Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2020 | 12(9): 15985–16005
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5650.12.9.15985-16005
#5650 | Received 25 December 2019 | Final
received 10 June 2020 | Finally accepted 18 June 2020
A review of the bacular morphology of some Indian bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Bhargavi Srinivasulu
1, Harpreet Kaur 2, Tariq Ahmed Shah 3, Gundena Devender 4 , Asad
Gopi 5, Sreehari Raman 6 & Chelmala Srinivasulu 7
1- 5, 7 Natural History Museum and
Wildlife Biology & Taxonomy Lab, Department of Zoology, University College
of Science,
Osmania University, Hyderabad,
Telangana State 500007, India.
6 Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Menglun,
Mengla, Yunnan Province, 666303, PR
China.
1,7 Systematics, Ecology &
Conservation Laboratory, Zoo Outreach Organization, No. 12 Thiruvannamalai
Nagar, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035,
India
1 bharisrini@gmail.com, 2 hkaur.ou@gmail.com,
3 tariqahmed143@gmail.com, 4 devenderzoo103@gmail.com, 5
dyani.gopi@gmail.com,
6 sree.forestry@icloud.com, 7 chelmala.srinivasulu@osmania.ac.in
(corresponding author)
Editor: Paul Racey, University of Exeter, UK. Date of publication: 26 June 2020 (online & print)
Citation: Srinivasulu,
B., H. Kaur, T.A. Shah, G. Devender, A. Gopi, S. Raman & C. Srinivasulu (2020). A review of
the bacular morphology of some Indian bats (Mammalia:
Chiroptera). Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(9): 15985–16005. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5650.12.9.15985-16005
Copyright: © Srinivasulu
et al. 2020. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: University Grants Commission, New Delhi; UGC-UKIERI Thematic
Partnership Programme, New Delhi; Science
and Engineering Board, Department
of Science and Technology, Government of India; CSIR, New Delhi.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Bhargavi Srinivasulu, is interested in molecular phylogenetics, taxonomy and biogeography of
endemic bats of peninsular India, and is currently focusing on roundleaf bats
of South Asia. Harpreet Kaur
worked on the taxonomy of some Hipposiderids of
peninsular India for her Ph. D. and continues to work on bats while being
affiliated to Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Studies, Osmania
University. Tariq A. Shah and G. Devender are pursuing their
respective doctoral studies on bats under the guidance of CS. Asad Gopi worked in the UGC-UKIERI project
on bats of the Andaman Islands. Sreehari Raman
is a forestry graduate and specialised in Wildlife
Sciences from Kerala Agricultural University. He is currently a PhD scholar at
Chinese Academy of Sciences and undertaking project on bat taxonomy. Chelmala Srinivasulu who heads the Wildlife Biology and
Taxonomy Lab at Department of Zoology, Osmania University, is working on
molecular phylogenetics, taxonomy, ecology and biogeography of tetrapods of South Asia.
Author contribution: BS and CS planned and wrote the ms. BS and HK did the bacular
studies. All the authors contributed equally to the field studies.
Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to the
Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (WL) of respective forest departments of
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and, Rajasthan for
necessary permissions to enable capture and study of bats. We acknowledge the
help extended to us, throughout our fieldworks in the forest tracts of the
above mentioned states, by the DFOs and other forest staff of different
wildlife divisions of each state. We acknowledge the research grants from
funding agencies such as DST-SERB, UGC-UKIERI, DST-UKIERI, UGC-PDF(W), CSIR
(HK, TAS), DSA-I (SAP-II), DST-FIST. We are thankful to the Head, Department of
Zoology, Osmania University for the necessary facilities. We are also thankful to Dr.
M. Seetharamaraju, Dr. P. Venkateswarlu, Dr. G. Chethan Kumar, Mr. K. Krishna Prasad, Mr. Tauseef Hamid
Dar, Mr. Aditya Srinivasulu and Mr. Akhil Padmarajan for their help during field studies.
Abstract: Bacular
studies play a significant role in the case of bats and other mammals since it
is considered an important taxon-specific character, thus helping in species
discrimination. Structure of the baculum (os penis)
also aids in examining and understanding cryptic diversity in bats. The baculum
has been used in taxonomic studies of bats but such studies for Indian bats are
few and far between. It was felt necessary to put together a comprehensive
document depicting the bacular morphology of bats in
India so as to be helpful for future bat studies. The penises of the bats were
excised, treated with KOH, and then dyed with alizarin red to extract the bacula. The extracted bacula were
measured using an oculometer, photographed, and
preserved in glycerol. Of the total of 47 species of bats (belonging to nine
families) collected and studied during the past decade, we present the bacular morphology of 44 species from peninsular India,
Andaman Islands, and Jammu and Kashmir. Bacular
morphology of eight taxa, namely, Eonycteris
spelaea, Rhinolophus pusillus,
R. lepidus monticola,
R. cognatus, Hipposideros
cf. grandis, Myotis peytoni,
M. horsfieldii dryas, and M. longipes are presented here for the first time from
India.
Keywords: Andaman Islands, baculum,
cryptic species, Jammu & Kashmir, os penis,
peninsular India.
Introduction
Thomas (1915), for the first time, named the
os penis or the penis bone “baculum” (Hill &
Harrison 1987), and put to use the study of the baculum in the taxonomy of bats
and rodents. The baculum varies between
species and is morphologically diverse both in terms of shape and size (Chaine 1925; Hamilton 1946; Eadie 1947; Burt 1960;
Patterson & Thaeler 1982; Romer & Parsons
1986; Dixson 1995; Weimann et al. 2014). It was thought to be found only in certain
mammalian groups such as Afrosoricida, Carnivora, Chiroptera, Dermoptera, Erinaceomorpha, Primates, Rodentia, and Soricomorpha
(Martin 2007; Perrin et al. 2009; Schultz et al. 2016). Recently, the presence
of baculum has been discovered in the Lagomorph species Ochotona princeps
(Weimann et al. 2014), corroborating earlier findings
of the baculum in O. pusilla by Aksenova & Smirnov (1986) and Erbajeva
et al. (2011). These studies show that
the baculum might be present in many more taxa than is presently known,
however, a baculum is not present in all the species of certain orders, namely
Carnivora, Chiroptera, Primates, and Rodentia and is
vestigial or absent in felids (Didier 1949; Romer & Parsons 1986;
Williams-Ashman 1990; Larivière & Ferguson 2002;
Brindle & Ophie 2016).
After Thomas’s (1915) pioneering work, many
studies described the bacular structure of bats,
amongst which some major ones include that of Davis (1947), Hamilton (1949), Krutzsch & Vaughan (1955), Topál
(1958), Krutzsch (1959, 1962), Lanza (1959, 1960,
1963, 1970), Didier (1964), Corbet (1964), Brown (1967), Brown et al. (1971), Wassif & Madkour (1972), Wassif et al. (1984), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kitchener
& Maharadatunkamsi (1991), Kruskop
& Lavrenchenko (2000), Albayrak
& Aşan (2001), Benda et al. (2004, 2011), and Rakotondramanana & Goodman (2017).
