Schiffnerulaceous fungi of
Kodagu, Karnataka, India
Date of publication (online): 26 December 2011
Date of publication (print): 26
December 2011
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) |
0974-7893 (print)
Editor:R.K. Verma
Manuscript
details:
Ms # o2988
Received 02 November 2011
Finally accepted 22 November
2011
Citation: Hosagoudar,
V.B., C.J. Thimmaiah & M. Jayashankara (2011).Schiffnerulaceous fungi of Kodagu, Karnataka, India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 3(12): 2268–2271.
Copyright: © V.B. Hosagoudar, C. Jagath Thimmaiah
& M. Jayashankara 2011. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any
medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing
adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
The
genus Schiffnerularepresents four synanamrophs: Mitteriella, Questieriella, Sarcinella, Digitosarcinella and their teleomorph, Schiffnerula. This genus has been revised for India
(Hosagoudar 2011). During the study of foliicolous fungi of Kodagu, we could
study several collections belonging to this genus and of which the following
four taxa turned as new to science and are described and illustrated here.
Questieriella ophiorrhizae sp.nov.
(Image
1)
Material examined: 21.xi.2009, on leaves of Ophiorrhiza sp. (Rubiaceae), in the campus of
Bharatiya Vidyabhavan Kodagu Vidyalaya, Madikeri, Kodagu, Karnataka, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah, TBGT 5706 (holotype), (MycoBank 564009).
Coloniae epiphyllae, tenues, velutinae, ad
3mm diam., confluentes. Hyphae rectae vel
flexuosae, alternatae, oppositae vel irregulariter acuteque vel laxe ramosae, laxe
reticulatae, cellulae 12–19 x 5–7 µm. Conidiophorae producentes
hyphis lateralis, simplices, micronematae, macronematae, 0–2-septatae,
simplices, raro ramosae, 15–18 x 6–8 µm; cellulae conidiogenae terminalis, integratae, ovalis vel
cylindraceae; conidia solitaris, simplices, sicca, ellipsoidea, fusiformes,
falcata, sigmoidea, pallide brunnea, 3-septata, cellulae terminalis acutae ad
apicem, 38–45 x 9–11 μm.
Colonies
epiphyllous, thin, velvety, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight
to flexuous, branching alternate, opposite to irregular at acute to wide
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 12–19 x 5–7 µm. Conidiophores
produced lateral to the hyphae, simple, micronematous, macronematous, 0–2-septate,
simple, rarely branched, 15–18 x 6–8 µm; conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, oval to
cylindrical; conidia solitary, simple, dry, ellipsoidal, fusiform, falcate,
sigmoid, pale brown, 3-septate, terminal cells acute at the tip, 38–45 x
9–11 μm.
Schiffnerula craterispermi (Hansf.) Hughes, S. hendrickxii (Hansf.) Hughes, S. psychotriae (Doidge) Hughes, S. palicoureae (Farr) Hughes, S. ugandensis (Hansf.) Hughes are known from other parts of the country (Hosagoudar 2003). From India, Schiffnerula canthii Hosag. & Archana onCanthium sp. and Schiffnerula
braunii Hosag. & Sabeena on Morinda spp. are known on the members of the
family Rubiaceae (Hosagoudar & Sabeena 2010). All these species are in their teleomorphs but the present
fungus persists only in its Questieriellaform. Hence, it has been
accommodated in a new species.
Etyomology: Based
on the host genus
Sarcinella caralliae sp.nov.
(Image
2)
Material examined:01.xi.2009, on leaves of Carallia
brachiata (Lour.) Merr. (Rhizophoraceae), Kaimada field, Hoddur, Kodagu, Karnataka, C. Jagath Thimmaiah
TBGT 5708 (holotype), (MycoBank 564010).
Coloniae
amphigenae, plerumque epiphyllae, tenues vel densae, patentiae, ad 3mm diam.
Hyphae rectae vel flexuosae, pallide brunnae, irregulariter acuteque vel laxe ramosae, laxe reticulatae, cellulae 12–20 ×
4–6 μm. Appressoria
dispersa, alternata, unilateralis, ovata vel plerumque globosa, integra, 8–10
× 6–8 μm. Conidiophorae producentes hyphis lateralis, simplices,
micronematae, 6–8 μm longae; cellulae conidiogenae terminalis vel
intercalaris, monoblasticae, integratae, determinatae, cylindraceae. Conidia
solitaris, sicca, simplices, subspherica vel ovalis, 2–10-cellulae,
brunnea vel nigra, muriformes, sarcinatim septatis, constrictus ad septatis, 21–30
μm diam., parietus glabrus.
Colonies
amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, thin to dense, spreading, up to 3mm in
diameter. Hyphae straight to
flexuous, pale brown, branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 12–20 × 4–6 μm. Appressoria scattered, alternate,
unilateral, ovate to mostly globose, entire, 8–10 × 6–8 μm. Conidiophores produced lateral to
the hyphae, simple, micronematous, 6–8 μm long; conidiogenous cells
terminal, intercalary, monoblastic, integrated, determinate, cylindrical. Conidia solitary, dry, simple,
subspherical to oval, 2–10-celled, brown to charcoal black, muriform,
sarcinately septate, constricted at the septa, 21–30 μm in diameter,
wall smooth.
This
is the first species of schiffnerulaceous fungus infected the members of the
family Rhizophoraceae (Hosagoudar 2003, 2011).
Etyomology:Based on the host genus.
Schiffnerula aristolochiae sp.nov.
