Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2020 | 12(13): 16891–16899
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6117.12.13.16891-16899
#6117 | Received 08 May 2020 | Final received
13 August 2020 | Finally accepted 22 August 2020
Indigenous uses and traditional
practices of endemic and threatened Chilgoza Pine Pinus gerardiana
Wall. ex D.Don by tribal communities in Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh, northwestern
Himalaya
Swaran Lata 1, P.S. Negi
2, S.S. Samant 3, M.K. Seth 4 &
Varsha 5
1,2,3,5 Silviculture & Forest
Management Division, Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Panthaghati,
Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh 171013, India.
4 Amit Lodge, Near Comely Bank,
Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171013, India.
1 swaranswaras86@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 psnegi12@gmail.com, 3 samantss2@rediffmail.com,
4 emkayseth@rediffmail.com, 5 raikta8@gmail.com
Editor: Aseesh Pandey, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment (NIHE), Pangthang, India. Date of publication: 26 September
2020 (online & print)
Citation: Lata, S., P.S. Negi, S.S. Samant, M.K. Seth & Varsha (2020). Indigenous uses and traditional
practices of endemic and threatened Chilgoza Pine Pinus gerardiana
Wall. ex D.Don by tribal communities in Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh, northwestern
Himalaya. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 12(13): 16891–16899. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6117.12.13.16891-16899
Copyright: © Lata et al. 2020. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
[Project name: NB-HPRO/DPD-Projects].
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to the director,
Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Panthaghati,
Shimla, Himachal Pradesh for facilities and encouragement. The financial assistance received from
NABARD, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh is acknowledged. We are also thankful to the tribal
communities of district Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh for
providing authentic information on indigenous uses and traditional practice of
Chilgoza Pine.
Abstract: Pinus gerardiana
is an endemic and threatened pine of northwestern
Himalaya. It is the only conifer in
India which is traded for its nuts. In
addition to subsidiary source of income to Kinnaura
tribes, it is an important part of ecology, traditions, and culture of Kinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh. Kinnaura are one of
the largest ethnic groups of Himachal Pradesh famous for their own unique
traditions, culture, and lifestyle. In
view of this, the present study was conducted to document the indigenous uses
and traditional practices of Pinus gerardiana
(Chilgoza Pine) by Kinnaura tribes of Himachal
Pradesh. At present, destructive
harvesting practices of collection of Chilgoza nuts, fuelwood, torchwood,
timber, and needles of Chilgoza Pine is not only causing serious damage to
trees but also affecting its natural regeneration and future crop production.
Thus, this continuous loss of Chilgoza Pine will affect the livelihood of the
tribal communities and ecosystem of the area in near future. Hence, population assessment, ecological
niche modeling, awareness programmes, and sustainable
harvesting of cones are suggested for its conservation.
Keywords: Endemic, indigenous uses,
threatened, tribal communities.
The Himalayan region is one of the recognized mega
biodiversity hotspots (Johnsingh et al. 1998;
Mittermeier et al. 2004) as it is known for rich, representative, natural,
unique and socio-economically important species (Samant
et al. 1998, 2007). Among the conifers
of Himalayan region, Pinus gerardiana is very
popular. This species is native and
endemic to the northwestern Himalaya (Kumar et al.
2013) and falls under the threatened category.
It belongs to the family Pinaceae and is a
well-established multipurpose species in the area of occurrence. This species was discovered by British Army
Officer Captain Patrick Gerard in 1932 (Farjon 1984)
and commonly known as Chilgoza or Neoza and also
known as ‘Ree’ in Kinnaur. Chilgoza Pine is a very slow growing tree and
its average life span is 150–200 years.
It is a small to medium size tree up to 25m tall. Chilgoza Pine is the only conifer in India,
which is traded for its edible nuts which are rich source of carbohydrate
(21.6%), proteins (15.9%), fats (49.9%), moisture content (7.5%), fiber (2.2%), and mineral matter (2.90%) (Anonymous
1969). The species has restricted
distribution in India and is confined to hilly tracts in dry temperate region
of northwestern Himalaya at 1,600–3,300 m and also
extends in the mountains of eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan. In Himachal Pradesh, it mainly occurs in Kinnaur District and Pangi
divisions and Threta range of Chamba
Forest Division. In Kinnaur
District Chilgoza is found only in Morang, Kalpa, Kilba, and Pooh forest ranges of Kinnaur
forest division. It also extends
westwards to Kishtwar District of Jammu & Kashmir
union territory. Chilgoza Pine is found
associated with Cedrus deodara,
Pinus wallichiana, Juniperus
polycarpos, Fraxinus xanthoxyloides
at higher elevations and with Quercus ilex, Olea cuspidata,
and Alnus nitida
at lower elevations. The undergrowth in
Chilgoza forest are represented by Daphne oleoides,
Lonicera quinquelocularis, Lonicera hypoleuca, Ephedra gerardiana,
Rosa webbiana, and Artemisia maritima. In Kinnaur District, the species replaces Pinus roxburghii (Cheel) near Wangtu and continues along the Sutlej Valley up to Dubling, Ropa, and up to Lambar in Tidong Valley.
