Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2021 | 13(6): 18618–18623
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6029.13.6.18618-18623
#6029 | Received 21 April 2020 | Final
received 30 June 2020 | Finally accepted 15 May 2021
A new fish species of genus Garra (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Nagaland, India
Sophiya Ezung
1, Bungdon Shangningam
2 & Pranay Punj Pankaj 3
1,3 Department of Zoology, Nagaland
University, Headquarters: Lumami, Nagaland 798627,
India.
2 Freshwater Fish Section,
Zoological Survey of India, 27 J.L. Nehru Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700016,
India.
1 sophiezung@gmail.com, 2 bdshangningam@gmail.com,
3 pranaypunj@gmail.com (corresponding author)
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:418DD67B-7207-4A2E-ADFF-CECB218FAF64
Editor: Anonymity
requested. Date of publication:
26 May 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Ezung,
S., B. Shangningam & P.P. Pankaj (2021). A new fish species of genus Garra (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Nagaland, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(6): 18618–18623. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6029.13.6.18618-18623
Copyright: © Ezung
et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: (a) University Grants Commission, New Delhi; (b) ZoologicalSurvey
of India,
Ministry of Environment Forest
and Climate Change,Government of India.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We are grateful to Kailash
Chandra (ZSI) for permission to
undertake the present study and to Waikhom
Vishwanath, Manipur University for permission to examine type specimens under
his care. We thanked Laishram Kosygin (ZSI) for
support and encouragement. The first author (SE) is grateful to the University
Grants Commission, New Delhi for financial assistance for the award of UGC
Non-NET fellowship, Nagaland University. The second author (BS) is thankful to
Zoological Survey of India, Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change,
Government of India for the
Post-Doctoral Fellowship.
Abstract: A species of the genus Garra is described from the Langlung
River, Brahmaputra basin, Nagaland, India.
The new species is distinguished from its congeners in having
weakly-developed unilobed proboscis, a distinct transverse lobe with 8–12 small
sized unicuspid acanthoid tubercles, 30–32 lateral
line scales, and 13–15 circumpeduncular scales.
Keywords: Garra langlungensis
sp. nov., new species, northeastern
India.
The members of the labeonine genus Garra Hamilton, 1822 are elongated fish that live in
torrential rivers and streams. They are
widely distributed from Sub-Saharan Africa to Borneo through the Arabian
Peninsula, southern Asia, and southern China (Zhang & Chen 2002). The species of Garra
are diagnosed by the presence of a labial fold forming a gular disc that
displays variations in the snout (Kottelat
2020). Nebeshwar
& Vishwanath (2017) divided the genus found in southern and southeastern Asia into five groups based on snout
morphology: smooth, transverse lobe, proboscis, rostral flap, and the rostral
lobe.
The Langlung River, also known as Atu
Ghoki (meaning-stone River) is an important tributary
of Dhansiri River in Nagaland. It originates near New Jalukie,
Peren District and flows through Zutovi
Village, Dimapur, and joins with Dhansiri
River and finally confluences into the Brahmaputra. The river forms an ideal habitat for Garra.
There are no prior reports of ichthyological explorations of this river.
A field survey in the Langlung River, a
tributary of Brahmaputra drainage in Nagaland, India included the collection of
seven undescribed Garra with a
weakly-developed proboscis and a transverse lobe on the snout. The present paper deals with the formal
description of this species as Garra langlungensis sp. nov.
Material
and Methods
Samples were
fixed in 10% formaldehyde and then kept in 70% ethanol. All measurements were made using digital
callipers, point to point on the left side of the specimen closest to 0.1mm. Counts, measurements and terminology follow Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013). Gular disc terminology follows (Kottelat 2020).
Dorsal and anal fin rays follow Kottelat
(2001). Lateral line scales were counted
from the anterior-most scale in contact with the shoulder girdle to the
posterior-most scale on the caudal fin.
Fin rays and number of scales were counted using Huvitz
stereo zoom microscope. Numbers in
parentheses following meristic data indicate the number of specimens with that
count. Head length and measurements of
body are expressed in percentage of standard length (%SL); pelvic-anal distance
in the percentage of vent-anal distance; subunits of the head in the percentage
of head length (%HL); caudal peduncle depth in the percent of caudal peduncle
length. Examined specimens are deposited
in the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Kolkata.
Results
Garra langlungensis sp. nov.
(Images 1
& 2)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4C8A5C5E-0093-4BDA-B269-A72C833C0849
Holotype: ZSI FF7152, 13.i.2017, 54.9mm SL, India, Nagaland, Langlung River near Zutovi
Village, Dimapur District, Brahmaputra Basin; 25.7160N,
93.6500E, collected by Ezung et al.
