Journal
of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2021 | 13(3):
17963–17971
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5885.13.3.17963-17971
#5885 | Received 21 March 2020 | Final received 11
November 2020 | Finally accepted 05 March 2021
Dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of the Kole
Wetlands, central Kerala, India
A. Vivek
Chandran 1, Subin K. Jose 2 & Sujith V. Gopalan 3
1,2 Department of Geology and
Environmental Science, Christ College, Irinjalakuda,
Thrissur, Kerala 680125, India.
3 Department of Zoology,
University College, Research Centre, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala 695034, India.
1 avivekchandran@gmail.com, 2 josesubin@gmail.com,
3 sujith.vg@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: Ashish D. Tiple,
Vidyabharati College, Wardha, India. Date
of publication: 26 March 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Chandran,
A.V., S.K. Jose & S.V. Gopalan (2021). Dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta:
Odonata) of the Kole Wetlands, central Kerala, India.
Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(3): 17963–17971. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5885.13.3.17963-17971
Copyright: © Chandran et al. 2021. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: This work was partially supported by Kerala State Biodiversity Board through
WWF-India and C Achutha Menon - T R Chandra Dutt Fellowship 2019 of Centre of Science
and Technology for Rural Development (COSTFORD) awarded
to A. Vivek Chandran.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: A. Vivek Chandran is a PhD scholar at the Department of Geology and
Environmental Science, Christ College (Autonomous), Irinjalakuda.
His specific fields of interest are taxonomy and ecology of odonates.
Subin K. Jose is an Assistant Professor at
the Department of Geology and Environmental Science, Christ College
(Autonomous), Irinjalakuda. His research interests
are remote sensing, GIS and landscape ecology. Sujith
V. Gopalan is a conservation biologist with research focused on
evolution, ecology, population genetics, phylogeny and systematics of
amphibians and odonates of the Western Ghats.
Author contribution: SKJ and SVG designed the study.
AVC and SVG collected data from the field. AVC analysed
the data. AVC, SKJ and SVG wrote the paper.
Acknowledgements: We thank Subin
K.S. for helping us in the field. We are
indebted to Society for Odonate Studies (SOS), Kerala
for the encouragement and technical support.
SVG and AVC are thankful to Kerala State Biodiversity Board and Centre
of Science and Technology For Rural Development (COSTFORD), Thrissur,
respectively, for providing the financial support for the fieldwork.
Abstract: A year-long study was conducted
at the Kole Wetlands, a Ramsar
site in central Kerala to document the diversity of dragonflies and damselflies
and understand their seasonality.
Checklist survey method was used to sample adult odonates
in 30 randomly chosen locations. A total
of 44 species (30 dragonflies and 14 damselflies) belonging to 33 genera and
eight families were recorded in the study area.
Species richness showed a peak in the post-monsoon season and a dip in
the summer. The observations support the
value of the Kole Wetlands in providing valuable
resources for Odonata.
Keywords: Conservation, insect diversity, Ramsar site, seasonality, wetlands.
Introduction
Insect diversity is threatened worldwide because of
habitat loss, pollution, biological factors including pathogens, introduced
species, and climate change (Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys 2019).
Because insects constitute the world’s most abundant and speciose animal
group and provide critical services within ecosystems, such an event cannot be
ignored and should prompt decisive action to avert a catastrophic collapse of
nature’s ecosystems (May 2010). The
situation urgently demands carrying out insect diversity studies in tropical
countries like India, from where such information is lacking (Poorani & Verghese
2015). The order Odonata, popularly
known as dragonflies (suborder Anisoptera) and damselflies (suborder Zygoptera)
are primarily associated with wetlands and surrounding landscapes. Their adults are terrestrial/aerial and
larvae are aquatic. They have been
suggested as barometers for environmental change due to their sensitivity to
anthropogenic stressors (Hassall 2015) and variation in habitat quality (Clark
& Samways 1996). Globally, 6,312
species of odonates are known (Schorr & Paulson
2020). In India, 497 species and 27
subspecies in 154 genera and 18 families are known (Joshi & Sawant 2020; Kalkman et al. 2020; Payra et al.