Seeds of Chilgoza are the only commercial edible pine
nuts available in India and accordingly major source of its indigenous supply
is Kinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh. Small quantities of the nut, however, are
also collected from Pangi Valley (Chamba
District) of Himachal Pradesh besides some parts of Jammu & Kashmir union
territory. Out of total 2,060ha in
Himachal Pradesh, about 2,040ha falls in Kinnaur
Division and a small portion (20ha) in Chamba
District (Troup 1921), which is the main source of Chilgoza nuts in the country. Being in short supply there is a heavy demand
of Neoza nuts (sold as dry fruit) and 80–100 tons per
year Chilgoza reaching the Indian market comes from Kinnaur
District.
The approximate export value of its annual produce is around INR 180
million (Negi 2002). On an average, one
tree yields about 7.4kg of nuts per year.
Income from the sale of Chilgoza seeds contributes to the annual income
of many poor tribal families of Kinnaur, usually in
the form of supplementary income. For
some families, however, this species is the main source of income. Overall, in the zone, the share of the
financial income due to Chilgoza in the total financial income of the
households varies 5–25 %; this share can exceed 25% for some household (Peltier
& Dauffy 2009).
Chilgoza Pine are mostly located in natural forests, and are not
cultivated by local people because of its slow growth and takes long time to
produce commercial nuts. But, due to the
dependency of local people, it has been classified as social forestry species
in spite of being a conifer (Sehgal & Khosla 1986). In Afghanistan, the government
promotes community-based conservation programmes to
protect and conserve the Chilgoza Pine and also to enhance the livelihood of
local communities (MAIL 2012). The area
under Chilgoza forest has already shrunk to about 2,000ha in Himachal Pradesh
because each and every cone is lopped except those which are out of reach and
left on the trees by the tribal communities (Tandon 1963; Singh et al. 1973;
Sehgal & Sharma 1989), which not only affect natural regeneration, but also
future crop production.
Previously, Chilgoza of Kinnaur
was not so intensively exploited for nuts, because Chilgoza forest of
Afghanistan and Baluchistan used to meet most of the country’s requirement
before partition (Tondon 1963). In addition to this, in the past, due to the
concern for wild animals and natural regeneration, the tribal communities kept
some cones on trees to allow a small portion of seeds to reach the ground and
regenerate. In spite of difficult
ecological conditions, the forests of the species are able to regenerate. During the last five decades, the network of
roads has allowed horticulture development in Kinnaur
due to which tribal communities have started considering Chilgoza as subsidiary
source of income. The village
communities sell the nuts harvest contracts to private contractors who employ
contractual workers for harvesting Chilgoza cones. They cut many branches and collect all cones
without the concern of future cone production and natural regeneration. Since, there is no restriction on the
quantity of Chilgoza nuts collection and the tribal communities harvest almost
every mature cone resulting in poor regeneration. Due to lack of regeneration, young size
classes of trees are scarce or entirely lacking, while mature and over mature
trees predominating in its natural habitat.
Today, due to over exploitation and habitat destruction, reduction in
Chilgoza Pine forests is growing concern throughout the range of distribution. Because of its dwindling population, this
species is also listed in the Near Threatened category as per IUCN threat
category (Farjon 2013). The studies carried out so far are related to
ecology, regeneration and insect pest problems of Chilgoza Pine, however, none
of the studies have investigated and documented the traditional uses of
Chilgoza Pine. Therefore, the present
study was carried out to document the indigenous knowledge and traditional
practices of Chilgoza Pine in Kinnaur District of Himachal
Pradesh.
