Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2021 | 13(6): 18427–18440
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6148.13.6.18427-18440
#6148 | Received 13 May 2020 | Final received
17 April 2021 | Finally accepted 22 April 2021
The diversity of small mammals in
Pulau Perhentian Kecil, Terengganu, Malaysia
Aminuddin Baqi 1,
Isham Azhar 2, Ean Wee Chen 3, Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan
4, Chong Ju Lian 5,
Bryan Raveen Nelson 6 &
Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran 7
1,3,7 Faculty of Earth Science,
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, UMK Jeli Campus, Locked Bag 100, 17600 Jeli,
Kelantan, Malaysia.
1,7 Conservation & Research
Program, Malayan Rainforest Station, 27210 Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia.
2 Department of Biological
Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
2,4 Southeast Asian Bat Conservation
Research Unit, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
2 Institute of Borneo Studies,
University College Sabah Foundation, Sembulan, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
4 Faculty of Resource Science and
Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300
Malaysia.
5,6 Institute of Tropical
Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030
Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
5 Faculty of Science and Marine
Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
7 Global Entrepreneurship Research
and Innovation Centre, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked Bag 36, Pengkalan
Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
1 aminuddinbaqi@gmail.com, 2 ishamzhar@gmail.com,
3 eanweechen@gmail.com, 4 akfali@unimas.my, 5 julian@umt.edu.my,
6 bryan.nelson@umt.edu.my, 7 jayaraj@umk.edu.my
(corresponding author)
Abstract: Islands are generally rich in marine biodiversity, but
it also often hides unique and endemic terrestrial wildlife. The data of terrestrial wildlife in Malaysian
islands are still severely lacking, notably from small islands. Hence, this study was conducted to survey and
update the small mammal diversity (bats and non-volant small mammals) in Pulau
Perhentian Kecil, a tourist destination famous for its magnificent, diverse
marine life and white sandy beaches.
Despite their touristic popularity, very few information is known about
the faunal diversity in this island compare to their more massive neighbouring
island, Pulau Perhentian Besar. The
survey was carried out from 21 to 30 May 2014 recorded 56 individuals encompasses
eight species of bats and five species of non-volant small mammals that were
captured using mist nets, harp traps, and cage traps. The survey recorded 10 new species locality
records for the island in which, five species were never recorded in Pulau
Perhentian Besar. Hipposideros dyacorum,
Tylonycteris fulvida, T. malayana, Rattus exulans, and Sundamys
annandalei are also new distribution records for the Malaysian East
Coast islands highlighting the importance of protecting island
biodiversity. Nonetheless, it is hoped
that this study not only highlights the species diversity on the island but
also serve as a data for sustainable island tourism management planning, which
will be crucial for the sustainable development and management of this
ecologically sensitive area.
Keywords: Ecology, endemic species, island
biogeography, South China Sea, tourism, wildlife.
Editor: Giovanni Amori, CNR-Research Institute on
Terrestrial Ecosystems, Rome, Italy. Date
of publication: 26 May 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Baqi, A., I. Azhar, E.W. Chen, F.A.A. Khan, C.J.
Lian, B.R. Nelson & J.V. Kumaran (2021). The diversity of small mammals in Pulau
Perhentian Kecil, Terengganu, Malaysia. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(6): 18427–18440. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6148.13.6.18427-18440
Copyright: © Baqi et al 2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: This research was funded by two grants
namely the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme by the Malaysian Ministry of
Higher Education (MOHE-FRGS) and Universiti Malaysia Kelantan’s Short Term
Matching Grant Scheme (UMK-SGJP Padanan) and UMK Rising Star Grant.
Competing
interests: The
authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Mr Aminuddin Baqi is a postgraduate student
researching the diet of nectar bats with an emphasis on the durian fruit. He is
also a part of a conservation research team in a local NGO (Malayan Rainforest
Station). Mr Isham Azhar is a
former Head of Program for the Foundation in Science at University College
Sabah Foundation and currently pursuing his PhD at Texas Tech University. His
main research interest is to examine how land-use changes affect the sociality
and microbiome of the bat community. Mr
Ean Wee Chen is a former undergraduate student at Universiti Malaysia
Kelantan (UMK). Associate Professor Dr
Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan is a lecturer at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
(UNIMAS). He is interested in the systematics and molecular evolution of
Southeast Asian mammals; particularly bats. Associate Professor Dr Chong Ju
Lian is a lecturer at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Her research
interests include various species of fauna including pangolins, moths, bats,
birds and civets, on aspects of their ecology, biology and populations. Dr Bryan Raveen is also a lecturer at
Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). He does research in limnology, ecology
and developmental biology. Dr Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran is a lecturer at at
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK). His fields of research include
Biodiversity, Molecular Ecology, Evolution, Morphometrics and Mammalogy.
Author contributions: JVK is the principal investigator
and was also involved in the field work and manuscript preparation. AB, BRN,
CJL & FAAK prepared the draft manuscript for the publication. IA & EWC
were involved in the field work.
Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the
Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Malaysia for granting approval to
conduct the small mammal sampling (Permit number D-01052-16-19); and the
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) for logistic supports, Universiti Malaysia
Terengganu (UMT) and Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) for their various
administrative supports. This study was funded by Ministry of Education
Fundamental Research Grant (FRGS: R/ FRGS/A0800/00481A/011/2019/00704) and
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Short Term Research Grant (SGJP Padanan:
R/SGJP/A0800/00481A/008/2018/00574) and Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
Rising Star Grant (R/STA/A0800/00481A/012/2020/00791`) awarded to the principal
investigator of these grants.
INTRODUCTION
Oceanic islands are well known to
contain unique and endemic wildlife, contributing disproportionately 15–20 % of
global terrestrial species which are available in one of the 3.5% planet’s
offshore landmass (Whittaker et al. 2017).
