Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 14 September 2020 | 12(12): 16647–16714
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5357.12.12.16647-16714
#5357 | Received 25 August 2019 | Final
received 01 August 2020 | Finally accepted 15 August 2020
Marine Annelida of India:
taxonomy and status evaluation and an updated checklist
Sanitha K. Sivadas 1 & Russell Carvalho 2
1 National Centre for Coastal
Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), NIOT Campus, Pallikaranai,
Chennai,
Tamil Nadu 600100, India.
2 Santa Margarita Catholic High
School, Science Department, 222062 Antonio Parkway Rancho, Santa Margarita, CA
92688, USA.
1 sanitha_sivadas@yahoo.com,
sanitha@nccr.gov.in (corresponding author), 2 carvalhorussell@gmail.com
Abstract: We present an updated checklist
of marine annelids from the Indian subcontinent. Records of annelid species were
obtained from published and grey literatures and online databases. Our review of annelid publications was
restricted to the Indian continental shelf region. This paper also discusses the taxonomic status
of marine annelid species recorded from this region and problems that impede
its research. The updated list comprises
of 727 species belonging to 334 genera and 72 families. A total of 152 species have their type
locality in India including 88 species that are endemic to the region. The current checklist indicates that 25% (183
species) of the records are questionable and require further examination. Our results highlight that marine annelid
richness of the Indian sub-continent is underestimated with many of the native
undescribed species being most likely concealed under ‘erroneous’ or
‘cosmopolitan’ records. With a
combination of factors that include a lack of experts, funding, and failure to
update regional literature has resulted in an incomplete state of knowledge for
the marine annelid biodiversity from this region. Therefore, there is an urgent need for
extensive and intensive sampling to discover new species, conduct detailed
re-examinations of doubtful records and, collaborate within the local and
international institutes and organizations to improve the regional biodiversity
studies.
Keywords: Annelids, cosmopolitan, Echiura,
Errantia, Fauvel, Sedentaria, Sipuncula.
Editor: Cinthya S.G. Santos, Universidade
Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brasil. Date of
publication: 14 September 2020 (online & print)
Citation: Sivadas, S.K. & R. Carvalho (2020). Marine Annelida of India:
taxonomy and status evaluation and an updated checklist. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(12): 16647–16714. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5357.12.12.16647-16714
Copyright: © Sivadas & Carvalho 2020. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s)
and the source of publication.
Funding: SKS funding: CSIR Research
Associate (No.31/26(187)/2010-EMR-I) and Science and Engineering Research Board
Fast track young scientist project grant (DST No: SR/FTP/ES-18/2012).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Dr.
Sanitha K Sivadas works as a Scientist D at the National Centre of
Coastal Research, Chennai. Primary research area is centred on marine benthic
functional ecology from intertidal to deep sea habitat. Other research interest includes marine
benthic biogeography pattern, preparing benthic species inventory and, marine
litter and microplastics. Dr. Russell
Carvalho is a Science Teacher at Santa Margarita Catholic high school
(SMCHS) and also an Adjunct Professor at Santa Ana College in Southern
California, USA. The author is an avid marine biologist and benthic expert. He
loves to conduct field trips and educational camps for students and kids of all
ages.
Author contribution: SKS—conceptualization, investigation
and writing - original draft; RC—conceptualization and writing - review &
editing.
Acknowledgements: SKS would like to thank The
Director, National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), Ministry of Earth
Sciences, for the facilities. Part of this work was carried out at
CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR-NIO), Goa-India. We are deeply
indebted to Dr. Brett Gonzalez from Department of Invertebrate Zoology,
Smithsonian Institute, Washington D.C. and Ms. Leslie Harris, Natural History Museum
of Los Angeles County, CA, for their encouragement and support. The authors
thank the anonymous reviewer for the constructive comments which greatly
improved this manuscript. Special thanks to Drs. Andre S.Y. Mackie
(National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK); Christopher J. Glasby (Museum & Art
Gallery Northern Territory, Australia); Charlotte Watson (Australia); Elena K
Kupriyanova (Australian Museum); Geoff Read (NIWA, New Zealand), Harry ten Hove
(Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands); Igor Jirkov (Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Russia); Karin Meißner (Senckenberg Research
Institute, Germany), Luis F. Carrera-Parra (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur,
México); Maria Cristina Gambi (Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Italy); María
Ana Tovar-Hernández (Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Mexico); Markus
Böggemann (Universität Vechta, Germany); Pat Hutchings(Australian Museum);
Rodolfo Elias (INVEMAR, Colombia); Tulio F. Villalobos Guerrero (Kagoshima
University, Japan) for clarifying doubts and sharing their publications.During
SKS tenure at CSIR-NIO, she was supported by CSIR Research Associate
(No.31/26(187)/2010-EMR-I) and Science and Engineering Research Board Fast
track young scientist project grant (DST No: SR/FTP/ES-18/2012).
Introduction
The Phylum Annelida is among the
most diverse invertebrate groups that inhabits the marine, freshwater,
brackish, and terrestrial ecosystems.
