Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2021 | 13(1): 17574–17579
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5889.13.1.17574-17579
#5889 | Received 23 March 2020 | Final
received 16 November 2020 | Finally accepted 29 November 2020
Is Bombus
pomorum (Panzer, 1805) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) a new bumblebee for Siberia or an indigenous
species?
Alexandr Byvaltsev
1, Svyatoslav Knyazev 2 & Anatoly Afinogenov
3
1 Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
2 Russian entomological society. Irtyshskaya Naberezhnaya 14, app.
16, Omsk 644042 Russia.
2 Altai State University, pr. Lenina 61, Barnaul, 656049, Russia.
3 Institute of Cytology and
Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt
Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
1 byvam@yandex.ru (corresponding
author), 2 konungomsk@yandex.ru, 3 a9139421391@mail.ru
Editor: Alexander B. Ruchin,
the Mordovia State Nature Reserve, Republic of Mordovia, Russia. Date
of publication: 26 January 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Byvaltsev,
A., S. Knyazev & A. Afinogenov (2021). Is Bombus
pomorum (Panzer, 1805) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) a new bumblebee for Siberia or an indigenous
species? Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(1): 17574–17579. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5889.13.1.17574-17579
Copyright: © Byvaltsev
et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We are grateful to Paul H.
Williams (Natural History Museum, London) for English language editing and two
anonymous reviewers for valuable comments.
The bumblebee fauna of Siberia
has not been well studied historically, but great progress has been made in the
last two decades (Konusova & Yanushkin
2000; Byvaltsev 2008, 2013; Knyazev et al. 2010; Kupianskaya et al. 2014; Byvaltsev
et al. 2013, 2015, 2016). These and
other data are summarized in the Annotated Catalogue of the Hymenoptera of
Russia (Levchenko et al. 2017). There are 55 species in Siberia, with 52 in
each of the western and eastern parts.
There is information about one species newly recorded for Western
Siberia – Bombus pomorum
(Panzer, 1805) previously known only from Europe, Anatolia, the Caucasus and
the Ural region.
B. pomorum
is one of three species of the pomorum-group
(formerly Rhodobombus) subgenus Thoracobombus Dalla Torre,
1840 (Williams 1998). The species can be
distinguished from the other members of
the group by its predominately brightly red coloured
metasoma. There are some colour patterns of B. mesomelas
Gerstaecker, 1869, with red hair, although in most
cases the last tergum of B. pomorum has
red hairs, whereas it has black hairs in B. mesomelas. There are three main colour
patterns of B. pomorum females, which
have been regarded as a subspecies by some authors (Özbek
2002; Rasmont et al. 2015b), but are considered here
to all be B. pomorum s. l.:
thorax and two first metosomal terga black
(nominative taxon in Western and Central Europe, western Anatolia); thorax and
first metasomal tergum yellow banded (B. uralensis Morawitz, 1881
in the territory of European Russia to Chelyabinsk); thorax and first metasomal tergum with the pale bands (B. pomorum var. canus
Schmiedeknecht, 1883 in eastern Anatolia and the
Caucasus region). Males everywhere are
usually paler than females, and the variation is not so distinct.
The previous known distribution
of B. pomorum is from Denmark, southern
Switzerland (58°N) (Løken 1973), and France (Rasmont et al. 1995), to Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions
in the east (Popov 1923), and to Greece (Olympus) (Anagnostopoulos
2005), northern Anatolia (Rasmont & Flagothier 1996), and Transcaucasia (Skhirtladze
1981; Kirkitadze & Japoshvili
2015) in the south. Only five specimens
were recorded from Britain (Kent) between 1834 and 1864 (Jeffers 2017). These could be cases of rare migration
(Alford 1975) or they could have arrived as queens hibernating in flower pots
transported from garden-plant nurseries (Williams et al. 2018). B. pomorum
is a meadow species in the steppe and forest–steppe zones and in the mountains,
with a broad range of feeding plants.
Nests are underground, frequently in small rodent holes (Skorikov 1923; Efremova 1991).
Two specimens (a queen and a
worker) of B. pomorum were
collected in the forest-steppe of the West Siberian Plain by S. Knyazev and A. Afinogenov in 2017 and 2019 respectively. Label data: queen – Russia, Omsk region, Gorkovsky District, Serebryanoe vill. [village] vic. [vicinity], 55°43’0.29”N &
74°20’21.88”E [55.717°N & 74.339°E] , 03.vi.2017, S.A. Knyazev leg.
