Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18099–18109
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5573.13.5.18099-18109
#5573 | Received 18 January 2020 | Final
received 17 March 2021 | Finally accepted 19 March 2021
Spatiotemporal movement pattern of Asian Elephants Elephas maximus Linnaeus,
1758 in Sindhudurg District,
Maharashtra, India
Milind Digambar Patil 1, Vinayak Krishna Patil
2 & Ninad
Avinash Mungi 3
1 Department of
Environmental Sciences, University of Mumbai, Ratnagiri Sub-Center, Maharashtra
415639, India.
2 College of Forestry,
Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra 415712, India.
3 Wildlife Institute of
India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India.
1 milindp771@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 vinarachna@gmail.com, 3 shastri.ninad@gmail.com
Editor: Heidi S. Riddle,
Riddle’s Elephant and Wildlife Sanctuary, Arkansas, USA. Date of publication: 26 April 2021
(online & print)
Citation: Patil,
M.D., V.K. Patil & N.A. Mungi
(2021). Spatiotemporal movement pattern of Asian Elephants Elephas maximus Linnaeus,
1758 in Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 13(5): 18099–18109. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5957.13.5.18099-18109
Copyright: © Patil et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Milind Digambar Patil completed MSc.
Forestry from the College of Forestry, Dapoli and
started his own plant nursery - bamboo and native trees in Sindhudurg district.
He is a progressive farmer by profession, and proactive in the areas of
research especially the ecological aspects of human-wildlife interactions,
forest ecosystem restoration, traditional homegarden
farming, and aspects of bamboo cultivation.
Vinayak Krishna Patil is an associate professor who teaches ecology,
biodiversity, and wildlife to forestry students. He conducts research on human-wildlife
interactions, biodiversity inventories, and threatened species. He has a special liking for spiders whose
diversity he studied for his doctoral thesis.
Ninad Avinash Mungi is an invasion ecologist and a PhD scholar at the
Wildlife Institute of India, with a decade of experience in modelling species
distribution, landscape ecology, and remote sensing.
Author contribution: MDP collected the
data, MDP and VKP analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. NAM gave valuable
inputs in data processing and made comprehensive thematic maps.
Acknowledgements: We thank the
divisional conservator of forest, Sawantwadi and the
corresponding range forest officers for providing departmental records and
other necessary information. We are
thankful to the forest guards and the ground staff of the State Forest
Department for field support. We thank
Prof. Nagesh Daptardar, honorary wildlife warden,
Sindhudurg District for his rigorous and timely help. We express our sincere gratitude to villagers
and farmers of elephant-affected villages for sharing their experiences and
encounters with elephants.
Abstract: The extension of the
Asian Elephant’s Elephas maximus range in the northern Western Ghats
(Sahyadri) was observed since 2002. This
colonization was marked by elephant crop raiding events in the newly colonized
Sindhudurg District, where the local community had no experience of living with
elephants. The present study was
conducted to understand the spatiotemporal patterns of crop depredation
(raiding) and to prioritize areas to inform future interventions on managing
this ecological phenomenon turned conflict. Data on crop raiding between
2002 and 2015 was obtained from compensation records with the state forest
department, and mapped at village scale.
Subsequently, we used three indices of crop raiding, viz., Crop Raiding
Frequency (CRF), Relative Crop Raiding Intensity (RCRI), and Crop Raiding
Vulnerability Index (CRVI). Results show
a gradual northern movement of elephants and of the crop raiding zone over the
period of 2002–2015. The rankings
provided by CRVI, identified villages in a narrow strip of foothills of the
Sahyadri mountains as severely vulnerable.
With sufficient long term data, CRVI would be a highly useful index for
prioritization of villages for resolving human-elephant negative interactions;
and other cases of human-wildlife interactions too.
Keywords: Crop raiding, range
extension, vulnerable areas, Western Ghats.
Introduction
Negative interactions
between humans and elephants are a consistently rising conservation and social
problem across the range of elephants in Asia (Gubbi et al. 2014). Given the ancient records of crop depredation
(raiding) and other negative interactions, they are part of the cultural and
social memories in the areas of human-elephant interface (Sukumar 1991). Thus, these issues need to be approached by
integrating the dimensions of ecology, social perception, and economics in
order to resolve the conflict and mitigate the losses (Choudhury 2004; Sukumar
et al. 2012; Patil & Patil
2018, 2019).