Annelids exhibit exceptional morphological and ecological diversity.
Evolving and radiating globally around the Cambrian period (490–500 million
years ago) this group diversified into 21,000 species (Appeltans et al. 2012;
Weigert et al. 2014). The evolution of
numerous feeding guilds, modes of locomotion, and reproductive strategies allow
them to inhabit a wide range of marine habitats, spanning from the intertidal
to the deep sea (Carvalho et al. 2013), including extreme environments such as
Oxygen minimum zones (OMZ), cold seeps, and hydrothermal vents. Because of their diversity and dominance in
most benthic habitats, they are a significant component of the marine
ecosystem, forming an important link in the food web and nutrient recycling
(Hutchings 1998). In addition, they are
reliable ecological indicators for marine habitat quality because they are
abundant, diverse, and contain both sensitive and tolerant species
(Pocklington & Wells 1992).
Introduced as an established
phylum (Lamarck 1802), classification of the Annelida has been updated numerous
times and, of all the major animal clades, the annelid phylogeny has always
been a unique and evolving challenge (e.g., Rouse & Pleijel 2007; Weigert
& Bleidron 2016). Moreover, Annelida
show the highest discordance between morphology and molecular-based phylogenetic
knowledge (Andrade et al. 2015). Recent
studies using next-generation sequencing and phylogenomic analyses have been
able to resolve the annelid phylogeny, but many questions about their phylogeny
are still unresolved (Weigert et al. 2014; Andrade et al. 2015; Struck et al.
2015; Weigert & Bleidorn 2016).
Classification of polychaete into
Errantia and Sedentaria was the most common and widely used during the 20th
century (e.g., Day 1967; Hartman 1968).
Based on morphological cladistics analysis of Annelida and other groups,
a new classification was outlined (Fauchald & Rouse 1997; Rouse &
Fauchald 1997); however this classification was challenged by molecular data
(Rouse & Pleijel 2007). According to
Weigert & Bleidorn (2016), Annelida are divided into two major clades,
Errantia and Sedentaria, and five basal branching lineages (Sipuncula,
Amphinomida, Chaetopteridae, Magelonidae, and, Oweniidae).
Errantia include Aciculata
(Phyllodocida and Eunicida), Myzostomidae, and the interstitial polychaetes,
Protodriliformia. Sedentaria contain the
polychaete families formerly classified as Canalipalpata or Scolecida, the
interstitial polychaetes, Parergodrilidae, Diurodrilidae, Dinophilidae, and
Nerillidae. Clitellata, Echiura, and
Siboglinidae are also grouped with Sedentaria.
Since we have followed the Weigert & Bleidorn (2016) classification,
the term “polychaetes” refers to the traditional name used for the bristle
worms in this publication.
The mega diverse Indian
subcontinent contributes to approximately 7–8% of the total species recorded on
our planet and shows a high level of endemism.
The varied climatic, topographic, oceanographic, and hydrodynamic
conditions have resulted in a wide range of habitats accounting for this rich
biodiversity. Despite being labelled as
a biodiversity hotspot region; with the exception of birds, mammals, and a few
plant groups, rest of this biodiversity has received little attention. Comprehensive reviews of marine biodiversity,
the most recent rate of loss of marine life, along with updated taxonomic
monographs and checklists are lacking for many marine invertebrates, including
the Annelida. Because of this, India has
failed to overcome its taxonomic impediment for most of its biodiversity groups
(Dar et al. 2012).
Studies on the Annelida in India
dates from the late 17th century with the description of a new
species, Amphinome rostrata (Pallas, 1766). It was only in 1921, that the first
comprehensive checklist of brackish water polychaetes was published (Southern
1921). A total of 30 polychaete species
was reported including three new genera and 27 new species from the Gangetic
Delta and Chilika in the east, and Kochi backwaters in the southwestern coast
of India. During the following years,
numerous papers were published, mostly from southern India (e.g., Gravely 1927;
Krishnan 1936; Panikkar & Aiyar 1937; Paul 1942). Aiyar & Alikunhi focused on the
interstitial polychaetes and made a number of significant publications (Aiyar
& Alikunhi 1940, 1943, 1944; Alikunhi 1941, 1942, 1943 1946, 1947, 1948,
1949, 1951). Annandale & Kemp
(1915), Prashad (1919, 1921, 1935), Prashad & Awati (1929), DattaGupta et
al. (1963), DattaGupta & Menon (1966), and DattaGupta (1974) made a
significant contribution to the study of the Echiura from India. Badri Prasad Haldar contributed to the study
of sipuncula from India and published the first checklist of Indian sipuncula
(Haldar 1991). The aquatic oligochaetes
of India were compiled by Naidu (2005) in the series of taxonomic publications,
“Fauna of India” by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI).
The first monograph on Indian
polychaetes “Fauna of India, Including Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma and Malaya:
Annelida Polychaeta” was published by Professor Pierre Fauvel (Fauvel
1953). The monograph was based on the collection
of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and the Indian Museum, Kolkata (Fauvel
1930, 1932) which included polychaetes from the neighbouring countries
(Myanmar, Pakistan, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka).