Material And Methods
Study Area
Kinnaur is one of the tribal districts of Himachal Pradesh
(31055’50’’–32005’15’’ N & 77045’00’’–79000’35”
E) with total geographical area 6,400 km2 (Figure 1). There are five tehsils in district Kinnaur, namely Kalpa, Sangla, Morang, Pooh, and Nichar. The major soil types of the region are sandy
loam and clayey loam. The climate of the
region is dry temperate sub-alpine and alpine types, and the region is
dominated by conifers and broadleaved species i.e., Cedrus
deodara, Pinus wallichiana,
P. gerardiana, Alnus
nitida, Acer caesium,
Picea smithiana, Fraxinus
xanthoxyloides, Betula utilis,
Taxus wallichiana, Abies
pindrow, A. spectabilis,
Quercus semecarpifolia, and Q. ilex, Juniperus polycarpos
in dry temperate and sub-alpine zones and medicinal and aromatic plants and
other herbaceous species in alpine region.
Methods
Present study is based on extensive and intensive
surveys conducted from 2017 to 2019 in the representative 16 tribal villages
namely Rarang, Ribba, Rispa, Jangi, Moorang,
Thangi, Lippa (Morang
range), Nesang, Sunnam, Labrang (Pooh
range), Pangi, Tangling, Barang,
Telangi (Kalpa range), and Kilba, Urni (Kilba
range) of Kinnaur forest division of district Kinnaur. From each
village, 3–8 knowledgeable persons were interviewed and the names and other
details of persons interviewed are given in Table 1. The informants included men, women, youth and
elders between the age of 29 and 78 years.
These knowledgeable local persons were interviewed through
semi-structured questionnaire. The
questions were mainly for the information generation on indigenous uses and
traditional practice of Chilgoza by Kinnaura tribal
communities. For information generation,
questions related to the Chilgoza were asked in local dialect and Hindi as
well. Details of the indigenous uses and
traditional practices of Chilgoza have been given under results. Plant specimens were also collected,
dried by using routine botanical collection and herbarium techniques, identified
and preserved (Jain & Rao 1997).
Plant species voucher specimens (0012-18, 0013-18, 0014-18, 0015-18,
0016-18) have been kept in the herbarium of Himalayan Forest Research
Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.
The information was compiled, analyzed and
documented.
Results and Discussion
Pinus gerardiana is an important conifer tree mainly occurs in dry
higher and trans-Himalayan tract of district Kinnaur,
Himachal Pradesh. Kinnaura
tribes of district Kinnaur collect its nuts due to
their economic and socio-cultural importance. Sale of the nuts contributes to
the annual income of most of the families of Kinnaur
District and contributes significantly in fulfilling daily livelihood needs.
The total production of Chilgoza in Kinnaur is
100–300 ton/year and approximate export value of its annual produce is around
INR 150–450 million depending upon crop production (Peltier & Duffy
2009). In addition to nuts, other parts
of this valuable tree are also used by the tribal communities in various
household needs and to perform various religious and socio-cultural
functions. The details of indigenous
uses are given below.
Timber: The
wood of Chilgoza pine is hard, tough, durable and used as timber. It is used for the construction of houses
especially for roof thatching, flooring and central poles of kitchen and
stairs, and preparation of wooden boxes which is used for storing fruits,
grains, and other items.
Fuel wood: The wood is used as fuel wood throughout the
year. After the seed extraction, dried
cones are also used as fuel wood during winter season.
Torch wood: The wooden flakes of Chilgoza Pine are used as
traditional torch wood known as ‘Sang’ (Image 1D). It is used for burning fire, night movements
and irrigating fields during night. A
special torchwood dance known as ‘Sangpuling chasham’ is also performed by the villagers of Ribba village on the occasion of festival of flowers known
as ‘Fulaich’ where the festival is celebrated at
district level. Villagers collect long
resinous wooden flakes and arrange them into bundles by tying with twigs of Indigofera heterantha
and in the midnight, they burn the top of the bundles and dance (Image
1G).
Agriculture implements: Logs are hard, resinous, water proof and immune to
fungal attack and used for the preparation of agricultural implements, i.e.,
plough and yoke locally known as ‘tal’ and ‘kol’. In older time,
these were used for ploughing the agricultural fields, now few local farmers
use it. Wood is also used as drains for
irrigation purposes in agricultural fields and construction of small bridges
over streams and nallahs. The small poles and branches are used for the
fencing of agricultural and horticultural fields and overhead shed formation
for cultivation of grapes and storage houses of dried grasses.