2020; Subramanian & Babu 2020); 175 species of odonates have been recorded from Kerala till date (Society
for Odonate Studies 2020).
The wetlands in Kerala are subjected to acute pressure
owing to rapid developmental activities and indiscriminate utilization of land
and water. The major issues facing the
wetlands of Kerala are pollution, eutrophication, encroachment, reclamation,
mining, and biodiversity loss (Kokkal et al.
2008). The Kole
Wetlands is a Ramsar site since 2002 (Islam & Rahmani 2008), an important bird area since 2004 (Islam
& Rahmani 2004), and a high value biodiversity
area since 2009 (MoEF 2009). The Kole wetlands
are low-lying tracts located 0.5–1 m below the mean sea level. Wetland agriculture, mainly paddy cultivation
is the most important activity undertaken in these wetlands. The name Kole in
the regional language Malayalam indicates bumper yield or high returns under
favourable conditions (Srinivasan 2012).
Kole is a biodiversity-rich agro-ecosystem and the flora (Sujana
& Sivaperuman 2008), avifauna (Nameer 2002), herpetofauna (Sreehari
2009), and butterflies (Sarath et al. 2017) of the
area have been well documented. This is
the first attempt to document the odonate diversity
of the Kole Wetlands.
Methods
Study area
The Kole wetlands are spread
over Thrissur and Malappuram districts in Kerala, covering an area of
13,632ha. Extending from the northern
bank of Chalakudy River in the south to the southern
bank of Bharathapuzha River in the north, this area
lies between 10.3333°–10.6666°N & 75.9666°–76.1833°E (Johnkutty
& Venugopal 1993). A unique feature
of the Kole lands is that they remain submerged under
floodwater for about six months in a year during the southwest monsoon. The Kole wetlands
are split into three regions by the rivers draining them – Ponnani
Kole lies to the north of Kecherypuzha;
Thrissur North Kole lies in between Kecherypuzha and Karuvannur
rivers; and Thrissur South Kole lies to the south of Karuvannur River (Figure 1). Even though they are
human-modified ecosystems, Kole wetlands offer a
variety of microhabitats for odonates (Image 1).
The study was conducted from February 2019 to February
2020. Thirty sampling locations were
chosen randomly intending maximum spatial coverage of the Kole
wetlands. Nine sampling locations each
were chosen in Ponnani Kole
and Thrissur South Kole. The more extensive Thrissur North Kole was assigned 12 sampling locations. One sampling location in each of the three
regions of the Kole wetlands was visited every
month. The others were visited as
frequently as possible (Table 1). The
checklist survey method was adopted for the study (Royer et al. 1998). In every site, the observer searched all the
available microhabitats for an hour and recorded the species encountered. All the field visits were made between 09.00h
and 11.00h when the adult odonates were observed to
be most active (A. Vivek Chandran pers. obs.
01.ii.2019). Individuals encountered
were photographed and identified referring to taxonomic monographs (Fraser
1933, 1934, 1936) and field guides (Subramanian 2005, 2009; Kiran & Raju
2013). Species which could not be
identified readily in the field were caught using a sweeping net, their
detailed photographs taken and released back.
Systematic arrangement and taxonomy followed in the checklist is after
Subramanian et al. (2018). The odonate species were categorized into five relative
frequency classes, based on the proportion of their occurrence per sampling
visit (Adarsh et al. 2014). The
categories include very common (80%–100%), common (60%–80%), occasional
(40%–60%), rare (20%–40%), and very rare (<20%). The study period was divided into three
seasons for data analysis—summer (February, March, April, & May), monsoon
(June, July, August, & September), and post-monsoon (October, November,
December, & January).
Results and Discussion
A total of 44 species of Odonata—30 dragonflies and 14
damselflies, belonging to eight families—were recorded from the Kole wetlands in the study (Table 2). Families Libellulidae
(25 species) and Coenagrionidae (11 species)
dominated while families Macromiidae, Lestidae, Chlorocyphidae, and Platycnemididae had only single species
representatives. The relative frequency
categorization shows that 13 species were very common, six common, six
occasional, one rare, and 18 very rare.