A total of 462 polychaete species was reported, out of which 304 were
recorded from India (Fauvel 1953). In
subsequent years, Olga Hartman made important contributions to the study of
Indian Ocean polychaetes based on the samples collected during the first
International Indian Ocean Expeditions (IIOE) (Hartman 1974a,b). Part I was on taxonomy and included 244 taxa
of which 116 were new records to the area and 16 were new species. Part II was a catalogue of species and
bibliography that listed 883 species in 315 genera and 59 families. Many of the samples of the first IIOE, however,
currently located at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, still
remain to be analysed (Sivadas et al. 2016a).
With numerous expeditions,
individual, local as well international studies being conducted on the
subcontinent, the ZSI started to make important contributions to marine annelid
studies and published several reports on new species, new distribution records,
and checklists as part of the series, “Fauna of the coastal states of India”
(Sen et al. 2016). Reviews and
checklists from different coastal regions continued to be published during the
1990s and 2000s (e.g., Haldar 1991; Khan & Murgesan 2005; Sivaleela &
Venkatraman 2012; Rajasekaran & Fernando 2012; Pati et al. 2015). Mitra & Mishra (2017) reviewed the
freshwater polychaetes of India and reported 41 species belonging to 25 genera
in 15 families. Local checklists have
been published at regular intervals throughout the decades, however, there are
no comprehensive checklists available for the entire Indian subcontinent that
could provide an overview of the marine annelid diversity. The aims of this paper are to address the
following objectives: (1) to provide an annotated
checklist of marine Annelida of India, (2) to critically assess taxonomic
status of the species recorded, and (3) to identify the problems that impede
annelid diversity studies in India.
Methods
Geological features of the Indian coast
The Indian coast spans across a
large latitude of 15° (6°–23° N) and has a total coastal length of ~7,516km
(Figure 1). The Indian exclusive
economic zone (EEZ) has an area of 2.015 x 106 km2. The width of the western continental shelf
varies from 345km off Daman (north) and tapers to 60km off Kochi (south). The western continental shelf of India has an
area of about 3,10,000km2, with sediment and organic matter varying
from the inner shelf to the outer shelf (Faruque & Ramachandran 2014). The eastern continental shelf also has a
variable width of 35km off Tamil Nadu (south) to 120km around Digha
(north). Just like the western shelf,
the eastern continental shelf is also characterized by various sediment
features (Faruque et al. 2014).
The country has 14 major, 44 medium, and 162 minor rivers with a total
catchment area of 3.12 x 106 km2, discharging 1,645km3 of
freshwater every year to the seas around the country. The Ganga-Brahmaputra is the largest river in
the country and third largest freshwater outlet to the world’s oceans. All these features create a diverse coastal
habitat which includes rivers and estuaries endowed with extensive mangroves
and mudflats (e.g., the Sunderbans, the largest mangrove ecosystem of the
world), coral reefs, seagrass beds, sandy and rocky shores, largest saltwater
lake in Asia (Chilika) and the largest and most intense Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ)
extending from 100 to 1,000 m depth (Arabian Sea). All these diverse habitats make the Indian
coast a complex region that supports a species-rich marine fauna (Sivadas &
Ingole 2016).
Data Collection
The marine annelid species data
was compiled from published and grey literature. Our review of annelid related publications
was restricted to the Indian continental shelf region. As for the deep sea, most of the knowledge on
marine biodiversity is a result of environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies
in the Central Indian Ocean basin, and ecological studies of OMZ and Carlsberg
Ridge. Although, in most of these
studies, polychaetes were the dominant taxa, identification was restricted to
the genus or family level (Parulekar et al. 1993; Ingole et al. 2005, 2010;
Pavithran et al. 2007, 2009) and therefore, were not considered in this
review. Data from predatory journals
were also not considered due to their conflicting and controversial
information.
The compiled species lists were
checked against the World Register of Marine Worms (WoRMS) database (WoRMS
Editorial Board 2020) for the synonyms, spelling errors, and updated species
names. In this paper, we followed the
classification of Weigert & Bleidorn (2016). The final list is presented in Table 1 with
the following information: Species
author, type-locality, distribution, references, and comments. The records were classified as: endemic ($),
type-locality in India (*), questionable (#) and, misidentification (@). Species were categorized as ‘endemic’ if they
were reported only from India, except for those species reported in the last 10
years (2011–2020). Erroneous
(questionable and misidentification) records were identified based on the type
locality and distribution data of species from published literature and WoRMS
(WoRMS Editorial Board 2020). Species
with type localities and/or with distributions restricted to the Atlantic
Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Southern Ocean, or the North Sea were considered
as questionable records that require verification.
We also conducted a systematic
review to assess the “status quo” of general marine annelid research in
India. The search engines, ProQuest,
Google Scholar, and Scopus were used for this purpose. The criteria for search included any paper
published up to April 2020 with terms such as “Annelida”, “benthos”,
“Clitellata’, “Oligochaeta”, “polychaetes”, “Polychaeta”, “Sedentaria”,
“Errantia”, “India”, “Echiura”, “Sipuncula” “coastal”, “macrobenthos”,
“macrofauna”, “meiobenthos”, “meiofauna”, and “marine” in the title, keywords,
or abstract. The results summed to 863
papers that without duplication became 594 papers from 1915 to 2020.
