Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2021 | 13(11): 19616–19625

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5773.13.11.19616-19625

#5773 | Received 11 February 2020 | Final received 13 August 2021 | Finally accepted 11 September 2021

A checklist of orthopteran fauna (Insecta: Orthoptera) with some new records in the cold arid region of Ladakh, India

M. Ali¹, M. Kamil Usmani², Hira Naz³, Tajamul Hassan Baba⁴ & Mohsin Ali⁵

^1,2,3,4Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India.

⁵Department of Zoology, Leh Campus, University of Ladakh, Uttar Pradesh 194101, India.

¹alimalla76@gmail.com (corresponding author), ²usmanikamil94@gmail.com, ³nazhiranaz@gmail.com, ⁴tajamul4u3@gmail.com,

⁵mohsinzool82@gmail.com

Editor: Nitin Kulkarni, Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi, India. Date of publication: 26 Septtember 2021 (online & print)

Citation: Ali, M., M.K. Usmani, H. Naz, T.H. Baba & M. Ali (2021). A checklist of orthopteran fauna (Insecta: Orthoptera) with some new records in the cold arid region of Ladakh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(11): 19616–19625. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5773.13.11.19616-19625

Copyright: © Ali et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: None.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: The authors are highly thankful to the chairman, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University for lab facilities to carry out the research work. The first author is also thankful to UGC, New Delhi for providing the financial support.

Abstract: The study is mainly focused on the Orthopteran fauna of Ladakh. In the current field survey and literature survey, 29 species, 24 genera, 11 subfamilies, and five families belonging to four super families of Tettigonioidea (Krauss, 1902), Acridoidea (MacLeay, 1821), Eumastacoidea (Burr, 1899), and Pyrgomorphoidea (Burnner von Wattenwyl, 1847) are reported. The subfamily Gomphocerinae, and the following species Leva indica, Stenohippus mundus, Calliptamus italicus, Phaneroptera gracilis, Conocephalus longipennis, and C. maculatus are recorded for the first time from the region.

Keywords: Checklist, Orthoptera, new record, Ladakh.

The order Orthoptera comprises katydids, grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets. It is one of the largest insect orders having more than 28,000 species around the globe and over 1,200 species reported from India (Cigliano et al. 2020). Orthopteran fauna is widely distributed in all the ecological zones of the world but their distribution is dependent upon the vegetation like grasslands, forests, and agricultural fields. Some environmental factors like temperature, rainfall, and soil conditions also determine the distribution of grasshoppers. Orthopteran fauna play a significant role in the grassland ecosystem, they being important as primary consumers (herbivores) and also as contributors of diet to many other animals (reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammals including man). Besides, Orthoptera plays a major role in the soil ecosystem by creating plant litter for soil, simultaneously plant growth and nutrients and cycling elements (Van Hook 1971).

Based on the size of the antennae, the order is divided into two suborders, Caelifera (short-horned) and Ensifera (long-horned). The suborder Ensifera is divided into seven superfamilies—Grylloidea, Gryllotalpoidea, Hagloidea, Stenopalmatoidea, Tettigonoidea, Rhaphidophoroidea, and Schazodactyloidea; whereas the suborder Caelifera into eight super families—Acridoidea, Eumastacoidea, Pneumoroidea, Proscopioidea, Pyrgomorphoidea, Tanoceroidea, Trigonopterygoidea, and Tetrigoidea. In Caelifera the superfamily Acridoidea shows the highest diversity with 11 families out of which the family Acrididae and Pyrgomorphidae are extensively distributed in India. Family Acrididae is divided into 27 subfamilies containing more than 800 genera which are also known as the most dominant and most diversified family in the order Orthoptera (Cigliano et al. 2020). A checklist of Indian Orthoptera including 1,033 species under 398 genera and 21 families was reported by Shishodia et al. (2010).

The remarkable taxonomic work on the Indian Acrididae was done by (Kirby 1914) in the book ‘Fauna of British India’ and divided the family into eight subfamilies. The checklist of Indian Acridoidea was firstly given by Tandon (1976). Bhomik (1984), Hazra et al. (1993), Tandon & Shishodia (1995), Reshi et al. (2008), Sharma & Mandal (2008), Sharma (2011), Rafi & Usmani (2013), Rafi et al. (2014), and Kumar & Usmani (2015) have contributed to the Indian Acrididae.