Paratypes: ZSI FF 8859, 6 exs, 54.8–70.2 mm
SL, same data as holotype.
Diagnosis
Garra langlungensis sp. nov.,
a member of the snout with proboscis species group, can be distinguished from
other members of this group in having the following combination of characters:
weakly-developed unilobed proboscis, a distinct transverse lobe with 8–12 small
sized unicuspid acanthoid tubercles, 8–9 pre-dorsal
scales, 30–32 lateral line scales and 13–15 circumpeduncular
scales. Vent closed to the anal-fin
origin than pelvic-fin origin.
Description
Table 1 depicts morphometric and meristic data. Body elongate, laterally compressed, more
towards the caudal peduncle. Dorsal head
profile rising gently over the snout, slightly convex, more or less continuous
with dorsal body profile to dorsal-fin origin, then gently sloping towards
caudal peduncle. Ventral profile from
head to chest straight and profile from chest to anal-fin origin more or less
convex. Head moderately large, depressed
with slightly convex inter-orbital area; height less than length; width greater
than height. Eyes dorso-laterally
located, closer to posterior margin of opercle than
to snout tip.
Snout
rounded, with a distinct transverse lobe covered with 8–12 small-sized unicuspid acanthoid tubercles, demarcated posteriorly by a
narrow moderately deep transverse groove.
Proboscis weakly developed, unilobed with small tubercles on its margin
(Image 2). Barbels
two pairs; rostral barbel anteroventrally located,
shorter than eye diameter; maxillary barbel at the
corner of the mouth, shorter than rostral barbel. Rostral cap well–developed, its distal margin
highly fimbriate, papillate ventral surface moderately wide; separated from
upper jaw by deep groove and laterally continuous with the lower lip. Upper jaw entirely covered by the rostral
cap. Disc elliptical, shorter than wide
and narrower than head width through roots of maxillary barbel;
labellum of lower lip distinct; torus well developed with papillae, not covered
by the rostral cap; toral groove between the
posterior torus and pulvinus deep; papillae on inner half of the whole length
of labrum larger and coarsely arranged; anterior
marginal surface of pulvinus with coarsely arranged fleshy papillae; posterior
most margin of labrum extending vertical to eye.
Dorsal fin
with two simple and 8½ branched rays; distal margin concave; origin nearer to
snout tip than to caudal-fin base, inserted anterior to vertical through
pelvic-fin origin. Pectoral fin with 1
simple and 11 (4) or 12 (3) branched rays, reaching beyond midway to pelvic-fin
origin; margin subacuminate. Pelvic fin with 1 simple and 7½ branched
rays; second branched ray longest, reaching beyond midway to anal-fin origin,
surpassing anus; origin closer to anal-fin origin than to pectoral-fin
origin. Anal fin with 2 simple and 5½
branched rays; first branched ray longest, not reaching base of caudal fin;
distal posterior margin slightly concave, origin closer to caudal-fin base than
to pelvic-fin origin. Vent closer to the
anal-fin origin than to pelvic-fin origin.
Caudal fin forked with 10+9 principal caudal rays; upper lobe slightly
longer; tip of lobes pointed.
Lateral line
complete, scales along lateral line 28 (3), 29 (2) or 30 (2) + 2 (7) on
caudal-fin base. Transverse scale rows
above lateral line scale 3½ (7); between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3
(7); between the lateral line to anal-fin origin 3½ (7). Circumpeduncular
scales 13 (3), 14 (2) or 15 (2).
Pre-dorsal scales 8 (4) or 9 (3); scales regularly arranged. Chest and belly with well-developed
scales. One long axillary scale at the
base of the pelvic fin, its tip reaching the posterior end of pelvic-fin
origin. Dorsal-fin base scales 7 of
which last three to four connected to the base of the dorsal fin. Anal-fin base scales 4 of which last three to
four connected to the base of the anal fin. Scales between the vent and anal-fin origin 2
(3) or 3 (4).
Coloration: In fresh
specimens, head and body greenish-brown dorsally and laterally. Mouth, chest and abdomen white. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal and caudal
fins orange yellowish, fin rays moderately spotted. In preservative, head, dorsal and lateral
side dark grey. Mouth, chest and abdomen
yellowish white. A black spot at upper
angle of gill opening. Dorsal, pectoral,
and pelvic fins with thin melanophores.
Anal and caudal fins greyish-yellow.
Six narrow black stripes on lateral side more prominent towards caudal
peduncle. Median rays and tips of upper
and lower lobe of caudal fin dark brown.