In India, some of the studies on bacular morphology of bats include those of Bhatnagar
(1967), Agrawal & Sinha (1973), Topál (1975),
Sinha (1976, 1983), Khajuria (1979, 1980, 1982), Srinivasulu et al. (2010, 2014, 2015, 2018), Kaur et al.
(2014, 2017), and Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2018).
Bacular morphology is used as a discriminating character for
differentiating between different species of bats (Herdina
2014). Studies on the bacular structure of different species of bats have shown
the presence of cryptic species among morphologically similar taxa (Krutzsch & Vaughan 1955; Krutzsch
1959; Heller & Volleth 1984; Kitchener et al.
1986; Hill & Harrison 1987; Strelkov 1989; Bates et al. 2006, 2015; Kruskop & Borisenko 2013;
Kaur et al. 2014; Goodman et al. 2015; Kruskop 2015; Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu
2018).
India is home to 128 species of bats (Srinivasulu et al. 2020), of which during the last decade
we studied 47 species of bats belonging to nine families from peninsular India,
Andaman Islands, and Jammu & Kashmir.
A comprehensive document on the bacula of bats
of India is lacking, hence the present work was planned to fill this
lacuna. This work is intended to help as
reference material for future bat workers in the region. In this paper, we provide the bacular morphology of 44 species of bats principally found
in the Indian subcontinent.
Materials
and methods
Male individuals of bats were collected from
different parts of Telangana State, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan and the Andaman Islands after
obtaining permissions from the respective forest departments over the last 10
years. Captured bats were handled in
strict accordance with good animal practices and according to guidelines of the
American Society of Mammalogists (Sikes 2016). Bats were identified following Bates &
Harrison (1997) and Srinivasulu et al. (2010). Common names of the species are after Srinivasulu (2018).
The voucher specimens were preserved and deposited in the Natural
History Museum of Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. From the voucher specimens, the penis was excised
and the baculum was extracted following methods outlined by Topál
(1958) and Hill & Harrison (1987).
The extracted bacula were stained with
alizarin red and photographed using a camera mounted on a trinocular
microscope. Where possible, photographs of the dorsal, lateral, and ventral
aspects of each baculum were taken. The
total length of the baculum starting from the basal lobes to the tip of the
baculum and breadth of the base of the baculum (where possible) were measured
using an oculometer.
The stained bacula were then preserved in
vials with 100% glycerol.
Results
and Discussion
A total of 47 species of bats belonging to
nine families were studied (Table 1). Of
these, two species, Miniopterus fuliginosus and M. pusillus,
lack bacula.
The bacular structure of Hipposideros
diadema masoni could
not be studied as it is known in India based only on a single female specimen (Srinivasulu et al. 2016).
Family Pteropodidae
Gray, 1821
The bacula of
seven out of 12 species of fruit bats in India are reported here.
1.
Rousettus leschenaultii (Desmarest, 1820) Leschenault’s Rousette (Image 1.I)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.65d.2015, male, collected from Golconda fort (17.382N and
78.401E), Hyderabad, Telangana State, by C. Srinivasulu
and Tariq A. Shah on 27.ix.2015.
The baculum is medium-sized (2.7mm long;
1.1mm broad), flat, and more or less dumb-bell shaped. The proximal end is round and broad. The apical end has two swellings and is
equally as broad as the proximal end. Both the apical and the proximal regions
of the baculum look raised in the lateral view.
The shaft of the baculum is broad and parallel-sided.
Variations:
The shape of the baculum reported here from a specimen from the Golconda fort,
Telangana State, differs from that described by Agrawal & Sinha (1973) from
Satara, Maharashtra.
The baculum of the Telangana specimen is broad with both the apical and
proximal ends being equally broad. The
baculum from Maharashtra (Agrawal & Sinha 1973; Sinha 1976) has an
oval-shaped larger base and the shaft narrows toward the distal end, which is
smaller than the base.
2. Pteropus
medius Temminck, 1825
Indian Flying Fox (Image 1.II)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.21.2012, male, collected from Osmania University
(17.422N and 78.530E), Hyderabad, Telangana State by M. Seetharamaraju
on 15.ii.2012.
The baculum is medium-sized (2.7mm long,
2.7mm wide), flat, and rectangular. No
difference in the dorsal or the ventral surface was observed. The distal end is broad and has a median
projection, while the proximal ends are situated apart from each other. Laterally, the baculum has a straight
profile.
Variations:
The structure of this baculum reported here from a specimen from Osmania
University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, differs slightly from that of specimens
from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh and Imphal, Manipur as
described by Agrawal & Sinha (1973) and from specimens from Nasirabad and Jodhpur, Rajasthan (Sinha 1976). The baculum in adults is semicircular, and
the proximal ends are situated close to each other giving a more rounded
appearance with a heart-shaped concavity in the middle. The shape of the baculum in sexually immature
individuals has an inverted U-shape with the proximal ends situated far apart
from each other (Agrawal & Sinha 1973).
The shape of the baculum that was observed by us in our specimen from
Telangana with proximal ends situated far apart shows that this is probably a
sexually immature specimen.
3. Pteropus
hypomelanus Temminck,
1853 Variable Flying Fox (Image 1.III)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.133.2014, male, collected from Bahadur Nala (12.071N and 92.741E), near Baratang
Island, North & Middle Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by
Bhargavi Srinivasulu and C. Srinivasulu
on 21.xi.2014.
The baculum is very large (10.0mm long) with
a wide, apical portion tapering to a narrower proximal portion. Dorsally, the proximal ends touch each other
and have slight swellings resulting in a small concavity at the point of
contact. The arms enclose a space that
is broad apically and narrowly rounded off proximally. Ventrally, at the base, a concavity is seen.
Variations:
The general shape of the baculum reported here from a specimen from Bahadur Nala, South Andaman, Andaman Islands is similar to that
described by Lanza (1970) of the nominate form from Ternate Island, Indonesia,
although in his description, the proximal ends are almost but not completely
touching.
4. Pteropus
melanotus Blyth, 1863 Black-eared Flying
Fox (Image 1.IV)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.192.2015, male, collected from Rutland Island (11.395N
and 92.561E), South Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by Asad Gopi and Tauseef Hamid Dar, on 16.xii.2015.
The baculum is very large (9.0mm long),
robust, and roughly rectangular with a broad base (6.0mm). The apical portion is broader than the
proximal portion with a cavity in the centre which is
broad at the apical portion and narrows down to a pointed tip toward the
proximal portion. The baculum is concave
on the ventral surface.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of a specimen from Rutland Island, South Andaman,
matches the description by Lanza (1970) of that of Pteropus
melanotus tytleri from
the Andaman Islands.
5. Cynopterus
sphinx (Vahl, 1797) Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat
(Image 1.V)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.10.2012, male, collected from Osmania University
(17.422N and 78.530E), Hyderabad, Telangana State, by P. Venkateswarlu,
on 02.ii.2012.
