Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18148–18155
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5872.13.5.18148-18155
#5872 | Received 15 March 2020 | Final
received 17 March 2021 | Finally accepted 01 April 2021
Habitat preference of the Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata
inhabiting Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan
Tariq Mahmood 1,
Shaista Andleeb 2
& Faraz Akrim 3
1&2 Department of
Wildlife Management, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan.
3 Department of
Zoology, University of Kotli, Kotli,
Azad Jammu & Kashmir 11100, Pakistan.
1 tariqjanjua75@uaar.edu.pk
(corresponding author), 2 shaistaandleeb444@gmail.com, 3 farazakrim@hotmail.com
Editor: L.A.K. Singh, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Date of publication: 26 April 2021
(online & print)
Citation: Mahmood, T., S. Andleeb
& F. Akrim (2021). Habitat preference of
the Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata
inhabiting Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(5): 18148-18155. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5872.13.5.18148-18155
Copyright: © Mahmood et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any
medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Tariq Mahmood is serving as Associate Professor &
Chairman in the department of Wildlife
management at PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan. He is
conducting and supervising research on ecology of mammals, especially
carnivores. He has also completed a three years research project on Ecology of
Indian Pangolin in Potohar Plateau funded by HEC
Islamabad. Shaista Andleeb completed her PhD degree
from the department of Wildlife Management. She is currently serving as Post.
Doctoral Research Fellow in the School of Resources and Environmental
Engineering,, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 4300723, China. She
is conducting research on environmental pollution on biodiversity. Faraz Akrim is
serving as Assistant Professor in the department of Zoology, University of Kotli, Azad jammu & Kashmir,
Pakistan. He is conducting active research on mammals and especially on
carnivores.
Author contribution: TM and SA designed the study, TM supervised the
study, SA collected field data, TM and FA analyzed the data and wrote the
manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The authors are
grateful to Himalayan Wildlife Foundation Islamabad for their assistance in
field data collection.
Abstract: The Indian Pangolin Manis
crassicaudata, is an ‘Endangered’ mammal species
native to Pakistan but facing a risk of extinction due to hunting pressure for
its scales used in trade. The current
study investigated habitat preference of this unique species in the Margalla
Hills National Park, Islamabad, from September 2011 to August 2012. Three habitat types, viz, human vicinity
area, agricultural land, and wild/natural area, were searched for recording
signs of Indian Pangolin. Data on
habitat preference was collected from direct and indirect signs of the species
by monitoring 85 line transects, each measuring 500m in length and 50m in
width, in 17 different sampling sites. A
total of 323 signs of Indian Pangolin were recorded including 299 burrows, 10
live sightings, and 14 scats of the species.
The maximum number of signs were recorded in wild or unmodified natural
area (55.1%), followed by those in vicinity to human use area (20.12%), while
the least (24.76%) were found in agricultural area. Statistical comparison using one-way analysis
of variance of pangolin field signs, among three different types of habitats
studied, differed significantly (df= 48, F= 13.723, p
<0.001). Similarly, LSD analysis
further revealed that field signs of Indian pangolin recorded on natural or
wild habitat significantly differed from those which were on agricultural land
and human vicinity area (p <0.001).
The study concludes that the Indian Pangolin prefers habitats in the
wild or natural area over those close to human vicinity and agricultural lands.
Keywords: Burrow, endangered,
hunting, pangolin, trade.
INTRODUCTION
Animals make habitat choices as a result of
balance between the costs and benefits perceived by them from effort and
efficacy of result. Habitat use is
driven by habitat-related variation in factors such as forage quality and
availability, shelter, presence of predators, and breeding success. In fact, one of the most common significance
is when open habitats provide good forage and closed habitats provide shelter
from predation. The relative importance
of finding food, mates and avoiding predators will change across different
animal species but may also vary in space and time within populations of a
single species.
Mammals have a 24-hour activity rhythm, based
on the endocrine melatonin rhythm of the pineal gland, synchronized with the
environment by means of the light/dark cycle (Bartness
1989). All activities carried out during
the circadian cycle have fitness costs and benefits (Daan
& Aschoff 1982).
If different habitats have differential survival costs/benefits for
active behaviour than for resting/sleeping, an
individual’s space and habitat use is likely to differ between the active and
the inactive part of the circadian cycle (Halle 2000).
The Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata, is a medium-sized mammal, covered over
on the dorsal side by hard keratinized scales, whereas its ventral side is
without scales. The species occurs in
five different countries including Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and
Bangladesh (Mahmood et al. 2019). It
generally inhabits tropical and sub-tropical forests, dry mixed-evergreen
monsoon, sub-mountain, and riverine forest (Roberts 1977; Phillips 1981). It also occurs in mangrove forest,
grasslands, agricultural land, artificial landscapes (plantations),
home-gardens, scrubland, and desiccated areas (Roberts 1977; Pabasara et al. 2015; Karawita et
al. 2018). It is an ‘Endangered’ species
throughout its range because of illegal trade for its scales and meat, placed
in the Appendix I of the CITES, and is also the world’s most trafficked mammal
(Mahmood et al. 2019)
In Pakistan, the Indian Pangolin occurs in,
and may have a preference for, sub-tropical thorn forests and barren hilly
areas (Roberts 1977). Mahmood et al.
(2014) reported that in the Potohar Plateau, there is
a close association between the occurrence of the species and its burrows, and
dominant tree Arabic Gum Acacia nilotica, Indian Plum
Zizyphus mauritiana,
Phulai Acacia modesta,
shrubs (Zizyphus nummularia,
Calotropis procera),
and Mesquite Prosopis juliflora species. In Margalla Hills National Park, an earlier
study reported that Indian Pangolin was recorded in areas dominated by Phulai, Northern Indian Rosewood Dalbergia
sissoo and Chir Pine Pinus
roxburghii while West Indian Lantana Lantana camara and
Pomegranate Punica granitum
appear important to the species’ ecology (Mahmood et al. 2015). Since its habitat includes hilly areas,
forest as well as grasslands, selection of habitat depends upon food
availability (Jacobson et al. 1991). It
forages exclusively on ants and termites species (Roberts 1997) in its habitat.
The Indian Pangolin has got an important
economic role in agricultural crops and buildings (Roberts 1997). There are evidences on varied diet of the
species that may consume insects, plant matter as well as grits (Karawita et al. 2020).
It also plays vital role in the ecosystem concerning pest control. It is estimated that one adult pangolin can
consume approximately more than 70 million insects annually (d’Aulaire & d’Aulaire
1983). Moreover, burrowing animals are
very important to add up valuable contribution to increase animal’s diversity
and population as their burrowing activity provides shelter or breeding habitat
for many other animals and thus this action increases animal diversity (Hansell
2003). Being the world’s most trafficked
mammal, mainly because of illegal trade in its scales, it faces a high risk of
extinction in the wild (Challender et al. 2014). Without conservation efforts, its population
is expected to keep on declining and the vital species may very soon be
lost. For the conservation of this
species, it is necessary to have baseline information about its ecology and
biology including habitat preferences.
So, keeping in view the importance of Margalla Hills as an important habitat
of the Indian Pangolin in the country, the present study assessed its habitat
preference in the Margalla Hills National Park (MHNP), Islamabad.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study
area
The study was carried out in MHNP, Islamabad
(Image 1), located between 33.716N and 73.916E, occupying approximately
17,386ha area, and it comprises of different compartments in Margalla Reserve
Forest and 1–25 of the Military Grass Farms (Pakistan 2009). It also covers the Margalla Hills 12,802ha,
Rawal Lake 1,702ha, and Shaker Parian 1,376ha.
Since its establishment the Park is under the control of CDA (Capital
Development Authority) vide notification number 443[1] / 80 (Anwar &
Chapman 2000). But more recently, the
MHNP has been handed over to “Islamabad Wildlife Management Board (IWMB) which
has been established under the control of Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC), Islamabad.
The northern part of the MHNP follows the
Haripur-Islamabad and Rawalpindi-Islamabad district boundaries while the forest
compartments in the periphery of 37 reserve forest (RF) and 41 RF are followed
by the western part of the Park boundary.
Southern side of the boundary moves with the border of the forest
compartments, existing boundary pillars, Siachen and Margalla road and also the
center line of the nullahs like Rumli and Mandla. The eastern part of the Park boundary follows
the forest compartment boundary along with the Rawalpindi-Islamabad district
boundary. Finally, the boundary of Rawal
Lake follows the Kashmir Highway, Murree road, Shaker Parian, the highest water
mark of Rawal Lake along with 2km buffer zone and CDA pillars at some places
(Pakistan 2009).
