Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 14 December 2020 | 12(16): 17213–17221
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6064.12.16.17213-17221
#6064 | Received 30 April 2020 | Final
received 20 August 2020 | Finally accepted 03 November 2020
The
Rusty-spotted Cat Prionailurus rubiginosus (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire,
1831)
(Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in
Rajasthan, India – a compilation of two decades
Satish Kumar Sharma 1 &
Meenu Dhakad 2
1 Chakariya
Amba, Rampura Choraha, Jhadol
Road, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313004, India.
2 Tiger Watch, Maa
Farm, Ranthambhore Road, Post Khilchipur,
Rajasthan 322001, India.
1 sksharma56@gmail.com, 2
dhakad13@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: Angie Appel, Wild Cat Network,
Bad Marienberg, Germany. Date
of publication: 14 December 2020 (online & print)
Citation: Sharma, S.K. & M. Dhakad (2020). The
Rusty-spotted Cat Prionailurus rubiginosus (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire,
1831) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Rajasthan, India – a compilation of two
decades. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(16): 17213–17221. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6064.12.16.17213-17221
Copyright: © Sharma & Dhakad 2020. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Tiger Watch.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Satish Kumar Sharma, an expert on Rajasthan
biodiversity, he retired as Assistant Conservator of Forests, with Doctorate on
“Weaver birds and Plant relationship” and another on “Biodiversity of Phulwari
Sanctuary”. He has authored more then 600 research and popular articles and 10
books. Meenu Dhakad is
working with Tiger Watch as a conservation biologist after completing her
Master’s degree in the conservation of biodiversity. She is passionately
involved with conservation education, research, and community in the Ranthambhore to conserve wildlife. She has been part of
various research projects of Rajasthan Forest Department.
Author contribution: Satish
Kumar Sharma—data collection and paper writing. Meenu
Dhakad—data collection, paper writing and Map making.
Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the
Forest Department of Rajasthan for providing necessary facilities to carry out
the present study. The authors also
express their heartfelt gratitude to Dharmendra Khandal,
Raza H. Tehsin, Rahul Bhatnagar, T. Mohanraj, Balaji Kari, Savita Dahiya, Sudarashan
Sharma and Parbat Singh Champawat for help, sharing
information and discussions. Thanks are also due to Tiger Watch, Iskander Lalljee, Jaisal Singh, Ashutosh Mahadevia,
Ishan Dhar and the Village Wildlife Volunteers for providing facilities and
sharing information.
Abstract: In Rajasthan, the presence of the
Rusty-spotted Cat Prionailurus rubiginosus was first reported in 1994 in Udaipur
District, the southernmost district of Rajasthan. Since then, it was also recorded in four more
districts scattered over an area of about 86,205km2. We compiled information about the occurrence
of the Rusty-spotted Cat in Rajasthan based on direct sightings, road kills,
rescued kittens, and camera trap images.
Our data set shows that the Rusty-spotted Cat is also present in eight
more districts of Rajasthan that form part of the Aravalli Hills and Vindhyan Hills in the semi-arid zone of eastern
Rajasthan. The area encompassed by these
records amounts to 71,586km2.
Kittens were rescued in six instances.
Adult cats were recorded in 45 instances including 41 live cats and four
roadkills. Ten
adult live Rusty-spotted Cats were sighted in the mornings, and 31 were
recorded after dark between late evenings and early mornings. They were recorded in eight habitat types
including foremost thorny and dry deciduous forests, but also ravines and
agricultural fields adjacent to forests, and in forest patches in the vicinity
of human settlements. The preservation
of forests is of utmost importance for the long-term viability of the
Rusty-spotted Cat. We strongly recommend
surveys outside protected areas to determine the connectivity between
Rusty-spotted Cat population units in Rajasthan.
Keywords: Aravalli Hills, camera
trapping, distribution, sightings, small wild cat, Vindhyan
Hills.