The baculum is short (2.0mm long, 1.3mm
wide). The base of the baculum is high
and broad (1.3mm) and has well-developed shoulders that join medially, into a
tall and narrow shaft ending with a narrowly rounded tip. The proximal border of the baculum has uneven
edges. The ventral surface of the
baculum is concave in appearance.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of a specimen from Osmania University, Hyderabad,
Telangana State, matches the description provided by Bates & Harrison
(1997) of the specimen from Haldwani, Uttarakhand,
India. It slightly differs from that
described by Agrawal & Sinha (1973) from Kolkata, West Bengal, in which the
shaft is short and distal end is bulbous.
6. Cynopterus
brachyotis (Müller, 1838) Lesser Short-nosed
Fruit Bat (Image 1.VI)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.121.2015, male, collected from Devpur
(12.862N and 92.867E), near Mayabunder, North &
Middle Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by C. Srinivasulu and Aditya Srinivasulu,
on 19.x.2015.
Only the Andaman population of this species
was studied. The baculum is small (1.1mm
long). The base is broad with high
shoulders. The base then joins medially
to continue to a broad shaft, which ends with a broadly rounded tip. The baculum is concave in its ventral aspect.
Variations:
In the Andaman populations, we have observed variations; in some, the shaft is
much shorter and stouter, and no development of shoulders was observed. A much more detailed study is needed to
ascertain the presence of any cryptic species/subspecies among the island
forms.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of a specimen from Devpur,
near Mayabunder, Middle Andaman, Andaman Islands,
differs in lacking the two projections on either side of the base as described
by Bates & Harrison (1997) of specimens from Tamil Nadu, India and Agrawal
& Sinha (1973) from Goa, India. We
also observed that the shaft of the baculum of this species is broad, and not
narrow and tall as in C. sphinx.
7. Eonycteris
spelaea (Dobson, 1871) Lesser Dawn Bat (Image
1.VII)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.41.2012, male, collected from Baratang
Island (12.095N and 92.749E), North & Middle Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by Bhargavi Srinivasulu and G. Chethan Kumar,
on 04.vii.2012.
The baculum of Eonycteris
spelaea is being reported for the first
time. The baculum of the specimen from
the Baratang Island, Andaman Islands, is medium-sized
(3.1mm long), with a broad base (2.0mm).
The base is slightly notched in the centre on
the proximal border. The distal portion
has a short shaft ending with a rounded-off tip.
Remarks: The
baculum structure of Eonycteris spelaea described in the present work differs greatly
from that described by Krutzsch (1959 & 2005)
from Soka, Bali, Indonesia and from Batu caves, near Kuala Lumpur, West Malaysia respectively.
It is for the first time that the baculum of this species is described from
India.
Family Rhinopomatidae
E. Geoffroy, 1818
The bacula of both
species of mouse-tailed bats in India are reported here.
8. Rhinopoma
hardwickii (Gray, 1831) Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat
(Image 2.I)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.16.2015, male, collected from Mukta Bhai (20.583N and
79.506E), Doma, Chimur,
Chandrapur District, Maharashtra, by Tariq A. Shah and G. Devender, on
27.ii.2015.
The baculum is very small (1.0mm long), with
a unique shape. The proximal portion
(0.3mm wide) has two arms which are placed widely from each other. In between the two arms of the proximal
portion, a small process extends downward, which sometimes gets easily broken
leaving behind a tiny projection that can be seen on the lateral aspect. The arms of the proximal portion are broadly
rounded off. The shaft of the baculum is
thick and parallel-sided. The shaft
starts from the mid-portion of the base of the baculum and ends with a broadly
rounded tip.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Chimur,
near Chandrapur, Maharashtra is slightly similar to that of specimens from Solayan, Nagaur District,
Rajasthan (Sinha 1976). The baculum of
the present specimen differs in having a broad base with arms extending outward
and a shorter parallel-sided shaft.
9. Rhinopoma
microphyllum (Brünnich,
1792) Greater Mouse-tailed Bat (Image 2.II)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.138h.2015, male, collected from Juna
Mahal (23.826N and 73.714E), Dungarpur District, Rajasthan, by Tariq A. Shah,
on 29.x.2015.
The baculum is very small (0.7mm long) and
triangular. It is concave on the ventral
aspect. Two projections are observed on
either side of the base (0.3mm wide) leading to the formation of a concavity in
the mid-portion of the base of the baculum.
The base extends into a parallel-sided shaft, which narrows in a
rounded-off tip toward the apex. In the
lateral aspect, the baculum shows a straight profile.
Remarks: The
baculum of the specimen from Juna Mahal, Dungarpur,
Rajasthan resembles that described by Sinha (1976) from Jodhpur,
Rajasthan. The structure of the baculum
of the specimen from Delhi (Agrawal & Sinha 1973) differs in structure from
that of the Rajasthan specimens examined during the present study and also by
Sinha (1976). Further studies are needed
to ascertain any cryptic diversity among populations of R. microphyllum in India.
Family Emballonuridae
Gervais, 1855
The bacula of
three out of six species of tomb bats in India are reported here.
10. Taphozous
longimanus (Hardwicke, 1825) Long-winged Tomb Bat
(Image 3.I)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.5.2015, male, collected from Old High Court (21.153N and
79.071E), Civil Lines, Nagpur, Nagpur District, Maharashtra, by G. Devender and
Tariq A. Shah, on 24.ii.2015.
The baculum is very small (0.4mm long),
flat, blunt, and irregular in shape. The
proximal end is broad and the distal end is somewhat broadly pointed. The distal end shows a slight concavity on
the ventral surface.
Remarks: The
baculum structure of the specimen from Nagpur, Maharashtra, is similar in
structure with that described by Sinha (1976) from Kota, Rajasthan.
11. Taphozous
melanopogon Temminck,
1841 Black-bearded Tomb Bat (Image 3.II)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.18.2015, male, collected from Ambai-Nimbai
(19.783N and 79.577E), Chimur, Chandrapur District,
Maharashtra, by G. Devender and Tariq A. Shah, on 27.ii.2015.
The baculum is very small (1.0mm long), with
a slightly broad base and a knob-like tip. No noticeable difference between the proximal
and apical portions is observed.
Additionally, there is no demarcation between the ventral and dorsal
surfaces, as it is cylindrical.
Remarks: The
baculum structure of the specimen from Chimur,
Chandrapur, Maharashtra, is similar to that described by Sinha (1983) from
Patna, Bihar. Another baculum of this
species was described from Tennaserim, Myanmar
(=Burma) (Agrawal & Sinha 1973), where the baculum was also cylindrical and
knob-like, similar to that described by Sinha (1983) and that observed in the
present specimen. The Tennaserim baculum had a swollen distal end with a
crescent-shaped notch at the tip.