While preparing the checklist, the
following locations were referred by their current names: Bombay = Mumbai;
Chilka = Chilika; Cochin = Kochi; Mangalore = Mangaluru; Madras = Chennai;
Laccadive = Lakshadweep; Malabar Coast = Kerala (north); Orissa = Odisha;
Pondicherry = Puducherry; Tuticorin = Thoothukudi; Vizagapatnam/ Waltair =
Visakhapatnam.
Results
The updated checklist of marine
annelids is presented in Table 1 that includes the accepted names, authors, the
type locality, distribution information (world and India) followed by remarks,
and references. The type locality
information was taken from the original descriptions; however, whenever
original publications were not available, information was extracted from other
publications, WoRMS, and online resources.
For publications with ambiguous information, e.g., Willey (1905), did
not clearly describe if the type locality of species recorded were in India or
Sri Lanka, and because of this we did not consider this information in the type
locality species list from India. The
annelid families and species names are presented alphabetically. Some recent changes in the families or genera
have been followed, and their sources have been mentioned in the reference and
remarks column. In the remarks and
reference column, a short remark on the questionable records and references are
mentioned to encourage further studies.
The marine annelids in India
comprise of 727 species belonging to 334 genera and 72 families (Table 1 and
Figure 2). Errantia is the most
species-rich clade with 354 species belonging to 31 families in 151 genera (Table
2), and the most species-rich families are Nereididae (72 species and 17
genera), Eunicidae (33 and 8 genera), and Polynoidae (32 species and 22
genera). Sedentaria is represented by
301 species in 155 genera and 31 families (Table 2 and Figure 2) and Spionidae
(37 and 14 genera) and Serpulidae (34 species and 14 genera) are the most
species-rich families. At present, 152
species have their type locality in India with 88 species being
putatively endemic to the region (Table 1).
The maximum number of new species (142 species) recorded in India was
before the year 2000 (Figure 3). And
from the years 2001–2019, only eight new species have been recorded.
Doubtful species records from India
The checklist of marine Annelida
from India that we have compiled is far from complete due to a number of
reasons. Based on the criteria
established, we identified a total of 173 species as questionable records and
10 misidentifications from the region (Tables 1 and 2). An example is the species Paraprionospio
pinnata from the Spionidae family.
This species has been frequently reported from ecological publications
and local checklists. Yokoyama &
Sukumaran (2012), however, suggested that the Paraprionospio species
reported from India have been misidentified as P. pinnata. At present, Paraprionospio cordifolia (Yokoyama,
2007), P. cristata (Zhou, Yokoyama & Li, 2008), and P.
patiens (Yokoyama, 2007) are the species of Paraprionospio
reported from the region. Paraprionospio
pinnata is considered a dominant species in the macrobenthic
community having a wide distribution along the Indian coast, including the
upwelling and OMZ areas (Ingole et al. 2010; Sivadas et al. 2016b). Based on type locality (Chile) and the recent
publication of Yokoyama & Sukumaran (2012), there is a vital need to re-evaluate
all records reported as P. pinnata.
In addition to the above examples, based on the taxonomically revised
publications, Capitella capitata (Fabricius, 1780), Eurythoe
complanata (Pallas, 1766), Hydroides norvegica Gunnerus, 1768, Marphysa
sanguinea (Montagu, 1813), Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje 1844, Serpula
vermicularis Linnaeus, 1767, Sternaspis scutata (Ranzani, 1817), S.
costata Marenzeller, 1879), and Terebellides stroemii Sars, 1835
and others are also considered as questionable records from India (Table 1).
Discussion
The checklist presented in this
publication represents the most updated list of marine Annelida recorded from
the Indian subcontinent. The updated
information based on species occurrence data recorded 727 species belonging to
72 families. We have identified 173
questionable and 10 misidentified species because all correspond to species
with type localities and distributions outside the Indian Ocean region. Of the total of 183 erroneous species
recorded, almost 50% of the species were reported by Fauvel (1932, 1953) and
five species by Hartman (1974a,b).
The use of publications from other
regions (e.g., Day 1967) also resulted in the erroneous records. Fauvel and Day’s monographs continue to be
the most widely used references by most Indian researchers. Taxonomists like Fauvel, Day, and Hartman
believed in the cosmopolitan distribution of polychaete species
(Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2014; Hutchings & Kupriyanova 2018). Therefore, they recorded European species in
their publications in the Indian Ocean and other regions and synonymized
several species without evidence (Hutchings & Kupriyanova 2018). This resulted in the species found from
tropical regions having names that were often based upon the specimens of the
Scandinavian or Mediterranean regions (Salazar-Vallejo et al. 2014;
Hutchings & Kupriyanova 2018). This
argument is very true for the marine annelids of India as European taxonomists
carried out the initial studies on the fauna of this region. Multiple records may exist for species from
Europe and other regions, which most likely may not be found in the Indian
waters. Therefore, we may have many
native undescribed species concealed under incorrectly applied older European
names (Sivadas et al. 2016a; Hutchings & Kupriyanova 2018).