Species richness was highest in the post-monsoon season and lowest in
the summer season.
One-fourth (25.14%) of the total number of odonate species known to occur in Kerala were recorded from
the Kole wetlands in the present study. A similar study in the temporary water bodies
of Coimbatore recorded only 21 species (Arulprakash
& Gunathilagaraj 2010), but 52 species were
recorded from the Kerala Agricultural University (Adarsh et al. 2014). Even though it is subjected to large
fluctuation in the water level, the Kole wetlands
never dry up completely in any time of the year. Clearly, this is advantageous to the odonates and explains their greater diversity when compared
to temporary water bodies. These
wetlands, however, lack shaded habitats and hence supports less number of
species than the more habitat diverse Kerala Agricultural University
campus. The relatively lesser number of
damselfly species recorded from the Kole wetlands
could be due to the scarcity of shade.
Shade and spread of aquatic vegetation favour damselflies more than
dragonflies (Fraser 1933; Subramanian 2005).
Even though the field visits were made during day time, crepuscular
species like T. tillarga and Z.
petiolatum could be recorded as they
were seen perched on tall grasses or in shaded places. Some species were observed to be
microhabitat-specific. This included P.
calamorum (Image 1), which occurred
only in ponds with hydrophytes (all eight encounters in the study) and C.
marginipes which could be observed only
in shaded areas of groves at the edge of Kole
wetlands (all three encounters in the study).
Species which showed such micro-habitat specificity were very rare. On the other hand, species such as B. contaminata, R. variegata,
and O. sabina were seen in
all microhabitats. They were the very
common species. The number of migratory P.
flavescens (Image 2) peaked in the
months of October and November when hundreds could be seen foraging over the
wetlands. The presence of species such
as the endemic A. keralensis (Image
3) and the rare Platylestes platystylus (Image 4) (Emiliyamma
et al. 2020) which was only recently recorded from peninsular India (Rison
& Chandran 2020) proclaim the importance of these wetlands as odonate habitats.
The maximum number of species detected in the study (18) belonged to the
very rare relative frequency class. This
is suggestive of the utility of the survey method to detect species occurring
in low abundances. It has to be noted
that none of the odonate species recorded in the
study is protected under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 (MoEF 2019) and all except two are listed as Least Concern
species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN 2020). The conservation
of their wetland habitats is the only way to conserve these species. Our study presents the Odonata list of these
wetlands for the first time and adds to the knowledge of insect fauna of India. The Kole wetlands
provide immense opportunities for ecological and behavioural studies of Odonata
as many of the common species are present in large numbers and can be easily
observed. The Kole
wetlands are plagued by the problem of pollution due to the inflow of untreated
sewage and indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture (Sujana
& Sivaperuman 2008; Jayson 2018). These wetlands provide an ideal opportunity
to study the response of odonates to varying degrees
of pollution.
Table 1. Sampling locations in Kole
wetlands, Kerala.
|
Name
of the site |
Latitude |
Longitude |
Elevation
(m) |
Microhabitats |
No.