The Asian Elephant Elephas
maximus (hereafter ‘elephant’) is listed as “Endangered” on the IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2017).
It is distributed in the Indian subcontinent and southeastern
Asia, where it is found in a small fraction of its historical range (Sukumar
2006). A significant elephant population
is present in the Western Ghats of peninsular India, where the northern limit
of population was recorded up to the Uttara Kannada landscape (Choudhary et al.
2008; Baskaran 2013; Mehta & Kulkarni 2013). The historical range of elephants in the
Western Ghats is suggested to have extended farther north than the present
range. Numerous petroglyphs dating from
the Neolithic age and depicting elephants, have been recently discovered in
Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts of Maharashtra (https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-petroglyphs-of-ratnagiri/article25265399.ece),
which is north of the known limit of elephant distribution in the Western
Ghats. Yet, the traditional elephant
range did not include the states of Maharashtra, Goa, and northern parts of
Karnataka state (Mehta & Kulkarni 2013).
At the outset of the 21st century, however, an elephant herd
from the Haliyal-Dandeli Forest Division moved north
and colonized Belgaum Forest Division in 2001 (Baskaran 2013; Mehta &
Kulkarni 2013). Since November 2002,
elephants from Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary were
reported further north in the forest-plantation mosaic of Sindhudurg and
Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra. Here,
the elephants had not been reported for at least 100 years before this
colonization, thus limiting the societal memory of living with elephants. As a consequence, the colonization was marked
by many villagers reporting elephant raiding cases to the state forest
department. Since then, the influx has
been continuous and elephants have become resident in this area.
Crop raiding by
elephants can influence the perception of local communities towards wildlife
and allied services, and result in conflict situations (Balasubramanian et al.
1995). There have been demands from
local people to remove elephants from their villages and send them back to the
‘wild’. Following public pressure, a few
elephants were captured by the forest department in 2009 from Dodamarg Taluka of Sindhudurg. They were released to their native habitat in
northern Karnataka; however, understanding the habitat fragmentation in this
landscape, elephants are likely to disperse more seeking forage, refuge, and
water, and thus increasing interface with people (Bhaskaran
et al. 2010). Hence, it is essential to
understand the spatiotemporal pattern of elephant movement and the raiding
hotspots in the landscape. Although the
problem of crop raiding by elephants has been widespread in Sindhudurg
District, the intensity and distribution of the problem was not uniform
throughout. Several factors including
elephant behaviour, topography, and physiography of landscape, human landuse and interventions determine these patterns. Forest department officers mentioned the
number of elephants in the study area varied from 4 to 11 individuals over the
study period.
Within this context,
the present study was conducted to understand distinct spatiotemporal patterns
in crop raiding, and to prioritize areas for future interventions so that the
recurring problem can be successfully handled.
Material and methods
Study area
The Sindhudurg
District (15°37’–16°40’ N and 73°19’–74°18’E) is the southern coastal district
in western Maharashtra, with a geographical area of 5,207km2. The study area has a tropical climate and the
year could be divided into three seasons consisting of summer (February to
May), monsoon (June to September), and winter (October to January). The
terrain is hilly with coastal lowlands.
Around 52% of Sindhudurg is covered by moist deciduous and
semi-evergreen forests (FSI 2015), out of which 89% is under the ownership of
private landholders and communities (Patil et al.
2016). Figure 1 depicts the location of
Sindhudurg District, its talukas and villages, with reference to the forest
cover and terrain. The villages with
elephant crop raiding cases are numbered and the names of these 225 villages
are provided in the supplementary information (Appendix 1). The Sindhudurg District is subdivided into
eight talukas (administrative divisions), viz., Vaibhavvadi,
Devgad, Kankavli, Malwan, Kudal, Vengurla, Sawantwadi, and Dodamarg, which in total hold 748 villages.
Approximately, 87% of the human population in Sindhudurg is engaged in
agriculture with an average landholding of one hectare (www.censusindia.gov.in). Major crops include rice, millet, and
pulses. Rice is planted twice a year:
June to September and November to February.
