Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2021 | 13(1): 17477–17486
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5503.13.1.17477-17486
#5503 | Received 28 October 2019 | Final
received 07 May 2020 | Finally accepted 18 January 2021
Fish communities and associated
habitat variables in the upper Subansiri River of
Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya, India
Sutanu Satpathy
1, Kuppusamy Sivakumar 2 & Jeyaraj
Antony Johnson 3
1–3 Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India.
1 sutanu.satpathy@gmail.com, 2
ksivakumar@wii.gov.in, 3 jaj@wii.gov.in (corresponding author)
Abstract: Ecological information on the
rivers of eastern Himalaya, specifically the state of Arunachal Pradesh is not
studied well. The present study
describes fish assemblage patterns and deriving relationships between local
habitat variables in the upper reaches of Subansiri
River, Arunachal Pradesh. This study was
carried out during October to November 2014 and February to March 2015. A total of 26 fish species belonging to eight
families were recorded, in which eight species are endemic to the eastern
Himalayan region. Fish species richness
varied from two to 18 species in the upper reaches of Subansiri
River and high species diversity was recorded in Sigin
Stream (H’=2.76). Based on the seven
habitat variables (water velocity, depth, channel width, percentage of
substrate composition, percentage of riparian vegetation, altitude, and water
temperature) then streams were categorized into lower-order and higher-order
streams using principal component analysis (PCA). The site-wise fish abundance data along with
habitat variable information was then subjected to the canonical correspondence
analysis (CCA) for testing the association of habitat variables on fish
abundance. The CCA results revealed that
the abundance of large-size barbs, Neolissochilus
hexagonolepis, N. nigrovittatus,
Schizothorax progastus,
and S. richardsonii were strongly
associated with high altitude, water velocity, rich dissolved oxygen, and good
riparian vegetation. On the other hand, Channa gachua, Botia rostrata, Danio
rerio, Devario
aequipinnatus, and Garra
nasuta showed strong association with warm water
streams with more conductivity.
Keywords: Diversity, fish assemblage,
fish ecology, northeastern Himalaya, Subansiri River.
Editor: Neelesh Dahanukar,
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India. Date
of publication: 26 January 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Satpathy,
S., K. Sivakumar & J.A. Johnson (2021). Fish communities and associated habitat variables in the upper Subansiri River of Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya,
India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 13(1): 17477–17486. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5503.13.1.17477-17486
Copyright: © Satpathy
et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: The Science
and Engineering Research Board, Department
of Science and Technology,
New Delhi (No: SR/SO/AS-92/2012).
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: S.
Satpathy has done his master’s from Forest
Research Institute in the subject Environmental Management. He is pursuing his
PhD from Wildlife Institute of India and currently he is teaching Environmental
Sciences in a Delhi University College. K.
Sivakumar has been working on conservation and management of aquatic
resources of India. His research involves understanding species distribution
pattern, species biology and behavioural ecology.
Currently he is co-ordinating the MoEFCC-CAMPA
funded project on the recovery of Dugong and its habitats in India. J.A. Johnson has been working on
taxonomy, ecology and biology of Indian fishes. His research included species
distribution patterns, community structure, spatio-temporal
changes in resource (food and space) partitioning among co-existing species,
conservation of rare and threatened species, e-flow assessment and effects of
human disturbance on aquatic resources. Currently he is co-ordinating
the freshwater fish monitoring project under MoEFCC’s
Long-term Ecological Observation (LTEO) programme.
Author contribution: SS—involved in field sampling,
data collection, data analysis and manuscript drafting; KS—involved in filed
sampling, supervision and manuscript editing. JAJ—involved in filed sampling,
supervision, data validation, image preparation and manuscript editing
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to the chief
conservator of forests & wildlife warden, Arunachal Pradesh for providing
necessary permission to carry out this work.
We express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Tamar (field assistance) and Mr.
Tajum, community leader, Limeking
Village for providing local hospitality and other logistic support. We are grateful to Dr.
Kosygin, scientist, Zoological Survey of India for providing valid inputs at
the time of species confirmation at ZSI, Kolkata. We also thank the director, dean, and the
research coordinator, Wildlife Institute of India (WII) for their support and
encouragement. The financial support
from the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and
Technology, New Delhi (No: SR/SO/AS-92/2012) is sincerely acknowledged.