The present work was carried out to prepare a checklist of Orthoptera from the Ladakh region. The comprehensive study on Indian orthopteran fauna was published by Kirby (1914) and Chopard (1969). So, far there is no consolidated work on the orthopteran fauna of Ladakh is available; only some scattered information regarding orthopteran fauna of Ladakh have been published by a few researchers; Locust swarming at the two regions of Ladakh and major destruction caused by migratory locust Locusta migratoria migratoria in 2006 was studied by Ramamurthy & Kumar (2009). The checklist of Jammu & Kashmir (including Ladakh) has been prepared with 15 species from Ladakh by (Gupta & Chandra 2018). Kumar et al. (2018) also reported 10 species of Orthoptera from Ladakh with some new records.

Materials and Methods

Sampling site

Ladakh: the region is located in the northern part of the country between 30.17N latitude and 77.58E longitude having a total area 59,146km². The area is bounded in the north and east by China and in north-west by central Asia and Afghanistan (Figure 1). Geographically, Ladakh is the cradle inside the lofty Himalayan mountain ranges, which stretch south-east to north-east. A major part of it is inaccessible due to its high altitude which ranges from 2438 to 5486 meters above sea level. Most of the areas are infertile due to low rainfall, but those areas that are good in vegetation are where human habitation and water sources are available. Human settlement areas are richly vegetated due to irrigation. The area is commonly called ‘cold desert’ because it experiences both arctic and desert climate.

Sample collection

Adult specimens of both the sexes were collected from different areas comprising agricultural land, forest land, grassland, and rocky mountain areas by using the insect sweeping net and by handpicking method. The collections were made during the year 2018–2019 in the months of July, August, and September from various places of Ladakh region.

An extensive literature survey was done to add the entire reported species from the region. All published information was undertaken by various sources which served as the basis for this critical analysis.

Specimen preparation

The specimens were killed by using ethyl acetate in an insect killing jar. After killing, the specimens were pinned and stretched with the help of the stretching board, the entomological pins used for specimen stretching and pinning were 0.3–0.4 mm; the pins were inserted on the dorsum of pronotum slightly right to the median carina. The wings were stretched along with the right angle axis of the body, the hind legs slightly stretched backward along the axis of the body. The other body parts antennae, legs, and wings had to be supported with extra pins so that it could dry in the desired position. The specimens were removed from the stretching board after they were fully dried and stored in the insect collection box. Naphthalene balls were put in the corners of the collection box in order to prevent specimen deterioration.

Species Identification

After the collection, the adult specimens were studied under the binocular stereo zoom microscope and sorted out family-wise, sub-family-wise, genera-wise, and species-wise. The specimen identification was carried out with the help of key and description given by Bei-Bienko & Mischienko (1964) and other keys available in the literature and on the website of the ‘Orthopteran Species File’.

Results and Discussion

During the recent survey, a total number of 29 species and 24 genera belonging to 11 subfamilies, and five families of Orthoptera were found to be represented from the Ladakh region. In the previous report of Jammu & Kashmir, a total number of 15 species and 14 genera were recorded from the Ladakh region (Gupta & Chandra 2018). Kumar et al. (2018) reported 10 species and six genera with two new records from the region. In the current study six species—Leva indica, Stenohippus mundus, Calliptamus italicus, Phaneroptera gracilis, Conocephalus longipennis, and Conocephalus sp.—are for the first time recorded from the region and the species Gyabus fusiformis rediscovered from the region (Image 1). A maximum number of species reported from the region belong to the subfamily Oedipodinae (8 genera, 12 species) followed by the subfamily Catantopinae and Gomphomastacinae (3 genera, 3 species), Calliptaminae and Gomphocerinae (2 genera, 2 species), Conocephalinae (1 genus, 2 species) and Conophyminae, Melanopolinae, Phenoropterinae, Pyrgomorphinae, and Tettigoniinae (1 genus, 1 species each) shown in Figure 2.