[Knyazev private collection, Omsk, Russia]; worker – Russia, Novosibirsk
region, Agroles, 54.756°N & 83.146°E, flowerbed
with Tagetes sp., 1– 10.ix.2019, A. Afinogenov [Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk,
Russia – NSU].
The queen of B. pomorum was sent to A. Byvaltsev
by S. Knyazev with other bumblebees for determination in the winter of 2018,
but we decided not to publish this information until supported by rediscovery
of more specimens. A new worker was sent
for determination by A. Afinogenov, so we now have no
doubt about the presence of this species in Western Siberia.
Comparative material from Europe,
the Caucasus, and the Ural regions including several types of related taxa,
considered here to be part of B. pomorum
s. l., were examined in Zoological Institute RAS (St. Petersburg, Russia
– ZISP) by A. Byvaltsev: B. uralensis Morawitz, 1881
(replacement name for B. rufescens Eversmann, 1852), Fervidobombus
oreas Skorikov, 1926, F.
pomorum flavotestaceus Skorikov, 1926.
Other members of pomorum–group have
also been studied – several specimens of B. mesomelas
from Spain and Italy and numerous specimens of B. armeniacus
Radoszkowski, 1877 from different parts of its
range. The queen (Image 1a) agrees
closely in colour pattern with B. uralensis: metasomal terga
2–6 reddish, thorax and first segment of metasoma yellow, head, legs, and the
band on the thorax between wings black.
The worker specimen is paler (Image 1b) but agrees well with some
workers from the European part of Russia in the ZISP collection, including
having tergum sixth black.
The queen was collected on the
high right bank of the Irtysh river, on the southern slope of a clay cliff with
steppe meadow, where the bee was in flight (Image 2). The worker was collected visiting Tagetes sp. in the Agroles
settlement near Novosibirsk.
B. pomorum is a new record for Siberia, and
for the Omsk and Novosibirsk regions.
Thus, the bumblebee fauna of Siberia includes 56 species, with 53
species recorded for Western Siberia. B.
wurflenii Radoszkowski,
1859 and B. lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758) were
listed as “possible inhabitants” based on literature records that are probably
erroneous (Byvaltsev 2008) and unconfirmed for the
present for this territory, so they are not part of the fauna of Siberia. There are 39 species in the Novosibirsk
region and 28 in the Omsk region. Bombus hypnorum
(Linnaeus, 1758), B. lucorum (Linnaeus,
1761), B. semenoviellus Skorikov, 1910 are absent for the Omsk region in the
catalogue (Levchenko et al. 2017), but are well known
to occur there (Knyazev et al. 2010).
The new finds expand the range of
B. pomorum eastwards by approximately
on 1,400km. Thus, the distribution of B.
pomorum in Russia (Figure 1) includes the
following regions from specimens examined: Kursk, Orel, Kaluga, Voronezh,
Lipetsk, Tambov, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Orenburg, Tatarstan,
Bashkortostan, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, North Ossetia, Karachay–Cherkessia, Stavropol,
Omsk, Novosibirsk; with additional literature records – Kaliningrad (Alfken, 1912), Moscow (Panfilov
1957; Levchenko 2012), Chuvashia (Sysoletina
1967), Ulyanovsk, Samara (Efremova 1991), Belgorod (Prisnyi 2005), Saratov (Anikin
& Kondratiev 2006), Ivanovo (Tikhomirov
2007), Udmurtia (Adakhovskiy 2012), Kirov (Yuferev & Levchenko 2014),
Crimea (Rasmont et al. 2015a), Penza (Dobrolubova 2015), and Bryansk (Goloshchapova
& Prokofiev 2016). The map with
distribution in Europe and Western Asia was published by Rasmont
et al. (2015a).
B. pomorum was assessed as being vulnerable
in Europe using the IUCN Red List Criteria (Rasmont
et al. 2015b) because of a population decline, estimated to be more than 30%
over the last 10 years so that it is considered to be facing a high risk of
extinction in the wild. The bee was in
the Red Book of the USSR (Panfilov et al. 1984), but
excluded from the main list of threatened taxa of the Red Book of the Russian
Federation (2001) and moved to the “Appendix 3” as a species in needs of
monitoring. Federal protection is weak
at present. In many regions of Russia, B. pomorum
is in the regional Red Books – Kursk (Bausov 2002),
Belgorod (Prisnyi 2005), Saratov (Anikin
& Kondratiev 2006), Ivanovo (Tikhomirov
2007), Sverdlovsk (Olshvang 2008), Moscow City (Berezin 2011), Ryazan (Ananieva
& Nikolaeva 2011), Tambov (Ganzha
& Ishin 2012), Udmurtia (Adakhovskiy
2012), Nizhny Novgorod (Zryanin 2014), Kirov (Yuferev & Levchenko 2014),
Bryansk (Goloshchapova & Prokofiev 2016),
Chelyabinsk (Lagunov & Gorbunov
2017), and Moscow (Levchenko 2018). In some regions, however, this species is
included only in the appendix as a species in needs of monitoring – Orenburg (Belov 2019), Lipetsk (Aleksandrov
et al. 2014), Ulyanovsk (Artemieva et al. 2015) or
moved from the main list to the appendix – Kaluga (Antokhina
2017), or completely excluded – Rostov (Arzanov
2014), Tatarstan (Nazirov
2016). Reliable data for a significant
decline in this species are available only for the Moscow region (Panfilov 1957; Berezin et al.