INTRODUCTION
The questions addressed within
the scope of community ecology are several; of them, one crucial objective is
studying the differing species communities through changing environmental
characters. Such an analysis leads us to
identify the environmental factors that shape the species communities of a
region (Angermeier & Karr 1983). Stream ecosystems have complex local
processes occurring amongst abiotic, and biotic entities. This complexity renders a buffering capacity
and stability to the system.
Understanding these interrelationships with respect to stream ecosystems
is challenging but critical, if one is to comprehend and conserve
riverscapes. In the context of rivers,
it has been repeatedly shown that fish communities change as one moves
downstream from the headwaters (Platts 1979; Vannote
et al. 1980) primarily because of an increase in diversity and quantity of
habitats (Lowe-McConnell 1975; Gorrman & Karr
1978). Physico-chemical
parameters such as dissolved oxygen and pH are also powerful drivers of fish
diversity (Mathews 1986). Several other
studies, showcasing the role of discharge (Horwitz 1978), substrate quality
(Ambrosio et al. 2009), hydrological variability (Poff
et al. 1995), and stream order (Platts 1979), have been well documented.
Multivariate statistical analyses
used for understanding relationships between communities and habitat variables
include regression (Angermeier & Winston 1998);
principal components analysis (PCA) (Bistoni &
Hued 2002); canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) (Ferreira et al. 2007; Li
et al. 2012); detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) (May & Brown 2000),
and non metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) (Li
et al. 2012; Mercado-silva et al. 2012) among many
other statistical models developed over the years. Many studies correlating fish assemblages to
habitat variables have been conducted in temperate as well as tropical regions
across the world (Anderson et al. 1995; Fausch & Bestgen 1997; Winston 1998; Guisan
& Zimmermann 2000; May & Brown 2000; Horig
& Fauscch 2002; Oakes et al. 2005). In India, these studies have been done in the
Western Ghats rivers (Saravanan et al. 2003; Bhat 2004; Johnson &
Arunachalam 2010), central Indian rivers (Johnson et al. 2012; Shukla &
Bhat 2017; Mondal & Bhat 2020), economically important fishes of the Ganga
River (Lakra et al. 2010), and rivers of the western
Himalaya (Johal 2002; Sivakumar 2008; Atkore et al.
2011; Johnson et al. 2020).
Fish assemblage studies in the
eastern Himalayan streams in the Indo-Burma biodiversity region have not been
conducted. Northeastern
India’s remote regions especially, Arunachal Pradesh, has many networks of
flowing freshwater and associated resources.
Studies on the rivers of Arunachal Pradesh are scanty (Nath & Dey 1997; Bagra et al. 2009) and
literature addressing habitat-fauna correlations are missing. The high diversity in the region is
attributed to the region’s tectonic and consequently zoogeographical history (Kottelat 1989). The
absence of information on the ecology of the rivers of the region and
especially the Subansiri is glaring. In fact, with the controversies that the
Lower Subansiri Hydro-Electric Project (LSHEP) has
been embroiled in, this study gains even more importance as probably the only
source of ecological information on the river.
With the above background, the
present study was conducted to address the following questions: i) what type of fish fauna are associated with upper Subansiri River basin? and ii) which habitat variables are
crucial drivers in the formation of fish assemblages in the streams of the
upper Subansiri River basin?
METHODS
Study Area
This research effort was carried
out in the upper Subansiri River basin of Arunachal
Pradesh, eastern Himalaya. This river is one of the largest tributaries of the
Brahmaputra River. It originates from
the Tibetan Plateau and enters India through Taksing
in the upper Subansiri District, of Arunachal
Pradesh. It then courses through the
entirety of the Upper and Lower Subansiri districts,
covering a distance of 442km, and finally confluences with the Brahmaputra
River at Lakhimpur, Assam. Twenty-one
streams were sampled along the altitudinal gradient ranging from 200m in Daporijo, to 3,000m in Taksing
(Figure 1) for fish and habitat characters in the seasons: post-monsoon (October–November
2014) and pre-monsoon (February–March 2015).