Topography of the study area is uneven,
mostly comprising slopes and gullies.
The rock composition is basically limestone. Its elevation ranges 450–1,580 m above sea
level (Jabeen et al. 2009). On the western side elevation of the mountain
is about 1,600m, which increases towards the eastern side (Anwar & Chapman
2000). The soil is colluvial, wind deposited,
ranging dark brown to yellowish-brown in color with a fine texture (Hijazi
1984).
The climate is sub-tropical to
semi-arid. The average maximum and
average minimum temperatures of the area are 34.3ºC and 3.4°C,
respectively. The area receives a
reasonably high monsoon rainfall, and the annual rainfall is up to 1,200mm. Underground water table is in moderate
condition having pH of 7.4 (Shinwari & Khan
1998).
The biodiversity of the park harbors about
616 species of plants, 250 birds, and 35 mammals in the National Park (Rasheed
et al. 2005). The Park flora is generally
dry, tropical, deciduous forest on lower slopes and sub-tropical on higher
altitude. There are primarily five plant
communities, on the basis of physiognomy, floristic composition and dominance,
including Olea ferruginea-Acacia modesta, Acacia modesta-Carissa opeca, Olea ferruginea-Carissa opeca, Myrisine Africana-Dodonea viscose, and Pinus roxburghii-Quercus
incana.
The Pinus roxburghii-Quercus incana community is present at 900m elevation where Chir Pine are found in patches and understory cover is
dominated by grasses (Anwar & Chapman 2000).
Field
surveys and data collection
A reconnaissance was conducted on motor
vehicle (average speed 25–30 km/h) in natural and wild areas of the park to
find out the potential habitat of Indian pangolin. The potential areas were marked and their
geographical coordinates were recorded.
The potential areas of the animal species were identified on the basis
of its burrows and fecal samples present over there and also by interviewing
local people. The burrows of the Indian
pangolin were distinguished from those of other vertebrates identified on the
basis of their characteristics shape (being circular at their opening). The species excavates two types of burrows. These are the feeding burrows and living
burrows. The feeding burrows are less
deep and excavated during foraging on ants and termites, while the second types
of burrows are “permanent” burrows or living burrows, which are excavated by
the species for living purposes, and these are much deeper. The local people were also asked about the
occurrence of pangolins in their area, just to confirm existence of the species
in the study area. Information provided
by the local people were verified by searching for and identifying the field
signs like burrows and scats of the Indian Pangolin.
For investigation of the habitat and
collection of data on the species, 17 representative sampling sites were
randomly selected. Each sampling site
comprised an area of about 1km². Five
line transects, each measuring 500m in length and 50m in width on either side
of the transect (area of each transect was 0.05km2) were established in each
sampling site. Total numbers of
transects searched were N= 85.
Fortnightly visits to the selected sites were conducted for data
collection from July 2011 to June 2012.
The selected sites ranged in their elevation from 462m (Malpur) to 1,046m (Trail-3). Each visit comprised of three consecutive
days. The total numbers of days of
observations were N= 72. In order to ensure
that we did not double count the field signs of Indian Pangolin, as the burrows
were permanent signs, the scats were collected during each field visit.
Each sampling site was further divided into
three different habitat types, viz., human vicinity area (HVA), agricultural
lands (AGL), and wild or natural area (WNA); all these habitat types were
searched for recording direct and indirect signs of the Indian Pangolin. Besides the presence of burrows and faecal matters, other signs that were searched included
their foot prints and body prints, especially around the newly dug burrows
(Table 1). The feeding and permanent
burrows of the species were distinguished on the basis of the burrow depth; the
depth of the feeding burrows was much less than the living or permanent burrows
(Image 2). Similarly, inactive and
active living burrows of the species were distinguished on the basis of
activity signs around the burrows (Image 2).
Also, questionnaires were developed for collecting information from the
local people in different areas of the park.
Data on habitat preference of the pangolin was collected from direct and
indirect signs monitored along 85 line transects established in 17 sampling
sites. The transects where direct and
indirect signs of pangolin were found, their geographical coordinates were
recorded by using geographical positioning system (Garmine
Trex Vista H), later to construct a distribution map
of the animal species in MHNP.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Indian Pangolin occurs in a diversity of
habitats, ranging from hilly areas to forests and grasslands, depending upon
the availability of its food resources.