Introduction
The
Rusty-spotted Cat Prionailurus rubiginosus is native to India, Sri Lanka, and southern
Nepal (Pocock 1939; Nowell & Jackson 1996; Prater 1998; Kittle & Watson
2004; Appel 2016; Lamichhane et al. 2016). Across its range, it is closely associated
with forest habitats (Nowell & Jackson 1996; Mukherjee 1998; Patel 2006;
Appel 2016; Lamichhane et al. 2016; Nimalrathna et al. 2019; Bora et al. 2020; Chatterjee et
al. 2020). Since 2016, it is listed as
Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Mukherjee et al.
2016). For decades, the knowledge about
its distribution was based on anecdotal sightings in Jammu & Kashmir
(Chakraborty 1978), Madhya Pradesh (Digveerendrasingh
1995), Odisha (Acharjyo et al. 1997), Maharashtra
(Dubey 1999; Athreya 2010), Gujarat (Digveerendrasingh 1987; Pathak 1990; Singh 1998; Chavan et
al. 1999), Rajasthan (Tehsin 1994; Sharma 2007),
Karnataka (Kumara & Singh 2007), Tamil Nadu
(Pillay 2008), and Andhra Pradesh (Manakadan &
Sivakumar 2006; Behera 2008). Since
camera traps are widely used in wildlife surveys, it was photographed in
multiple locations in Uttar Pradesh (Anwar et al. 2010, 2012), Haryana (Ghaskabdi et al. 2016), Chhattisgarh (Basak
et al. 2018), and Punjab (Kanwar & Lomis 2020).
In
Rajasthan, the Rusty-spotted Cat was first reported in the outskirts of Udaipur
City, where an individual was killed on a road passing through a forest patch (Tehsin 1994; Sharma 1999).
Several sightings in subsequent years confirmed its presence in the
vicinity of Udaipur (Bhatnagar et al. 2000; Sharma et al. 2006; Sharma
2007). Rusty-spotted Cats were also
sighted in two tiger reserves of the state, namely Sariska
(Sharma 1998; Mukherjee 1998, 2013) and Ranthambhore
(Reddy 2002; Verma 2008; Khandal
& Khandal 2015) in Alwar and Sawai
Madhopur Districts, respectively. A road kill was reported in Bundi District (Nayak et al. 2017), and sightings in Bharatpur District (Singh et al. 2017).
Large
forest tracts in India lie outside protected areas and are subject to
conversion for other land uses, a development that negatively impacts the
Rusty-spotted Cat population in the country (Mukherjee et al. 2016). To conserve vital forest habitat in
Rajasthan, it is important to understand how well the Rusty-spotted Cat is
established throughout the state; however, nothing is known to date about its
presence in other districts of the state.
We address this knowledge gap by providing new information about the
occurrence of Rusty-spotted Cat across Rajasthan. Our collation consists of direct sightings,
road kills, rescues and camera trap records obtained between August 2000 and
March 2020.
Study area
Rajasthan is the largest
state in India, with an area of 342,239km2 in the north-western part
of the country (Roy & Jakhar 2002). In the north-west, Rajasthan is bordered by
Pakistan, in the north and north-east by the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana
and Uttar Pradesh, in the east by Madhya Pradesh and in the south by Gujarat
(Roy & Jakhar 2002). The most striking geological feature of
Rajasthan is the Aravalli Hills, spanning at least 2,500 million years of the
Earth’s history (Roy & Purohit 2015).
The Aravalli Hills intersect Rajasthan from north-west to south-east
over about 800km and are bounded by the Thar Desert in the west and the Vindhyan Plateau in the east (Roy & Jakhar
2002). The average elevation of the
Aravalli Hills is 550–670 m, with the highest peak rising to 1,722m (Roy & Jakhar 2002). The
main forest types in Rajasthan are dry deciduous forest covering 12,850km2,
thorn forest in 2,536.5km2, dry savannah in 593.5km2 and
broad-leaved hill forest in 153.8km2 (Krishna & Reddy
2012). Forests are classified into three
categories, viz., reserve forest, protected forest, and un-classed forest as
per provisions of Rajasthan Forest Act, 1953 (Government of Rajasthan 1953). Sariska, Ranthambhore, and Mukundara Hills
National Parks are managed under Project Tiger (Bhardwaj & Sharma 2013;
Singh & Reddy 2016). Except Desert
National Park and Tal Chhapar, all the other
protected areas of the state are either confined to the Aravalli Hills or east
of this hill range (Sharma 2006).