Like the polychaetes, there are no
updated publications on the other marine annelid groups from this region. In the case of sipunculans, after the
publication of the first checklist (Haldar 1991), there was no other
publication on this group, except for a new subspecies report (Saiz et al.
2015). The aquatic oligochaetes of India
were compiled by Naidu (2005) that reported 101 species and one subspecies from
the region. Only three species, however,
were reported from the estuarine and coastal areas. Although, oligochaetes, sipunculans, and
echiurans are frequently reported in ecology papers, their identification is
usually restricted to higher taxonomic level.
Impediments to taxonomy
This checklist was compiled with
the aim of updating the Indian annelid species list for future references. A number of factors combine to make the
current marine annelid checklist of India far from complete. One of the factors that contribute to a
decline in biodiversity research is that taxonomic studies are largely
neglected in favour of ecological research.
There are other priorities that take over taxonomic research in this
country, for e.g., global science trends, commercial or political treatise, and
specific interests of some scientific lobbies and corporations. Evidence for this is substantiated from our
bibliography review, wherein, only 207 publications were focused on annelid
studies, and in the last few decades (1960–2020) only 74 papers were related to
taxonomy (Figure 3). The Bombay Natural
History Society (BNHS), Centre for Marine and Living Resources (CMLRE), CSIR-
National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR-NIO), National Centre for Coastal
Research (formerly, Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management - Project
Directorate; ICMAM PD), National Centre of Sustainable Coastal Management
(NCSCM), ZSI, and a few credible Indian universities (e.g., Andhra University,
Anna University, Annamalai University, Cochin University of Science and
Technology, Goa University) are some of the institutions working on marine
biodiversity. Marine biodiversity
studies on this subcontinent are mainly focused on select marine taxa,
considered of economic importance, and the level of identification is often
kept to genera/family level. We have
also observed that biodiversity and ecology research are limited to a few
locations along the Indian coast, such as, habitats near and around the host
institutes and biodiversity hotspot regions like, the Gulf of Kachchh in
Gujarat (northwest coast), Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay in Tamil Nadu
(southeastern coast) and, Andaman & Nicobar Island (Bay of Bengal). Therefore, a vast region of this country is
still underexplored.
Further, there is limited work to
update the checklist of marine invertebrates in the country (Parameswaran et
al. 2017; Samuel et al. 2017).
Monographic revisions allow identifying missing data, the need for new
collections and additional data, and updated taxonomic status of a species
(Dayrat 2011). The lack of recent
monographic revisions makes Indian researchers depend on older literature and
monographs or literature from temperate regions. The use of such sources is one of the primary
reasons for erroneous species records found in the regional biodiversity data. A major drawback when referring to older
literature is that the descriptions of many species are very brief with poor
illustrations, limited or no supporting information on their location,
reproduction or habitat (Hutchings & Kupriyanova 2018). Another drawback of overdependence on Fauvel and
Day’s monographs is that new species publications from the region, post 1953
Fauvel’s publication, are not referred; as a result, those species have not
been reported from any other location (e.g., Glycera embranchiata Krishnamoorthi
1962, Hesionides peculiaris Westheide & Rao, 1977, and Lycastonereis
indica Nageswara-Rao, 1981).
A primary reason for the poor
state of marine biodiversity knowledge is that most Indian institutes and
universities lack trained taxonomists; as a result, young researchers are often
‘self-taught’ using outdated literature.
Their complete dependence on outdated keys along with very short
descriptions given in those publications ultimately results in erroneous
species reporting. Currently, many
institutions lack access to critical taxonomic literature, which may partly
explain why researchers continue their dependence on such older
literature. With these outdated works
still cited in many recent publications, we feel that younger and newer
researchers working on taxonomy need to make an effort to update and carry out
taxonomic revisions of annelids from the Indian subcontinent. Most institutes and museums in India and
other regions are digitizing their library collections, hence, many of these
original publications are now easily available online for free and hopefully
are being referenced by numerous researchers.
Our review of several ecological
publications and EIA and monitoring reports revealed doubtful species records,
misidentifications, spelling errors, and a usage of unaccepted scientific
species names, a trend observed in ecological studies worldwide (Bortolus 2008;
Sivadas & Madeswaran 2020). Since
ecological studies form the baseline for many of the biological disciplines, it
also plays an important role in spreading and magnifying the conceptual and
methodological errors (Bortolus 2008).
Moreover, taxon authorities and literature that were used for
identification are not included in the reference sections of most publications. Although such publications were not considered
in the present paper, researchers need to cite the identification literature
and taxonomic authority as it will allow for future correction or verification
and will also help to improve the citation quality of taxonomic papers. The alarming trend in systematic and
taxonomic/bibliometric evaluation of publications is a topic that is
extensively discussed (e.g., Krell 2002; Boero 2010; Steiner et al. 2015). In addition to the above reasons, predatory
publications are affecting the quality of local marine research and in
particular, the overall biodiversity and taxonomic studies in India (Raghavan
et al. 2014). The superficial or
non-existing peer review process in predatory journals does not allow fixing of
scientific and taxonomic errors resulting in the propagation of the mistakes.