Order Orthoptera Latreille 1793

Suborder Caelifera Ander 1939

Superfamily Acridoidea Macleay, 1821

Family Acrididae Macleay, 1821

Subfamily Calliptaminae Jacobson, 1905

Genus Acorypha Krauss, 1877

1. Acorypha glaucopsis (Walker, 1870)

Caloptenus glaucopsis walker, F, 1870. Cata. Of the Specimen of Der. Salt. In Coll. Of British Museum 4:702.

Caloptenopsis glaucopsis Bolivar, I. 1917. Rev.real.Acad.Cienc.Exat. Fisic.Natur.16:409–410.

Acorypha glaucopsis Soomro, S. & M.S. Wagan. 2005. Pakistan J. Zool. 37(3):230.

Acorypha glaucopsis Hemp, C. 2009. Journal of Orthopteran research 18(2):197.

Acorypha glaucopsis. Nayeem & Usmani. 2012. Mun. Ento. & Zoo. 7(1):409.

Acorypha glaucopsis Nazir, Mahmood, Ashfaq & Rahim, 2014. JoTT 6(3):5544–5552.

Distribution: Somalia, Nigeria, Sudan, Iran, Yemen, Tanzania, Pakistan, and

India (Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, western Himalaya, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh (Kargil), Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, & Himachal Pradesh).

Genus Calliptamus Serville, 183 l.

2. Calliptamus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Gryllus (Locusta) italicus Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Natur. Per Renga tria nature 1:432.

Gryllus italicus Thunberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Imp.Sci.Sc. Peterburg 5:227 Calliptamus italicus. Lucas, P.H. 1851. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 9 2:363.

Caloptenus italicus Fischer, 1853. Ortho. Euro.377.

Caloptenus italicus Eversmann, 1859. Bull. Soc. Imp. Natur. Moscau 32(1): 138.

Calliptamus italicus Uvarov, 1922. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London. 48:136.

Calliptamus italicus Nagy, 2000. Duna. Dolg. Term. Tud. Sorozatt 10:155.

Calliptamus italicus italicus. Galvagni. 2010. Atti Acc. Rov. Agiati. 8 10(B):177.

Distribution: South-western Europe, Switzerland, Spain, France, Germany, Italy, Greece, Middle Europe, Africa, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, India (Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh), and China.

Subfamily Catantopinae Brunner and Wattenwyl, 1893

Genus Diabolocatantops Jago, 198

3. Diabolocatantops innotabilis (Walker, 1870)

Acridium innotabile Walker, F. 1870. Catalogue of the spec. of Dermap. In Collection of the British Museum 4:629.

Acridium innotabile Finot, 1907. Annal Society Ent. Fr. 76:336

Catantops innotabile Uvarov, 1929. Revue Suisse de Zool. 36:561.

Diabolocatantops innotabilis. Jago. 1984. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 110(3):371.

Diabolocatantops innotabilis Shishodia, Chandra and Gupta, 2010. Rec. Zool. Sur. India Misc. Pub.314:39

Diabolocatantops innotabilis Kumar and Usmani, 2014. J. of Entomol. And Zool. Stud. 2(3):138

Distribution: Pakistan, India (Assam, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh: Leh (Nyoma), Maldives, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Nepal, Maharashtra. Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.), Sri Lanka, Nepal and Thailand.

Genus Paraconophyma Uvarov, 1921

4. Paraconophyma scabra (Walker, 1870)

Caloptenus scaber Walker, F. 1870.Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermap. Salta.in the Collection of Brt.Mus. 4:707.

Mesambria scabra Kirby, W.F., 1910. A Synonymic Cat. of Orthop. 3(2):440. Paraconophyma scabra Uvarov, 1921. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 97:501.

Paraconophyma scabra Bhomik, 1986. Zool. Surv. of India, Tech. Monogr.14:145.

Paraconophyma scabra Shishodia & Tandon. 2004. Fauna of Manipur - Part 2.131.

Distribution: India (Bihar, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh: Leh (Nyoma Taklung) and West Bengal).

Genus Xenocatantops Dirsh, 1953

5. Xenocatantops humilis humilis (Serville, 1838)

Acridium humile Serville, 1838. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres. 662.

Catantops humilis Karny, 1915.Supplementa Entomologica. 4:88

Catantops humilis. Uvarov. 1929. Revue Suisse de Zool. 36:561.

Xenocatantops hum ilis humilis Dirsh and Uvarov, 1953. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie 96:237

Xenocatantops humilis. Ingrisch. 1990. Spixiana (Munich). 13:175.

