously reported in the area (Pawar
& Birand 2001) is also supposed to be P. teraiensis based on the current distribution.
Most of the species were
recorded from natural perennial streams flowing from the core region towards
the buffer areas of DTR. The Teirei Forest Guest House situated at the edge of DTR is
also an ideal microhabitat for amphibians as it is surrounded by the
juxtaposition of primary and secondary forests comprising rubber and oil palm
plantations, cultivation, riparian forest, paddy field, streams, and human
settlements with a mixture of hilly and undulating terrain. Studies on amphibian recovery pattern by Pawar et al. (2004) and Dunn (2004) has found that
amphibians tend to recover to their full strength between the first 10 years of
their habitat alteration. They also
reported that, there is no significant age determinacy along different gradient
of habitat recovery, however, factors such as soil moisture content, organic
matter content, and ground litter cover are positively correlated and crucial
for recovery of amphibian and reptiles in a modified habitat. Many other researchers have also identified
such modified areas as excellent habitat for small mammals, birds, and
reptilian species (Dunn 2004; Pawar et al. 2004; Palacios
et al. 2013; Mandal & Raman 2016; Vega-Pérez et al. 2019). DTR has a buffer area of about 448km2,
where over 22,000 people are residing and practice shifting or jhum cultivation. The jhum fields are often left fallow after
harvesting, thereby creating a mosaic of microhabitats that attracts several
forms of faunal diversity (Gouda et al. 2020b).
As amphibians are an important link in the food chain in terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems, it is important to understand their distribution in both
modified and natural ecosystems for planning their long term conservation.
Table 1. Checklist of amphibian species recorded from
different habitats in and around DTR during 2018–2020. The frog species with asterisk (*), hash (#),
and plus (+) are new records from DTR, Mizoram, and India, respectively.
Family |
Common name |
Species |
IUCN RL status |
Bufonidae |
Common Asian Toad |
Duttaphrynus melanostictus |
Least Concern |
Dicroglossidae |
Paddy Frog |
Fajervarya multistriata* |
Data Deficient |
Bangladeshi Cricket Frog |
Minervarya asmati* |
Least Concern |
|
Bangladesh Skittering Frog |
Euphlyctis kalasgramensis* |
Least Concern |
|
Indian Bull Frog |
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus |
Least Concern |
|
Coastal Bull Frog |
Hoplobatrachus litoralis |
Not assessed |
|
Northern Trickle Frog |
Ingerana borealis* |
Vulnerable |
|
Khasi Wart Frog |
Limnonectes khasianus*# |
Data Deficient |
|
Megophryidae |
Red-eyed Frog |
Leptobrachium smithi |
Least Concern |
Tamdil Leaf-litter Frog |
Leptobrachella tamdil |
Not assessed |
|
Beautiful Pygmy Frog |
Megophrys major* |
Least Concern |
|
Serchhip Horned Frog |
Megophrys serchhipii* |
Data Deficient |
|
Microhylidae |
Mukhlesur's Narrow-mouthed Frog |
Microhyla mukhlesuri* |
Not assessed |
Mymensingh Narrow-mouthed Frog |
Microhyla mymensinghensis*# |
Not assessed |
|
Berdmore’s Narrow-mouthed Frog |
Microhyla berdmorei* |
Least Concern |
|
Painted Balloon Frog |
Kuloula pulchra |
Least Concern |
|
Ranidae |
Indo-Burma Torrent Frog |
Amolops indoburmanensis*# |
Not assessed |
Pointed-nose Frog |
Clinotarsus alticola* |
Least Concern |
|
Indo-Burma Stream Frog |
Sylvirana lacrima*#+ |
Least Concern |
|
Assam Forest Frog |
Hydrophylax leptoglossa |
Least Concern |
|
Green-backed Stream Frog |
Odorrana chloronota* |
Least Concern |
|
Khare's Gliding Frog |
Pterorana khare* |
Vulnerable |
|
Rhacophoridae |
Common Tree Frog |
Polypedates teraiensis* |
Not assessed |
Annandale’s Pygmy Tree Frog |
Chirixalus simus* |
Least Concern |
|
Giant Tree Frog |
Zhangixalus smaragdinus |
Not assessed |
|
Twin-spotted Tree Frog |
Rhacophorus bipunctatus |
Least Concern |
|
Reza Khan’s Bush Frog |
Raorchestes rezakhani*#+ |
Not assessed |
|
Ichthyophidae |
Manipur Moustached Ichthyophis |
Ichthyophis moustakius* |
Data Deficient |
Table 2. Amphibian family, species, and genera
accounted from different habitats around DTR during 2018–2020.
Family |
Genera |
Species |
Ichthyophidae |
1 |
1 |
Bufonidae |
1 |
1 |
Dicroglossidae |
6 |
7 |
Megophryidae |
3 |
4 |
Microhylidae |
2 |
4 |
Ranidae |
6 |
6 |
Rhacophoridae |
5 |
5 |
Total |
24 |
28 |
For
figures & images - - click here
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