12. Taphozous
nudiventris (Cretzschmar,
1830-31) Naked-rumped Tomb Bat (Image 3.III)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.65f.2015, male, collected from Golconda Fort (17.382N and
78.401 E), Hyderabad, Telangana State, by C. Srinivasulu
and Aditya Srinivasulu, on 27.ix.2015.
The baculum is very small (0.5mm long) and
resembles the shape of a shoe. The base
of the baculum is broader than the apex and continues into a parallel-sided
straight shaft which becomes narrower and pointed near the apex. In the lateral aspect, a slight concavity is
seen just above the base rendering the dorsal aspect of the baculum near the
base to be slightly curved to the outside.
Remarks: The
baculum structure of the specimen from the Golconda Fort, Telangana State,
differs from that described by Sinha (1976) from Kota, Rajasthan, in which the
baculum was described to be lingulate in structure with a narrow and concave
base.
Family Megadermatidae
H. Allen, 1864
The bacula of both
the species of false vampire bats in India are reported here.
13. Lyroderma
lyra E. (Geoffroy, 1810) Greater False Vampire Bat (Image 4.I)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.12.2014, male, collected from Naramvarigudem
(17.250N and 81.068E), Bhadradri Kothagudem
district, Telangana State, by G. Devender and K. Krishna Prasad, on 25.i.2014.
The baculum is very small (0.5mm long), with
two semi-curved, concave, small, simple, thin bones that are arranged beside
one another without any medial attachment inside the penis. One bone has a very slightly expanded base
and narrowly pointed apex, while the other has a wavy lateral border and has
the proximal and apical portions narrowly rounded off.
Remarks: The bacular structure of the specimen from Naramvarigudem,
Khammam, Telangana State matches that described by Sinha (1976) from Ranthambore, Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan.
14. Megaderma
spasma (Linnaeus, 1758) Lesser False Vampire Bat
(Image 4.II)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.49.2016, male, collected from 10th Block (11.933N and
75.795E), Forest Quarters, Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary,
Kannur district, Kerala, by Bhargavi Srinivasulu and
G. Devender, on 13.x.2016.
The baculum is small (1.3mm long), and
resembles a tuning fork. The thick base
has a bone extending down from it in the form of a stalk. The shaft is made of two arms which extend toward
the distal end and have narrowly rounded off tips. The arms converge as they reach the apical
portion to form a ‘U’ shape. When
observed in the lateral aspect, the baculum shows concavity on the ventral
side.
Remarks: The
baculum structure of the specimen from Aralam
Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala matches that described by Bates & Harrison
(1997) from Pilikutthuwa, Sri Lanka and Sinha (1983)
from India (exact locality not known).
Family Rhinolophidae
Lacépède, 1799
The bacula of
seven out of 19 species of horseshoe bats in India are reported here.
15. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
(Schreber, 1774) Greater Horseshoe Bat (Image 5.I)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.27a.2016, male, collected from Bumzov
Cave (33.769N and 75.213E), Martand, Anantnag District, Jammu and Kashmir, by Tariq A. Shah, on
30.iv.2016.
The baculum is large (4.7mm long), and
spindle-shaped. The base is broad
(1.5mm) and has a deep concavity on the ventral surface. The shaft is thick, initially near the base
it is parallel-sided, a bit further up it expands into a spindle shape, and
later converges into a narrowly pointed tip.
Remarks: The
baculum structure of the specimen from Bumzov cave,
Jammu & Kashmir matches that described by Topál
(1975) from Bumzov cave, Jammu & Kashmir, and
Bates & Harrison (1997) from Abbottabad, Pakistan.
16. Rhinolophus andamanensis
(Dobson, 1872) Homfray’s Horseshoe Bat (Image 5.II,
5.III)
Materials examined: NHM.OU.CHI.72.2014, male, collected from Baratang
Island (12.095N and 92.749E), North & Middle Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by Chelmala Srinivasulu and Asad Gopi, on 15.x.2014;
NHM.OU.CHI.31.2012, male, collected from Baratang
Island (12.095N and 92.749E), North & Middle Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by Bhargavi Srinivasulu and G. Chethan Kumar,
on 04.vii.2012.
The baculum (typical form, Image 5.II) is
medium-sized (3.1mm long). The base is
broad (1.0mm), four-pronged and has a V-shaped fissure that appears deep on the
ventral aspect and shallow on the dorsal aspect. The broad base extends to about 25% of the
length of the baculum and then narrows into a thin parallel-sided long shaft,
which curves slightly near the apical region.
Variation:
The second type of baculum (Image 5.III) has also been observed among
individuals of the same population of this species. The baculum is medium-sized (2.2mm). The base is small and three-pronged with a
small concavity on the ventral aspect.
The base extends into a thin, long, parallel-sided shaft which ends in a
narrowly rounded off tip. In the lateral
aspect, the shaft shows slight curvature toward the apical region (Srinivasulu et al. 2019).
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Baratang
Island, Andaman Islands, shows slight similarity to that described by Sinha
(1983) from North Andaman, Andaman Islands.
17. Rhinolophus rouxii
(Temminck, 1835) Rufous Horseshoe Bat (Image 5.IV)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.15.2017, male, collected from Karagal
Village (14.1897N and 74.8138E), Shivamogga District, Karnataka, by
Bhargavi Srinivasulu and G. Devender, on 15.v.2017;
NHM.OU.CHI.66.2016, male, collected from Kerala Agriculture University – Periyar Hostel (10.5502N and 76.27837E), Vellanikkara, Thrissur District, Kerala, by Bhargavi Srinivasulu and Tariq A Shah, on 31.x.2016.
The baculum is medium-sized (2.3mm long),
with a long, thin shaft and expanded base.
The expanded base has a deep sulcus on the ventral aspect. The middle portion of the base has an uneven
border and the sides are slightly longer than the middle portion. Apically the shaft is narrowly
rounded-off. Laterally it has a slight
curvature starting from the distal end to the base. The base of the baculum shows a more rounded
appearance laterally. Ventral basal emarginations are deeper than the dorsal ones. The ventral surface shows a wide median
depression. The tip is acutely pointed
when seen laterally.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Kargal,
Shivamogga, Karnataka matches that described by Topál
(1975) from Udaygiri, Odisha, and Mahabaleshwar,
Maharashtra, and Bates & Harrison (1997) from Talewadi,
Karnataka. The baculum of the present
specimen differs slightly in having a slight curvature of the shaft toward the
apical region visible in the lateral aspect.
The taxon R. indorouxii Chattopadhyay
et al. (2012) was described as separate from R. rouxii
based on echolocation calls and cytb sequences,
however, the nomen is treated as invalid by
Hutson et al. (2019). The baculum structure
of the populations described as R. indorouxii
(Image 5.V; here treated as R. cf. rouxii)
is roughly similar to that of R. rouxii and
differs slightly in having a small, not so rounded base. The shaft shows slight curvature and the tip
of the shaft is slanting and flat.