Data on island mammals (bats and non-volant small mammals) in Malaysia
are uncommon especially for small islands like Pulau Perhentian Kecil (Roslan
et al. 2016; Jayaraj et al. 2019). Bats
are found throughout the world continents except Antarctica with the highest
diversity in equatorial territories (Taylor 2019). The wide distribution of bats coupled with
the ability of flight allows bats to fill a plethora of niches making them the
second most diverse group of mammals with 110 bat species documented in the
Peninsular Malaysia alone (Lim et al. 2017).
On top of that, bats are often the main native island mammals, providing
seed dispersal and pollination services with their added mobility like flying
foxes (Fujita & Turtle 1991).
In islands where there are other
small mammals, they play ecological roles including consuming invertebrates and
plant materials alongside becoming the prominent prey base for many predators
(Pimsai et al. 2014). Malaysian
non-volant small mammal diversity reports on islands remain limited by effort and
funding simply because island trips are costly and climatic events are
unpredictable. Past attempts have
provided benchmarks but, due to irregular monitoring, species checklist on
islands requires updating (Rahim et al. 2016).
The data on the island mammals are not just important for planning
conservation frameworks but also assessing introduced species and its estimated
damage caused. One of the common
introduced mammal culprits are rodents, causing harm to the natives to the
point of extinction in islands all around the world such as New Zealand, French
Polynesia, and Lord Howe Island, Australia (Towns et al. 2006; Harper &
Bunbury 2015).
Threats facing island mammals
including bats are mainly habitat loss and human disturbance (Jones et al.
2009). These threats are due to rapid
growth of the tourism industry, which has put significant pressure on natural
resources and land use in the Perhentian Islands (Aswani et al. 2018). In light of this lack of research on island
mammal diversity in Malaysia, we have conducted a small mammal survey in Pulau
Perhentian Kecil, the smaller neighbour and less studied island compared to
Pulau Perhentian Besar in the state of Terengganu. This survey was aimed to determine the
species diversity and update the mammal checklist on this island. Above all, it is hoped that this study not
only highlights the species diversity on the island but also serve as data for
sustainable island tourism management planning.
MATERIAL
AND METHODS
Site description
The Perhentian Islands
(comprising of islands like Besar, Kecil, Serenggeh, Rawa, Tokong Kemudi, and
Susu Dara) are situated 21km seaward from mainland Terengganu with
accessibility from towns like Kuala Besut, Merang, and Kuala Nerus. Pulau Perhentian Kecil is approximately 524
hectares (Farhana 2018). These islands
are also well-known and popular tourism destinations for their stunning coral
reefs and beautiful sandy beaches.
A nine-day study was conducted in
Pulau Perhentian Kecil, from 21th till 30th May
2014. Two sampling sites (site A and
site B) located in the northern part of the island were chosen for this study,
as shown in Figure 1. The southern part
of the island was not chosen mainly due to time constraints and the possibly
uncontrolled anthropogenic disturbance from Kampung Pasir Hantu, a village
settlement located there.
Site A (North end: 5.9370N, 102.7200E,
South end: 5.9220N, 102.7200E) is a combination of
primary and secondary lowland forest while site B (North end: 5.9220N, 102.7200E,
South end: 5.9160N, 102.7180E) is a secondary
forested area similar to site A but sandwiched between Perhentian Kecil’s main
tourist beaches which are Long Beach and Coral Bay. Site B is more subjected to anthropogenic
disturbances due to the vicinity to tourist beaches with a main trail
frequently used by tourists to travel between the two beaches and small patches
of agricultural land mainly for rubber.
For both sampling sites, the vegetation gradually changes into typical
coastal forest nearing the coast and beaches.
Small mammals sampling
Bats were captured using mist
nets (mesh size: 4cm), and harp traps (4 bank, 2m2 metal frame)
which were placed at suitable bat flyways whereas collapsible cage traps baited
with banana were used to capture non-volant small mammals. Both harp traps and mist nets were set up
approximately 1m above ground and adjusted to change based on place of
trapping. Mist nets and harp traps were
checked from 19.00h to 21.00h, closed for the night and reopened and checked
from 05.00h to 07.00h in the morning.
Cage traps were set placed on a grid of 10m x 10m per trap and checked
twice daily with rebait applied for missing or rotten baits. Opportunistic sightings of small mammals in
the sampling sites during netting and trapping were also made whenever
possible. The total netting and trapping
effort in this study summarized in Table 1.
All standard body measurements (vernier caliper & metal ruler),
weight (spring balance), gender and maturity state of each captured mammal taken
for record and identification purposes based on the identification keys in
species identification books (Francis 2008; Kingston et al. 2009). Selected individuals were euthanized and
collected as voucher specimens by ethanol preservation (Permit number D-01052-16-19). These were deposited at Faculty of Earth
Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan.
Results are presented in the form of species composition at both sites
with assessments of the most recent conservation status of these mammals (IUCN
2020; https://www.iucnredlist.org/) and Red List of Mammals for Peninsular
Malaysia Version 2.0 (Perhilitan 2017).
Lastly, we compared the results of this study with past studies in the
Perhentian Islands (Kecil and Besar) plus other Malaysian east-coast islands including
Pulau Bidong, Pulau Redang, Pulau Tenggol, and Pulau Tioman.
Statistical analysis
Shannon-Wiener diversity index
(H’) is used to calculate the species richness of Site A and Site B and compare the diversity of both sites. We used Mann-Whitney U test to compare the
relative abundance of small mammals between sites. To enhance the statistical analyses
conducted, we used rarefaction curve to visualize and calculate the species
richness for a given number of individual samples. All statistical analyses was calculated using
Paleontological Statistics (PAST) software.
RESULTS
A total of 56 individuals
belonging to 13 species from six families were recorded in this survey, with
site A (12 species, H’= 2.35) being more diverse than site B (seven species,
H’= 1.7). Bats had the highest
individual count and species diversity compared to non-volant small mammals. Pteropus hypomelanus was also observed to
be abundant on the beaches of Pulau Perhentian Kecil during the sampling
period. Civet droppings were also found
in site B, but the species was unable to be determined during the sampling
period. Both species is not included in
our results due to insufficient capture details.