The second phase is locally specific based on availability of either
natural water or if irrigation is available.
A large proportion of land is cultivated as orchards such as mango,
cashew, coconut, areca nut, banana, and pineapple. Spices like nutmeg and black pepper are
cultivated within coconut orchards. Home
gardens are a widely adopted traditional agroforestry system. Thus, the vegetation cover in the area is an
intense mosaic of orchards, farms, and natural as well as degraded forest
patches.
Data collection
Data on crop raiding
between 2002 and 2015 was obtained from compensation records in the range
offices of the state Forest Department.
We defined a ‘case’ as an entry in the forest department register of
compensation, which was used for reporting elephant caused damage by local
people. We defined a ‘raid’ as a
specific instance of damage of a particular crop. A single ‘case’, where more than one type of
crop was damaged, would represent a number of ‘raids’.
For each crop raiding
case, the name of the crop owner, forest range of jurisdiction, taluka,
village, date of crop raiding, crop damage & magnitude, and the
compensation paid were noted. Data of
area under cultivation for coconut, areca palm, banana, and rice was obtained
from the State Agriculture Department.
It must be noted, however, that the data for two years (2002 and 2015)
were incomplete. Reports on crop raiding
appeared towards the end of the year 2002 and therefore data was not available
for earlier months. Similarly, for the
year 2015, the cases recorded only till August matched with the study
time-frame.
Data analysis
Hoare (1999)
suggested use of Raid Frequency Index (RFI), which, in the present case, can be
calculated as elephant raids per village per month; however, being an absolute
index, RFI cannot be compared across studies, nor does it provide a
standardized value between certain limits.
Therefore, three different indices of crop raiding were used to assess
spatial patterns of crop raiding by villages, viz., Crop Raiding Frequency
(CRF), Relative Crop Raiding Intensity (RCRI), and Crop Raiding Vulnerability
Index (CRVI).
CRF is the total
raiding instances in a village over the entire study period.
Where,
N number of raiding cases in a year
i
study period in years
RCRI is a plain
measure of crop raiding intensity incorporating the ratio of number of raiding
instances to months of raiding occurrence.
Where,
j number of nominate months in which raiding
occurred
CRVI is based on
standardized Levin’s measure, where the number of cases in a particular month
is weighed (multiplied) by the number of years in which raiding occurred in
that month. Here, for the purpose of
this index, only the count of months out of 12 nominate months was taken and
total number of months of raiding in entire study period was not considered.
where,
i
Corresponding to the nominate months (January to December)
Number of cases in ith
month in the entire study period
Number of years in which raiding occurred in
the ith month during the study period
Spatial data for
district, taluka, and village boundaries was obtained from the Survey of India
for the year 2011. The basic unit in
this database was village, whereas that in the compensation database was a
compensation claim registered in the name of a person belonging to a particular
village. The compensation data was
reduced to village level by calculating the above mentioned indices. These indices were joined as attributes to
the spatial database to prepare maps based on indices at the scale of
villages. These rank correlations were
estimated for the first 10 villages based on CRF.
Further, the
compensation data was sorted by years in the study period and similarly maps of
raiding frequency were prepared for each year to show the progression of the
crop raiding by elephants in the study area.
Apart from the crop availability, elephant movement is known to be
influenced by the availability of water and habitat cover (Venkataraman
2005). High resolution (~30 m) satellite
images depicting forest cover (FSI, 2015) and water (Pekel
et al. 2016) were used to understand the habitat cover and water
availability. The locations of affected
farms and the interviewed farm owners were mapped using ArcGIS 10.6.1
(Redlands, CA).
Results
From the compensation
records of the forest department, information was available for 9,148
cases. The conflict situation under
study was spread over an area of ~4,300km2 of Sindhudurg
District. The database revealed 244
villages (33% of the total villages) affected by crop-raiding elephants (Table
1). The top 20 worst affected villages by elephant crop raiding in
various talukas during 2002 to 2015 are given in Table 2.
There was a gradual
increase in raiding frequency from 2002 to 2008. Then, there was a sudden dip during 2009–10
after which it increased again (Figure 2).