18. Rhinolophus pusillus
(Temminck, 1834) Least Horseshoe Bat (Image 5.VI)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.14.2017, male, collected from Karagal
Village (14.1897N and 74.8138E), Shivamogga District, Karnataka, by
Bhargavi Srinivasulu and G. Devender, on 15.v.2017.
The baculum of the specimen from Kargal, Shivamogga, Karnataka, is medium-sized (3.5mm
long), with a deeply forked broad base (1.0mm).
The shaft is long, thin, and cylindrical, ending in a narrowly
rounded-off tip. The tip of the baculum
shows a slight flattening at an angle.
On the lateral aspect, a pronounced curvature is observed in the middle
region of the shaft.
Remarks: This
is the first time that the baculum of this species from India is described.
19. Rhinolophus lepidus
(Blyth, 1844) Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat (Image 5.VII)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.28.2015, male, collected from Kandri
Mine Cave (21.412N and 79.268E), Nagpur, Nagpur district, Maharashtra, by G.
Devender and Tariq A. Shah, on 03.iii.2015.
The baculum is medium-sized (3.5mm long),
with a slightly forked broad base. The
base (0.8mm) shows the presence of a thin sulcus on the ventral surface. The shaft is narrow, long, cylindrical,
ending in narrowly pointed tip. The
lateral profile of the baculum is straight.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Nagpur, Maharashtra, matches that
described by Sinha (1976) from Ranthambore, Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan.
19a. Rhinolophus lepidus
monticola Andersen, 1905 Montane Horseshoe Bat
(Image 5.VIII)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.19.2016, male, collected from Bumzov
Cave (33.769N and 75.213E), Martand, Anantnag District, Jammu and Kashmir, by Tariq A. Shah, on
30.iv.2016.
The baculum of the specimen from Anantnag, Jammu & Kashmir is large (4.5mm long), longer
than the nominate subspecies. It has a
broad base (1.0mm) with a shallow proximal emargination. The emargination is
shallower than that of R. lepidus. The base has a thin sulcus on the ventral
surface, which extends into a concavity.
The shaft is thin, long, and cylindrical ending in a tapered and pointed
tip. In the lateral profile, a
pronounced curvature starting from just above the broad base to the tip is
observed.
Remarks: This
is the first time that the baculum of this subspecies is described.
20. Rhinolophus cognatus
(Andersen, 1906) Andaman Horseshoe Bat (Image 6.I, 6.II)
Materials examined: NHM.OU.CHI.94.2015 male, collected from Baratang
Island (12.095N and 92.749E), North & Middle Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by C. Srinivasulu and Aditya Srinivasulu,
on 14.x.2015; NHM.OU.CHI.127.2014, male, collected from Interview Island
(12.888N and 92.687E), North & Middle Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by Asad Gopi and Tauseef Hamid Dar, on 12.xi.2014.
The baculum of the specimen from Baratang Island is medium-sized (3.0mm long), with a long,
thin shaft, and thick and bulbous tip.
The base is wide (0.7mm) with a distinct deep concavity very clearly
visible in the ventral aspect. In the dorsal aspect, a slight sulcus is seen on
the base. The shaft shows a distinct
curvature in the lateral aspect, just above the base.
Variation: In
a population of this species on Interview Island, the baculum structure,
although quite similar, shows slight variations. The baculum is medium-sized (2.0mm long), has
a deep sulcus at the base and a long shaft ending with a bulbous tip. The baculum is straight in lateral profile.
Remarks: This
is the first time that the baculum of this Indian endemic species is
described.
21. Rhinolophus beddomei
(Andersen, 1905) Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat (Image 6.III)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.10.2013, male, collected from Shivagange
(13.169N and 77.222E), Bengaluru Rural District, Karnataka, by Bhargavi Srinivasulu and Harpreet Kaur, on 13.xi.2013.
The baculum of the specimen from Shivagange, Karnataka, is large (5.8mm long) and is
comprised of a thick and triangular base and a narrow distal shaft. The margin of the broad base (2.2mm) has a
deep sulcus dorsally and a deep groove ventrally. The shaft is long and ends with a rounded
tip. The basal processes are shorter
than the shaft and are well separated by the deep groove on the base.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Shivagange,
Bengaluru rural, Karnataka, matches that described by Srinivasulu
et al. (2015) from Sandur, Bellary district,
Karnataka.
Family Hipposideridae
Lydekker, 1891
The bacula of 10
out of 16 species of roundleaf bats in India are reported here.
22. Hipposideros
ater Templeton, 1848 Dusky Roundleaf Bat (Image
7.I)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.9.2018, male, collected from Navarkulam
(11.9614N and 79.8059E), Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, by Tariq A. Shah, on
01.vii.2018.
The baculum is small (1.6mm long). The base is small, with a slight concavity in
the middle. The shaft is long and
cylindrical and tapers into a narrowly pointed tip. A slight curvature starting from about one
quarter the length of the shaft to the tip is observed in the lateral
aspect.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Navarkulam,
Pondicherry, matches that described by Topál (1975)
from Konark, Odisha.
23. Hipposideros
durgadasi (Khajuria,
1970) Durga Das’s Roundleaf
Bat (Image 7.II)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.28.2014, male, collected from Therahalli
(13.133N and 78.095E), Kolar district, Karnataka, by Harpreet Kaur and Bhargavi
Srinivasulu, on 13.v.2014.
The baculum is small (1.5mm long), with a
distinct ‘C’ shape in the lateral aspect.
The base of the baculum is squarish, simple, and the shaft gradually
tapers towards the pointed tip. On the
dorsal aspect, a conspicuous constriction is seen just above the base.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Hanumanahalli,
Kolar district, Karnataka, matches that described by Topál
(1975) from Gwarighat, Madhya Pradesh.
24. Hipposideros
fulvus (Gray, 1838) Fulvus
Roundleaf Bat (Image 7.III)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.9.2014, male, collected from Naramvarigudem
(17.250N and 81.068E), Bhadradri Kothagudem
District, Telangana State, by G. Devender and K. Krishna Prasad, on 25.i.2014.
The baculum is small (1.8mm long), with a
thick base and a long slender shaft. The
base is small and has no appearance of any concavity. The shaft is long, slender, showing slight
curvature along the length and tapers to a pointed tip. In the lateral view, a
slight curvature of the shaft is clearly visible.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Naramvarigudem,
Bhadradri Kothagudem
district, Telangana State matches that described by Topál
(1975) from Bhaja, Maharashtra; from Jodhpur,
Rajasthan described by Sinha (1976) and that described by Bates & Harrison
(1997) from Sri Lanka.
25. Hipposideros
pomona Andersen, 1918 Pomona Roundleaf Bat (Image
7.IV)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.2.2018, male, collected from Ranipuram
(12.4262N and 75.3623E), Kasaragod District, Kerala, by Sreehari
Raman, on 25.xi.2017.
The baculum of the specimen from Ranipuram, Kasaragod district, Kerala, is small (1.7mm
long), with a thick base and a bifid tip.