of visits made |
Species
richness |
|
Puzhakkal |
10.5415°N |
76.1780°E |
-1 |
B, E, F |
12 |
19 |
|
Adat |
10.5557° N |
76.1477°E |
-1 |
B, C, F |
10 |
14 |
|
MLA road |
10.5450°N |
76.1963°E |
1 |
C, D |
10 |
11 |
|
Ayanikkad |
10.5348°N |
76.1277°E |
0 |
A, C, D, F |
11 |
18 |
|
Chittilappilly |
10.5627°N |
76.1358°E |
-1 |
B, D, F |
9 |
15 |
|
Annakkara |
10.5623°N |
76.1047°E |
0 |
C, E, F |
10 |
15 |
|
Enamavu |
10.4724° N |
76.1333°E |
-2 |
B, C, F |
9 |
13 |
|
Venkidangu |
10.5270°N |
76.1125°E |
0 |
B, D, E, F |
8 |
15 |
|
Perumpuzha |
10.4821°N |
76.1272°E |
-1 |
B, C, D, F |
9 |
19 |
|
Palakkal |
10.4753°N |
76.2022°E |
-2 |
A, B, C, D,
F |
10 |
25 |
|
Manakkodi |
10.4872°N |
76.1733°E |
-1 |
A, D, F |
11 |
12 |
|
Pullu |
10.4590°N |
76.1455°E |
-1 |
B, C, F |
11 |
19 |
|
Alappad |
10.4350°N |
76.1702°E |
-1 |
C, D, F |
8 |
13 |
|
Thottipal |
10.4033°N |
76.2427°E |
1 |
A, C, D, E |
10 |
26 |
|
Konthipulam |
10.3878°N |
76.2366°E |
0 |
A, F |
12 |
22 |
|
Anandapuram |
10.3806°N |
76.2597°E |
1 |
C, D |
9 |
15 |
|
Mapranam |
10.3634°N |
76.2302°E |
-1 |
B, C, D |
11 |
19 |
|
Muriyad |
10.3538°N |
76.2591°E |
0 |
A, B, C, D,
F |
10 |
23 |
|
Thommana |
10.3397°N |
76.2505°E |
-1 |
A, C, F |
9 |
28 |
|
Thazhekad |
10.3306°N |
76.2652°E |
1 |
B, C, E, F |
9 |
23 |
|
Poomangalam |
10.3078°N |
76.1861°E |
0 |
B, C, E |
8 |
16 |
|
Vellankallur |
10.2951°N |
76.2100°E |
1 |
A, B, D, F |
8 |
23 |
|
Kanipayyur |
10.6565°N |
76.0627°E |
0 |
C, D, E |
9 |
16 |
|
Kaakkathuruthu |
10.6549°N |
76.0475°E |
-2 |
C, D, E |
9 |
16 |
|
Punnayurkulam |
10.6912°N |
76.9986°E |
-3 |
A, C, F |
12 |
20 |
|
Uppungal 1 |
10.6942°N |
76.0086°E |
-3 |
A, B, C, F |
10 |
22 |
|
Uppungal 2 |
10.6901°N |
76.9977°E |
-3 |
A, B, C, F |
11 |
25 |
|
Marancherry 1 |
10.7380°N |
75.9772°E |
0 |
A, C, F |
9 |
14 |
|
Marancherry 2 |
10.7395°N |
75.9983°E |
-3 |
A, C, E, F |
8 |
20 |
|
Biyyam |
10.7817°N |
75.9727°E |
0 |
A, E, F |
8 |
16 |
Table
2. Checklist of Odonata recorded from Kole wetlands,
central Kerala, India.
|
|
Name
of the species |
Common
English name |
Relative
frequency in Kole wetlands |
Endemicity |
IUCN Red List status |
|
|
Class:
Insecta |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Order:
Odonata |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Suborder:
Anisoptera |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family:
Aeshnidae |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Anax guttatus (Burmeister,
1839) |
Pale-spotted
Emperor |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
2 |
Anax
indicus Lieftinck,
1942 |
Lesser
Green Emperor |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
|
Family:
Gomphidae |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842) |
Indian
Common Clubtail |
C |
- |
LC |
|
4 |
Paragomphus lineatus Selys,
1850 |
Common Hooktail |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
|
Family:
Macromiidae |
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
Epophthalmia vittata Burmeister,
1839 |
Common
Torrent Hawk |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
|
Family:
Libellulidae |
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Acisoma panorpoides Rambur,
1842 |
Trumpet
Tail |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
7 |
Aethriamanta brevipennis (Rambur,
1842) |
Scarlet
Marsh Hawk |
O |
- |
LC |
|
8 |
Brachydiplax chalybea Brauer,
1868 |
Rufous-backed
Marsh Hawk |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
9 |
Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842) |
Little Blue
Marsh Hawk |
O |
- |
LC |
|
10 |
Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1793) |
Ditch Jewel |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
11 |
Bradinopyga geminata (Rambur,
1842) |
Granite
Ghost |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
12 |
Crocothemis servilia (Drury,
1770) |
Ruddy Marsh
Skimmer |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
13 |
Diplacodes nebulosa (Fabricius, 1793) |
Black-tipped