As mentioned earlier in this
paper, ecology programs have been given a top priority over taxonomic studies
in India in the last few decades.
Premier institutes with access to research ships and state-of-the art
facilities focus their research on ecology and other scientific
disciplines. Mainly, due to the fact
that acquiring funding for ecology projects are comparatively easier than for
biodiversity programs. Ecological and
monitoring projects are conducted on a long-term basis that can generate
extremely valuable data on their distribution pattern, temporal variability,
and habitat information and thus contribute to an increased knowledge of marine
biodiversity of a region (Sivadas & Madeswaran 2020). This is evident from some of the recent new
marine invertebrate species and checklist published from India as outcomes of
ecology projects (e.g., Mandal et al. 2007, 2018; Yokoyama & Sukumaran
2012; Saiz et al. 2015; Parapar et al. 2016).
Role of Taxonomy in Conservation
Modification of Earth’s ecosystem
has altered biodiversity in many regions of the world which will be further
exacerbated as consequence of human-induced climate crisis. The estimated global species extinction rate is
between 100 and 1,000 times the rate during pre-human history (Lamkin &
Miller 2016). Despite the biodiversity
crisis, data shows that there is a decrease in the number of new species
described in proportion to the number taxonomists (Costello et al. 2014). The limited knowledge of Earth’s biodiversity
in a rapidly changing environment will have a consequence on the conservation;
mainly because, developing species conservation plans requires adequate
knowledge and description of the species for that region. One of the most important criteria used for
conservation plans are the indices of species diversity and endemism (e.g.,
Myers et al. 2000; Pimm et al. 2014; Ceauşu et al. 2015). Therefore the revelation that 25% of the
recorded species from the region are doubtful records will have a major
implication for biodiversity studies. As
species also form the basis of variety of disciplines including ecology,
biogeography, and monitoring, several modelling approaches have been developed
to predict species distribution (Guisan & Thuiller 2005; Elith &
Leathwick 2009). Such models, however,
are often limited due to uncertainty and errors which includes deficiencies in
species data (Costa et al. 2015).
Considering that most of the
annelid species were first recorded during the 19th century and
subsequent records were based on older monographs (e.g., Day 1967), the
identities of these historical species must be used with caution. Species that are identified incorrectly
contribute to a false negative towards ‘taxonomic and functional diversity
estimates’, leading to inaccurate results on the biodiversity data of a region
(e.g., Beerkircher et al. 2009; Costa et al. 2015; Soultan & Safi
2017). This causes a domino effect
resulting in poorly assessed decisions, leading policy makers to underestimate
critical decisions that adversely affect our sensitive ecosystems (e.g.,
Morrison et al. 2009; Austen et al. 2016).
As the present list of erroneous records was based on distribution data
and literature, it can only be confirmed by examination of type material, or
collection of fresh samples that need to be identified under expert
guidance. Loss of native biodiversity
due to misidentification is one of the most common examples of taxonomic errors
(Bortolus 2008). Therefore, the
information presented here should encourage future studies on the marine
Annelida of the Indian subcontinent.
Way Forward
As a positive step towards
improving our regional biodiversity studies, our paper contributes to the
updated checklists of marine annelids from the Indian subcontinent. National and international collaborations
with initiatives focusing on new exploration and training young researchers
will be fundamental to complete annelid inventories and contribute to the
worldwide effort to understand the world’s biodiversity. Brazil, USA, Mexico, Spain, Russia, and the
European countries are examples of how a continuous support for taxonomy
results in the substantial growth of biodiversity studies and is reflected in
the number of taxonomic papers published from these regions (de Carvalho et al.
2007). In fact, Brazil’s ‘National
Zoology Program’ is an example of a biodiversity program that was implemented
in the 1980s at a relatively low cost.
Hundreds of new taxonomists were trained, resulting in rapid increase in
the reporting of new species, and the Brazilian zoological community continues
to grow rapidly (Buckup et al. 2007; de Carvalho et al. 2007; Lana et al.
2017).
For improving the annelid research
in India, the following initiatives are recommended:
Workshops for
training and exchanging new data between Indian institutes and universities.
Updating the
current literature based on re-evaluating type material and new collections
under expert guidance.
Increased
collaboration between organizations working on ecology and biodiversity.
Forming
taxonomic groups or societies at the local and national levels.
Form a
standard process to track and maintain new species vouchers at private
collections, institutes or at museums.
Collaborate
with international researchers and museums on new information, analysis
techniques, and sample exchanges.