The base is thick with a small concavity in the middle. The shaft of the baculum is long, slender,
straight-sided, and ends with a bifid apical portion.
Remarks: The strucutre of the baculum of the specimen from Ranipuram, Kerala matches that described by Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu
(2018) based on a historic specimen collected from Travancore, southern
India.
26. Hipposideros
gentilis Andersen, 1918 Andersen’s Roundleaf Bat
(Image 7.V)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.135.2014, male, collected from Baratang
Island (12.095N and 92.749E), North & Middle Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by Tauseef
Hamid Dar and Asad Gopi, on 22.xi.2014.
The baculum is very small (0.6mm long),
simple, tapering gradually to a tip.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Baratang
Island, Andaman Islands, matches that of H. pomona
described by Douangboubpha et al. (2010) from
Thailand and Zubaid & Davison (1987) from
Peninsular Malaysia. A slight variation
in the baculum structure was observed in some populations, in which the baculum
(0.5mm) shows a rounded base with a slight concavity near the apical region,
and ends with a squarish tip.
27. Hipposideros
hypophyllus Kock &
Bhat, 1994 Kolar Roundleaf Bat (Image 7.VI)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.19.2014, male, collected from Hanumanahalli
(13.158N and 78.291E), Kolar District, Karnataka, by C. Srinivasulu
and Aditya Srinivasulu, on 12.v.2014.
The baculum is medium-sized (2.5mm long),
straight-sided, and a slightly round and broad base. There is a prominent concavity present at the
base ventrally. The shaft of the baculum
is long and gradually tapers into a bifid distal end. When viewed laterally, the tip appears
bulb-like and the base is sharply angulated.
28. Hipposideros
galeritus (Cantor, 1846) Cantor’s Roundleaf Bat
(Image 8.I)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.35.2014, male, collected from Shivagange
(13.169N and 77.222E), Bengaluru Rural District, Karnataka, by Bhargavi Srinivasulu and Harpreet Kaur, on 16.v.2014.
The baculum is very small (0.7mm long), with
a broad base, gradually tapering shaft and a blunt tip. There is a faint concavity present near the
base on the ventral aspect. In the
lateral view, the shaft is faintly curved.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Shivagange,
Karnataka matches that described by Topál (1975) from
Ajanta, Maharashtra.
29. Hipposideros
speoris (Schneider, 1800) Schneider’s Roundleaf
Bat (Image 8.II)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.32.2013, male, collected from Hanumanahalli
(13.158N and 78.291E), Kolar District, Karnataka, by G. Devender and Tariq A.
Shah, on 14.xii.2013.
The baculum is very small (0.5mm long), with
a slightly expanded base, a straight shaft, and a notched, broad tip. Laterally, it shows the presence of a slight
curvature of the shaft from the base to the apical region.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Hanumanahalli,
Karnataka matches that described by Topál (1975) from
Elephanta, Maharashtra.
30. Hipposideros
cf. grandis (G.M. Allen, 1934) Grand
Roundleaf Bat (Image 8.III)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.177.2015, male, collected from V.K. Pur
(10.726N and 92.576E), Little Andaman, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by Asad Gopi and Tauseef Hamid Dar, on 05.xii.2015.
The baculum is small (1.2mm long), with a
roughly U-shaped structure. The apical
processes are long with lateral thickenings and converge toward the apex. The tips are not in contact with each
other. The outer margins of the apical
process are projecting. The proximal end
is grooved in the middle, and a concavity is present at the base of the
proximal end.
Remarks: The
baculum of the specimen from Little Andaman, Andaman Islands matches that
described by Agrawal & Sinha (1973), as Hipposideros
larvatus grandis, from Prome, Myanmar (=Burma); however, a slight difference is
observed. Agrawal & Sinha (1973)
mention that the arms are narrower in the middle than at the apex, however in
the baculum of the present specimen the arms narrow toward the apex. This is the first time that the baculum of
this species from India is described.
31. Hipposideros
lankadiva (Kelaart, 1850)
Kelaart’s Roundleaf Bat (Image 8.IV)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.59.2015, male, collected from Chikatimori
(19.11N and 79.09E), Maliyal, Jannaram,
Mancherial District, Telangana State, by G. Devender
and G. Chethan Kumar, on 25.ix.2015.
The baculum is medium-sized (2.4mm long),
with two apical processes extending from the base. The baculum is longer than broad and slender
in appearance. The basal portion of the
baculum is broad, with a small concavity in the middle. From the base, the broad shaft extends to 1/3rd
the length of the baculum after which two apical processes arise from the broad
shaft. These are thin and tall and run
parallel to each other. Toward the apical portion, they slightly bend toward
each other. The tips of the apical processes
are narrowly rounded off. Laterally, the
apical processes exhibit uneven borders and a pointed tip and a gentle bend
toward the forked base.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Jannaram,
Mancherial district, Telangana State matches that
described by Agrawal & Sinha (1973) from Garo Hills, Meghalaya.
Family Molossidae
Gervais, 1856
The baculum of one out of three species of
free-tailed bats in India is reported here.
32. Tadarida
aegyptiaca (E. Geoffroy, 1818) Egyptian Free-tailed
Bat (Image 9)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.45.2014, male, collected from Shiva Temple (15.317N and
76.464E), Hampi, Bellary District, Karnataka, by
Tariq A. Shah and C. Srinivasulu, on 19.v.2014.
The baculum is very small (0.5mm long). The base is small and has a concavity in the
middle. It continues into a
parallel-sided thick shaft, which expands into a bulbous apical region.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Hampi,
Karnataka, differed from that described by Agrawal & Sinha (1973) from
Alwar, Rajasthan, in having a distinct shaft ending with a bulbous apical
region, however, it matches that
described by Sinha (1976) from Kota, Rajasthan.
Family Vespertilionidae
Gray, 1821
The bacula of 12
out of 65 species of evening bats in India are reported here.
33. Myotis blythii
Tomes, 1857 Lesser Myotis (Image 10.I)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.20.2016, male, collected from Bumzov
Cave (33.769N and 75.213E), Martand, Anantnag District, Jammu and Kashmir, by Tariq A. Shah, on
30.iv.2016.
The baculum is very small (0.9mm long),
broad (0.6mm) and triangular. On the
dorsal surface, a small knob-like projection is seen medially on the base of
the baculum. The baculum is concave on
the ventral surface. The shaft is broad
and parallel-sided, narrowing slightly toward the apical region and ends with a
broadly rounded tip. A faint ridge is
seen connecting the knob-like projection on the base to the tip of the baculum.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Bumzov cave,
Jammu & Kashmir matches that described by Albayrak
& Aşan (2001) from Turkey.
34. Myotis peytoni
Wroughton & Ryley, 1913 Peyton’s Whiskered Myotis
(Image 10.II)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.06.2017, male, collected from Makuta
(12.077N and 75.725E), Kodagu district, Karnataka, by Bhargavi Srinivasulu and G. Devender, on 07.v.2017.