While pursuing the study,
a particular focus was given to Udaipur’s surrounding districts, where the
Rusty-spotted Cat was first observed, namely Rajasmand,
Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh,
Pali, Sirohi, Chittorgarh,
and Bhilwara.
The northern and central
Aravalli Hills from Alwar to Ajmer Districts have Anogeissus
pendula, Acacia senegal, and Acacia
catechu forests on hilly slopes, while Boswellia
serrata forests are confined towards upper
reaches (Champion & Seth 1968; Mathur 1996; Sharma & Koli 2014). Patches
of thorny forest and Euphorbia caducifolia
bushes are present in drier areas (Champion & Seth 1968; Mathur 1996;
Bhandari 1990; Sharma 2011). The
southern Aravalli Hills support mostly mixed forests, Teak Tectona
grandis forests, Anogeissus
latifolia forests and dry bamboo breaks (Champion
& Seth 1968; Mathur 1996; Sharma 2011).
Butea monosperma forests are confined
to foothills (Champion & Seth 1968; Mathur 1996; Sharma 2011). Anogeissus
pendula and Acacia catechu forests are also present in the Vindhyan Hills (Champion & Seth 1968; Mathur 1996).
The climate in the Thar
Desert of western Rajasthan is characterized by extreme temperatures and
drought with cold winters and freezing temperatures (Bhandari 1990). January is the coldest month with average
mean temperatures ranging from 12°C to 17°C (Sharma & Tiagi
1979). Mean monthly temperatures in
April to June vary from 34–40°C in the west of the Aravalli Hills to 28–32°C in
the south (Sharma & Tiagi 1979; Shetty &
Singh 1987). Diurnal temperatures rise
to 32°–47°C in May and June, which are the hottest months (Sharma & Tiagi 1979). The
south-east Asian monsoon brings rain during the months of June to September
(Prakash et al. 2015), varying from 100–400mm in the west (Bhandari 1990;
Sharma 2011) to over 1,300mm in the east (Prakash et al. 2015). Mount Abu in the southwestern part of the
Aravalli Hills is the only hill station of the state, and receives a maximum
rainfall of 700–1,250 mm per year (Bhandari 1990; Shetty & Singh1987;
Sharma 2002).
Material and methods
Opportunistic and
sometimes planned surveys were conducted across Rajasthan from 2000 to 2020: to
collect the data related to occurrence of the species, the following methods
were adopted; direct sightings, rescue, road kill, and camera trap
records. The first author was an officer
of the Rajasthan Forest Department and worked in various districts. Whenever a Rusty-spotted Cat was encountered
during patrolling and routine duties, notes were made about the date and time,
location, surrounding habitat, sex of the individual, and its activity at the
time of sighting. Camera trap records
include those obtained by the Rajasthan Forest Department and by Tiger Watch,
an organisation that has been working in Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve since 1997. Tiger Watch runs a program called Village
Wildlife Volunteers (VWV) in collaboration with the Rajasthan Forest
Department. VWV have been installing Cuddeback Attack camera traps in the peripheral
areas of the reserve since 2015. The
camera traps are mounted at 45–50 cm above ground on trees or poles along mud
roads, animal trails and dry stream beds at a distance of 1–1.5 km between
locations. All locations are situated in
forest, grassland and ravine habitats.
They are active only by night for 12 hours and are set to trigger images
with a minimum delay of five seconds.
VWV check them daily to download data, ensure proper functioning and
replace drained batteries. The
coordinates of locations are determined using a Garmin eTrex
device. Until April 2020, camera traps
were deployed at 200 locations in an area of 2,000km2 amounting to
79,310 camera trap nights.