Growing concerns over population declines due to poaching and
trafficking (Challender et al. 2015; Ingram et al.
2019) have emphasized the need for more concerted conservation efforts for the
species, which according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, is listed
as ‘Endangered’ due to past and anticipated population declines caused by illegal
hunting (Mahmood et al. 2019). The
species is included in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (Mahmood et al. 2019).
In the current study, we aimed at
investigating the preferred habitat of the Indian Pangolin, among three habitat
types, viz., natural or wild area (NWA), agricultural land (AGL) and human
vicinity areas (HVA), in the MHNP, Islamabad. The earlier published literature
shows that the species can occur in a variety of habitats like forests,
grasslands, and semidesert areas (Roberts 1997).
In our study of the Indian Pangolin, a total
of 323 signs were recorded, out of which 299 were burrows, 10 were live
sightings and 14 were scats of Indian pangolin (Table 1). The results showed that among all field signs
the maximum signs were recorded in habitat type-III (Table 2; Image 2; Figure
1), wild or natural area (n= 178; 55.1%), followed by human vicinity area (n=
80; 24.76%), while the least signs of the species (n= 65; 20.12%) were found in
the agricultural land area. The maximum
signs of pangolin were found in Malpur (n= 125;
38.70%) sampling site while the least signs were recorded at Trail-3 (n= 3;
0.92%) of MHNP. These findings suggest
that the Indian Pangolin prefers for wild natural area over human vicinity area
and agriculture land in the Park.
Karawita et al. (2018) investigated the habitat
preference of Indian Pangolin in a tropical lowland rainforest in southwestern
Sri Lanka. They recorded a total of 75
burrows, that included 54 feeding burrows and 21 resting burrows in four
different habitat types—secondary forest, Pine-dominated forest, rubber
cultivations, and tea-dominated home gardens bordering forest. The observations were made using fixed-width
transects in order to characterize resting and feeding burrows of this
species. They concluded that the Indian
Pangolins exclusively prefer habitats with rocks and boulders under which they
dig resting burrows while the location of feeding burrows largely overlaps with
the distribution of prey species. In our
current study in MHNP Islamabad, however, we did not find any burrows of Indian
Pangolin in the rocks, but a majority were in the soft soil, and under the
vegetation.
Similarly, Mahmood et al. (2014) studied the
habitat and population of the Indian Pangolin in Chakwal District,
Pakistan. They reported that trees,
herbs, and shrubs form important components of its habitat. They found the Indian Pangolin closely
associated with Acacia nilotica, Zizyphus mauritiana, Z. nummularia and Prosopis cineraria. Lantana camara
was also among the preferred vegetation type.
They suggested that tree species like Prosopis, Zizyphus
and Acacia nilotica may be important for
the Indian Pangolin from the point of view of food because abundant termite
mounds and ant’s colonies occur on the soil below and on the trunks of these
tree species. Moreover, Zizyphus nummularia
and Lantana camara may have an important role
of providing protection to the animal species.
In the current study in MHNP Islamabad, the habitat type-III (NWA) is
also having a similar kind of vegetation with similar species of herbs, shrubs,
& trees, which indicates why the Indian Pangolin preferred such a kind of
habitat. The Indian Pangolin was found distributed at various sites surveyed
including Phalwari, Kalinjar
valley, Gandian Valley, Rumli,
and Shahdara areas of the Park. It was
also recorded in Ratta-Hottar and Bari-Imam areas of
the Park. The occurrence of some old
burrows at Trail-3 and Trail-5 of MHNP showed that the animal species did occur
in these areas in the near past. No
direct or indirect signs of the animal were found in Saidpur area; however, it
was confirmed to occur around Lake View and Malpur
areas. In Sangjani
and Talhar areas, some old burrows revealed its
presence.
During the current study period, the Indian
Pangolin was found to occur at Malpur site near Rawal
Lake, Phalwari area, Kalinjar
Valley, Gandian Valley, Ramli and Shahdara, Ratta Hottar, NARC, and Bari Imam
areas of the MHNP, at an elevation ranging 462–1,046 m. Some old living/permanent burrows of the
animal species were recorded at Trail-3 and Trail-5 areas of the park, which
indicates that the Indian Pangolin did occur at these sites in the past but it
has moved to some other places from there now.