Etymology: Named after
its type locality, Langlung River.
Distribution:
Garra langlungensis is known only from the type
locality, Langlung River near Zutovi
Village, Dimapur District, Nagaland, India (Image 3,
Figure 1).
Discussion
There are currently 32 valid species of Garra
belonging to the members of snout with proboscis species group of Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2017). Garra langlungensis belongs to the proboscis species group,
and is compared with its congeners of the group, viz., Garra
dengba Deng et al., 2018, G. kalpangi Nebeshwar et al.,
2012, G. gravelyi Annandale, 1919, G. bimaculacauda Thoni et al.,
2016, G. clavirostris Roni et al., 2017, G.
kangrae Prashad, 1919,
G. montisalsi Hora, 1921, G. parastenorhynchus Thoni et
al., 2016, G. simbalbaraensis Rath et al., 2019, G. stenorhynchus
Jerdon, 1849, G. substrictorostris
Roni & Vishwanath, 2018, G. arunachalensis
Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2013, G. biloborostris Roni & Vishwanath, 2017, G. birostris Nebeshwar &
Vishwanath, 2013, G. bispinosa Zhang, 2005,
G. chindwinensis Premananda
et al., 2017, G. cornigera Shangningam
& Vishwanath, 2015, G. gotyla Gray, 1830, G. litanansis
Vishwanath, 1993, G. motuoensis Gong et al.,
2018, G. quadratirostris Nebeshwar
& Vishwanath, 2013, G. qiaojiensis Wu,
1977, G. rotundinasus Zhang, 2006, G. yajiangensis Gong et al., 2018, G. bicornuta Rao, 1920, G. koladynensis
Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2017, G. nasuta M’Clelland, 1838,
G. paratrilobata Roni et al., 2019, G. surgifrons Sun et al., 2018, G. tamangi
Gurumayum & Kosygin, 2016, and G. trilobata Shangningam &
Vishwanath, 2015.
Garra langlungensis is
distinguished from G. dengba in having fewer
pre-dorsal scales (8–9 vs. 14–16), fewer lateral-line scales (30–32 vs. 42–44),
more branched anal-fin rays (5½ vs. 4), branched dorsal-fin rays (8½ vs. 6),
more circumpeduncular scales (13–15 vs. 12) and shorter
disc width (46–54 vs. 57–73%HL). It
differs from Garra kalpangi
in the absence (vs. presence) of black spot at the base of branched
dorsal-fin rays, fewer pre-dorsal scales (8–9 vs. 10–11), fewer transverse row
below lateral line (3 vs. 3½–4), fewer circumpeduncular
scales (13–15 vs. 16), longer pulvinus length (5.7–6.6 vs. 4.8–5.5 %SL) and
greater pulvinus width (8.6–9.5 vs. 7.3–8.1 %SL). It differs from Garra
gravelyi in the absence (vs. presence) of black
spots along dorsal-fin base, more branched dorsal-fin rays (8½ vs. 7), fewer
branched pectoral-fin rays (11–12 vs. 14–15), fewer predorsal
scales (8–9 vs. 10–11) and more circumpeduncular
scales (13–15 vs. 12).
Garra langlungensis is
distinguished from G. bimaculacauda in the
absence (vs. presence) of two distinct black spot in the caudal fin, lesser
branched pectoral-fin rays (11–12 vs. 14), fewer pre-dorsal scales (8–9 vs.
11–12), transverse scale rows from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line (3½ vs.
6), more circumpeduncular scales (13–15 vs. 12),
shorter disc length (32–38 vs. 40–44 %HL).
It differs from G. clavirostris in
having weakly-developed proboscis (vs. clubbed proboscis), lesser branched
pectoral fin rays (11–12 vs. 14–15), transverse scale rows from dorsal origin
to lateral line (3½ vs. 5½) and smaller disc length (32–38 vs. 50−65 % HL);
from G. kangrae in having weakly-developed
proboscis (vs. prominent quadrate proboscis), fewer branched
pectoral-fin rays (11–12 vs. 15) and fewer lateral line scales (30–32 vs.
34). It differs from G. montisalsi in having weakly-developed proboscis (vs.
prominent unilobed proboscis projecting upward above the transverse lobe),
longer disc length (32–38 vs. 28 %HL), pulvinus length (21–25 vs. 18 %HL) and
pulvinus width (33–36 vs. 22 %HL).