Household items: The wood is used for the preparation of traditional
mortar and pestle known as ‘kaning’ and ‘musling’ and used for mashing grains, seeds, etc. In Kinnaur
District, it is traditionally used for the extraction of oil from Apricot nuts,
Walnut, and Chilgoza nuts. The small
pieces of Chilgoza wood is used in preparation of ‘takli’
locally known as ‘pankt’ or ‘koru pankt’
which is used for spinning of wool by the tribal communities during winter
(Image 1E, F).
Medicine:
Resin of Chilgoza Pine mixed with mustard oil is used to cure arthritis and
swellings. Resin is used to cure cracked
feet. The nuts are eaten raw as well as
in roasted form to cure physical weakness, cough and cold. Seed oil is used to cure, body pain, eye
problem, wounds, and ulcers.
Traditional food and beverage: The Chilgoza nuts are used as one of the ingredients
for preparation of salted tea locally known as ‘Namkeen cha or Chha cha’. After
removal of seed coat, nuts are mixed with Walnut Juglans regia
and kernels of Apricot Prunus armeniaca. The mixture is ground to make paste,
and is used in preparation of nutritious salted tea (Image 1C). Nuts are also used as dry fruit in halwa and
kheer preparation in festival occasions especially in Sazo
festival (Image 1B).
Detergent: Previously, ashes of Chilgoza cones were used for
washing cloths and kitchen utensils by the tribal communities.
Farmyard manure: The dried needles are collected by tribal communities
from forest in large quantities during the month of September–October and used
in the agricultural fields and orchards for mulching to retain moisture,
protect top soil from erosion and improve soil fertility (Image 1A). The needles also used as bedding material in
cowsheds of the cattle and decomposed needles are removed from the cowsheds and
subsequently used as farmyard manure in agricultural fields and orchards. Tribal communities also collect cones and
spread them in their agricultural fields.
The decomposed cones help to soften the hard soil.
Economic use: Chilgoza nuts play a significant role in improving
livelihood of the tribal communities. In
the whole distribution area of Chilgoza in Kinnaur
District every household of the tribal communities collect the Chilgoza in the
months of September–October from adjoining forest areas. They earn money INR 1,500–1,800/ kg by
selling the Chilgoza nuts locally and use it for fulfilling their daily
household needs.
Cultural uses: Chilgoza is an important part of a marriage ceremony
in Kinnaur District for generations. Seeds are used in preparation of garlands
known as ‘ree maling’ which
is used in performing various marriage rituals, and also offered to local
deities, brides, grooms, family members, relatives and guests during wedding
ceremonies as a token of respect and love.
It is also used in various death ceremonies and offered to dead bodies
before funeral as a symbol of homage to the departed soul. The branches of the Chilgoza Pine are also
used for the preparation of welcome gate during the visit of dignitaries to the
villages and marriage ceremonies. The
fumes of needles are used for the purification of houses during child birth,
marriages, festivals, etc. The garland
made from Chilgoza seeds are used in various fairs and festivals, i.e., Ormig, Duyal, Suskar,
Losar, Beesh, and Fulaich
celebrated in various parts of Kinnaur District. In addition to this, it is important part of
various rituals in festivals and other customary rituals performed all across
the Kinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh (Image
2A,B).
The above mentioned cultural
importance of Chilgoza Pine, clearly reflects that this tree is not only
ecologically and economically important to the area but also forms important
part of traditions and culture of the tribal communities. Although, Kinnaur
is major producer and supplier of Chilgoza in the country, still its forests
need proper management. Since the
sixties, Himachal Pradesh Forest Department has been facing the problem of
Chilgoza Pine regeneration, and tried to overcome from this problem by carrying
out plantation programmes. But, results
were not satisfactory because of typical environmental conditions including
soil of the region not allowing to survive.
The present traditional practices for the collection of fuelwood,
torchwood, agricultural tools, timber, cones for seeds, and manuring
agricultural fields are mostly destructive and require awareness among the
tribal communities for the sustainable utilization of this highly valuable
multipurpose endemic species. Most of
the people are not aware about the impact of excessive lopping which is causing
heavy damage to the trees and also affecting natural regeneration and cone
production in successive years. In
addition, intensive grazing, damage by insects and pathogens, birds, rodents
and reptiles, conversion of Chilgoza forest into orchards and other
developmental activities like construction of roads, buildings, and hydro-power
projects are also affecting
Chilgoza habitats and stand population.
Such severe biotic interferences and lack of natural regeneration may
result in rapid decline in the species population and continued such practices
may lead the extinction of species in future.
