Species persistence: a
re-look at the freshwater fish fauna of Chennai, India
J.D. Marcus Knight 1 & K. Rema Devi 2
1 Flat
‘L’, Sri Balaji Apartments, 7th Main Road,Dhandeeswaram, Velachery,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600042, India
2 Zoological
Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre,
100 Santhome High Road, Chennai, Tamil
Nadu 600028, India
Email: 1 jdmarcusknight@yahoo.co.in, 2remadevi_zsi@yahoo.com
Date of publication (online): 26 November 2010
Date of publication (print): 26 November 2010
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: R.J.R. Daniels
Manuscript details:
Ms
# o2519
Received
22 July 2010
Finally
accepted 05 October 2010
Citation: Knight, J.D.M. & K.R. Devi (2010). Species persistence: a
re-look at the freshwater fish fauna of Chennai, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 2(12): 1334-1337.
Copyright: © J.D. Marcus Knight & K. Rema Devi 2010. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTTallows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Acknowledgements: We thank Mr. Venkat, Dolphin Aquarium,
and Mr. G. Das, Care Earth, Chennai, for their help in conducting the surveys.
Chennai is amongst the few Indian
cities that has had a long history of biodiversity
studies. The erstwhile Madras that
has since expanded considerably into today’s Chennai has extensive and diverse
aquatic habitats that amongst others attracted the attention of ichthyologists
for at least 100 years. Two
perennial rivers - Adyar and Cooum,
numerous reservoirs that provide water for irrigation and drinking, seasonal
tanks and extensive flood plains (example PallikaranaiMarsh), canals, channels, rice fields and open wells are typically freshwater
habitats that add to the heterogeneity of the otherwise maritime landscape.
One of the earliest and most
comprehensive of fish studies that considered a wide range of Chennai’s aquatic
habitats is that of Raj (1916). Raj’s study carried out around 1910 is in fact the bench
mark of the series of fish surveys that spanned the 100 years dealt with
in this paper.
Raj (1916) recorded a total of 57
species of which 44 species may be treated as primary freshwater fishes (Menon 1999). He mainly surveyed the Adyar and Cooum rivers and sporadically the drinking water reservoirs
of Sembarambakkam (Chembarampakkam)
and Red Hills. Subsequent surveys
of fish carried out by other authors focused mainly on the Adyarand Cooum rivers (Panikker& Aiyar 1937; Ganapati1964; Evangeline 1967; Mary Bai 1993) with a few
surveying the Chembarampakkam Lake (Raghunathan 1978; Daniels & Rajagopal2004). The few other available
publications are based on studies around Chennai and its environs (Devi et al.
1999) with a couple focusing on specific habitats (Raghunathanet al. 2005; Raghunathan et al. 2008).
The present study focused mainly on
the freshwater habitats around Chennai such as the Rettai Eri (near Red Hills), MadipakkamLake, wetlands of Velacherry,Kovillampakkam Lake, AdyarRiver and the Chembarampakkam Lake. Dipnet,
dragnet and castnet were used for the surveys and in
deep waters where these methods could not be used,fishermen’s gill nets were regularly monitored.
A dip net of 45 x 30 cm with mesh
size less than 1mm, a cast net of radius 480cm with mesh size 10mm and a
dragnet of dimensions 210 x 120 cm with mesh size less than 1mm were used,
apart from regularly monitoring fishermen’s catches. Fishermen used four types of gill nets approximately 400 x 2
m each with different mesh sizes viz 25mm, 40mm, 55mm
and 100mm. The species collected
were identified using the available literature on freshwater fishes (Talwar & Jhingran 1991; Jayaram 1999).
The identity of a few primary
freshwater fish which were recorded in the previous surveys conducted over the
past hundred years by various authors (Raj 1916; Panikker& Aiyar 1937; Ganapati1964; Evangeline 1967; Raghunathan 1978; Bai 1993; Devi et al. 1999; Daniels & Rajagopal 2004; Raghunathan et
al. 2005; Raghunathan et al. 2008) have since
undergone nomenclatural changes/revisions and the present paper is based on the
current identity and geographical distribution of the species.