Ground Skimmer |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
14 |
Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur,
1842) |
Ground
Skimmer |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
15 |
Hydrobasileus croceus (Brauer,
1867) |
Amber-winged
Marsh Glider |
C |
- |
LC |
|
16 |
Lathrecista asiatica (Fabricius, 1798) |
Asiatic Bloodtail |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
17 |
Neurothemis tullia (Drury,
1773) |
Pied Paddy
Skimmer |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
18 |
Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891) |
Brown-backed
Red Marsh Hawk |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
19 |
Orthetrum pruinosum
(Burmeister, 1839) |
Crimson-tailed
Marsh Hawk |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
20 |
Orthetrum
Sabina (Drury, 1770) |
Green Marsh
Hawk |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
21 |
Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) |
Wandering
Glider |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
22 |
Potamarcha
congener (Rambur, 1842) |
Yellow-tailed
Ashy Skimmer |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
23 |
Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur,
1842) |
Rufous
Marsh Glider |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
24 |
Rhyothemis variegata (Linnaeus,
1763) |
Common Picturewing |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
25 |
Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798) |
Coral-tailed
Cloudwing |
O |
- |
LC |
|
26 |
Tramea limbata (Desjardins,
1832) |
Black Marsh
Trotter |
O |
- |
LC |
|
27 |
Trithemis
aurora (Burmeister, 1839) |
Crimson
Marsh Glider |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
28 |
Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889) |
Long-legged
Marsh Glider |
C |
- |
LC |
|
29 |
Urothemis signata (Rambur,
1842) |
Greater
Crimson Glider |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
30 |
Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur,
1842 |
Brown Dusk
Hawk |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
|
Suborder:
Zygoptera |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family:
Lestidae |
|
|
|
|
|
31 |
Platylestes platystylus (Rambur,
1842) |
Green-eyed Spreadwing |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
|
Family:
Coenagrionidae |
|
|
|
|
|
32 |
Aciagrion occidentale Laidlaw,
1919 |
Green-striped
Slender Dartlet |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
33 |
Agriocnemis keralensis Peters,
1981 |
Kerala Dartlet |
C |
EN WG |
LC |
|
34 |
Agriocnemis pygmaea (Rambur, 1842) |
Pygmy Dartlet |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
35 |
Ceriagrion cerinorubellum (Brauer, 1865) |
Orange-tailed
Marsh Dart |
C |
- |
LC |
|
36 |
Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabricius, 1798) |
Coromandel
Marsh Dart |
C |
- |
LC |
|
37 |
Ischnura rubilio Selys,
1876 |
Western
Golden Dartlet |
O |
- |
NE |
|
38 |
Ischnura
senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) |
Senegal
Golden Dartlet |
O |
- |
LC |
|
39 |
Paracercion calamorum (Ris, 1916) |
Dusky
Lilly-squatter |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
40 |
Pseudagrion australaisae Selys,
1876 |
Look-alike
Sprite |
R |
- |
LC |
|
41 |
Pseudagrion
decorum (Rambur, 1842) |
Three-lined
Dart |
VR |
- |
LC |
|
42 |
Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur,
1842) |
Blue Grass
Dart |
VC |
- |
LC |
|
|
Family:
Chlorocyphidae |
|
|
|
|
|
43 |
Libellago indica (Fraser, 1928) |
Southern
Heliodor |
VR |
EN P |
NE |
|
|
Family:
Platycnemididae |
|
|
|
|
|
44 |
Copera marginipes (Rambur,
1842) |
Yellow Bush
Dart |
VR |
- |
LC |
Relative frequency classes: VC—Very Common | C—Common
| O—Occasional | R—Rare | VR—Very rare. IUCN status: LC—Least Concern | NE—Not
Evaluated. Endemicity: EN WG—Endemic to the Western Ghats | EN P—Endemic to
peninsular India.
For
figures & images - - click here
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