Again in 2015 the raiding frequency dipped. Since elephants colonized this area, the
highest number of cases was recorded in the year 2007 (Figure 2). Further, four elephants in Kudal were captured by the forest department in 2009, and
three were captured in 2015 and hence the frequency of crop raiding reduced
during those years.
CRF and RCRI of all
affected villages are shown in Figure 3 and 4, respectively. The distribution of villages in various RCRI
classes is shown in Figure 5. Tulsuli K. Narur, Naneli, Wados, Karivane, Nivaje, Sonurli, and Dingne villages had highest CRF and RCRI values. CRVI was calculated for all villages (Figure
6) and the distribution of villages in various CRVI classes is shown in Figure
7. The highest CRVI was observed in the
villages of Hirlok, Tulsuli
K. Narur, Wados, Amberi, Pawashi, Tulsuli, and Kariwade (Table 2)
CRF, RCRI and CRVI
provide useful information for identifying villages with severe problem of crop
raiding. In the present case study,
however, the prioritization of villages based on CRF and RCRI was found to be
highly correlated for the three most affected talukas, viz., Kudal, Sawantwadi, and Dodamarg (Table 3).
Discussion
Patil & Patil
(2019) published trends and patterns of elephant crop raiding in the same study
area during the period 2002 to 2015.
They mentioned coconut palms (44%), paddy (22%), banana (20%), and areca
palms (8%) were the most damaged crops by elephants. Paddy was found to be the attractant for
elephants. They also found that raiding
frequency was maximum during winter season which coincides with the maturity
and harvesting period of paddy in the Sindhudurg. Patil & Patil (2017) published farmers’ perception survey towards
elephant crop raiding in Sindhudurg.
Here, they presented the details of crop protection measures and their
effectiveness, ongoing ex-gratia schemes by the forest department in the study
area with possible coexistence approach.
The present study is the extension of these two studies.
Excluding the
incomplete data-years of 2002 and 2015, the trend in annual raiding frequency
seems to have followed the number of elephants active in those particular
years. The number of elephants active in
a particular year, in turn, was dependent on the influx of elephants and
efforts of the state forest department to capture and/or translocate elephants
back to their southern population.
Various guestimates on the number of elephants ranging 4–11 individuals
was provided by the forest department and secondary sources (Sarma & Easa 2006; Mehta
& Kulkarni 2013).
Gradual extension of
the conflict zone over the period from southern to northern parts of Sindhudurg
was observed during 2002–2015. It was also
observed that crop raiding was severe in the talukas nestled in the Sahyadri
Mountain ranges, while coastal talukas had relatively less cases. Similarly, because elephants extended their
range from south to north, the northernmost talukas were either unaffected or
less affected during the study period.
Figure 2 shows the
gradual extension of conflict zone (area wise) in the study area over the
period of 2002–2015. It could be clearly
seen that during 2002 to 2008, the raiding events by elephants were spatially
widespread and could be potentially exploratory in nature. In 2009, four elephants were captured (out of
which two died) for translocating them back to the closest population in
Karnataka. It is presumed by villagers
and forest department personnel that these translocated elephants soon returned
along with two other elephants. In this second stint from 2010 to 2015,
the map clearly depicts increased crop-raiding events from the Kudal range. Towards
2014–15, the elephants started to further explore northwards.
Indices calculated in
the present study are based on detailed ex-gratia records proved by the forest
department. CRF indicates that villages
on the steeper ranges were not affected much compared to the foothills; however,
the absolute CRFs or their proportion per village do not provide opportunity
for comparing the intensity of crop raiding across studies. Therefore, an attempt was made to calculate
two further indices of vulnerability of villages to crop raiding based on
historical data.
The high crop raiding
villages identified using CRF and RCRI do not reveal the actual vulnerable
villages because many of these villages were affected for a relatively brief
duration with higher intensity. Here we
may conclude that villages with higher CRF or RCRI may not be vulnerable as
elephants might have explored these villages for available resources
intensively during earlier years but, finding them unsuitable, might have
altogether stopped approaching.
CRVI, as previously
stated, is the number of cases in a particular month weighed by the number of
years in which raiding occurred in that month.
It provides a different ranking of the villages thus showing low
correlation with both earlier indices (Table 3). The rankings provided by CRVI appear to provide
more meaningful geographical or ecological information. A comparative look at Figures 3, 4, and 6
reveals that CRVI identifies villages in a narrow strip of foothills of
Sahyadri mountains as severely vulnerable.