Xenocatantops humilis Cao & Yin, 2007. Acta Zootaxonomica Sin 32(3):523

Xenocatantops humilis humilis Shishidia, Chandra and Gupta, 2010. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Misc. Pub., Occas. Paper 314:37

Xenocatantops humilis. Tan, M.K. & Kamaruddin. 2016. Zootaxa. 4111(1):26.

Distribution: India (Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh: Leh (Nyoma), Mizoram, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal) Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand., Malaysia and Singapore.

Subfamily Gomphocerinae Fieber, 1853

Genus Leva Bolivar, 1909

6. Leva indica (Bolivar, 1902)

Gymnobothrus indicus Bolivar, 1902. Ann.So. ent. Fr. 70:596.

Leva indica Bolivar, 1902. Bol. R. soc.Esp. Hist. Nat. 9:292.

Leva indica Uvarov, 1929. Revue Suisse de Zool. 36:540.

Leva indica. Shishodia & Tandon. 2000. Fauna of Tripura - Part 2.217.

Leva indica Nayeem and Usmani, 2012. Munis Ento. Zoo.7(1):410.

Distribution: India (Bihar, Manipur, Ladakh: Kargil, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan) and Sri Lanka.

Genus Stenohippus Uvarov, 1926

7. Stenohippus mundus (Walker, 1871)

Stenobothrus mundus Walker, F., 1871. Catalogue of the Spec. of Derm. Salta.79.

Dociostaurus mundus Kirby, 1914. Fauna of Brit. India, Include. Ceylon and Burma. Orthoptera (Acrididae) 117, 119.

Stenohippus mundus Johnston, 1956. Annoat. Cata. of African Grasshoppers 689.

Leva (Stenohippus) mundus Jago, 1971. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 123:223.

Leva mundus Bhowmik, 1990. Rec. Zool. Survey of India. 87(1-4):89-94.

Stenohippus mundus. Hodjat. 2015. J. Entomol. Res. Soc. 17(1):98.

Distribution: West tropical Africa, Burkina, Nigeria, Palestine, Iran, and India (Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh: Kargil, Maharashtra, Mumbai and Rajasthan).

Subfamily Melanopolinae Scudder, 1897

Genus Dicranophyma Uvarov, 1921

8. Dicranophyma babaulti Uvarov, 1925

Dicranophyma babaulti. Uvarov. 1925. Mission Guy Babault dans. 1914. 1925:31, 33.

Dicranophyma babaulti Mani, M.S. 1968. Eco. And Bio. Of High Altitude Insects 212

Dicranophyma babaulti Shishodia, Chandra and Gupta, 2010. Rec. Zool. Sur. India, Misc. Publication, Occas. paper 314:79

Distribution: India (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh: Kargil (Saliskote)).

Subfamily: Oedipodinae MacLeay, 1871

Genus Ailopus Fieber, 1853

9. Ailopus simulatrix simulatrix (Walker, 1870)

Epacromia simulatrix Walker, F., 1870. Cata. of the Spec. of Dermap. Salta. In the collection of the British Museum 4:773.

Acrotylus simulatrix Kirby, 1910. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera 3(2):267.

Aiolopus simulatrix. Ingrisch. 1983. Nachrichtenbl. Bayer. Entom. 32(3):93.

Aiolopus simulatrix. Ingrisch. 1999. Esperiana. 7:361.

Aiolopus simulatrix simulatrix. Usmani. 2008. Zootaxa. 1946:27.

Aiolopus simulatrix. Usmani. 2008. Insecta Mundi. 0041:10.

Aiolopus simulatrix simulatrix. Prabakar, Prabakaran & Chezhian. 2015. Biolife. 3(1):348.

Distribution: Nigeria, Libya, Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Iran, Pakistan and India (Ladakh: Kargil (Saliskote), Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu).

Genus Bryodema Fieber, 1853

10. Bryodema luctuosum inda Saussure, 1884

Bryodema inda Saussure, 1884. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist.Nat. Geneve. 28(9):181

Bryodema india Kirby, W.F. 1914. Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Orthoptera (Acrididae) 151

Bryodema luctosum inda Bey-Bienko, 1930. Ann. Mus. ZoolAcad. Imp. Sciences St. Petersburg 31(1):116.