Similarly, at Sangjani and Talhar
areas of the Park, occurrence of old permanent burrows indicates its occurrence
in the past at these sites. In the area
of Shah-Allah-Ditta (995m), its occurrence was
confirmed whereas in the area of Daman-e-Koh (579–869 m), no signs of the
animal species were found. Roberts
(1997) had reported that the Indian Pangolin occurs in the subtropical thorn
forest of Potohar Plateau and in Rawalpindi foothills
up to 750m elevation, but in the current study it has been recorded up to an
elevation of 995m. The MHNP also has
subtropical thorn forest.
Results of the current study confirm that the
Indian Pangolin prefers natural wild area (55.88%) over human vicinity areas
(24%), and agricultural land (20.11%) (Table 2; Figure 2). Statistical comparison using one-way analysis
of variance (ANOVA) of pangolin field signs among three different types of
habitats studied differed significantly (df =48, F
=13.723, p <0.001). Similarly, LSD
analysis further revealed that field signs of the pangolin recorded at natural
wild area habitat type significantly differed from agricultural land and human
vicinity area habitat types (p <0.001).
Waseem et al. (2020) investigated the habitat suitability of the
pangolin in Potohar Plateau and Azad Jammu &
Kashmir areas. We recorded evidence of
pangolin occurrence in three different types of habitats in study area; viz.,
natural forests, agricultural land, and the grassland. Results indicate that the natural forest land
is the preferred habitat of the pangolin.
This preference indicates that compared to grassland and agricultural
land, more cover might be available to pangolins for refuge and protection. These results support the findings of the
current study where the Indian Pangolin preferred natural wild area habitat
over agricultural land and vicinity areas.
The findings of the current study also get support from Perera & Karawita (2020) who
reported that the the Indian Pangolin inhabits a
variety of habitats, ranging from natural to anthropogenic. Subtropical/tropical shrubland,
subtropical/tropical dry forest, and subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
were the habitat types. Interestingly,
15 confirmed records of the Indian Pangolins were reported from subtropical/tropical
moist montane forests, which represent the lower and upper montane forests
(cloud forests) at altitudes above 1,200m.
Conclusion
The current study provides information
regarding habitat utilization of the Indian Pangolin. The species prefers habitats in natural or
wild area over agricultural land and human vicinity areas (p <0.001). The results are expected to help in managing
the Indian Pangolin by conserving its preferred habitat type in the study area
of Margalla Hills National Park, Islamabad, in addition to controlling its
illegal trade.
Table 1. Detail of field surveys/ transect
surveys conducted on motor vehicle for Indian Pangolin distribution of in
Margalla Hill National Park, Islamabad, during current study period.
Sr. # |
Location |
Starting transect |
Geographic
coordinates |
Ending transect |
Geographic
coordinates |
Distance covered |
Result +/- |
1 |
Phulwari |
Phulwari Village entrance
(QAU) |
N: 34.001 E: 73.303 Elev: 595m |
Phulwari Village (QAU) |