Table 2 shows the species
composition of small mammals at both sites in this survey. The total
number of small mammals captured in Site A (n= 20) was
lower than the
total number of
small mammals captured in
Site B (n= 36).
The relative abundance of small
mammals in Site A and Site B were not statistically significant (Mann Whitney U
test, U= 69, df= 24, p> 0.05). The
most abundant species caught are Tupaia glis and Rhinolophus
affinis with each totaling to 12 individuals. In contrast, Eonycteris spelaea,
Hipposideros dyacorum, Tylonycteris fulvida, Tylonycteris malayana, and Rattus
exulans were recorded as singletons.
Among the species captured, E. spelaea is listed as
Near Threatened while H. dyacorum is listed as Data
Deficient in the Red List of Mammals for Peninsular Malaysia Version 2.0. Interestingly enough, H. dyacorum was
previously listed as Endangered for Criteria A (EN A4c) and Criteria B (EN
B2ab(ii,iii) in the Red List version 1 in 2010 (Perhilitan 2017).
When the number of individual
small mammals captured was standardized (n= 20), the rarefaction curve showed
that the expected number of species found in Site A was higher than the
expected number of species found in Site B (Figure 2). The rarefaction curve reinforces the relative
abundance and species diversity results from Shannon-Weiner Index from both
sites.
Species Accounts
Family Tupaiidae
Tupaia glis (Diard, 1820) (Common Treeshrew)
A total of 12 individuals were
captured in the island with three at site A and nine at site B. The previous study conducted in the
Perhentian Islands (Kecil and Besar) recorded a much higher capture at 21 and
56 respectively (Tamblyn et al. 2005). This species was observed
throughout Pulau Perhentian Besar, including the island lowland forest, coastal
forest and disturbed areas (Turner et al. 2003). It is common
throughout Peninsular Malaysia, where individuals captured in Tasik Bera, Ulu
Gombak, Pulau Pinang and Wang Kelian State Park (Jayaraj et al. 2013;
William-Dee et al. 2019). According
to Rahim et al. (2016), this species is not disturbed by tourists walking
around the trails and beach and seen moving in their proximity. This diurnal species is commonly found in
forests and nearby plantations as well as gardens. Their diet mainly consists of insects and the
occasional sweet fruits (Francis 2019).
Jayaraj et al. (2015) conducted a phylogenetic analysis on tree
shrews of Peninsular Malaysia and described three genetically distinct forms
of T. glis which coincides with the morphological analysis
study from Yusoff et al. (2015). Tupaia glis from
Perhentian Kecil is provisionally placed under T. glis morphotype
two pending further taxonomic studies.
Family Pteropodidae
Cynopterus brachyotis (Muller, 1838) (Short-nosed
Fruit Bat)
Two individuals were captured in
which both were from Site A. This
species can be traced back to two distinct lineages which are Sunda lineage (C.
brachyotis) and Forest lineage (Cynopterus cf. brachyotis Forest)
by using two regression models from Jayaraj et al. (2012a). The nominate for C. brachyotis (see
Abdullah & Jayaraj 2006) has been identified to be the form previously
described as C. cf. brachyotis Sunda (Campbell et al. 2004;
Jayaraj et al. 2004). Roslan et al.
(2016) recorded 11 captures of this species in Pulau Perhentian Besar in which
seven are C. brachyotis and three are from Cynopterus cf brachyotis
Forest. Other previous studies
include three individuals from Pulau Perhentian Kecil, four individuals from
Pulau Perhentian Besar and three individuals from Pulau Susu Dara (Tamblyn et
al. 2005) while three individuals of C. brachyotis from Pulau Perhentian
Kecil (Campbell et al. 2004). Cynopterus
brachyotis occurs in orchards, plantations, and disturbed habitats while
Cynopterus cf brachyotis Forest can be found in primary forest. Both C. brachyotis and C. cf brachyotis
Forest has been known to intersect one another at forest fringes like recorded
in Gunung Stong (Jayaraj et al. 2013) and even high up at Mount Penrisen
(1,000m) (Jayaraj et al. 2006). The
presence of C. cf brachyotis Forest could be attributed to the
island lowland forest where Dipterocarpus sp. and Shorea sp. are
dominant (Turner et al. 2003).
Eonycteris spelaea (Dobson, 1871) (Cave Nectar Bat)
One individual was captured only in Site A on
the island. In comparison to past
studies, Roslan et al. (2016) also recorded only one individual in Pulau
Perhentian Besar while three captures were recorded on the same island
previously (Tamblyn et al. 2005). This
cave-roosting species occurs in a wide variety of habitat including primary
forest (Krau Wildlife Reserve), mangroves, disturbed areas (Pulau Pinang) and
plantations (Anwarali et al. 2008; Jayaraj et al. 2016; Francis 2019;
William-Dee et al. 2019). As its name
suggests, E. spelaea is a nectarivorous bat which feeds on nectar and
pollen while pollinating a plethora of forest tree species including
economically important ones such as durian, petai, and wild banana
(Bumrungsri et al. 2013; Stewart & Dudash 2017). E. spelaea may roost in rock crevices
as Pulau Perhentian Kecil has a hilly terrain with both south and northern
region peaks 345m and 105m above sea level respectively with the latter region
consist of rockier terrain (Turner et al. 2003).
Family Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823 (Intermediate
Horseshoe Bat)
A
total of 12 individuals were captured in the island with one at Site A and 11
at Site B. The previous study conducted
in Pulau Perhentian Kecil, recorded one capture of this species (Tamblyn et al.
2005). As for Pulau Perhentian Besar,
the number of R. affinis captured were two and seven individuals
respectively (Tamblyn et al. 2005; Roslan et al. 2016). A common bat species in Malaysia, this
insectivorous bat appears in most localities sampled in Peninsular Malaysia and
it mainly roost in caves and forages in forests including dry forest, mature
lowland forest and disturbed areas (Naharuddin et al. 2015; Ith et al. 2016;
Jayaraj et al. 2016; Lim et al. 2017; Francis 2019).