Bryodema luctuosum indum. Zhang, D.-C., Wenqiang Wang & X. C. Yin. 2006. Entomol. News. 117(1):17.

Bryodema luctuosum indum Shishodia & Gupta. 2009. JoTT. 1(11):569-572.

Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh: Leh (Khardong La)) and China.

Genus Gastrimargus Saussur, 1884

11. Gastrimargus marmoratus (Thunberg, 1815)

Gryllus marmoratus Thunberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Imp. Science St. Peterburg 5:232.

Oedaleus (Gastrimargus)marmarotus Krauss, 1890. Zool. Jahr. Abt. Syst. Gergr. Und Biol. Der Tiere. 5(4):659.

Oedaleus marmarotud Schulthess, 1898. Ann. Mus, Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 39:187.

Gastrimargus marmoratus. Kirby, W.F. 1902. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Londo. 1902:71.

Gastrimargus marmoratus Willemse, C. 1930. Tijdschr. v. Entomo. 73:63.

Gastrimargus marmoratus Mahmood, K. Samira, Salmah & Idris, 2008. Pakistan J. Zool.40(5):375.

Distribution: South Africa, India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Sikkim, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh (Nyoma), Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) China, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Korea.

Genus Locusta Linnaeus, 1758

12. Locusta migratoria migratoria (Linnaeus, 1758)

Gryllus (Locusta) migratorius Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat. pr Regna tria nature 1:432.

Gryllus migratorius Linnaeus, 1761. Fauna Sueciae sistens Animalia Sueciae 238.

Acrudium migratorium Lamarck, 1835. Hist. nat. Anim. Sans Vert. 4:444.

Oedipoda migratoria Selys Longchamps, 1850. Bull. Acad. Sci. Bruxelles 16(2):626–628.

Pachytylus migratoria Eversmann, 1859. Bull. Soc.imp. nat. Moscuau 32(1):139.

Pachytylus migratoria Dtein, J.P.E.F., 1878. Dtsch. Entomol.Z.22:233-236.

Pachytylus migratoria Schulthess, 1898. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 39:188.

Locusta migratoria Chopard, 1922. Faune de France 3:134, 161.

Locusta migratoria migratoria. Cejchan. 1963. Beitrage zur Entomologie. 13(7-8):781.

Locusta migratoria migratoria. Lemonnier-Darcemont, Puskás & Darcemont. 2015. Articulata 30:63–80.

Distribution: India (Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh: Kargil, Leh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) and All over the World.

Genus Oedaleus Fieber, 1853

13. Oedaleus abruptus (Thunberg, 1815)

Gryllus abruptus Thunberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peterburg 5:233.

Oedalueus abruptus Saussure, 1884. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 28(9):110, 117.

Oedaleus abruptus Bolivar, I., 1917. Rev. Real Acad. Cienc. Exact., Fisic. Natur, 16:385.

Oedaleus abruptus Chang, K.S.F., 1939. Bull. Zool. Surv. India 6(1):20, 21.

Oedaleus abruptus Bhowmik & Halder, 1984. Bull. Zool. Surv.India 6(1–3):48.

Oedaleus abruptus Lian, Y Hu & Y Qiao. 2000. Entomotaxonomia. 22(3):171–174.

Oedaleus abruptus. Ingrisch. 2001. Senckenbergiana Biologica. 81:156.

Oedaleus abruptus Nayeem & Usmani. 2012. Munis Entomology & Zoology 7(1):408.

Distribution: Pakistan, India (Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh: Indus River bank, Rajasthan, Manipur, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Tripura, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal) Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam.

Genus Oedipoda Latreille, 1829

14. Oedipoda himalayana Uvarov, 1925

Oedipoda himalayana Uvarov, 1925. Mission Guy babaul dans, Acrididae 1925:22.

Oedipoda himalayana Bhomik, 1985. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Mis. Pub., Occas. Paper 78:37.

Oedipoda himalayana Shishodia & Gupta. 2009. JoTT 1(11):569–572.

Oedipoda himalayana. Azim, Reshi & Rather. 2010. Halteres 1(2):8.

Distribution: India (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh: Kargil, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand) and Tibet.