Aplocheilus blockii is restricted
to the west coast and very similar to A. parvus a species whichis quite common in the Coromandel Coast (Menon1999). Therefore in this paper the
species present in Chennai and its environs is confirmed to be A. parvus which is frequently confused with A. blockii (Jayaram 1999) and a few authors even consider them as
synonyms (Talwar & Jhingran1991).
The next species under question
recorded in four surveys (Raghunathan 1978; Bai 1993; Devi et al. 1999; Raghunathanet al. 2008) is Colisa fasciata. This species is known to be a northern Indian species. C. lalia a very similar species is known
from Chennai from the 1960s (Daniels & Rajagopal2004) but did not feature in any of those surveys. Even though C. lalia was common for the past 50 years
it was first officially reported only in 2004 (Daniels & Rajagopal 2004) and subsequently in 2005 (Raghunathan et al. 2005). As both the species are very similar with reddish cross
bands on the body it is likely that they have been confused. Therefore it is presumed that the
record of C. fasciata is indeed C. lalia which is very common even today in
Chennai and its environs.
Earlier taxonomic revisions have
replaced O. melastigma which is the next species in question
with Oryzias dancena and O. carnaticus (Daniels 2002; Parenti2008). Oryzias sp. reported in the other surveys is
being treated as O. dancena as the male specimens collected
during the present study had filamentous extensions of the anal fin (Daniels
2002) and smaller adult size (Parenti 2008).
Puntius mahecola recorded by Raj (1916) is actuallyP. filamentosus. The two have
frequently been confused and occasionally treated as synonyms (Menon 1999). P. mahecola is now known to be a species very similar to P. amphibius and the taxonomic
status of P. amphibius is questionable (Pethiyagoda & Kottelat2005). P. melonostigma recorded by Raghunathan et al. (2008) is
being considered as P. mahecola (Pethiyagoda& Kottelat 2005).
Barring these, of the 66 species reported by earlier
surveys, eight species were not recorded during the present study, while 17
others were added for the first time to the list of fishes known from
Chennai. Thus, during the present
study the presence of 75 species of fish has been validated. This is the highest number of primary
freshwater fish species reported from Chennai and its environs. The eight ‘missing’ species are Nandus nandus, Clarias magur, Ompok bimaculatus, Sperata aor, Cirrhinus reba, Salmostoma acinaces,Puntius amphibius and Anguilla bengalensis. Poecilia reticulata, Xiphophorus helleri, X. maculatus and Brachydanio rerio reported from Chennai (Devi et al.
1999) have not been included in the checklist, as they were collected from a
farm and not in the wild.
Four species of fish have been
recorded after 100 years. Raj
(1916) recorded Anguilla bicolor, Labeo calbasu, Wallago attu, Channa gachua in the year 1910-11 and these fish
which were not reported in any other surveys were collected during the present
study. Macrognathus aral though not collected in the recent
study was captured from Chembarampakkam recently (E. Ramanujam pers. comm.). The non-native Osphronemus gourami is one other species not collected
in the present study but has been added to the checklist as
there is a recent report of its presence in the AdyarRiver (Knight 2010a).
Exotic fish recorded for the first
time can be attributed to more recent introductions by the ornamental fish
trade and aquaculture. Species
like Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus, P. pardalis, Hemichromis bimaculatus and Amphilophus trimaculatum (Knight & Devi 2009a) are sure
to have been brought in by the aquarium trade. Clarias gariepinus, Pangasius pangasius,Oreochromis niloticus, O. aureus (Knight & Devi 2009b) and
the large carps have been brought in for aquaculture.
The recent record
of northern Indian fish like Badis badis (Knight &
Devi 2009c), Puntius gelius (Knight 2010b) and P. orphoides are rather interesting. These may have been brought in by the
Krishna water transported to Chennai recently or earlier by ways of
water imports from the north. What
is more interesting is that these fish neither feature in the list of fishes of
Hyderabad (Chandrasekhar 2004) which includes those of the
River Krishna nor in the checklist of fishes of the River Krishna (Jayaram 1995).
Eighty-three species of fishes
belonging to 49 genera and 23 families are known to inhabit the fresh water
habitats of Chennai (Table 1). The
presence of almost 90% of the fishes known in the past 100 years was validated
in the present study, highlighting that species do persist. Conclusions and reports of species
extinction can well be premature and misleading.
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