The baculum of the specimen from southern
Karnataka is very small (0.8mm long), broad (0.5mm) and triangular. The ventral surface is concave and the dorsal
surface is uneven in texture. The
mid-point of the base is slightly raised on the dorsal surface. The base extends in the form of a broad,
parallel-sided shaft which joins roughly in a triangular shape at the apical
region and ends in a rounded tip. The
proximal border is uneven in nature.
Laterally, a concavity is observed on the ventral surface to give an
appearance of a boat shape to the baculum.
Remarks: This
is the first time that the baculum of this Indian endemic species is described.
35. Myotis longipes
Dobson, 1873 Kashmir Cave Myotis (Image 10.III)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.24.2016, male, collected from Bumzov
Cave (33.769N and 75.213E), Martand, Anantnag District, Jammu and Kashmir, by Tariq A. Shah, on
30.iv.2016.
The baculum of the specimen from Bumzov Cave, Jammu & Kashmir is very small (0.4mm long)
and flat. It is distinctly shaped not
being typically ‘triangular’ as in other species of Myotis studied
during the present study. The base is
wide and has a slight concavity in the middle.
The base extends onto a parallel-sided tall shaft, which ends in a
narrowly pointed tip.
Remarks: The bacular structure of the specimen from Jammu and Kashmir
roughly matches with that provided by Hanak and Gaisler (1969) from Afghanistan. However, it differs from
that depicted in Hanak and Gaisler
(1969) in having a parallel-sided tall shaft, and a flat appearance.
36. Myotis horsfieldii
dryas (Andersen, 1907) Andaman Myotis (Image 10.IV)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.125.2015, male, collected from Bamboo Nullah (12.856N and
92.875E), near Mayabunder, North & Middle Andaman
district, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by C. Srinivasulu
and Aditya Srinivasulu, on 19.x.2015.
The baculum is very small (2.3mm long),
saddle-shaped, with a deep median emargination on the
base (1.5mm wide). On the dorsal
surface, a projection is seen on the basal margin of the baculum. The baculum becomes slightly narrower toward
the apical portion and ends in a narrowly rounded off tip. The tip and the bony projection are connected
by means of a ridge on the dorsal surface of the baculum. Ventrally, the baculum shows a
concavity. The distal end of the baculum
is blunt, without any abrupt constrictions.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Mayabunder,
Andaman Islands roughly matches the general structure of that described by
Bates & Harrison (1997) from Venniar Estate,
Tamil Nadu, however, the baculum of the present specimen differs from that
described by Bates & Harrison (1997) in being triangular with a deep emargination on the basal margin and a well-defined ridge
on the dorsal surface. This is the first
time that the baculum of this subspecies endemic to Andaman Islands is
described.
37. Scotophilus
heathii (Horsfield,
1831) Asiatic Greater Yellow House Bat (Image 10.V)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.27.2015, male, collected from Nagardan
Qila (21.337N and 79.315E), Ramtek, near Kandheri Moil, Nagpur District, Maharashtra, by Tariq A.
Shah and G. Devender, on 03.iii.2015.
The baculum is small (1.8mm long). The base is broader (1.0mm) than the apex and
shows the presence of a deep median emargination,
with a shaft being as thick as the base.
The broad base extends in the form of a parallel-sided shaft, which is
as broad as the base. The broad shaft
narrows slightly toward the apex and ends in a broadly rounded apex. At the apex, a slight concavity is
observed. In the lateral profile, the
baculum is thick at the base and shows a slight curvature as it extends toward
the apex.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Nagardan
Qila, Maharashtra matches roughly with that described by Hill & Harrison
(1987) from Tori, Pakistan. The baculum,
however, differs from that depicted in Hill and Harrison (1987) in having a
single deep emargination in the base, a concavity at
the tip on the dorsal and ventral aspects and being broad and stout in the
lateral aspect.
38. Scotophilus
kuhlii (Leach, 1821) Asiatic Lesser Yellow House
Bat (Image 10.VI)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.67.2015, male, collected from Singaraipet
Beat, Thallapet (19.07N and 79.09E), Mancherial
District, Telangana State, by G. Devender and K. Krishna Prasad, on 30.ix.2015.
The baculum is small (1.6mm long). The base is broad, with a slight concavity in
the centre.
The shaft is parallel-sided, as broad as the base and narrows toward the
apical region where it shows the presence of a deep notch at the tip. The tip seems pointed due to the presence of
the deep notch. Laterally the baculum is straight and thin with a rounded base.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Thallapet,
Mancherial District, Telangana State roughly matches
that described by Hill & Harrison (1987) from Chiang Mai, Thailand.
However, the baculum differs from that depicted in Hill and Harrison (1987) in
having a single shallow emargination at the base and
a deep notch at the tip.
39. Tylonycteris
malayana eremtaga Srinivasulu et al. 2018 Andaman Greater Bamboo Bat (Image
10.VII)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.151.2015, male, collected from Chipo
(13.527N and 93.013E), North & Middle Andaman District, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, by Asad Gopi and Tauseef Hamid Dar,
on 06.xi.2015.
The baculum is very small (0.4mm long), with
a broad concave base. The shaft of the
baculum is long, straight, with a slight concavity just beneath the rounded
tip. In lateral aspect, the shaft of the
baculum is long and straight, and the base is much flared.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Chipo,
North Andaman, Andaman Islands roughly matches that described by Hill &
Harrison (1987) from Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve,
Kepong, Selangor, Malaya. However, it differs in having a much flared base, a
long and straight shaft.
40. Pipistrellus
javanicus camortae
(Miller, 1902) Camorta Pipistrelle (Image 10.VIII)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.158.2015, male, collected from Devpur
(12.862N and 92.867E), near Mayabunder, North &
Middle Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by Tauseef Hamid Dar
and Asad Gopi, on 18.xi.2015.
The baculum is large (5.3mm long), long, and
slender. The base is narrow, and the
proximal portion shows the presence of a shallow V-shaped fissure. The apical portion is wider than the basal
portion. The shaft of the baculum is long, parallel-sided and at the apical
portion, the shaft bifurcates into two arms.
The tips of the arms show a slight inward curvature. In lateral view, the baculum has a slightly
curved profile. The apical portion shows
the presence of a concavity just beneath the bifid tip on the ventral surface
giving the appearance of slight curvature of the baculum near the tip. The proximal portion extends slightly and is
in line with the apical curvature of the baculum.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Mayabunder,
Middle Andaman, Andaman Islands matches that described by Soota
& Chaturvedi (1980) from Tee Top, Car Nicobar, Andaman & Nicobar
Islands, and Hill & Harrison (1987) from Car nicobar.
However, the baculum does not show as much curvature of the shaft in the
lateral profile as is depicted in Hill and Harrison (1987).
41. Pipistrellus
coromandra (Gray, 1838) Coromandel Pipistrelle
(Image 10.IX)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.53.2016, male, collected from Chembanoda
(11.6384N and 75.865E), Perivanamuzhi, Kozhikode
District, Kerala, by Bhargavi Srinivasulu and G.