The landscape is dominated with wild bananas and bamboo which give way
to oak forests and finally alpine vegetation at two higher reaches. The region experiences heavy rains from the
months of April to September. Winters
are cold, and peak in the months of December and January. Sampling time is thereby limited to October,
November, February, and March.
The fauna and flora of the region
have affinities to southern China and the Malayan Peninsula because the river
basin lies in the region where two biodiversity hotspots, viz., the Himalaya
and the Indo-Burma, coalesce. There are
innumerable rivulets flowing into the Subansiri
through either bank. The major
tributaries of the Subansiri River are Sigin in Daporijo, Sippi in Chetam, Menga in Giba, Silin and Sichi in Taliha, Sikin Kro
and Singyum in Dumporijo. A few small towns of the district, such as Daporijo, Dumporijo, and Taliha; are located close to major river confluences
involving the river Subansiri. A lot of the stream channels have been
altered for the purpose of irrigation or road constructions. Among other land-use activities of the
region, slash and burn (Jhum) cultivation is prevalent throughout the
landscape and is one of the important occupations. Fishing activities are only
for purposes of subsistence and not commercial.
Fishing techniques include both traditional and modern methods. Traditional fishing involves angling, basket
traps, and use of river-bed substrates to construct seasonal fish breeding
spots within the river channel. Modern
methods are mostly destructive and include cast netting, gill netting, dynamite
use, and some cases of poisoning and electro-fishing.
Habitat Inventory
At each sampling site, a 100m
reach was selected for quantifying stream habitat variables such as depth,
velocity and substrates. Before starting
the inventory, altitude and GPS coordinates of sampling location were recorded.
After that, 8–10 transects were drawn across the channel, using a rope
calibrated at every meter. At each of
those calibrations, depth, flow and substrate type were recorded at every 1m
interval. Depth was recorded using a
measuring rod and velocity was recorded using a flow probe hand-held digital
flow meter. In the case of substrate,
percentage composition of different substrates categories (bedrock - >512mm;
boulder 128–512 mm; cobbles 64–128 mm; pebbles 16–64 mm; gravel 8–16 mm;
sand/silt/leaf-litter) were recorded for each transect. Based on the depth and velocity profile, mean
depth and mean width were calculated for each site. Methods for recording habitat variables were
followed the methods of Pusey et al. (1995) and Johnson & Arunachalam
(2010). In addition to that the
percentage of riparian cover along the stream, bank stability, water clarity
and land use patterns were recorded for each sampling location. Riparian cover was recorded using a spatial
densitometer. Bank stability, land-use
pattern and water clarity were given score values through 1–4 ranging from
pristine to heavily modified.
Fish Sampling
Fish sampling was carried out
using different fishing gear such as cast nets and gill nets of varying mesh
sizes from 0.5 to 5cm. Gill nets were
deployed in pool habitats for four hours.
Run and riffle habitats were sampled using a cast net. In addition, drag nets and locally made
contraptions were used to acquire small fish.
Fish sampling protocol was adopted from Johnson et al. (2012). After collection, fishes were examined and
photographed. A few fishes were
preserved in 10% buffered formalin for species confirmation and other
laboratory analyses. The rest were
released back into the stream after noting their length and weight. Fish species were confirmed using latest
taxonomic literature (Jayaram 2010) and current nomenclature was followed
according to the catalogue of fishes (Fricke et al. 2020).
Data Analysis
Fish abundance data was subjected
to different univariate indices, namely Shannon index, evenness index and Margalief’s species richness for investigating species
diversity patterns. The Shannon index of
diversity was obtained by the following equation H’ = ∑pi ln pi, where pi = ni/N; where ni is the number of
individuals of ‘i’th species and N = ∑ni. Evenness index
was calculated by E = H’/lnS, where S is the number
of species. Margalief’s
species richness was calculated using the equation R = (S-1)/ln N, where S is
the number of species, N is the total number of individuals. The 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for
Shannon and evenness indices were estimated using bootstrap methods with 9999
permutations using PAST programme (Hammer et al. 2001). In order to identify major categories of
stream classes, the PCA was performed.