Conclusion
India,
although a megadiverse region, knowledge of its marine biodiversity is yet to
be acquired. Based on our assessment,
this is also true for the marine annelid diversity of India and the numbers
reported may indeed be an underestimation of the true diversity in India. A significant percentage of this undocumented
diversity of annelid exists as ‘cosmopolitan/ erroneous’ species records. Accurate taxonomy will greatly benefit
ecological studies and conservation programs as it will be based on a
relatively secure species list. We,
therefore, feel it is crucial for India to know and recognize its native
biota. National and regional initiatives
focusing on new exploration, especially in deeper waters and training new
researchers is a must for the future of annelid research in India. Given that the best technology and facilities
are available in some of the national institutes, we suggest the active role of
these organizations in biodiversity studies.
Suitable as this may sound, we would still like to point out that no
matter how efficient a given training is, it can only be beneficial if there
are sufficient job opportunities in taxonomy available in that country. Just like annelids, most marine invertebrates
of India are neglected and while compiling this paper, we have become even more
aware of the magnitude of the work that still needs to be done in the area of
marine biodiversity of the region. For
this, we should be willing to accept our past mistakes in identifying species,
and use this as a learning curve towards the accurate identification of native
biota. Through this paper, we,
therefore, hope to stimulate regional and international interest in improving
the overall accuracy of India’s regional taxonomy and new revisionary studies.
Table 1. List of polychaete species recorded from
India. * Type locality India; $ Endemic; # questionable records; @
misidentification.
Indian Coastal States/ Territories: AN—Andaman &
Nicobar Island | AP—Andhra Pradesh | AS—Arabian Sea | BoB—Bay of Bengal |
GA—Goa | GJ—Gujarat | KA—Karnataka | KL—Kerala | LK—Lakshadweep Island |
MH—Maharashtra | OD—Odisha | PD—Puducherry | TN—Tamil Nadu | WB—West Bengal.
|
Species |
Type
locality |
Distribution |
References
and comments |
|
ERRANTIA |
|
|
|
|
Family
Acoetidae |
|
|
|
|
Acoetes
melanonota (Grube, 1876) |
Philippines
|
World:
Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Madagascar, Mozambique, South China Sea. India: AS |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Eupanthalis
edriophthalma (Potts, 1910) |
Saya de
Malha, Indian Ocean |
World:
South China Sea India: WB |
Potts
(1910); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Panthalis
oerstedi Kinberg, 1856 |
Bohusl@n
(Sweden) |
World:
Belgium, Greece, France, North Atlantic Ocean, South China Sea, Spain India: MH,
GA, AN, LK |
Fauvel (1953) |
|
Family
Alciopidae |
|
|
|
|
Alciopina
parasitica Claparède & Panceri,
1867 |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique,
North Atlantic Ocean, South China Sea, Spain India: TN,
AS, BoB |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Plotohelmis
capitata (Greeff, 1876) |
Algiers
(Algeria), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Indian Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain,
Mozambique, South China Sea. India: AS,
LK |
Day (1967) |
|
Rhynchonereella
capitata (Greeff, 1876) |
Not
documented |
World:
Arabian Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean, China Sea India: AS |
Fauvel
(1953) |
|
R.
gracilis Costa, 1864 |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Belgium, Canada, France, North Pacific, North Atlantic Ocean, Arabian Sea,
South China Sea India: AS |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Vanadis
formosa Claparède, 1870 |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Sea, France, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean,
Spain, South China Sea India: AS,
KL, LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family
Aphroditidae |
|
|
|
|
# Aphrodita
aculeata Linnaeus, 1758 |
Not
documented |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, South
China Sea, Spain, UK India: TN,
KL |
Barnich
& Fiege (2000) restricted distribution to North Atlantic Ocean and
Western Mediterranean Sea and reports from Aegean Sea and Adriatic Sea due to
confusion with A. alta. Further,
specimens identified using Fauvel's key may belong to either species (Aphrodita
aculeata or A. alta) (Faulwetter et al. 2017). |
|
|
|
|
Dean
(2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
A.
alta Kinberg, 1856 |
Rio De
Janeiro (Brazil), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Argentina, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, North Atlantic Ocean, Persian Gulf,
Spain, South China Sea India: KL,
MH |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
A.
australis Baird, 1865 |
Port
Jackson (Australia) |
World: New
Zealand, South China Sea India: LK,
TN |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
# A.
talpa Quatrefages, 1866 |
New
Zealand |
World:
South China Sea, Gulf of Oman India: AN,
BoB, KL, LK, OD |
Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Aphrogenia
alba Kinberg, 1856 |
St. Thomas,
Caribbean Sea |
World:
Arabian Sea, Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, Suez Canal India: AN,
TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Craveiro
et al. (2019) |
|
Laetmonice
hystrix (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique,
North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, UK India: AN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Pontogenia
indica Grube, 1875 |
Bohol
(Philippine) |
World:
Singapore India: GJ,
LK, TN |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
P.
macleari (Haswell, 1883) |
Queensland
(Australia) |
World:
Indonesia, South China Sea India: AN |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
Family
Arabellidae |
|
|
|
|
Arabella
iricolor (Montagu, 1804) |
UK EEZ |
World:
Atlantic Ocean, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, British Columbia Gulf of Mexico,
Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, New Zealand, Panama, Red Sea,
Singapore, Suez Canal India: AN,
AP, GA, MH, TN |
A.