Gross factors determining elephants’ use of a certain area are food,
cover and water (Fairet 2012). It appears that the best possible combination
of these three factors was available to the elephants in the area identified by
CRVI. Subsequently, CRVI could become a
useful index to identify villages highly vulnerable to crop raiding by
elephants. The prioritization of
villages for resolving human-elephant negative interaction can be based on
CRVI, rather than CRF or RCRI, when sufficient long-term data on elephant crop
raiding is available. CRVI can also be
compared across studies if crop-raiding instances are tabulated by villages or
any small geopolitical units. Use of
these geopolitical units will facilitate implementation of various schemes for
alleviating crop raiding problem.
Table 1. Villages
affected by elephant crop raiding (CR) in different talukas during 2002–2015 in
Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra.
|
Taluka |
No. of villages |
Conflict villages |
CR cases |
|
Kudal |
124 |
83 (67%) |
4,837 (52%) |
|
Sawantwadi |
82 |
62 (76%) |
2,642 (29%) |
|
Dodamarg |
62 |
47 (79%) |
1,292 (14%) |
|
Vengurla |
83 |
20 (24%) |
260 (03%) |
|
Kankavli |
105 |
16 (15%) |
59 (1%) |
|
Malwan |
135 |
11 (08%) |
51 (1%) |
|
Vaibhavvadi |
59 |
5 (8%) |
7 (0.1%) |
|
Devgad |
98 |
- |
- |
|
Total |
748 |
244 (33%) |
9148 |
Table 2. Top 20 villages
affected severely by elephant crop raiding based on CRF, RCRI, and CRVI in
Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra (2002–2015).
|
Ranking |
Village |
CRF |
Village |
RCRI |
Village |
CRVI |
|
1 |
Tulsuli K.Narur |
468 |
Tulsuli K. Narur |
39.00 |
Hirlok |
0.82 |
|
2 |
Naneli |
352 |
Naneli |
29.33 |
Tulsuli K.Narur |
0.70 |
|
3 |
Wados |
349 |
Wados |
29.08 |
Wados |
0.67 |
|
4 |
Karivane |
322 |
Karivane |
26.83 |
Amberi |
0.60 |
|
5 |
Nivaje |
296 |
Nivaje |
24.67 |
Pawashi |
0.56 |
|
6 |
Sonurli |
254 |
Sonurli |
23.09 |
Tulsuli |
0.53 |
|
7 |
Dingne |
250 |
Dingne |
22.73 |
Kariwade |
0.50 |
|
8 |
Padlos |
224 |
Majgaon |
22.33 |
Wafoli |
0.50 |
|
9 |
Mangeli |
209 |
Kalse |
20.00 |
Naneli |
0.49 |
|
10 |
Hirlok |
202 |
Padlos |
18.67 |
Khocharewadi |
0.48 |
|
11 |
Majgaon |
201 |
Hewale |
18.33 |
Ghavanale |
0.48 |
|
12 |
Khocharewadi |
169 |
Mangeli |
17.42 |
Mangaon |
0.48 |
|
13 |
Hewale |
165 |
Hirlok |
16.83 |
Kesari |
0.47 |
|
14 |
Tembgaon |
148 |
Palye |
16.67 |
Taligaon |
0.47 |
|
15 |
Ghavanale |
144 |
Asoli |
15.00 |
Karivane |
0.46 |
|
16 |
Amberi |
138 |
Oras Bk. |
14.25 |
Bavlat |
0.46 |
|
17 |
Gothos |
138 |
Khocharewadi |
14.08 |
Kalane |
0.45 |
|
18 |
Mangaon |
128 |
Gothos |
13.80 |
Nivaje |
0.44 |
|
19 |
Otavane |
127 |
Tembgaon |
13.45 |
Adali |
0.44 |
|
20 |
Kaleli |
124 |
Bambarde T. Kalsuli |
13.44 |
Bengaon |
0.42 |
Table 3. Rank
correlation among Crop Raiding Frequency (CRF), Relative Crop Raiding Intensity
(RCRI), and Crop Raiding Vulnerability Index (CRVI). Figures below diagonal are
Spearman’s r values and above diagonal are probabilities.