In PCA analysis, correlation matrix of seven variables, viz., flow,
depth, width, percentage composition of substrate, percentage of riparian
cover, altitude, and temperature were considered. Whereas, the bank stability, land-use
pattern, habitat diversity, and water clarity were not used for PCA, as these
were nominal data and did not have any numerical qualities. Further, the CCA analysis was performed using
13 variables, including the ones not considered for PCA, to test the null
hypothesis that the habitat variables do not influence species
composition. In order to do this, a
permutations test (n=999) was run and p-values for each canonical axis was
considered (Legendre & Legendre 1998).
Before using the data in CCA, the habitat variables with nominal data
were converted into scores (see Table1) on the basis of Mercado-silva et al. (2012).
The PCA and CCA were performed using PAST programme (Hammer et al.
2001).
RESULTS
Fish Diversity and Assemblages
A total of 26 species of primary
freshwater fishes belonging to 16 genera, eight families and three orders were
recorded from the upper Subansiri River (Table
2). Maximum species richness was found
in Sigin stream (18 species), which is a low land
stream located near Daporijo town, followed by Sippi with 12 species of fishes, which is located near the
confluence of Sippi stream and the Subansiri. Among all
the species, Garra gotyla
had the highest local dominance (recorded in 11 streams) followed by Neolissochilus hexagonolepis,
Schizothorax richarsonii
and Schistura devdevi
(recorded each from 10 streams each).
Among the species, eight species (Aborichthys
garoensis, A. kempi,
A. tikaderi, Exostoma
labiatum, Neolissochilus
nigrovittatus, Psilorhynchus
arunachalensis, Schistura
nagaensis, S. tirapensis)
are endemic to the northeastern Himalaya. Images of some of the rare and endemic fishes
recorded from upper Subansiri River are given in
Image 1.
The site-wise information on
species diversity, richness, evenness and fish assemblages are presented in
Table 3. Of all the streams sampled, the
Sigin Stream had the highest species diversity
(H’=2.76, 95% CI 2.09-2.57) and richness (R=4.37) followed by Sippi (H’=2.34, 95% CI 2.68–2.95; R=3.56) whereas the
headwater stream Dasi had low species diversity and
richness (H’=0.43, 95% CI 0.23–0.63; R=0.39).
The high value of evenness index observed in Aying
stream (E=0.98, 95% CI 0.86–1.11) revealed that the species were distributed
evenly in the community.
Stream Categories and their
Characteristics
The first two components of the
PCA explained 57.72% of the total variation in the data. The PCA of the sites categorized into
headwaters (lower order streams) and downstream (higher-order streams). The bi-plot of site scores with habitat
variables is displayed in Figure 2.
Sites with low principal component 1 loadings (Sippi,
Sakro, Sigin) had high
water temperature and conductivity whereas sites with high component 1 scores (Kete, Mede, Bhagdik, Lingde) had good quality of riparian vegetation, high level
of dissolved oxygen, swift flowing habitat and positioned in higher altitude
(qualified as headwater streams). On the
other hand, sites with high component two scores have greater width and depth,
i.e., characters of higher order streams.
Fish species and habitat variable
associations
The results of CCA revealed that
there is no strong association observed between habitat variables and species
abundance (Permutations=999, trace=2.061, p=0.204). Among the variables, the conductivity had
very strong association with fish abundance data (p=0.01). On further inspection, it found that the
first two axes explained 54.32% of the inertia (31.53% and 22.79% for axis 1
and axis 2 respectively) in the data matrix.
There was a significant association between habitat variables and
species abundance on the first canonical axis (P=0.02) and second canonical
axis (P=0.01).
The triplot
depicting associations of sites and species to habitat variables is given in
Figure 3. The CCA plot revealed that the
stream Kete, Mede, Bhagdik,
Lingde, Ryo, Ginyo, and Gamte had good quality of riparian vegetation, high level
of dissolved oxygen, swift flowing habitat and positioned in higher altitude,
which were in turn strongly associated with fish species Neolissochilus
hexagonolepis, N. nigrovittatus,
Schizothorax progastus,
S. richardsonii, and Schistura
tirapensis.