Keeping in view of its limited distribution, there is still considerable
scope for increasing its yield and regeneration through sustainable harvesting
and management of Chilgoza Pine forests.
Therefore, it is of utmost important to create awareness among the
local communities about the conservation and sustainable utilization of the
species. If the present trend of
utilization continues, it will not only lead to the loss of all the services
provided by this species but also, lead to soil erosion and overall change in
the environmental condition. The loss of
Chilgoza Pine and existing biodiversity will lead to drastic change in the
ecosystem of the area, which may lead to various disasters in the fragile
area. Therefore, population assessment
and periodic monitoring using quadrat method for understanding the dynamics,
sustainable harvesting of cones, and other parts of the species, ecological
niche modeling for predicting the suitable area for
in situ conservation, standardization of propagation techniques for mass
multiplication, establishment of nurseries, and plantation of seedlings in
degraded forests, marginal lands and other suitable habitats with the help of
tribal communities and forest department are suggested.
Conclusion
Pinus gerardiana is one of the pioneer, native, endemic, multipurpose,
and threatened species of district Kinnaur. It is not
only important for maintaining the ecology of the region but, also for
providing various ecosystem services to the tribal communities. This species is highly suitable for the
typical topographical gradients and environment. Therefore, the conservation and sustainable
utilization of this species would help in conserving the ecosystem, ecosystem
services, livelihood options, traditional culture and customs and overall
environment of the region.
Table 1. List of Kinnaura
tribes interviewed in Kinnaur District of Himachal
Pradesh.
|
|
Name |
Age |
Gender |
Village |
Forest range |
Altitude (m); latitude & longitude |
|
1 |
Chering Pur |
78 |
M |
Rarang |
Morang |
2,500; 31o36’06.58”N & 78o21’08.32”E |
|
2 |
Upkari Devi |
65 |
F |
Rarang |
||
|
3 |
Jai Nand |
42 |
M |
Rarang |
||
|
4 |
Kabeer Singh |
55 |
M |
Rarang |
||
|
5 |
PushapLata |
45 |
F |
Rarang |
||
|
6 |
Maya Devi |
49 |
F |
Rarang |
||
|
7 |
Rajeev Rathore |
34 |
M |
Rispa |
Morang |
2,300; 31o34’47.6”N & 78o23’16.2”E |
|
8 |
Shiv Ram |
53 |
M |
Rispa |
||
|
9 |
Lajvanti |
47 |
F |
Rispa |
||
|
10 |
Sharda Devi |
47 |
F |
Rispa |
||
|
11 |
Raj Bhagat |
55 |
M |
Rispa |
||
|
12 |
Harnam Singh |
67 |
M |
Ribba |
Morang |
2,400; 31o35’2.0”N & 78o21’50.0”E |
|
13 |
Abhishek Negi |
31 |
M |
Ribba |
||
|
14 |
Bhag Narayan |
66 |
M |
Ribba |
||
|
15 |
Dan Bhajan |
55 |
M |
Ribba |
||
|
16 |
Suminder Singh |
59 |
M |
Ribba |
||
|
17 |
Hans Raj |
38 |
M |
Ribba |
||
|
18 |
Yogita |
51 |
F |
Ribba |
||
|
19 |
Narayan Singh |
34 |
M |
Ribba |
||
|
20 |
Rattan Singh |
36 |
M |
Jangi |
Morang |
2700; 31o36’12.2”N & 78o25’40.6”E |
|
21 |
Rajinder Singh |
44 |
M |
Jangi |
||
|
22 |
Tenzin Zangmo |
49 |
F |