1996; Levchenko 2012, 2018). Based on the collection in the ZISP, B. pomorum was abundant in the beginning of the 20th century in the Orel and Ryazan
regions. There are 995 among the 1,314
pinned specimens of B. pomorum in the
ZISP collected between 1910 and 1924 from the Orel region and 984 of these specimens
are from near the Mohovoe settlement (53.05°N &
37.35°E), 257 specimens are from the Ryazan region collected between 1899 and
1927, and most (248) are from near the Gremyachka Village (53.48°N & 39.51°E ) collected by Andrey Petrovich Semyonov–Tyan–Shansky. This does not mean that the bee was rare in
other regions, but only that there were no regular observations. It is likely that B. pomorum, however, is not an abundant species at
present in many parts of its range, but special studies are required.
There is a question whether B.
pomorum is a recent invader of the
forest–steppe of Western Siberia or whether it has always lived there. There are several examples of expansion of
bumblebees to the west – B. hypnorum (Goulson & Williams 2001; Prŷs-Jones
2019), B. semenoviellus (Smissen & Rasmont 2000; Šima & Smetana 2012), B. schrencki
Morawitz, 1881 (Levchenko
2012). There is no doubt about these
cases, because there is a long history of bumblebee studies in Europe. The first comprehensive faunistic review of
bumblebees in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the West Siberian Plain was
done only at the end of the first decade of the current century (Byvaltsev 2008). For
example, among the species listed in that paper B. sylvarum
Linnaeus, 1761 was recorded for the first time for Siberia with the
easternmost observation in the Kurgan region (55.11°N & 66.95°E). Later the recorded range was extended to
54.10°N & 75.02°E in the Omsk region based on two specimens collected in
1996 and 2008 (Byvaltsev 2010; Knyazev et al.
2010). After the species was found in
Altai Territory in 2011 and in the Novosibirsk region in 2014, so the range was
extended to 83°E (Levchenko et al. 2017). Thus, it is possible that B. sylvarum is an indigenous species for the south of
Western Siberia but was not discovered until regular observations were
made. Nevertheless, there is a chance
that our study coincided in time with a range expansion of this species which was able to begin in the end of 20th
century.
The second case is likely,
because there are no specimens of B. sylvarum
from Western Siberia in the collections of the Institute of Systematics and
Ecology of Animals SB RAS (Novosibirsk, Russia) and NSU. The species was never collected previously in
the Omsk region by S. Knyazev, although his observations in localities of known
records have been annual since 2005, so the species must be very rare. There were no records of this bee during
regular studies in the Altai Territory between 2005 and 2008 (Byvaltsev 2013) or in Novosibrsk
and its environs between 2001 and 2006 (Byvaltsev
2009). Although the increasing of
percentage of specimens of B. sylvarum
during studies in 2011–2012 in the south of the Omsk region has been documented
(Byvaltsev et al. 2013). The first record of this bee in Altai
Territory was in near the Klepechikha Village in 2011
(Levchenko et al. 2017), but the species was not
collected there in either 2005 or 2008 (Byvaltsev
2013). B. sylvarum is regularly seen near
Novosibirsk since the first record in 2014.
B. pomorum
is not a commercially-reared bee like B. terrestris
(Linnaeus, 1758), and most probably the observation is not a result of delivery
of goods by people, as it has been for many pest species. The spread eastwards of European species into
Siberia is documented for butterflies (Knyazev & Kosterin
2003; Knyazev et al. 2017, 2019). Thus,
the discovery of B. pomorum in Western
Siberia looks more likely to be a result of the natural expansion of this
European and West Asian species. Further
research of this question is required, including the application of modern
molecular techniques of population ecology for studying the relationship
between populations in Siberia and those in Europe.
For
figure & images - - click here
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