We defined three age
groups, namely kittens with closed eyes (I1), kitten with eyes opened (I2), and
adults (A). When possible, we measured
body length from snout to vent (BL), tail length from anus to tip of the tail
(TL) and weight (Wt) of rescued cats, and determined
their sex as female (F) or male (M) by close observation of their external sex
organs. The sex identification of
directly sighted and photographed animals remained unknown (UN).
Results
We report 51 records of
the Rusty-spotted Cat in 30 locations across 13 districts of Rajasthan (Fig 1;
Table 1). These records comprise 21
direct sightings (41.18% of all records), 20 camera trap images (39.22%), six
rescues (11.76%) and four road kills (7.84%).
The cats were recorded in thorny and dry deciduous forest at 17
locations (56.67% of all), and in the outskirts of human settlements at five
locations (16.67%). Two locations
(6.67%) were in ravines and two (6.67%) in agricultural fields adjoining forest
areas. One each was in Teak forest,
broad-leaved semi-evergreen hill forest, a fruit orchard and a public park in a
densely populated human habitation (3.33% respectively). The area encompassed by the 30 locations of
these records amounts to 71,586km2.
Kittens were rescued in
six instances (11.8% of all records), all of them in the mornings. Adult cats were recorded in 45 instances
(88.2%), including 41 live cats (80.4%) and four found killed on roads
(7.8%). The live adult cats were
recorded by day between 06.09h and 11.56h in 10 instances (24.4% of all live
cats) and after dark between 19.00h and 05.29h in 31 instances (75.6%).
Discussion
Our compilation of records
shows that the Rusty-spotted Cat inhabits thorny and dry deciduous forest
tracts in the Aravalli and Vindhyan Hills from the
districts of Jaipur in the north to Banswara in the
very south. We did not learn of any
sightings in Thar Desert to the west of the Aravalli Hills, although the first
author used to work there. It is neither
included in the faunal list of the Thar Desert (Prakash 1963, 1964). We therefore assume that it is absent in this
part of Rajasthan due to the arid climate with sand dunes and sparse
vegetation. However, we think it possible that it may be recorded in future in
this area as the habitat is expected to change from xeric to mesic due to the
construction of the Indira Gandhi Canal (Prakash 1986; Chandrakasan
et al. 2010).
We did not learn of any
records in the districts of Dausa, Tonk, Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Baran, and Jhalawar in the east of the Aravalli
Hills, despite the presence of dry deciduous forest. Rajsamand, Baran,
and Jhalawar have protected forests, whereas forests in Dausa,
Tonk, and Bhilwara are not
protected. To date, no camera trapping
survey was carried out in these forests.
In view of our records of the Rusty-spotted Cat in thorny and dry
deciduous forests in other parts of the Aravalli and Vindhyan
Hills, we consider it likely that it will be recorded there as well in future
surveys.
Most
of the adult cats were recorded after dark, confirming the foremost nocturnal
activity of the Rusty-spotted Cat observed in other study areas (Mukherjee
1998; Chavan et al. 1999; Kittle & Watson 2004; Kumara
& Singh 2007; Patel 2006; Anwar et al. 2010, 2012; Vyas & Upadhyay
2014; Aditya & Ganesh 2016; Ghaskadbi et al.
2016; Lamichhane et al. 2016; Basak
et al. 2018). Cats sighted at night in Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jhalana
Leopard Safari Park and Ranthambhore National Park,
however, were resting, either sitting or walking on boundary and parapet
walls. On one occasion, both
Rusty-spotted Cat and Leopard were observed sitting on the same parapet
wall at a distance of only 50m from each other.
This observation was made in the rainy season when the ground was
covered with thick and tall grasses, which may hinder the cat’s vision on the
ground. On one occasion, the cat was
observed on Ronjh trees Acacia leucophloea
and other thorny tree species. Ronjh is a thorny 6–8
m high tree with sharp stipular spines up to 3.5cm
long (Shetty & Singh 1987). Despite
the presence of spines on stem and branches, the cat was observed comfortably
perched on a branch. These observations
were in concurrence with the cat’s semi-arboreal behaviour (Nowell &
Jackson 1996; Kumara & Singh 2007; Vasava et al. 2012; Mukherjee & Koparde
2014), and preference for dense forest cover (Bora et al. 2020; Chatterjee et
al. 2020).