Family Hipposideridae
Hipposideros cineraceus Blyth, 1853 (Ashy Roundleaf Bat)
This species is a new record for
Pulau Perhentian Kecil. A total of nine
individuals were captured in the island in which four were at site A while five
were at site B; however, there were two recorded H. cineraceus
individuals at Pulau Perhentian Besar (Roslan et al. 2016). This species roost in caves in small to
moderately sized colonies, together with other Hipposideros bats
(Kingston et al. 2009). This species has
been found roosting inside culverts; thus, it is safe to assume H.
cineraceus roost in a tunnel-like structure whether in the hilly forest or
rocky terrain in Pulau Perhentian Kecil (Francis 2019).
Hipposideros dyacorum Thomas, 1902 (Dayak Roundleaf
Bat)
This species is a new record for
the Pulau Perhentian Kecil. One
individual of this species was caught only in Site B on the island. On a slightly larger scale, there have been
no records of H. dyacorum on Pulau Perhentian Besar either. This species is not commonly recorded in
Peninsular Malaysia, with only eight recorded localities in the mainland such
as Wang Kelian State Park (Jayaraj et al. 2013; Lim et al. 2017). This species roosts in a variety of roosting
sites including caves, tree hollows and rock crevices. It mainly forages in the understory portion
of the forest (Francis 2019).
Hipposideros larvatus (Horsfield, 1823) (Intermediate
Roundleaf Bat)
This species is the third new
record of Hipposiderids for Pulau Perhentian Kecil. A total of seven individuals were caught in
both of the sampling sites on the island.
Six individuals of this species were captured in Pulau Perhentian Besar
in recent years (Roslan et al. 2016) while 52 individuals captured in the
previous survey (Tamblyn et al. 2005).
Another common bat species throughout the nation from Wang Kelian State
Park, Perlis, to Bako National Park in Sarawak (Jayaraj et al. 2013), this
species mainly roosts in large colonies inside of caves, temples, old mines and
rock crevices (Anwarali et al. 2008; Francis 2019; William-Dee et al.
2019). Though usually brown, this
species occasionally has bright orange fur due to the effects of cave bleaching
(Kingston et al. 2009).
Family Vespertilionidae
Tylonycteris fulvida (Blyth, 1859) (Mainland Lesser
Bamboo Bat)
This species is a new record in
the Perhentian Islands including Pulau Perhentian Besar. One individual was captured only in Site A on
the island. Formerly known as Tylonycteris
pachypus, taxonomic revalidation separates the name as mentioned earlier to
Borneo and Sumatra, while T. fulvida restricted to mainland Southeast
Asia (Tu et al. 2017). As its common
name suggests, this species roosts in the internodes of small live bamboo stems
(Francis 2019). There are bamboo plots
in the west coast of Pulau Perhentian Kecil adjacent to the pathway between
Coral Bay and Long Beach (Tamblyn et al. 2005).
Although bamboo is the major roost for this species, it had also been
observed to roost in small rock crevices and abandoned tree holes (Eguren &
McBee 2014).
Tylonycteris malayana Chasen, 1940 (Mainland Greater
Bamboo Bat)
This species is a new record for
the Perhentian Islands including Pulau Perhentian Besar. One individual was captured only in Site A on
the island. Like its smaller cousin, this
species formerly called Tylonycteris robustula also undergo taxonomic
revalidation (Tu et al. 2017). The
distribution of T. malayana is in mainland Southeast Asia, while T.
robustula confined to Borneo like in Kubah National Park and Sumatra
(Anwarali et al. 2008; Tu et al. 2017).
This species also roosts in bamboo internodes, entering through beetle
created slits in which they prefer large dead stems (Francis 2019). The presence and abundance of bamboos usually
signal a high possibility of this species and T. fulvida as in Gunung
Stong, Gunung Reng and Gua Musang, Kelantan due to their roosting association
with the bamboo plant (Jayaraj et al. 2012b, 2016). Both species regularly change bamboo roosting
sites, usually lasting for a short time only (Medway & Marshall 1972).
Family Muridae
Rattus exulans (Peale, 1848) (Pacific Rat)
One individual was caught only in
Site A on the island. This species is a
new confirmed record in the Perhentian Islands (Kecil and Besar). This species is a new confirmed record in
Pulau Perhentian Kecil but may have already been recorded by Tamblyn et al.
(2005) as the study listed three distinct Rattus spp. This species is the smallest among the Rattus
sp. but tends to be larger on smaller islands (Francis 2019). Although this species is known to occur in
anthropogenically modified habitats (cultivated lands, shrublands, and
gardens), it can also be found in forest edges, swamp forest, and limestone
areas (Jayaraj et al. 2016; William-Dee et al. 2019).
Rattus tanezumi Temminck, 1844 (Asian House Rat)
A total of three individuals were
captured (one was at Site A while two were at Site B). This species is a new confirmed record for
Pulau Perhentian Kecil; however, a total of 15 R. tanezumi individuals
were captured in Pulau Perhentian Besar (Rahim et al. 2016). This species has a generalized diet and is a
major pest of plant crops in plantations.
This species spends much time on the ground but can also climb well
whether on trees or inside buildings (Francis 2019). Although R. tanezumi is expected to be
confined to anthropogenically modified habitats, there were previous records of
this species in rainforests and limestone areas of Borneo and Kelantan. This intrusion may be due to the encroachment
of human settlements or plantations, even small ones into the vicinity of
natural habitats (Wells et al. 2006; Jayaraj et al. 2016).
Rattus tiomanicus (Miller, 1900) (Malaysian Wood
Rat)
A total of four individuals were
recorded on the island in which two individuals were caught in both sites
respectively. This species is a new
confirmed record in Pulau Perhentian Kecil.
However, three individuals of R. tiomanicus were captured in
Pulau Perhentian Besar (Rahim et al. 2016).