Jangi |
||
|
23 |
ChetanDorjee |
55 |
M |
Jangi |
||
|
24 |
PriyaKumari |
45 |
F |
Jangi |
||
|
25 |
Sita Devi |
52 |
F |
Jangi |
||
|
26 |
Chetan Dorjee |
55 |
M |
Morang |
Morang |
2,700; 31o39’19.8”N & 78o23’11.1”E |
|
27 |
Dinesh Kumar |
44 |
M |
Morang |
||
|
28 |
Ghyan Kiran Devi |
67 |
F |
Morang |
||
|
29 |
Promila Kumari |
35 |
F |
Morang |
||
|
30 |
Chhering Palden |
58 |
M |
Morang |
||
|
31 |
Prem Singh |
67 |
M |
Morang |
||
|
32 |
Mal Jeet |
58 |
M |
Morang |
||
|
33 |
Kalyan Singh |
66 |
M |
Morang |
||
|
34 |
Padam Chand |
46 |
M |
Thangi |
Morang |
2,800; 31o33’58.4”N & 78o28’11.6”E |
|
35 |
Daleep Singh Negi |
65 |
M |
Thangi |
||
|
36 |
Partiba |
62 |
F |
Thangi |
||
|
37 |
Indu |
48 |
F |
Thangi |
||
|
38 |
Ashok |
62 |
M |
Thangi |
||
|
39 |
Chering Tashi |
43 |
M |
Lippa |
Morang |
2,700; 31o39’27.15”N & 78o22’57.84”E |
|
40 |
Geeta Ram |
46 |
M |
Lippa |
||
|
41 |
Indravati |
39 |
F |
Lippa |
||
|
42 |
ShyamLal |
56 |
M |
Lippa |
||
|
43 |
Sher Singh |
60 |
M |
Lippa |
||
|
44 |
GyalchenZangmo |
62 |
F |
Lippa |
||
|
45 |
Bogan Singh |
44 |
M |
Nesang |
Pooh |
2,700; 31o39’04.4”N & 78o30’13.4”E |
|
46 |
Jaglender Singh |
46 |
M |
Nesang |
||
|
47 |
Susheel Kumar |
40 |
M |
Nesang |
||
|
48 |
Kamal Singh |
50 |
M |
Nesang |
||
|
49 |
Raghunath Singh |
57 |
M |
Nesang |
||
|
50 |
Padam Bhutil |
55 |
F |
Sunnam |
Pooh |
2,800; 31o45’36.26”N & 78o27’58.82”E |
|
51 |
Prem Lal |
45 |
M |
Sunnam |
||
|
52 |
Jeeta Singh |
42 |
M |
Sunnam |
||
|
53 |
Terseem |
43 |
M |
Sunnam |
||
|
54 |
Tulsi Negi |
55 |
M |
Sunnam |
||
|
55 |
Rajeev Negi |
39 |
M |
Labrang |
Pooh |
2,900; 31o45’09.28”N & 78o37’55.8”E |
|
56 |
Badri Sen |
48 |
M |
|||
|
57 |
Jagat Negi |
49 |
M |
|||
|
58 |
Sant Ram |
29 |
M |
Pangi |
Kalpa |
2,300; 31o35’19.4”N & 78o16’27.8”E |
|
59 |
Dev Bhagat |
29 |
M |
Pangi |
||
|
60 |
Rajeshwari |
50 |
F |
Pangi |
||
|
61 |
Sant Ram |
45 |
M |
Pangi |
||
|
62 |
Durga Singh |
49 |
M |
Pangi |
||
|
63 |
Radha |
34 |
F |
Pangi |
||
|
64 |
Rajender Singh |
36 |
M |
Pangi |
||
|
65 |
Premi Devi |
55 |
F |
Tangling |
Kalpa |
2,100; 31o31’35.4”N 78o16’55.2”E |
|
66 |
Balbir Singh |
61 |
M |
Tangling |
||
|
67 |
Laxman Singh |
40 |
M |
Tangling |
||
|
68 |
Gyatzin |
38 |
M |
Barang |
Kalpa |
2,200; 31o30’42.48”N & 78o15’59.46”E |
|
69 |
Pyarmani |
37 |
F |
Barang |
||
|
70 |
Parmila |
60 |
F |
Barang |
||
|
71 |
RadhaPyari |
50 |
F |
Barang |
||
|
72 |
Basanti Devi |
54 |
F |
Telangi |
Kalpa |
2,000; 31o31’33.77”N & 78o16’53.65”E |
|
73 |
Vikram |
37 |
M |
Telangi |
||
|
74 |
Samat Bahadur |
59 |
M |
Telangi |
||
|
75 |
Jiu Chand |
55 |
M |
Kilba |
Kilba |
1,900; 31o30’44.5”N & 78o09’38.1”E |
|
76 |
Nandesh Kumar |
34 |
M |
Kilba |
||
|
77 |
G.S.Negi |
46 |
M |
Kilba |
||
|
78 |
Jamna Geer |
54 |
M |
Kilba |
||
|
79 |
Chander Pal |
53 |
M |
Kilba |
||
|
80 |
Kapil |
31 |
M |
Urni |
Kalpa |
2,400; 31o31’41.56”N & 78o07’43.06”E |
|
81 |
Veer badr |
46 |
M |
Urni |
||
|
82 |
Manohar |
53 |
M |
Urni |
For
figure & images - - click here
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