15. Oedipoda miniata miniata (Pallas, 1771)

Gryllus miniatus Pallas, 1771. Reise durch Verschiedene Provinzen des Russ. Reiches 1:467.

Oedipoda miniata. Targioni-Tozzetti. 1891. Animali ed insetti del tobacco in erba e del tabacco secco. 152.

Oedipoda miniata Ebner, 1908. Verh. Der Zoologisch Botanischen Gesellsch. Wein 58:337.

Oedipoda miniata miniata Ebner, 1910. Zool. Jahr. Abt. Syst. Geogr. Und Biol. Der Tiere 1910: 401–414.

Oedipoda miniata Werner, 1938. S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Kl. 147:130.

Oedipoda miniata Johnston, H.B., 1956. Annoated catalogue of African grasshoppers 518.

Oedipoda miniata miniata Muraj, Dino & Alimehilli, 1970. Bull. Univ. Shtet. Tiranes, Ser. Shken. Nat.24(3):139, 145.

Oedipoda miniata miniata Massa, Fontana, Buzzetti, Kleukers & Ode 2012. Faunal d italia.orthoptera 48:434.

Oedipoda miniata miniata Defaut & Morichon, 2015. Faune de france 97(1a,b):491.

Distribution: Europe, Libya, Turkey, Palestine, Russia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Pakistan and India (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh: Kargil).

Genus Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852

16. Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) eurasius eurasius Mischenko, 1937

Sphingonotus eurasius eurasius Mistshenko, 1937. Eos 12(3):193.

Sphingonotus eurasius Johnston, H.B., 1956. Ann. Cata. of African Grasshoppers 447.

Sphingonotus azurescens Harz, 1975.Ser. Entomol. 11:525,528.

Sphingonotus eurasius Badih & F. Pascaul, 1998. Nouvelle Revue Ent. 15(2):134.

Sphingonotus eurasius Massa, 2009. Jour. Orth. Res. 18(1):84.

Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) eurasius eurasius Benediktov, 2009. Trudy Russk. Entomol. Obshch 80(1):24.

Sphingonotus eurasisus eurasius. Garai. 2010. Esperiana. 15:408. Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) eurasius eurasius. Benediktov. 2011. Matériaux Orthopteriques et Entomocénotiques. 16:7.

Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) eurasius eurasius Dey, L.S. Saboori, Hodjat, Tork, Pahlow & Husemann, 2018. Zootaxa 4379(2):157.

Distribution: Morocco, Libya, Turkey, Palestine, Syria, Caucasus, Iran, Kazakhstan, India (Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh: Kargil (Hugnis)).

17. Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) rubescens fallax Mishchenko, 1937

Sphingonotus fallax. Mistshenko. 1937(1936). Eos 12(3–4):153.

Sphingonotus rubescens fallax. Bey-Bienko & Mistshenko. 1951. Locusts and Grasshoppers of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries. 2:620(269).

Sphingonotus rubescens fallax. Bhowmik. 1985. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Misc. Pub., Occas. Paper. 78:41.

Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) rubescens fallax. Shishodia, K. Chandra & S.K. Gupta. 2010. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Misc. Pub., Occas. Paper. 314:101.

Distribution: Europe, Africa, Afghanistan and India (Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh: Kargil, Leh).

18. Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) rubescens rubescens. (Walker, 1870)

Oedipoda rubesens Walker, F., 1870. Zoologist 25(28):2301.

Sphingonotus rubescens Kirby, W.F., 1910. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera 3(2):274.

Sphingonotus rubescens Kirby, W,F., 1914. Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Orthoptera (Acrdidae) 155.

Sphingonotus rubescens rubescens Mistshenko, 1937. Eos 12(3-4):169.

Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) rubescens rubescens Dey, L.S., Saboori, Hodjat, Tork, Pahlow & Husemann, 2018. Zootaxa 4379(2):167.

Distribution: Spain, Europe, Africa, Libya, Egypt, Turkey, Yemen, Palestine, Iran, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan and India (Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh: Kargil, Leh).

19. Sphingonotus savignyi (Saussure, 1884)

Sphingonotus savignyi Saussure, 1884. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 28(9):198.

Sphingonotus Savignyi Krauss, 1890. Verh. der Zool.Bota. Gesellsch. Wien. 28(9):198.