This species has a widespread distribution on Malaysian islands like
Pulau Tenggol, Pulau Pangkor and its namesake, Pulau Tioman (Sen 1971; Pimsai
et al. 2014; Jayaraj et al. 2019). This
nocturnal species occurs in a wide range of habitats including coastal forests,
grasslands, plantations, secondary forests but rarely inside houses. Just like other Rattus spp., the diet
includes a wide range of animal and plant matter (Jayaraj et al. 2016; Francis
2019).
Sundamys annandalei Bonhote, 1903 (Annandale’s Rat)
Previously assigned to the genus
Rattus, this species has recently undergone a taxonomic revision, placing it in
the genus Sundamys (Camacho-Sanchez et al. 2017). Two individuals were caught only in Site A on
the island. This species is a new
confirmed record in the Perhentian Islands (Kecil and Besar). This nocturnal species can be found in rubber
plantations and secondary forest, mainly on the lower levels of the tree. Contrary to its appearance, this species is
not known to be a significant pest like other rat species (Francis 2019).
DISCUSSION
Notably, the majority of the
small mammals recorded in Pulau Perhentian Kecil were bats, conceivably due to
the rockier terrain mainly in Site A and presence of an exposed sea cave in
Tanjung Kerma near both sampling sites (Turner et al. 2003). While caves are the main roosting site for
cave roosting bats, some of them also roost in rocks crevices and hollow trees
like R. affinis, H. larvatus, and H. dyacorum (Ith et al. 2015;
Francis 2019). As previously stated,
Site A has a higher species diversity than Site B even though Site A has lower
relative abundance (refer to Table 2). This pattern is possibly due to Site B
experiencing a higher degree of human disturbance with tourist trails and small
patches of agricultural land. Our study
shows that this site is largely dominated by generalist mammal species which
can adapt and forage in disturbed habitats such as T. glis, R. affinis,
and Rattus tanezumi. Other
similar studies reported lower species richness of small mammals when the
habitat subjected to human disturbance (Shafie et al. 2011; William-Dee et al.
2019).
To get a clearer picture of the
island mammal diversity in Pulau Perhentian Kecil, we have compared our results
with the past studies in the Perhentian Islands (Kecil and Besar) and other
islands in East Coast Peninsular Malaysia comprising Pulau Bidong, Pulau
Redang, Pulau Tioman, and Pulau Tenggol.
Past studies in the Perhentian Islands include Campbell et al.
(2004) and Roslan et al. (2016) for bats
and Rahim et al. (2016) for non-volant small mammals
while Tamblyn et al. (2005) and Turner et al. (2003) recorded both
bats and non-volant small mammals.
For Pulau Perhentian Kecil, the
small mammal species checklist updates with 10 new locality records for E.
spelaea, H. cineraceus, H. dyacorum, H. larvatus,
T. fulvida, T. malayana, R. exulans, R. tanezumi,
R. tiomanicus, and S. annandalei. In
contrast, the small mammal species checklist only increases with five species (H.
dyacorum, T. fulvida, T. malayana, R. exulans, and S.
annandalei) when including Pulau Perhentian Besar data to our study. As the distance between Pulau Perhentian
Besar and Pulau Perhentian Kecil is roughly 1.5km (Kampung Nelayan Jetty to
Perhentian Besar Ferry Terminal), there is a possibility of species interchange
between these two islands. Table 3 shows
the small mammal species comparison with other islands in eastern coast
Peninsular Malaysia. Incomplete species
data in Tamblyn et al. (2005) and Turner et al.
(2003) like Rhinolophus affinis/R. stheno, Rattus spp. 1 and Hipposideros
sp. are not included in the comparison table.
On the other hand, H.
dyacorum, T. fulvida, T. malayana, R. exulans, and S.
annandalei are new species locality records for the East Coast
islands. H. dyacorum is a
more common species in Borneo compared in Peninsular Malaysia but has been
recorded on the offshore island of Balambangan, Sabah (Benda 2010; Jayaraj
et al. 2011). The nearest locality of
this species in the mainland is at Gunung Stong, Kelantan (Lim et al.
2014). Both T. fulvida and T. malayana are
associated with bamboo plants in which many of the localities where they have
been found have bamboo plots including our study site in Pulau Perhentian
Kecil (Medway & Marshall 1972; Norsham et al. 1999; Sapura
2010; Chooi et al. 2014; Nur Shahidah 2014; Mohd-Hanif et al. 2015; Lim
et al. 2016; Morni et al. 2016).
Furthermore, the Pacific
Rat, R. exulans is the most prosperous island colonizers among
rodents in which this species is ubiquitous in East Coast Peninsular Malaysia
and East Malaysia. Due to its smaller
size in comparison with other larger rodent species, this species would often
opportunistically seek competition-free environments even at primary forests
like in Royal Belum (Tamrin et al. 2010; Lim BL 2015). As for S. annandalei, its
known distribution mainly restricted to West Coast Peninsular Malaysia, eastern
Sumatra and Singapore. Although usually
found in the mainland, S. annandalei can also be found in the
islands of Padang and Rupat, Riau.
Currently, it is still unclear on why S. annandalei has
such a restrictive range compared to Sundamys muelleri which
has an extensive range across southeastern Asia including on Sundaic islands as
there are no evident ecological barriers for S. annandalei to expand
its range (Pimsai et al. 2014; Camacho-Sanchez et al. 2017). Therefore, the capture of this species in
Pulau Perhentian Kecil is quite surprising, possibly being the key to
answer Sundamys annandalei ecological range puzzle. Further sampling in the future is needed to
discern whether the two individuals captured in this study were stowaways or an
established population of S. annandalei thrived on Pulau Perhentian
Kecil.