We found nine kittens
between July and November, indicating that females give birth in the warm
season. Females under captive conditions also gave birth in January, April, and
July to October (Dmoch 1997).
We found four
Rusty-spotted Cats killed on roads in 20 years.
Increased road networks and vehicular traffic may pose a threat, as road
kills were also observed in other areas (Digveerendrasingh
1995; Dubey 1999; Behera 2008; Vyas & Upadhyay 2014; Adhikari et al.
2019). Especially at night, the cat was
observed to venture on roads to scavenge on roadkills,
which increases the risk of getting hit by vehicles. Significant preventive measures are required
to prevent the Rusty-spotted Cat from falling victim to road accidents. Patrolling staff should be trained to check
incidents of roadkills and dumped cattle carcasses
and remove them from roads passing through forests. Other measures like proper waste disposal
system from roadside hotels and small roadside food restaurants, provisions of
culverts and underpasses at intervals on highways, water hole facilities away from
the roads, and speed signs for drivers, may prevent roadkills
of not just Rusty-spotted Cat but also of many other species crossing roads.
The Forest Department
should initiate training for staff to identify the Rusty-spotted Cat correctly,
so that sighting data can be compiled and reported in future. Intensive camera trap studies are needed in
other districts and forests of the state to determine the connectivity between
population units in Rajasthan. In view
of loss and fragmentation of habitat being the most serious threat to the
Rusty-spotted Cat (Mukherjee et al. 2016), it is imperative to preserve forest
tracts. To date, little is known about
the Rusty-spotted Cat’s movement pattern, reproduction and diet in the wild. In-depth studies on these aspects of the
Rusty-spotted Cat’s ecology are essential to promote adequate conservation
measures.
Table 1. Records of the Rusty-spotted Cat based on
direct sighting (D), camera trap image (C), rescue (R), road kill (K) in
Rajasthan. Numbers in the table
correspond to numbers in Figure 1.
|
No. on map |
Date and time |
Type of record |
Age and sex |
Location |
Habitat at location |
Activity of the cat at the time of observation |
|
Udaipur District |
||||||
|
1 |
19.viii.2000, 15.00h |
D |
A, M |
Foothills of Thur Magra
forest block, Udaipur East Forest Range near Fateh Sagar
Lake |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest dominated by Acacia senegal, A. leucophloea
and Boswellia serrata |
It was injured and sick. It was captured, kept in Gulab Bagh Zoo,
treated and released on 25.viii.2000 in the same habitat. |
|
2 |
10.xi.2007, 08.30h |
R |
I2, F BL 21cm, TL 9cm |
Gorella village near
Udaipur City |
Fruit orchard amidst a hilly forest |
The kitten was wailing continuously |
|
3 |
16.iii.2008, 20.00h |
D |
A, UN |
Foothills of Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest |
A single individual sitting on a 0.60m high boundary parapet wall of
the sanctuary |
|
1.vii.2008, 19.00h |
D |
A, UN |
A single individual crossed the road |
|||
|
2.viii.2008, 22.00h |
D |
A, UN |
A single individual was sitting on a 0.60m high boundary parapet wall |
|||
|
22.viii.2008, 21.00h |
D |
A, UN |
A single individual walked on the road near the sanctuary |
|||
|
5.xii.2008, 23.00h |
D |
A, UN |
A single individual at a carcass dump in outskirts of Sajjangarh Wildlife Sanctuary |
|||
|
7.vi.2009, 20.00h |
D |
A, UN |
A single individual fed on a trampled Calotes
versicolor on the road near sanctuary |
|||
|
30.viii.2011, 20.30h |
D |
A, UN |
A single individual and a Leopard P. pardus
were sitting on the same boundary wall of the forest at a distance of