Devender, on 19.x.2016.
The baculum is medium-sized (3.1mm
long). The proximal lobes of the base of
the baculum are narrow and have a deep emargination. The shaft is long, ending with a bifid
tip. The apical lobes are thick, short
and deflected slightly outward. Toward
the apical region, the shaft shows a slight curvature on the dorsal surface
observed in the lateral profile. The tip
also shows a slight downward curvature.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Kozhikode, Kerala, matches that
described by Hill & Harrison (1987) from near Mirzapur,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
42. Pipistrellus
tenuis (Temminck, 1840) Least Pipistrelle (Image
10.X)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.1.2013, male, collected from Gachibowli (17.440N and
78.352E), Hyderabad District, Telangana State, by Harpreet Kaur, on 24.i.2013.
The baculum is medium-sized (3.3mm
long). The proximal lobes of the narrow
base are well developed and have a deep emargination. The lobes have processes on them and are
deflected outward. The shaft is long,
slightly thick, ending in a bifid tip.
The apical lobes are short. In
the lateral aspect, a concavity is seen just above the base, followed by the
presence of a distinct process immediately above it. The apical region does not show any curvature
on the lateral aspect.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Hyderabad, Telangana State
matches that described by Hill & Harrison (1987) from the Coast of Sabah,
Borneo. In the baculum of the present
specimen, the shaft has a straight profile, and shows the presence of processes
on the proximal lobes unlike that depicted by Hill & Harrison (1987).
43. Pipistrellus
ceylonicus (Kelaart,
1852) Kelaart’s Pipistrelle (Image 10.XI)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.8.2012, male, collected from Osmania University Campus
(17.417N and 78.531E), Hyderabad, Telangana State, by Bhargavi Srinivasulu and C. Srinivasulu,
on 23.i.2012.
The baculum is medium-sized (3.8mm long).
The basal lobes are well-developed and are deflected outward. The shaft is slender and tall. The tip is bifid, and the apical lobes are
thin with a deep emargination separating them. In the
lateral aspect, the shaft exhibits a straight profile.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Osmania University, Telangana
State matches that described by Hill & Harrison (1987) from Astoli, Belgaum, Karnataka, although in their depiction,
the shaft of the baculum is shown to have a slight curvature on the lateral
aspect.
44. Hesperoptenus
tickelli (Blyth, 1851) Tickell’s Bat (Image
10.XII)
Material examined: NHM.OU.CHI.155.2015, male, collected from Devpur
(12.862N and 92.867E), near Mayabunder, North and
Middle Andaman District, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, by Tauseef Hamid Dar
and Asad Gopi, on 16.xi.2015.
The baculum is large (4.5mm long). The base of the baculum expands to form
paired basal lobes separated both dorsally and ventrally by median V-shaped
fissure. The shaft of the baculum is
long, parallel-sided and expands as it approaches the tip. The tip shows a slight concavity in the middle. When viewed laterally, the shaft shows
curvature starting at the midpoint gradually to the tip.
Remarks: The
structure of the baculum of the specimen from Devpur,
Middle Andaman, Andaman Islands roughly matches to that described by Hill
(1976) and Hill & Harrison (1987) both from Sri Lanka. The present baculum differs from that earlier
described in having the apical region expanded and a gradual curvature from the
midpoint of the shaft to the tip. It
also differs in having a concavity at the tip.
Table 1. Diversity of bat species studied on mainland
India and the Andaman Islands.
Scientific name |
Common name |
Family Pteropodidae |
|
Rousettus leschenaultii |
Leschenault’s Rousette |
Pteropus medius |
Indian Flying Fox |
Pteropus hypomelanus |
Variable Flying Fox |
Pteropus melanotus |
Black-eared Flying Fox |
Cynopterus sphinx |
Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat |
Cynopterus brachyotis |
Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat |
Eonycteris spelaea |
Lesser Dawn Bat |
Family Rhinopomatidae |
|
Rhinopoma hardwickii |
Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat |
Rhinopoma microphyllum |
Greater Mouse-tailed Bat |
Family Emballonuridae |
|
Taphozous longimanus |
Long-winged Tomb Bat |
Taphozous melanopogon |
Black-bearded Tomb Bat |
Taphozous nudiventris |
Naked-rumped Tomb Bat |
Family Megadermatidae |
|
Lyroderma lyra |
Greater False Vampire Bat |
Megaderma spasma |
Lesser False Vampire Bat |
Family Rhinolophidae |
|
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum |
Greater Horseshoe Bat |
Rhinolophus andamanensis |
Homfray’s Horseshoe Bat |
Rhinolophus rouxii |
Rufous Horseshoe Bat |
Rhinolophus pusillus |
Least Horseshoe Bat |
Rhinolophus lepidus |
Blyth's Horseshoe Bat |
Rhinolophus lepidus monticola |
Montane Horseshoe Bat |
Rhinolophus cognatus |
Andaman Horseshoe Bat |
Rhinolophus beddomei |
Lesser Woolly Horseshoe Bat |
Family Hipposideridae |
|
Hipposideros ater |
Dusky Roundleaf Bat |
Hipposideros durgadasi |
Durga Das’s
Roundleaf Bat |
Hipposideros fulvus |
Fulvus Roundleaf Bat |
Hipposideros pomona |
Pomona Roundleaf Bat |
Hipposideros gentilis |
Andersen’s Roundleaf Bat |
Hipposideros hypophyllus |
Kolar Roundleaf Bat |
Hipposideros galeritus |
Cantor's Roundleaf Bat |
Hipposideros speoris |
Schneider's Roundleaf Bat |
Hipposideros cf. grandis |
Grand Roundleaf Bat |
Hipposideros lankadiva |
Kelaart’s Roundleaf Bat |
Hipposideros diadema masoni |
Diadem Roundleaf Bat |
Family Molossidae |
|
Tadarida aegyptiaca |
Egyptian Free-tailed Bat |
Family Vespertilionidae |
|
Myotis blythii |
Lesser Myotis |
Myotis peytoni |
Peyton’s Whiskered Myotis |
Myotis longipes |
Kashmir Cave Myotis |
Myotis horsfieldii dryas |
Andaman Myotis |
Scotophilus heathii |
Asiatic Greater Yellow House Bat |
Scotophilus kuhlii |
Asiatic Lesser Yellow House Bat |
Tylonycteris malayana eremtaga |
Andaman Greater Bamboo Bat |
Pipistrellus javanicus camortae |
Camorta Pipistrelle |
Pipistrellus coromandra |
Indian Pipistrelle |
Pipistrellus tenuis |
Least Pipistrelle |
Pipistrellus ceylonicus |
Kelaart’s Pipistrelle |
Hesperoptenus tickelli |
Tickell’s Bat |
Family Miniopteridae |
|
Miniopterus fuliginosus |
Eastern Long-fingered Bat |
Miniopterus pusillus |
Small Long-fingered Bat |
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