Overall, Pulau
Perhentian Besar has a higher number of species (12 for bats and 13 for small
non-volant small mammals) compared to Pulau Perhentian Kecil (10 for bats and
seven for small non-volant small mammals) probably due to its larger size
enabling support of a broader range of niches (Kisel & Barraclough
2010). Despite this, human economic activity may influence the
translocation of species, particularly non-volant small mammals across these
two islands (Helmus et al. 2014). In comparison with other
Malaysian east coast islands, Pulau Tioman amassed the highest number of mammal
species at 41 which is not surprising, considering the island is also the
largest (13,360ha) and has extensive flora and fauna surveys conducted since
1899 (Lim et al. 1999). While Pulau
Redang is bigger than both Perhentian Islands combined at 1909ha, the lower
number of mammal species recorded in this island is probably due to
undersampling efforts, hence this island requires an updated mammal species
checklist. The same goes to Pulau Bidong
and Pulau Tenggol which has no published small mammal diversity records.
CONCLUSION
This short study managed to
record 10 new species locality records of small mammals in Pulau Perhentian
Kecil, with five are new records for Malaysian east coast islands indicating
that there is much to research and document on island fauna particularly on
mammalian species diversity in the future.
Pulau Perhentian Kecil is not only rich in marine biodiversity but also
plentiful in terrestrial wildlife for its small size. Therefore, it is paramount that this area is
not only protected for its island flora and fauna but there is also a need to
conduct sustainable tourism practices in order to preserve the beauty of these
islands.
Table
1. Total netting and trapping effort for both sites A and B.
Sampling
method |
Site
A |
Site
B |
Time
of collection (h) |
Total
per day/night |
Mist nets |
15 |
15 |
19.00–23.00
& 05.00–07.00 |
30 |
Harp traps |
5 |
5 |
19.00–23.00
& 05.00–07.00 |
10 |
Cage traps |
150 |
150 |
10.00 &
17.00 |
300 |
Total
effort |
170 |
170 |
|
340 |
Table
2. Small mammal species composition in site A and site B.
|
Family Species |
Site
A |
RAb
(%) |
Site
B |
RAb
(%) |
Total |
IUCN
(2020) |
Perhilitan
(2017) |
|
Tupaiidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Tupaia
glis |
3 |
15.0 |
9 |
25.0 |
12 |
LC |
LC |
|
Pteropodidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
Cynopterus
brachyotis |
2 |
10.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
2 |
LC |
LC |
3 |
Eonycteris
spelaea |
1 |
5.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
LC |
NT |
|
Rhinolophidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
Rhinolophus
affinis |
1 |
5.0 |
11 |
30.6 |
12 |
LC |
LC |
|
Hipposideridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
Hipposideros
cineraceus |
4 |
20.0 |
5 |
13.9 |
9 |
LC |
LC |
6 |
Hipposideros
dyacorum |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
2.8 |
1 |
LC |
DD |
7 |
Hipposideros
larvatus |
1 |
5.0 |
6 |
16.7 |
7 |
LC |
LC |
|
Vespertilionidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
Tylonycteris
fulvida |
1 |
5.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
LC |
LC |
9 |
Tylonycteris
malayana |
1 |
5.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
LC |
LC |
|
Muridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
Rattus
exulans |
1 |
5.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
LC |
LC |
11 |
Rattus
tanezumi |
1 |
5.0 |
2 |
5.6 |
3 |
LC |
LC |
12 |
Rattus
tiomanicus |
2 |
10.0 |
2 |
5.6 |
4 |
LC |
LC |
13 |
Sundamys
annandalei |
2 |
10.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
2 |
LC |
LC |
|
Total
individuals |
20 |
100.0 |
36 |
100.0 |
56 |
- |
- |
|
Shannon-Weiner
(H’) |
2.35 |
|
1.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
Total
species |
13 |
|
7 |
|
13 |
- |
- |
RAb—Relative Abundance
| LC—Least Corncern | NT—Near Threatened | DD—Data Deficient.
Table
3. Small mammal species comparison with other islands in east coast Peninsular
Malaysia.
|
Species |
PPK |
PPKp |
PPB |
PB |
PR |
PTi |
PTe |
|
Erinaceidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Hylomys
suilus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
|
Soricidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
Crocidura
fuliginosa |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
3 |
Crocidura
negligens |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
4 |
Crocidura
malayana |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Tupaiidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
Tupaia
glis |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
|
Cynocephalidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Galeopterus
variegatus |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
|
Pteropodidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
Cynopterus
brachyotis |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ (1911) |
+ |
+ |
8 |
Cynopterus
cf. brachyotis Forest |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
9 |
Cynopterus
horsfieldii |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
10 |
Eonycteris
spelaea* |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
11 |
Pteropus
hypomelanus |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
|
Emballonuridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
Emballonura
monticola |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ (1911) |
+ |
- |
13 |
Taphazous
melanopogon |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
|
Nycteridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
Nycteris
tragata |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
|
Megadermatidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
Megaderma
spasma |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
|
Rhinolophidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 |
Rhinolophus
affinis |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ (1911) |
+ |
- |
17 |
Rhinolophus
borneensis |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
18 |
Rhinolophus
lepidus |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
19 |
Rhinolophus
luctus morio |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
20 |
Rhinolophus
macrotis |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
21 |
Rhinolophus
megaphyllus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+
(1899–1927) |
- |
22 |
Rhinolophus
pusillus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
23 |
Rhinolophus
stheno |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
|
Hipposideridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
24 |
Aselliscus
stoliczkanus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
25 |
Hipposideros
bicolor |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ (H.