Garra langlungensis is
distinguished from G. parastenorhynchus in
having weakly-developed proboscis (vs. club-shaped overhanging proboscis),
fewer pre-dorsal scales (8–9 vs. 10–11), circumpeduncular
scales (13–15 vs. 16), more head length (24.9–27.9 vs. 28.5–30.7 %SL), lesser
pre-anus length (66.6–69.6 vs. 70.1-74.2 %SL) and more interorbital width
(43–49 vs. 34–39 %HL). It differs from G.
simbalbaraensis in having weakly-developed
proboscis (vs. prominent unilobed rounded proboscis), fewer circumpeduncular
(13–15 vs. 16) and more pulvinus width (33–36 vs. 26–29 %HL). It differs from G. stenorhynchus
in having weakly-developed proboscis (vs. prominent quadrate proboscis) and
fewer lateral line scales (30–32 vs. 34).
It differs from G. substrictorostris in
having weakly-developed proboscis (vs. narrow antrorse unilobed proboscis),
fewer branched pectoral-fin rays (11–12 vs. 15), fewer pre-dorsal scales (8–9
vs. 10), transverse scale rows from dorsal origin to lateral line (3½ vs. 5½), circumpeduncular (13–15 vs. 16), shorter pre-anus length
(66.6–69.6 vs. 70.3–77.7 %SL), disc length (32–38 vs. 44–55 %HL) and disc width
(46– 54 vs. 53–66 %HL).
Garra langlungensis can be
differentiated from G. arunachalensis, G. biloborostris, G. birostris,
G. bispinosa, G.chindwinensis,
G. cornigera, G. gotyla,
G. litanansis, G. motuoensis,
G. quadratirostris, G. qiaojiensis,
G. rotundinasus G. yajiangensis
in having weakly-developed unilobed proboscis (vs. prominent bilobed or
slightly bilobed) proboscis on the snout.
It can be differentiated from G. bicornuta,
G. koladynensis, G. nasuta,
G. paratrilobata, G. surgifrons,
G. tamangi, and G. trilobata
in having weakly-developed unilobed (vs. prominent trilobed) proboscis on the
snout.
Comparative
material and sources
Garra arunachalensis: Data from Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013)
Garra bicornuta: Data from
Rao (1920)
Garra biloborostris: ZSI FF
7928, 2 paratypes, 69.1–75.6 mm; India, Assam, Chirang
District, Kanamakra River, Brahmaputra basin, Sewali
and Paraty.
Garra bimaculacauda: Data from Thoni et al. (2016)
Garra birostris: Data from Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013)
Garra bispinosa: Zhang
(2005)
Garra chindwinensis: ZSI FF
5906, holotype, 120mm SL, India, Manipur, Senapati District, Laniye River nearLaii, Premananda.
Garra clavirostris: ZSI FF
6062, 2 paratypes, 71.2−83.0 mm SL; India, Assam, Dima Hasao
District, DilaimaRiver at Boro
Chenam village below the confluence of Dilaima and Dihandi Brahmaputra
drainage.
Garra cornigera: ZSI FF
5995, 2 paratypes, 72.19−46.82 mm SL; India, Manipur, Ukhrul
District, Sanalok River, Chindwin basin.
Garra dengba: Data from
Deng et al. (2018)
Garra gotyla: Data from Gray (1830)
Garra gravelyi: ZSI F
9694/1, type, 60.9mm SL; Myanmar, S. Shan States, he-ho
stream, Annandale (1919)
Garra kalpangi: Data from Nebeshwar et al. (2012)
Garra kangrae: Data from Prashad (1919)
Garra koladynensis: Data from Nebeshwar &Vishwanath (2017)
Garra litanensis: Data from
Vishwanath (1993)
Garra magnacavus: Data from Shangningam et al. (2019)
Garra montisalsi: ZSI F 9953/1,
type, 100.8mm. SL; India, Punjab, Nilwan ravine near
the Shapur salt ranges.
Garra mutuoensis: Data from
Gong et al. (2018)
Garra nasuta: Data from
Menon (1964)
Garra parastenorhynchus: Data from Thoni et al. (2016)
Garra paratrilobata: Data from
Roni et al. (2019)
Garra qiaojiensis: Data from
Gong et al. (2018)
Garra quadratirostris: Data from Nebeshwar & Vishwanath (2013)
Garra rotundinasus: Data from
Zhang (2006)
Garra simbalbaraensis: ZSI FF
8003, 60.8mm SL; India: Himachal Pradesh, Sirmaur
District, Simbalbara River, Yamuna River Basin.
Garra stenorhynchus: ZSI F
9957, 64.5mm SL; India, Mysore, hillstream, Coorg,
Garra substrictorostris: Data from
Roni & Vishwanath (2018)
Garra surgifrons: Data from
Gong et al. (2018)
Garra tamangi: ZSI FF
5423, paratypes, 102.4mm SL; India, Arunachal Pradesh, Dikrong
River at Hoj, Brahmaputra drainage.