In the plot, the stream Silin segregated
itself as an outlier among all site, however, it was strongly associated with
more number of Aborichthys garoensis and Garra
lamta. The
species, Botia rostrata,
Channa gachua,
Danio rerio, Devario
aequipinnatus, Garra
nasuta, Glyptothorax
cavia, and Psilorhynchus
arunachalensis formed a cluster near Sippi site and showed preferences to streams with
relatively greater stream volumes, conductivity and warm temperature. The high altitude streams, Wuon, Lingram, and Godak located in south of Daporijo
Town formed a separate group in terms of fish community.
DISCUSSION
Assessing the species richness
and habitat variables influencing their distribution are central to the subject
of conservation science. Species composition in streams within a river basin is
determined by large- and small-scale processes.
The large-scale factors refer to biogeographic history, tectonic
movements and latitude of given landscape.
In the present study, the fish composition recorded from upper Subansiri River is a true representation of eastern
Himalayan elements and most of the species occur in other sub-basins of
Brahmaputra (Tamang et al. 2007; Bagra et al. 2009; Kansal & Arora 2012).
Further, the fish fauna recorded in the upper Subansiri
River is similar to that of fishes reported from downstream of Subansiri in Assam.
Eight species (Aborichthys tikaderi, Exostoma labiatum, Neolissochilus
nigrovittatus, Schistura
devdevi, Schistura
nagaensis, Schistura
tirapensis, and Schizothorax
progastus) recorded from the upper Subansiri region are a new addition to Subansiri
River fish list (Bakalial et al. 2014). The presence of recently described species Psilorhynchus arunachalensis
in this region revealed that further inventory of remote areas is necessary.
At smaller scales, the habitat
variables such as flow, riparian vegetation, water temperature and so on would
determine the species composition in streams (Ricklefs
1987). The first step towards
understanding the role of habitat variables on fish assemblages is categorizing
streams into headwater and lowland streams on the basis of local factors in
multivariate space. The results of PCA
revealed that the streams of upper Subansiri River
are categorized into headwater streams (with high altitude, low water
temperature, good riparian cover, greater flow and rich dissolved oxygen) and
lowland streams (with greater depth, width and high conductivity). The CCA results inferred that the distribution
of few species such as Schizothorax sp., Neolissochilus sp., and Exostoma
labiatum are strongly associated with pristine
riparian vegetation, greater flows, and higher altitudes. Further, we observed that that species
richness improved with an increasing order of stream volume or order as
demonstrated by Platts (1979).
One could elaborate here that the
PCA results and inferences drawn from the CCA are coinciding and are highly
suggestive in that fish distribution in the upper Subansiri
basin is primarily differentiated by the types of streams: smaller headwaters
at high altitudes and rivers with larger volumes of water at comparatively
lower heights. Stream volume was shown
to be influencing species diversity by Gorman & Karr (1978); hydrological
force, i.e., flow velocity selects species morphologically suited to such
conditions (Suarez et al. 2011). Even in
our study, the number of species increased with an increase in depth and to
some extent with the increase of width. Loaches (Aborichthys
kempi, Schistura
nagaensis, and Psilorhynchus
arunachalensis), snakeheads (Channa
sp.), small barbs Opsarius bendelisis and Danio rerio)
associated themselves with the depth and width vectors of the CCA. Sites and species associated with depth,
width, conductivity, temperature automatically had lower loadings on altitude,
dissolved oxygen, land-use and flow velocity variable vectors.
The drainage of the river is
unique regarding minimal human induced perturbations, landscape, biodiversity
and habitat. People of the region are
dependent majorly on the natural resources.
Some basic advancement in the form of hospitals and roads can be seen,
but with a poor quality of schools and very little awareness; one can expect a
population surge soon. Along with these,
the proposed hydropower plants in the upper region of the river basin are also
going to irreversibly alter the riverine habitats and associated fish
communities.
Table 1. Scoring criteria of
habitat variables with nominal data for CCA (Mercado-silva
et al. 2012).
Variable |
Scores |
Criteria |
Water Clarity |
1 |
Turbid |
2 |
Moderately Turbid |
|
3 |
Transparent |
|
Habitat Diversity |
1 |
Single habitat type for 90% |
2 |
Two habitat types |
|
3 |
Three or more habitat types |
|
Land-use Pattern |
1 |
Urban/Pasture/Agricultural |
2 |
Modified natural |
|
3 |
Natural |
|
Substrate Diversity |
1 |
Soft sediments >90% |
2 |
Mix of > 3 substrates |
|
3 |
Rocky Substrates >90% |
|
Riparian Cover |
1 |
No riparian cover |
2 |
Modified riparian cover |
|
3 |
Natural |
Table 2. List of fish species and
abundance recorded from the upper Subansiri River,
Arunachal Pradesh.