only 50m from each other |
|||
|
13.iii.2014, 21.00h |
D |
A, F |
A single individual was sitting on a 0.60m high boundary parapet wall
of the sanctuary |
|||
|
4 |
18.iv.2008, 16.00h |
K |
A, F |
Near village Surana on Ubheshwar – Jhadol road |
Agriculture fields adjacent to forest areas |
Roadkill |
|
5 |
14.x.2008, 19.35h |
D |
A, UN |
Eastern part of Sajjangarh Wildlife
Sanctuary |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest dominated by Boswellia
serreta |
A single individual sitting on the boundary wall of the sanctuary |
|
7.i.2009, 20.00h |
||||||
|
17.iii.2009, 21.45h |
||||||
|
16.vi.2009, 21.45h |
||||||
|
6 |
11.ii.2009, 19.45h |
D |
A, UN |
Gulab Bagh, Udaipur |
Public park inside densely populated human habitation |
A single individual crossed the road and climbed a Cassia fistula
tree. Several sightings in the zoo premises |
|
7 |
13.ix.2009, 08.00h |
K |
A, F |
Chunaveri Kaler Forest Block, near village Gorela |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest dominated by Acacia senegal, A. leucophloea,
A. catechu, Ziziphus nummularia and Boswellia
serrata |
A road kill on Ubeshwar road. During post
mortem, a full developed female embryo was found in the uterus |
|
8 |
5.v.2010, 20.00h |
D |
A, UN |
Tirol Village near Dhol-Kamol, Tehsil Gogunda |
Outskirts of human habitation |
A single individual in a fallow agricultural field |
|
9 |
3.iii.2014, 08.00h |
D |
A, F |
Foothills of Thur Magra
forest block, Udaipur Forest Range near Fateh Sagar
Lake |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest dominated by Acacia senegal, A. leucophloea
and Boswellia serrata |
A single individual crossed the road. The stretch of road is generally
busy with sharp curves, often prone to accidents |
|
Pali District |
||||||
|
10 |
19.viii.2012, 08.30h |
K |
A, UN |
Sumerpur |
Outskirts of human habitation |
Roadkill observed by Parbat Singh Champawat,
Forest Range Officer, pers. comm. 19.viii.2012 |
|
11 |
19.iv.2016, 20.30h |
D |
A, UN |
Dudni village, near Jawai Dam |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest dominated by Prosopis juliflora |
An individual crossed the road, photographed by Deputy Conservator of
Forests Balaji Kari |
|
Banswara District |
||||||
|
12 |
19.xi.2010, 08.30h |
R |
I2, M, F |
Bhagtol Forest Block,
Range Ghatol |
Teak forest |
Two wailing kittens in the forest without mother in sight. After
waiting the whole day for their mother to return, the forest staff eventually
rescued and fostered the kittens. One died on 21.xi.2010 and another on
25.xi.2010 |
|
Chittaurgarh District |
||||||
|
13 |
15.ix.2013, 09.00h |
R |
I1, F BL 14.5cm, TL
5.5cm, Wt. 96g |
Chittaurgarh |
Outskirts of human habitation |
One abandoned wailing kitten was found in the outskirts of the city |
|
Pratapgarh District |
||||||
|
14 |
22.x.2014, 10.00h |
R |
I2, UN |
Arnod |
Agriculture fields adjoining forest |
Two abandoned wailing kittens sighted by Forest Department staff |
|
Sirohi District |
||||||
|
15 |
31.vii.2015, 10.00h |
R |
I2, UN |
Sirohi |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest dominated by Acacia senagal and Anogeissus
pendula |
An abandoned kitten brought to Udaipur zoo |
|
16 |
1.xii.2018, 21.00h |
C |
A, UN |
Mount Abu |
Broad-leaved semi-evergreen hill forest |
10 camera trap photos |
|
Ajmer District |
||||||
|
17 |
30.vii.2016, 11.00h |
R |
I2, UN |
Beawar |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest dominated by Acacia senegal |
Two abandoned wailing kitten sighted by the forest staff |
|
Kota District |
||||||
|
18 |
11.x.2019, 06.19h |
C |
A, UN |
Mashalpur forest block, Mukundara Hills National Park |
Thorny and dry-deciduous forest |
An individual recorded (T. Mohanraj pers.