Sphingonotus savignyi Dirsh, 1965. The Afr. Gener. Of Acridoidea 470.

Sphingonotus savignyi savignyi Massa, 2009. Jour. Orth. Res. 18(1):470.

Sphingonotus(Sphingonotus) savignyi savignyi dey, L.S., Saboori, Hodjat, Tork, Pahlow & Husemann. 2018. Zootaxa 4379(2):170.

Distribution: North Africa, Russia, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh: Kargil, Leh, and Himachal Pradesh).

Genus Trilophidia Stal, 1873

20. Trilophidia annulata (Thunberg, 1815).

Gryllus annulatus Thunberg, 1815, Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peterburg 5:234.

Trilophidia annulata Bolivar, I., 1902. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.70:604.

Trilophidia annulata Hollis, 1965. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London 117:251.

Trilophidia annulata Kumar and Usmani, 2016. Munis Entomology & zoology 11(1): 83.

Distribution: Iran, Pakistan, India (Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh: Leh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal) Sri Lanka, Nepal, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Korea and Japan.

Family Dericorythidae Jacobson & Bianchi, 1905

Subfamily Conophyminae Mistshenko, 1952.

Genus Conophyma Zubovski, 1898.

21. Conophyma kashmiricum Mistshenko, 1950

Conophyma kashmiricum Mistshenko, 1950. C.R. Academic Science, URSS 72:213.

Conophyma kashmiricum Bey Bienko and Mistschenko, 1951. Locusta and Grasshoppers of the USSR and Adjacent countries 1:190(199).

Conophyma kashmiricum Balderson and Yin, 1991. Ento. Gaz. 42(3):195.

Distribution: India (Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh (Kargil – Matayen)).

Superfamily Eumastacoidea Burr, 1899

Family Eumastacidae Burr, 1899

Subfamily Gomphomastacinae Burr, 1899

Genus Gomphomastax Brunner Wattenwyl, 1898

22. Gomphomastax kashmirica Balderson & Yin, 1991

Gomphomastax kashmirica Balderson & Yin, 1991.Ento. Gazette. 42(3):191.

Gomphomastax kashmirica Usmani, Reshi & Azim, 2008. Insecta Mundi 33:2

Distribution: India (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh (Tso-Morari)).

Genus Phytomastax Bey Bienko, 1949

23. Phytomastax bolivari (Uvarov, 1936)

Gomphomastax bolivari Uvarov, 1936.Opuscula Entomologica 1:18.

Phytomastax bolivari Bey Bienko & Mistshenko, 1951. Locusta and Grasshoppers of the USSR and Adjacent Countries 1:122(128).

Gomphomastax bolivari Mani. 1968. Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects 212.

Phytomastrax bolivari Balderson & Yin, 1991. Entomologist Gazette 42(3):192.

Distribution: India (Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh (Tragbal Pass)).

Genus Gyabus Ozdikmen, 2008

24. Gyabus fusiformis (Bei Bienko, 1949)

Pachymastax fusiformis Bey Bienko, 1949. C.R. Acad. Sci. URSS. 64(5):733.

Pachymastax fusiformis Bey Bienko, 1951. Locusta and Grasshoppers of the USSR and Adjacent Countries 1:118(126).

Gyabus fusiformis Ozdikmen, 2008. Zootaxa 1763:68.

Distribution: India (Ladakh (Kargil – Choskor)).

Superfamily Pyrgomorphoidea Brunner Von Wattenwyl, 1874

Family Pyrgomorphidae Brunner Von Wattwnyl, 1874

Subfamily Pyrgomorphinae Burnner Von Wettenwyl, 1874

Genus Atractomorpha Saussure, 1872

25. Atractomorpha sinensis montana Kevan & Chen, 1969

Actractomorpha sinensis montana Kevan, D,K,M, & Y. K. Chen, Zoological Journal of Linnean Society 48:141.

Atractomorpha sinensis montana Kevan, D.K.M., 1977. In Beier. Orthoperorum Catalogus 16:396.

Atractomorpha sinensis montana Vickery, 1996. Notes Lyman ent. Mus. Res. Lab 19:2-11.

Distribution: India (Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh).