kunzi?) |
- |
26 |
Hipposideros
cineraceus* |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
27 |
Hipposideros
dyacorum** |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
28 |
Hipposideros
larvatus* |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
|
Vespertilionidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 |
Myotis
muricola |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
30 |
Tylonycteris
fulvida** |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
31 |
Tylonycteris
malayana** |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Molossidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32 |
Cheiromeles
torquatus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
|
Lorisidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
33 |
Nycticebus
coucang |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
|
Cercopithecidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
34 |
Macaca
fascicularis |
- |
- |
EX |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
35 |
Trachypithecus
obscurus |
- |
- |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
Viverridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
Paradoxurus
hermaphroditus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
|
Tragulidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
37 |
Tragulus
kanchil |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
38 |
Tragulus
napu |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
|
Sciuridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
39 |
Callosciurus
notatus |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
40 |
Callosciurus
nigrovittatus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
41 |
Iomys
horsfieldii |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
42 |
Lariscus
insignis |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ (1962) |
- |
43 |
Petaurista
petaurista melanotus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
44 |
Ratufa
bicolor |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
45 |
Rhinosciurus
laticaudatus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+
(1899-1927) |
- |
46 |
Sundasciurus
tenuis |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
|
Muridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47 |
Leopoldamys
sabanus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
48 |
Maxomys
rajah |
|
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
49 |
Maxomys
surifer |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
50 |
Maxomys
whiteheadi |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
51 |
Niniventer
cremoriventer |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ (1962) |
- |
52 |
Rattus
argentiventer |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
53 |
Rattus
exulans** |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
54 |
Rattus
tanezumi* |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ (1962) |
- |
55 |
Rattus
tiomanicus* |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
56 |
Sundamys
annandalei** |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
57 |
Sundamys
muelleri |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Hystricidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
58 |
Atherurus
macrourus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
|
Total
number of species |
13 |
7 |
25 |
4 |
14 |
41 |
3 |
PPK—Pulau Perhentian Kecil (This
Study) | PPKp—Pulau Perhentian Kecil past studies (Tamblyn et al. 2005;
Campbell et al. 2004) | PPB—Pulau Perhentian Besar (Roslan et al. 2016; Rahim
et al. 2016; Tamblyn et al. 2005; Turner et al. 2003) | PB—Pulau Bidong (Roslan
et al. 2016) | PR—Pulau Redang (MNS 1990 as cited in Turner et al. 2003) |
PTi—Pulau Tioman (Lim BL et al. 1999) | PTe—Pulau Tenggol (Sen 1971) |
+—present | -—absent | EX—Extirpated | *—New record from this study in Pulau
Perhentian Kecil | **—New record in the islands of East Coast Peninsular
Malaysia.
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Appendix 1. Data set - Bats
Field No. |
Date |
Genus |
Species |
State |
Locality |
Sex |
Age |
FA |
E |
TB |
HF |
T |
TL |
WT |
Liver |
Muscle |
Small instestine |
Notes |
PP14-001 |
21/05/14 |
Rhinolophus |
affinis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
F |
Adult |
49.01 |
19.43 |
23.25 |
11.34 |
28.53 |
79.36 |
13.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-002 |
21/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
larvatus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
F |
Adult |
55.74 |
18.01 |
23.74 |
11.00 |
28.64 |
94.70 |
16.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-003 |
21/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
cineraceus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
M |
Adult |
41.84 |
17.37 |
20.17 |
8.30 |
27.88 |
81.06 |
8.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-005 |
22/05/14 |
Eonycteris |
spelaea |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
M |
Adult |
67.93 |
20.48 |
31.26 |
14.55 |
11.36 |
116.36 |
44.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-006 |
22/05/14 |
Cynopterus |
brachyotis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
F |
Adult |
57.91 |
18.41 |
21.29 |
13.05 |
10.47 |
90.47 |
20.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-008 |
22/05/14 |
Cynopterus |
brachyotis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
M |
Adult |
59.70 |
18.03 |
22.47 |
13.69 |
8.97 |
88.97 |
22.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-009 |
22/05/14 |
Tylonyteris |
pachypus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
F |
Adult |
25.22 |
10.15 |
11.52 |
4.95 |
27.00 |
92.00 |
5.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-011 |
22/05/14 |
Tylonyteris |
robustula |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
M |
Adult |
26.50 |
10.94 |
11.99 |
5.05 |
30.00 |
75.00 |
4.50 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-019 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
cineraceus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
F |
Adult |
44.00 |
19.00 |
19.00 |
8.00 |
28.00 |
78.00 |
6.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-020 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
cineraceus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
F |
Adult |
44.00 |
20.00 |
19.00 |
9.00 |
28.00 |
76.00 |
6.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-021 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
cineraceus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
M |
Adult |
43.00 |
20.00 |
18.00 |
8.00 |
30.00 |
81.00 |
6.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-022 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
dyacorum |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
45.00 |
19.00 |
17.00 |
8.00 |
21.00 |
72.00 |
6.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-024 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
larvatus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
57.00 |
23.00 |
22.00 |
11.00 |
31.00 |
99.00 |
15.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-025 |
23/05/14 |
Rhinolophus |
affinis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
53.00 |
23.00 |
26.00 |
11.00 |
24.00 |
88.00 |
12.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-027 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
larvatus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
57.00 |
21.00 |
23.00 |
11.00 |
32.00 |
95.00 |
13.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-028 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
larvatus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
57.00 |
21.00 |
22.00 |
11.00 |
32.00 |
96.00 |
15.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-029 |
23/05/14 |
Rhinolophus |
affinis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
51.00 |
22.00 |
24.00 |
11.00 |
22.00 |
88.00 |
12.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-030 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
cineraceus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
44.00 |
20.00 |
19.00 |
9.00 |
27.00 |
80.00 |
7.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-031 |