Garratrilobata: ZSI FF 5994, 2 paratypes, 95.78−119.14 mm SL;
India, Manipur, Ukhrul District, Sanalok
River.
Garra yajiangensis: Data from
Gong et al. (2018)
Table 1. Morphometric data of Garra
langlungensis sp. nov.
range includes value of holotype. n= number of specimens; SD= standard
deviation.
|
|
Garra langlungensis- (n=7 including holotype) |
|||||
|
|
holotype |
range |
mean |
SD |
||
|
Standard length (mm) |
54.9 |
54.8–70.2 |
|
|
||
|
Percent of standard length (% SL) |
||||||
|
Head length |
26.2 |
24.9–27.9 |
26.4 |
1 |
||
|
Body depth at dorsal-fin origin |
23.5 |
20.9–25.9 |
23.5 |
1.6 |
||
|
Predorsal length |
48.7 |
47.1–49.8 |
48.7 |
0.9 |
||
|
Preanus length |
67.9 |
66.6–69.6 |
67.7 |
1 |
||
|
Preanal length |
74.1 |
74.1–77.4 |
75.5 |
1.1 |
||
|
Prepectoral length |
22.4 |
21.4–22.6 |
22.1 |
0.5 |
||
|
Prepelvic length |
50.9 |
50.9–53.9 |
52 |
1 |
||
|
Dorsal-fin base length |
16.4 |
16.3–19.0 |
17.3 |
0.9 |
||
|
Dorsalfin length |
25.1 |
23.2–25.4 |
24.1 |
0.9 |
||
|
Pectoral fin length |
23.2 |
18.4–23.9 |
22.3 |
1.8 |
||
|
Pelvic fin length |
19.7 |
18.5–20.3 |
19.6 |
0.6 |
||
|
Anal-fin base length |
7.1 |
6.4–7.6 |
7 |
0.4 |
||
|
Analfin length |
19.5 |
16.9–20.1 |
19.1 |
1.1 |
||
|
Distance from vent to anal fin |
5.5 |
4.8–7.8 |
6.4 |
1.2 |
||
|
Caudal peduncle length |
16.3 |
16.3–19.8 |
18 |
1.2 |
||
|
Caudal peduncle depth |
15.2 |
14.2–15.7 |
14.8 |
0.6 |
||
|
Disc length |
8.5 |
8.5–9.8 |
9.4 |
0.5 |
||
|
Disc width |
13 |
12.5–13.7 |
13 |
0.4 |
||
|
Pulvinus length |
5.7 |
5.7–6.6 |
6.1 |
0.3 |
||
|
Pulvinus width |
9.5 |
8.6–9.5 |
9.1 |
0.3 |
||
|
Percent of pelvic-anal distance (% pelvic-anal
distance) |
||||||
|
Distance from vent to anal fin |
23 |
19–31 |
25 |
4 |
||
|
Percent of head length (% HL) |
||||||
|
Head depth at occiput |
75 |
68–77 |
72 |
3 |
||
|
Snout length |
55 |
50–56 |
53 |
1 |
||
|
Interorbital distance |
45 |
43–49 |
46 |
2 |
||
|
Eye diameter |
26 |
20–26 |
23 |
2 |
||
|
Disc length |
32 |
32–38 |
35 |
2 |
||
|
Disc width |
49 |
46–54 |
49 |
2 |
||
|
Pulvinus length |
21 |
21–25 |
23 |
1 |
||
|
Pulvinus width |
36 |
33–36 |
34 |
1 |
||
|
Percent of caudal peduncle length (%caudal peduncle
length) |
||||||
|
Caudal peduncle depth |
93 |
77–93 |
82 |
5 |
||
|
Meristic count |
||||||
|
Dorsal fin rays |
ii8½ |
ii8½ |
|
|
||
|
Pectoral fin rays |
i11 |
i11–12 |
|
|
||
|
Pelvic fin rays |
i7½ |
i7½ |
|
|
||
|
Anal fin rays |
ii5½ |
ii5½ |
|
|
||
|
Caudal fin rays |
10+9 |
10+9 |
|
|
||
|
Pre-dorsal scales |
9 |
8–9 |
|
|
||
|
Lateral line scales |
28+2 |
28–30+2 |
|
|
||
|
Transverse scales |
3½/1/3 |
3½/1/3 |
|
|
||
|
Circumpeduncular scale rows |
15 |
13–15 |
|
|
||
For
figure & images - - click here
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