Suborder Ensifera

Superfamily Tettigonioidea Krauss, 1902

Family Tettigoniidae Krauss, 1902

Subfamily Conocephalinae Burmeister, 1838

Genus Conocephalus Thunberg, 1815

26. Conocephalus (Anisoptera) longipennis (Haan, 1843)

Locusta (Xiphidium) longipennis Haan, 1843. Temminck Verhandelingen over de Nederlansche Overzeesche Bezittingen 19/20:188,189.

Xiphidium longipenne Burnner von Wattenwyl, 1893. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova213(33):181.

Conocephalus (Xiphidion) longipennis. Karny. 1912. Genera Insectorum. 135:11.

Conocephalus longipennis Pitkin, 1980. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist) ent. 41(5):349.

Conocephalus (Anisoptera) longipennis Zhou, M., Bi & Xian Wei Liu,2010.Zootaxa 2527:57.

Conocephalus (Anisoptera) longipennis . Kim, T.-W. & Hong Thai Pham. 2014. Zootaxa 3811(1):69.

Conocephalus (Anisoptera) longipennis. Xiao, W., S.-L. Mao, Jianfeng Wang & J.H. Huang. 2016. Far Eastern Entomologist. 305:14.

Conocephalus (Anisoptera) longipennis. Nagar & Ranjni Swaminathan. 2016. Zootaxa. 4126(1):24.

Conocephalus (Anisoptera) longipennis. Farooqi & Usmani. 2018. Zootaxa. 4461(3):390.

Distribution: Dakar, India (Andaman & Nicobar, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Ladakh: Kargil and Uttar Pradesh), Eurasia, China, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Philippines.

27. Conocephalus (Anisoptera) maculatus (Le Guillou, 1841)

Xiphidion maculatus. Le Guillou. 1841. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie. 294.

Xiphidium (Xiphidium) maculatum Redtenbacher, 1891. Ver. der Zool. Bota. Gesellesch, Wein 41:515.

Anisoptera maculatum Kirby, W.F., 1906. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acrididae) 2:278.

Conocephalus (Anisoptera) maculatus Hebard, 1992. Proc.Acad.Nat. Sci. Philad 74:243.

Conocephalus maculatus. Chopard. 1954. Mem. Inst. franc. Afr. Noire. 40(2):61.

Conocephalus (Anisoptera) maculatus Storozhenko, Kim & Jeon, 2015. Monograph of Korean Orthoptera 45.

Conocephalus (Anisoptera) maculatus. Gaikwad, Koli, Raut, Waghmare & Bhawane. 2016. JoTT. 8(2):8535.

Distribution: Africa, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Pakistan, India (Orissa, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh: Kargil, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttarakhand) Nepal, China, Bhutan, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia, Korea and Japan.

Subfamily: Phaneropterinae Burmeister, 1838.

Genus Phaneroptera Serville, 1831

28. Phaneroptera gracilis Burmeister, 1838

Phaneroptera gracilis Burmeister, 1838. Handbuch der Entomologie 22(IVIII):690.

Phaneroptera subnotata. Burner von Wattenwyl. 1878. Monographie der Phaneropteriden. 2016.

Phaneroptera gracili. Karny, 1927. Zeitschr. Gesam. Naturwiss. 88:12.

Phaneroptera gracilis Ingrisch, 2002. Entomologica basiliensia. 24:124.

Phaneroptera gracilis Hugel, 2009. Zoosystema. 31(3):552.

Phaneroptera gracilis Shi, F.M., L.H. Zaho & J.Jiao, 2013. Acta zootaxanomica Sin. 38(3):510.

Phaneroptera (Phaneroptera) gracilis gracilis Kim, T.W. & Hong Thai Pham, 2014. Zootaxa. 38(3):510.

Distribution: South Africa, Pakistan, India (Ladakh, Uttar Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya and Tamil Nadu) Nepal, China, Bhutan and Malaysia.

Subfamily Tettigoniinae Krauss, 1902

Genus Hyphinomos Uvarov, 1921

29. Hyphinomos fasciata Uvarov, 1921.

Hyphinomos fasciata. Uvarov, 1921. Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28:74.

Hypsinomus fasciata Mani, M.S., 1968,. Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects 212.

Hyphinomos fasciata. Gurney & Liebermann. 1975. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 65(3):102–107.

Distribution: Dakar, India (Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh: Kargil) and China.

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