|
Kudal |
|||
|
|
CRF |
RCRI |
CRVI |
|
CRF |
|
<0.001 |
0.44247 |
|
RCRI |
0.99937 |
|
0.46644 |
|
CRVI |
0.27467 |
0.26097 |
|
|
Sawantwadi |
|||
|
|
CRF |
RCRI |
CRVI |
|
CRF |
|
<0.001 |
0.57841 |
|
RCRI |
0.94225 |
|
0.36547 |
|
CRVI |
-0.20061 |
-0.32121 |
|
|
Dodamarg |
|||
|
|
CRF |
RCRI |
CRVI |
|
CRF |
|
0.020713 |
0.78784 |
|
RCRI |
0.71269 |
|
0.04036 |
|
CRVI |
-0.09792 |
-0.6537 |
|
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Appendix 1. Name of
villages with elephant crop raiding cases numbered in the Figure 1.
|
Map ID |
Taluka name |
Village name |
|
1 |
Vaibhavvadi |
Pimpalwadi |
|
2 |
Vaibhavvadi |
Narkarwadi |
|
3 |
Kankavli |
Pise Kamate |
|
4 |
Kankavli |
Bidwadi |
|
5 |
Kudal |
Ambrad |
|
6 |
Vaibhavvadi |
Mohitewadi |
|
7 |
Vaibhavvadi |
Khambale |
|
8 |
Vaibhavvadi |
Achirne |
|
9 |
Kudal |
Khutvalwadi |
|
10 |
Kudal |
Rumadgaon |
|
11 |
Kudal |
Pawashi |
|
12 |
Kudal |
Pinguli |
|
13 |
Kudal |
Kanduli |
|
14 |
Kankavli |
Ghonsari |
|
15 |
Kankavli |
Lore-1 |
|
16 |
Kankavli |
Damare |
|
17 |
Kankavli |
Tarandale |
|
18 |
Kankavli |
Bhiravande |
|
19 |
Dodamarg |
Konas |
|
20 |
Kankavli |
Varavade |
|
21 |
Kankavli |
Ashiye |
|
22 |
Kankavli |
Shivdav |
|
23 |
Kudal |
Kusagaon |
|
24 |
Kudal |
Wasoli |
|
25 |
Sawantwadi |
Bavlat |
|
26 |
Sawantwadi |
Brahmanpat |
|
27 |
Malwan |
Chindar |
|
28 |
Malwan |
Asarondi |
|
29 |
Kankavli |
Kasavan |
|
30 |
Malwan |
Rathivade |
|
31 |
Kankavli |
Osargaon |
|
32 |
Kankavli |
Bordave |
|
33 |
Malwan |
Chunavare |
|
34 |
Kankavli |
Phanas Nagar |
|
35 |
Malwan |
Hiwale |
|
36 |
Kankavli |
Kalasuli |
|
37 |
Kudal |
Pokharan |
|
38 |
Kudal |
Kasal |
|
39 |
Kudal |
Narur |
|
40 |
Kudal |
Khocharewadi |
|
41 |
Kudal |
Humarmala |
|
42 |
Kudal |
Bhattwadi |
|
43 |
Kudal |
Bhadgaon Bk. |
|
44 |
Kudal |
Kunde |
|
45 |
Kudal |
Kusabe |
|
46 |
Kudal |
Waingavade |
|
47 |
Kudal |
Kinlos |
|
48 |
Kudal |
Humarmala |
|
49 |
Kudal |
Nirukhe (K) |
|
50 |
Malwan |
Golwan |
|
51 |
Kudal |
Padave |
|
52 |
Kudal |
Warde |
|
53 |
Malwan |
Dikval |
|
54 |
Kudal |
Ranbambuli |
|
55 |
Kudal |
Gaorai |
|
56 |
Kudal |
Oras Bk. |
|
57 |
Kudal |
Kadawal |
|
58 |
Malwan |
Nandos |
|
59 |
Kudal |
Oras Kh. |
|
60 |
Malwan |
Sukalwad |
|
61 |
Kudal |
Tembgaon |
|
62 |
Kudal |
Avalegaon |
|
63 |
Kudal |
Anav |
|
64 |
Malwan |
Kusarave |
|
65 |