Species name |
Sippi |
Sakro |
Sigin |
Singyum |
Menga |
Bui |
Silin |
Godak |
Wuon |
Mara |
Ryo |
Lingram |
Lingde |
Aying |
Gamte |
Mede |
Ginyo |
Bhagdik |
Dasi |
Kete |
Kudok |
Cypriniformes Daniodinidae Devario aequipinnatus |
4 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Devario devario |
2 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Danio rerio |
1 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
Opsarius bendelisis |
4 |
3 |
3 |
- |
2 |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Cyprinidae Garra gotyla |
- |
- |
7 |
- |
6 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
4 |
- |
- |
2 |
1 |
- |
Garra lamta |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
3 |
5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Garra nasuta |
- |
- |
3 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
4 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Neolissochilus hexagonolepis |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
4 |
6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
Neolissochilus nigrovittatus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Schizothorax progastus |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
5 |
- |
2 |
- |
1 |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
5 |
Schizothorax richardsonii |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
7 |
4 |
- |
3 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
- |
7 |
4 |
Tariqilabeo latius |
2 |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Psiloehynchidae Psilorhynchus arunachalensis |
1 |
- |
3 |
4 |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Nemachilidae Aborichthys garoensis |
- |
2 |
5 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Aborichthys tikaderi |
1 |
- |
3 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
5 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
11 |
- |
- |
Aborichthys kempi |
- |
- |
2 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Paracanthocobitis botia |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Schistura devdevi |
1 |
- |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
5 |
- |
3 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Schistura nagaensis |
- |
3 |
2 |
1 |
4 |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Schistura tirapensis |
- |
1 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
Bottidae Botia rostrata |
1 |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Siluriformes Siluridae Amblyceps mangois |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
3 |
- |
1 |
- |
2 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Sissoridae Exostoma labiatum |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
3 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Glyptothorax cavia |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Perciformes Channidae Channa gachua |
- |
- |
3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Channa stewartii |
- |
- |
2 |
- |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Table 3. Species diversity and
assemblages in the upper Subansiri River, Arunachal
Pradesh.
Site |
Number of species |
Number of individuals |
Shannon diversity (H’) |
Evenness index (E) |
Species richness index (R) |
Sippi |
12 |
22 |
2.34 |
0.86 |
3.56 |
Sakro |
8 |
17 |
2.01 |
0.93 |
2.47 |
Sigin |
18 |
49 |
2.76 |
0.88 |
4.37 |
Singyum |
9 |
13 |
2.03 |
0.85 |
3.12 |
Menga |
10 |
29 |
2.20 |
0.90 |
2.67 |
Bui |
8 |
21 |
1.86 |
0.80 |
2.30 |
Silin |
6 |
13 |
1.74 |
0.95 |
1.95 |
Godak |
10 |
26 |
2.16 |
0.87 |
2.76 |
Wuon |
5 |
15 |
1.49 |
0.89 |
1.48 |
Mara |
5 |
19 |
1.52 |
0.91 |
1.36 |
Ryo |
4 |
12 |
1.24 |
0.86 |
1.21 |
Lingram |
4 |
5 |
1.33 |
0.95 |
1.86 |
Lingde |
5 |
12 |
1.55 |
0.94 |
1.61 |
Aying |
5 |
11 |
1.59 |
0.98 |
1.67 |
Gamte |
5 |
9 |
1.43 |
0.83 |
1.82 |
Mede |
7 |
17 |
1.88 |
0.93 |
2.12 |
Ginyo |
3 |
5 |
1.06 |
0.96 |
1.24 |
Bhagdik |
2 |
3 |
0.64 |
0.94 |
0.91 |
Dasi |
2 |
13 |
0.43 |
0.77 |
0.39 |
Kete |
3 |
9 |
0.68 |
0.66 |
0.91 |
Kudok |
3 |
10 |
0.94 |
0.86 |
0.87 |
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