(Image
3)
Material examined:04.xii.2009, on leaves of Aristolochia
tagala Cham. (Aristolochiaceae), Devara kadu, Hoddur, Kodagu, Karnataka, C. Jagath Thimmaiah TBGT
5703 (holotype), (MycoBank 564011).
Coloniae epiphyllae, subdensae vel densae,
ad 2 mm diam., confluentes. Hyphae rectae vel subrectae, alternatae vel
oppositae acuteque vel laxe ramosae, laxe reticulatae, cellulae 16–20 x 5–8
µm. Appressoria
unilateralis, alternata vel raro opposita, ovata, globosa, mammiformes, crassa
posita, integra, 10–15 x 7–10 µm. Conidiophorae Questieriella producentes
hyphis lateralis,
simplices, rectae, micronematae, mononematae, 0–2-septatae, 20–25 x
4–6 µm; cellulae conidiogenae terminalis, monoblasticae, integratae,
solitaris, ellipsoidaleae; conidia recta vel curvula, pallide brunnea,
3-septata, plerumque in coloniis dispersa, 20–25 x 4–6 µm. Thyriothecia numera, orbicularis,
portionio ad centralis dissolutus, portionio marginalis intactus et radiatus,
ad 50µm diam.; asci ovalis, globosi, octospori, ad 20µm diam.; ascosporae
conglobatae, brunneae, uniseptatae, plus minus constrictus ad septatus, 25–30
x 12–15 µm.
Colonies epiphyllous, subdense to dense,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 16–20 x 5–8 µm. Appressoria unilateral, alternate to rarely
opposite, ovate, globose, mammiform, broad based, entire, 10-15 x 7-10 µm. Conidiophores of Questieriella produced lateral
to the hyphae, simple, straight, micronematous, mononematous, 0–2-septate,
20–25 x 4–6 µm; conidiogenous cells terminal, monoblastic, integrated,
solitary, ellipsoidal; conidia straight to curved, pale brown, 3-septate,
mostly scattered in the colonies, 20–25 x 4–6 µm. Thyriothecia numerous, orbicular,
central portion dissolved by exposing asci but the marginal cells remain intact
and radiating, up to 50µm in diameter; asci oval, globose, octosporous, up to
20µm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, brown, uniseptate, more or less
constricted at the septum, 25–30 x 12–15 µm.
The
conidia of Questieriellawere scattered in the colonies, initially produced spores were intact and
formed colonies. In case of
subsequently produced spores, terminal cells were disintegrated; middle cells
were deep brown, appressoria and mycelium produced from the central cells.
This
forms the first report of the genus Schiffnerula on the members of Aristolochiaceae
(Hosagoudar, 2003, 2011).
Etyomology:Based on the host genus.
Schiffnerula hoddurensissp. nov.
(Image
4)
Material examined:16.xi.2009, on leaves of Vitex negundo L.
(Vitaceae), Hoddur, Kodagu, Karnataka, C. Jagath Thimmaiah TBGT 5698
(holotype), (MycoBank 564012).
Coloniae epiphyllae, densae, ad 7mm diam. Hyphae flexuosae,
suboppositae vel alternatae acuteque vel subacuteque ramosae, arte vel laxe
reticulatae, cellulae 23–28 x 4–6 µm. Appressoria dispersa, unilateralis vel
alternata, raro opposita, unicellularis, globosa, mammiformes, crassa posita,
integra, raro angularis, 5–10 x 6–11 µm. Conidia Questieriellapauca, dispersa, 3-septata, leniter constrictus ad septata, recta vel curvula,
attenuatae ad ambi apicem, cellulae terminalis acutae vel subacutae, 17–36
x 8–10 µm. Thyriothecia
dispersa, orbicularis, nigra ad initio, portionio centralis dissolutus ad
maturitatus; asci globosi vel ovati, 15–18 µm diam.; ascosporae brunneae,
conglobatae, uniseptatae, 23–26 x 11–13 µm.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, up to 7mm in
diameter. Hyphae flexuous, branching subopposite to alternate at acute to subacute
angles, closely to loosely reticulate, cells 23–28 x 4–6 µm. Appressoria scattered, unilateral to alternate,
rarely opposite, unicellular, globose, mammiform, broad based, entire, rarely
angular, 5–10 x 6–11 µm. Questieriellaconidia few, scattered, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, straight
to curved, taper towards both ends, end cells acute to subacute, 17–36 x
8–10 µm. Thyriothecia
scattered, orbicular, initially charcoal black, central portion dissolved at
the centre at maturity; asci globose to ovate, 15–18 µm in dia.;
ascospores brown, conglobate, uniseptate, 23–26 x 11–13 µm.
Sarcinella jabalpurensis R.C. Rajak & Soni is known on this
host from Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (Rajak & Soni 1981). Since the Sarcinella state is not known in the present
collection, it is not worth to state that both the taxa are the same. Hence, the present collection has been
placed under a new species of its teleomorph.
This
species was associated with Asteridiella
depokensis.
Etyomology: The species is named after its collection
locality.
REFERENCES
Hosagoudar, V.B. (2003). The genus Schiffnerula and its synanamorphs.Zoos´ Print Journal 18(4):
1071–1078.
Hosagoudar,
V.B. (2011). The genus Schiffnerula in India. Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 131–204.
Hosagoudar,
V.B. & A. Sabeena (2010). New and less known fungi from Kerala,
India. Taiwania 55(3): 249–253.
Rajak,
R.C. & K.K. Soni (1981). Foliicolous ectoparasites from
Jabalpur-I. Some Sarcinellae. Indian Journal of Mycology & Plant Pathology 11: 89–91.