Kudal |
Girgaon |
|
66 |
Kudal |
Karivane |
|
67 |
Kudal |
Nerur K.narur |
|
68 |
Kudal |
Digas |
|
69 |
Kudal |
Hirlok |
|
70 |
Malwan |
Kalse |
|
71 |
Kudal |
Pulas |
|
72 |
Kudal |
Rangana Tulsuli |
|
73 |
Sawantwadi |
Amboli |
|
74 |
Kudal |
Naneli |
|
75 |
Sawantwadi |
Kolgaon |
|
76 |
Sawantwadi |
Insuli |
|
77 |
Kudal |
Keravade K.Narur |
|
78 |
Kudal |
Nileli |
|
79 |
Kudal |
Pandur |
|
80 |
Kudal |
Bambarde Tarf Kalsuli |
|
81 |
Kudal |
Gothos |
|
82 |
Kudal |
Tulsuli |
|
83 |
Kudal |
Sarambal |
|
84 |
Kudal |
Bamnadevi |
|
85 |
Kudal |
Mitkyachiwadi |
|
86 |
Kudal |
Kavilkate |
|
87 |
Kudal |
Gandhigram |
|
88 |
Kudal |
Belnadi |
|
89 |
Kudal |
Mulade |
|
90 |
Kudal |
Wados |
|
91 |
Kudal |
Amberi |
|
92 |
Sawantwadi |
Gele |
|
93 |
Kudal |
Ghavanale |
|
94 |
Kudal |
More |
|
95 |
Kudal |
Mudyacha Kond |
|
96 |
Sawantwadi |
Sangeli |
|
97 |
Kudal |
Namaspur |
|
98 |
Kudal |
Bengaon |
|
99 |
Vengurla |
Bhendamala |
|
100 |
Sawantwadi |
Talavade |
|
101 |
Sawantwadi |
Ronapal |
|
102 |
Dodamarg |
Zolambe |
|
103 |
Dodamarg |
Hewale |
|
104 |
Sawantwadi |
Dongarpal |
|
105 |
Dodamarg |
Ker |
|
106 |
Kudal |
Namasgaon |
|
107 |
Sawantwadi |
Kaleli |
|
108 |
Kudal |
Goveri |
|
109 |
Kudal |
Ghatakarnagar |
|
110 |
Kudal |
Raygaon |
|
111 |
Sawantwadi |
Kalambist |
|
112 |
Sawantwadi |
Ambegaon |
|
113 |
Kudal |
Dholkarwadi |
|
114 |
Kudal |
Salgaon |
|
115 |
Kudal |
Kattagaon |
|
116 |
Kudal |
Mangaon |
|
117 |
Kudal |
Taligaon |
|
118 |
Kudal |
Bambarde Tarf Mangaon |
|
119 |
Kudal |
Jambharmala |
|
120 |
Kudal |
Tendoli |
|
121 |
Kudal |
Bhattgaon |
|
122 |
Sawantwadi |
Kunkeri |
|
123 |
Sawantwadi |
Ovaliye |
|
124 |
Sawantwadi |
Madkhol |
|
125 |
Kudal |
Akeri |
|
126 |
Kudal |
Humras |
|
127 |
Vengurla |
Palkarwadi |
|
128 |
Vengurla |
Devasu |
|
129 |
Vengurla |
Adeli |
|
130 |
Vengurla |
Talekarwadi |
|
131 |
Vengurla |
Khanoli |
|
132 |
Vengurla |
Vetore |
|
133 |
Vengurla |
Kelus |
|
134 |
Sawantwadi |
Nemale |
|
135 |
Sawantwadi |
Bhom |
|
136 |
Sawantwadi |
Nirukhe (S) |
|
137 |
Sawantwadi |
Danoli |
|
138 |
Sawantwadi |
Satuli |
|
139 |
Sawantwadi |
Charathe |
|
140 |
Sawantwadi |
Masure |
|
141 |
Sawantwadi |
Kesari |
|
142 |
Vengurla |
Sataye |
|
143 |
Sawantwadi |
Bhairavwadi |
|
144 |
Vengurla |
Dabholi |
|
145 |
Sawantwadi |
Otavane |
|
146 |
Vengurla |
Math |
|
147 |