23/05/14 |
Rhinolophus |
affinis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
51.00 |
23.00 |
25.00 |
13.00 |
23.00 |
85.00 |
11.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-032 |
23/05/14 |
Rhinolophus |
affinis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
51.00 |
22.00 |
24.00 |
12.00 |
22.00 |
85.00 |
12.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-033 |
23/05/14 |
Rhinolophus |
affinis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
50.00 |
23.00 |
24.00 |
12.00 |
22.00 |
82.00 |
11.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-034 |
23/05/14 |
Rhinolophus |
affinis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
50.00 |
23.00 |
24.00 |
13.00 |
22.00 |
85.00 |
10.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-035 |
23/05/14 |
Rhinolophus |
affinis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
50.00 |
22.00 |
24.00 |
12.00 |
26.00 |
88.00 |
11.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-037 |
23/05/14 |
Rhinolophus |
affinis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
50.00 |
22.00 |
24.00 |
12.00 |
22.00 |
82.00 |
10.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-038 |
23/05/14 |
Rhinolophus |
affinis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
50.86 |
18.52 |
24.34 |
9.24 |
23.12 |
23.12 |
12.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Released |
PP14-039 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
cineraceus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
44.82 |
15.87 |
21.16 |
8.29 |
31.87 |
31.87 |
7.50 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Released |
PP14-040 |
23/05/14 |
Rhinolophus |
affinis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
51.13 |
19.15 |
25.48 |
7.02 |
22.75 |
22.75 |
13.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-041 |
23/05/14 |
Rhinolophus |
affinis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
50.42 |
20.85 |
23.29 |
11.30 |
23.09 |
23.09 |
12.50 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-042 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
cineraceus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
44.11 |
15.04 |
19.34 |
6.22 |
28.86 |
28.86 |
8.50 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Released |
PP14-043 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
cineraceus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
43.81 |
14.42 |
18.58 |
6.46 |
26.89 |
26.89 |
7.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-044 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
larvatus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
55.25 |
15.55 |
21.10 |
9.07 |
26.65 |
26.65 |
17.50 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Released |
PP14-045 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
larvatus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
56.99 |
15.16 |
25.63 |
8.03 |
28.11 |
28.11 |
16.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Released |
PP14-046 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
cineraceus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
43.88 |
15.77 |
19.89 |
7.11 |
29.15 |
29.15 |
8.50 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Released |
PP14-047 |
23/05/14 |
Hipposideros |
larvatus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
58.58 |
12.99 |
22.96 |
8.86 |
31.22 |
31.22 |
43.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Released |
E—Ear
| FA—Forearm | HF-— Hindfoot | TB—Tibia | T—Tail | TL--—Total length (head to
tail) | WT—Weight.
Appendix 2. Data set - Rodents and Scadentia
Field No. |
Date |
Genus |
Species |
State |
Locality |
Sex |
Age |
E |
HF |
HB |
T |
TL |
WT |
Liver |
Muscle |
Small intestine |
Skin |
PP14-004 |
22/05/14 |
Tupaia |
glis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
17.00 |
45.00 |
180.00 |
189.00 |
369.00 |
150.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
PP14-007 |
22/05/14 |
Rattus |
rattus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
21.00 |
35.00 |
174.00 |
191.00 |
365.00 |
105.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
PP14-010 |
22/05/14 |
Rattus |
tiomanicus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
21.00 |
38.00 |
170.00 |
190.00 |
360.00 |
100.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
PP14-012 |
22/05/14 |
Rattus |
annandalei |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
M |
Adult |
22.00 |
36.00 |
177.00 |
194.00 |
371.00 |
155.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
PP14-013 |
22/05/14 |
Rattus |
tiomanicus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
F |
Adult |
20.00 |
31.00 |
120.00 |
145.00 |
265.00 |
47.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-014 |
22/05/14 |
Rattus |
rattus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
21.00 |
32.00 |
160.00 |
186.00 |
346.00 |
90.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-015 |
22/05/14 |
Rattus |
tiomanicus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
20.00 |
33.00 |
155.00 |
181.00 |
336.00 |
85.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-016 |
22/05/14 |
Rattus |
exulans |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
M |
Adult |
19.00 |
32.00 |
125.00 |
139.00 |
264.00 |
44.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-017 |
22/05/14 |
Tupaia |
glis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
16.00 |
46.00 |
189.00 |
145.00 |
334.00 |
135.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-018 |
22/05/14 |
Tupaia |
glis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
M |
Adult |
21.00 |
47.00 |
179.00 |
190.00 |
369.00 |
150.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-023 |
23/05/14 |
Tupaia |
glis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
17.00 |
45.00 |
186.00 |
167.00 |
353.00 |
170.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-026 |
23/05/14 |
Tupaia |
glis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
11.00 |
44.00 |
185.00 |
187.00 |
372.00 |
135.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-048 |
23/05/14 |
Tupaia |
glis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
16.00 |
45.00 |
177.00 |
197.00 |
374.00 |
125.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-049 |
23/05/14 |
Tupaia |
glis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
17.00 |
48.00 |
184.00 |
203.00 |
387.00 |
135.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-050 |
23/05/14 |
Tupaia |
glis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
F |
Adult |
18.00 |
48.00 |
193.00 |
191.00 |
384.00 |
180.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-051 |
24/05/14 |
Tupaia |
glis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site B |
M |
Adult |
15.00 |
47.00 |
193.00 |
163.00 |
356.00 |
140.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-052 |
25/05/14 |
Rattus |
tiomanicus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
M |
Adult |
21.00 |
36.00 |
164.00 |
187.00 |
351.00 |
125.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-053 |
26/05/14 |
Rattus |
rattus |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
F |
Adult |
22.50 |
37.00 |
184.00 |
213.00 |
397.00 |
145.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-054 |
27/05/14 |
Rattus |
annandalei |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
M |
Adult |
23.00 |
37.00 |
190.00 |
202.00 |
392.00 |
145.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-055 |
28/05/14 |
Tupaia |
glis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
F |
Adult |
16.00 |
46.00 |
178.00 |
190.00 |
368.00 |
120.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-056 |
29/05/14 |
Tupaia |
glis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
F |
Adult |
16.00 |
46.00 |
195.00 |
180.00 |
375.00 |
125.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
PP14-057 |
30/05/14 |
Tupaia |
glis |
Terengganu |
Pulau Perhentian, Site A |
F |
Adult |
17.00 |
47.00 |
193.00 |
220.00 |
413.00 |
185.00 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
E—Ear
| HF-— Hindfoot | HB— Head to Body | T—Tail | TL--—Total length (head to tail)
| WT—Weight.