comm. 15.iii.2020) |
|
Sawai Madhopur District |
||||||
|
19 |
8.v.2013, 20.30h |
D |
A, UN |
Near Bodal Village |
Outskirts of human habitation |
An individual crossed the road and climbed an Acacia leucophloea tree (Dharmendra Khandal
pers. comm. 15.iii.2020) |
|
20 |
16.xii.2014, 20.30h |
D |
A, UN |
On the periphery of Ranthambore National
Park near helipad |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest dominated by Anogeissus
pendula |
An individual appeared to be searching for food, climbed a tree after
being noticed (Dharmendra Khandal pers. comm.
15.iii.2020) |
|
21 |
24.v.2015, 11.18h |
C |
A, UN |
Amalideh near Banas River |
Ravines |
An individual recorded by camera trap |
|
22 |
21.xi.2019, 05.10h |
C |
A, UN |
Talda Village |
Ravines |
An individual recorded by camera trap |
|
23 |
11.i.2020, 20.30h |
D |
A, UN |
Ranthambhore National Park near
helipad |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest dominated by Anogeissus
pendula |
A single individual was sitting on boundary wall of the park
(Dharmendra Khandal pers. comm. 15.iii.2020) |
|
Bundi District |
||||||
|
24 |
20.ii.2019, 04.52h |
C |
A, UN |
Near a perennial water source in Sakhawada
area |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest dominated by Anogeissus
pendula, Acacia, Grewia tenax |
An individual recorded by camera trap |
|
Jaipur District |
||||||
|
25 |
14.x.2018, 05.29h |
C |
A, UN |
Jhalana Leopard Safari
Park |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest dominated by A. pendula |
An individual recorded by camera trap (Shri Sudarshan Sharma, Deputy
Forest Officer, Wildlife, Jaipur, pers. comm. 15.iii.2020) (Image 1) |
|
26 |
27.x.2019, 15.00h |
K |
A, UN |
Jhalana |
Outskirts of human habitation |
Roadkill observed by Nirav Bhatt pers. comm. 15.iii.2020 (Image 2) |
|
Karauli District |
||||||
|
27 |
6.iii.2016, 20.30h |
D |
A, UN |
Near Marmda ghati,
Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest with sparse A. pendula |
An individual crossed the road and climbed a tree |
|
28 |
28.xi.2017, 11.56h |
C |
A, UN |
Khaadka Ughena, KWS |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest ~ 200m away from a seasonal stream |
An individual recorded by camera trap (Image 3) |
|
15.xi.2018, 06.09h |
C |
A, UN |
||||
|
29.iii.2019, 11.00h |
C |
A, UN |
||||
|
3.iv.2019, 01.33h |
C |
A, UN |
||||
|
11.v.2019, 11.43h |
C |
A, UN |
||||
|
3.vi.2019, 03.32h |
C |
A, UN |
||||
|
7.x.2019, 04.57h |
C |
A, UN |
||||
|
28.x.2019, 02.00h |
C |
A, UN |
||||
|
1.xi.2019, 08.53h |
C |
A, UN |
||||
|
7.xii.2019, 02.50h |
C |
A, UN |
||||
|
23.iii.2020, 09.32h |
C |
A, UN |
||||
|
29 |
4.i.2020, 01.52h |
C |
A, UN |
Tipkan ghati in KWS |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest dominated by A. pendula |
An individual recorded by camera trap |
|
5.i.2020, 02.21h |
C |
A, UN |
||||
|
Dholpur District |
||||||
|
30 |
20.ii.2020, 03.55h |
C |
A, UN |
Dhamoh Khoh, near Sarmathura |
Thorny and dry deciduous forest with Capparis
decidua, Boswellia serrata, Butea monosperma,
~ 100m away from a stream |
An individual recorded by camera trap |
For
figure & images - - click here
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