Vengurla |
Hodawade |
|
148 |
Sawantwadi |
Choukul |
|
149 |
Sawantwadi |
Sarmale |
|
150 |
Vengurla |
Tulas |
|
151 |
Sawantwadi |
Niravade |
|
152 |
Sawantwadi |
Dabhil |
|
153 |
Sawantwadi |
Malgaon |
|
154 |
Sawantwadi |
Kumbharli |
|
155 |
Sawantwadi |
Majgaon |
|
156 |
Dodamarg |
Talkat |
|
157 |
Dodamarg |
Morgaon |
|
158 |
Sawantwadi |
Dingne |
|
159 |
Dodamarg |
Terwanmedhe |
|
160 |
Sawantwadi |
Vetye |
|
161 |
Vengurla |
Adari |
|
162 |
Vengurla |
Ubhadanda |
|
163 |
Sawantwadi |
Vilavade |
|
164 |
Vengurla |
Matond |
|
165 |
Sawantwadi |
Bhalawal |
|
166 |
Sawantwadi |
Kshetrapal |
|
167 |
Sawantwadi |
Sonurli |
|
168 |
Vengurla |
Pendur |
|
169 |
Vengurla |
Pal |
|
170 |
Vengurla |
Ansur |
|
171 |
Sawantwadi |
Wafoli |
|
172 |
Dodamarg |
Khadpade |
|
173 |
Sawantwadi |
Tamboli |
|
174 |
Sawantwadi |
Nhaveli |
|
175 |
Sawantwadi |
Degave |
|
176 |
Sawantwadi |
Banda |
|
177 |
Sawantwadi |
Nigude |
|
178 |
Sawantwadi |
Sherle |
|
179 |
Sawantwadi |
Padve Majgaon |
|
180 |
Vengurla |
Asoli |
|
181 |
Sawantwadi |
Malewad |
|
182 |
Dodamarg |
Bhekurli |
|
183 |
Sawantwadi |
Padlos |
|
184 |
Sawantwadi |
Dandeli |
|
185 |
Sawantwadi |
Madura |
|
186 |
Sawantwadi |
Aros |
|
187 |
Dodamarg |
Bambarde |
|
188 |
Dodamarg |
Kolzar |
|
189 |
Sawantwadi |
Kas |
|
190 |
Sawantwadi |
Galel |
|
191 |
Dodamarg |
Ghatiwade |
|
192 |
Dodamarg |
Palye |
|
193 |
Dodamarg |
Morle |
|
194 |
Dodamarg |
Kumbral |
|
195 |
Dodamarg |
Adali |
|
196 |
Dodamarg |
Ugade |
|
197 |
Sawantwadi |
Satarda |
|
198 |
Dodamarg |
Sonawal |
|
199 |
Dodamarg |
Shirwal |
|
200 |
Dodamarg |
Kasai |
|
201 |
Dodamarg |
Girode |
|
202 |
Dodamarg |
Usap |
|
203 |
Sawantwadi |
Talawane |
|
204 |
Sawantwadi |
Netarde |
|
205 |
Dodamarg |
Phondye |
|
206 |
Sawantwadi |
Aronda |
|
207 |
Dodamarg |
Bhike-Konal |
|
208 |
Dodamarg |
Sasoli |
|
209 |
Dodamarg |
Ghotgewadi |
|
210 |
Dodamarg |
Kalane |
|
211 |
Dodamarg |
Aynode |
|
212 |
Dodamarg |
Konal |
|
213 |
Dodamarg |
Ghotge |
|
214 |
Dodamarg |
Kendre Bk. |
|
215 |
Dodamarg |
Sateli Bhedshi |
|
216 |
Dodamarg |
Shirange |
|
217 |
Dodamarg |
Kudase |
|
218 |
Dodamarg |
Khanyale |
|
219 |
Dodamarg |
Mangeli |
|
220 |
Dodamarg |
Bodade |
|
221 |
Dodamarg |
Maneri |
|
222 |
Dodamarg |
Zarebambar |
|
223 |
Dodamarg |
Ambeli |
|
224 |
Dodamarg |
Khokaral |
|
225 |
Dodamarg |
Pikule |