N: 33.846 E: 73.190 Elev: 595m |
6km |
+Ve |
2 |
Kalanjir |
Kalanjir Valley |
N: 33.918 E: 73.039 Elev: 598m. |
Gandian Village |
N: 33.877 E: 73.157 Elev: 579m. |
4km |
+Ve |
3 |
Rumli |
Ramli Village entrance |
N: 33.997 E: 73.275 Elev: 591m |
Ramli Village |
N: 33.853 E: 73.208 Elev: 634m |
6km |
+Ve |
4 |
Shahdara |
Shahdara Village |
N: 33.947 E: 73.318 Elev: 702m. |
Mandla Village |
N: 34.040 E: 73.306 Elev: 653m. |
6km |
+Ve |
5 |
Gandian |
Gandian Village (DaraKaao’nwni) |
N: 33.751 E: 73.036 Elev: 606m. |
Gandian Village |
N: 33.761 E: 73.215 Elev: 619m. |
8km |
+Ve |
6 |
Kalanjir |
Kalanjir Village |
N: 33.906 E: 73.036 Elev: 597m. |
Kalanjir Village |
N: 33.931 E: 73.163 Elev: 602m. |
3km |
+Ve |
7 |
Rattahottar |
Rattahottar |
N: 33.770 E: 73.141 Elev: 643m. |
Ratta Hottar |
N: 33.812 E: 73.330 Elev: 631m. |
3km |
+Ve |
8 |
Bari imam |
Bari imam |
N: 33.767 E: 73.356 Elev: 627m. |
Bari imam (Mahallakamalpur) |
N: 33.999 E: 73.168 Elev: 616m. |
2km |
+Ve |
9 |
Trail-5 |
Darajangla (trail 5) |
N: 33.928 E: 73.153 Elev: 630m. |
Muradgalli |
N: 33.926 E: 73.209 Elev: 1164m. |
7km |
+Ve |
10 |
Trail-3 |
Trail 3 (from monal restaurant) |
N: 33.962 E: 73.163 Elev: 1046m |
Trail 3 (Darajangla) |
N: 33.962 E: 73.131 Elev: 624m |
5km |
+Ve |
11 |
Lakeview park |
Lakeview park side |
N: 33.970 E: 73.326 Elev: 542m |
Malpur Village |
N: 33.782 E: 73.100 Elev: 527m |
3km |
+Ve |
12 |
Saidpur |
Saidpur Village. |
N: 33.900 E: 73.086 Elev: 592m |
Saidpur Village. |
N: 33.894 E: 73.271 Elev: 648m |
3km |
-Ve |
13 |
Malpur |
Malpur Village |
N: 33.774 E: 73.226 Ele15v: 462m |
Malpur Village |
N: 33.774 E: 73.226 Elev: 467m |
4km |
+Ve |
14 |
Daman -e- koh |
Enterance Daman-e-koh road |
N: 33.971 E: 73.130 Elev: 579m |
Bodlabann |
N: 33.958 E: 73.175 Elev: 869m |
6km |
-Ve |
15 |
Talhar |
Entrance Talhar Village |
N: 33.780 E: 73.196 Elev:932m |
Chak Khanna point (18RF) |
N: 33.898 E: 73.168 Elev:995m |
2.5km |
+Ve |
16 |
Sangjani |
Sangjani Wild area |
N: 33.718 E: 72.918 Elev:506m |
Sangjani |
N: 33.725 E: 72.919 Elev:511m |
4km |
+Ve |
17 |
Shah-Allah-Ditta |
Shah-Allah- Ditta Wild area |
N: 33.826 E: 72.994 Elev:581m |
Shah-Allah-Ditta area |
N: 33.839 E: 72.998 Elev:578m |
3km |
+Ve |
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
75.5km |
|
Table 2. Percentage
(%) of habitat use by Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata
in MHNP, Islamabad.
Site No. |
Sampling sites |
Elevation (m) |
Human vicinity area
(%) |
Agricultural lands (%) |
Natural/wild area (%) |
1 |
Malpur |
462 |
4 |
18 |
78 |
2 |
Lake view |
542 |
27 |
15 |
58 |
3 |
Banni galla |
514 |
37 |
14 |
49 |
4 |
Shahdara |
702 |
26 |
23 |
51 |
5 |
Ramli |
591 |
24 |
63 |
13 |
6 |
Phalwari |
595 |
47 |
24 |
29 |
7 |
Gandian |
603 |
57 |
24 |
19 |
8 |
Kalinjir |
598 |
47 |
29 |
24 |
9 |
Bari Imam |
627 |
45 |
21 |
34 |
10 |
Ratta Hottar |
643 |
12 |
51 |
37 |
11 |
Darra Jangala |
630 |
3 |
0 |
97 |
12 |
Trail-3 |
1046 |
2 |
0 |
98 |
13 |
Talhar |
932 |
3 |
8 |
89 |
14 |
Sangjani |
506 |
11 |
7 |
82 |
15 |
Shah-allah-Ditta |
581 |
2 |
13 |
85 |
16 |
NARC |
496 |
27 |
32 |
41 |
17 |
Saidpur |
670 |
34 |
0 |
66 |
|
Mean ± SE |
|
24 ± 4.47 |
20.11 ± 4.15 |
55.88 ± 6.84 |
For
figures & images - - click here
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