iricolor is probably a species complex and
its cosmopolitan distribution is questionable (Colbath 1989; Zanol & Ruta
2015). Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016). |
|
A.
mutans (Chamberlin, 1919) |
Easter
Island (Chile) |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Colombia, Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean,
Panama, Sri Lanka, South China Sea, Tanzania, Venezuela, Zanibar India: AN,
LK |
Day (1967);
Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Drilonereis
filum (Claparède, 1868) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mediterranean Sea,
North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, UK, South China Sea, Suez Canal India: AN,
BoB, GA |
Although
considered cosmopolitan, Helgason et al. (1990) indicates that more than one
species may have been reported under Drilonereis filum. Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
D.
monroi Day, 1960 |
Off
Lamberts Bay (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World: Red
Sea India: AS,
TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
Oenone
fulgida (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) |
Red Sea |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Indian Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, Panama,
Singapore India: AN,
LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family
Chrysopetalidae |
|
|
|
|
Bhawania
cryptocephala Gravier, 1901 |
Djiboutian,
Gulf of Aden |
World:
Myanmar, South China Sea, Sri Lanka India: AN,
LK, MH |
Fauvel
(1953); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
B.
goodei Webster, 1884 |
Bermuda,
Pacific Ocean |
World:
North Atlantic Ocean, Panama, Red Sea, Spain, South China Sea India: AN,
TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Chrysopetalum
debile (Grube, 1855) |
Villfranche-sur-Mer
(France) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Belgium, Cuba, Caribbean Sea, Ireland, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of
Oman, Mediterranean Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of
Aden, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Sea, North Atlantic Ocean,
Mozambique, Red Sea, South China Sea, Suez Canal India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family
Dorvilleidae |
|
|
|
|
Dorvillea
gardineri (Crossland, 1924) |
East Africa |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Madagascar India:
Soutwest coast |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
# Ophryotrocha
puerilis Claparède & Mecznikow, 1869 |
Neotype:
Genoa (Italy) |
World: Greece,
Ireland, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain, South Africa, Turkey, UK,
Venezuela India: TN |
Achari
(1969) reported the species from Hare Island, Gulf of Mannar. Species complex. At least two cryptic species of
Ophryotrocha puerilis have been reported in the Mediterranean Sea
(Taboada et al. 2017). |
|
Protodorvillea
biarticulata Day, 1963 |
Agulhas
Bank (South Africa) |
World:
Aegean Sea, Egypt, Greece India:MH,
TN |
Day (1967);
Faulwetter et al. (2017) |
|
P.
egena (Ehlers, 1913) |
False Bay
(South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Malaysia, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea India: GA |
Idris &
Arshad 2013 |
|
#
Schistomeringos neglecta (Fauvel,
1923) |
Urville
(France) |
World:
Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Porto
Novo, Spain, South Africa, Turkey, UK India: TN |
Reported
from Port Novo Srikrishnadhas et al. (1987). Day (1973);
Faulwetter et al. (2017) |
|
# S.
matsushimaensis (Okuda & Yamada, 1954) |
Togu
(Matsushima Bay), Japan |
World:
Japan EEZ, Korea (West Sea) India: TN |
Okuda &
Yamada (1994); Park et al. (2014) |
|
Family
Eunicidae |
|
|
|
|
Eunice
afra Peters, 1854 |
Mozambique,
Indian Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Madagascar, Panama,
Red Sea, South China Sea, Tanzania India: AN,
TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
E.
afra afra Peters, 1855 |
Mozambique,
Indian Ocean |
World:
Madagascar, South Africa India: AN,
LK, TN |
Day (1967) |
|
E.
afra paupera Grube |
Philippine
Islands |
World:
Malay Seas, New Caledonia, Philippine India: GJ,
LK |
Fauvel
(1953) |
|
E.
aphroditois (Pallas, 1788) |
Sri Lankan
EEZ, Indian Ocean |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean,
Panama, Red Sea, Spain, Singapore, South Africa India: AN |
Day (1967);
Fauchald (1992); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
E.
australis Quatrefages, 1866 |
New Zealand
|
World:
Cuba, Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Sea, South Africa, South China Sea India: AN,
GJ, TN |
Day (1967);
Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
E.
coccinea Grube, 1878 |
Philippine |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Sea, South Africa, South China Sea,
Singapore India: LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# E.
floridana (Pourtalès, 1867) |
Caribbean
Sea |
World:
Colombia, Greece, Gulf of Mexico Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Sea Ocean India: LK |
Fauvel
(1953). |
|
E.
grubei Gravier, 1900 |
Djiboutian,
Gulf of Aden |
World:
Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Sea, South Africa, Singapore India: AN |
Day (1967) |
|
E.
guttata Baird, 1869 |
Mumbai to
Singapore, Indian Ocean |
Mumbai to
Singapore |
Fauchald
(1992) mentions that the holotype was “taken between Bombay and Singapore,
Indian Ocean” Baird
(1869) |
|
* E.
indica Kinberg, 1865 |
Bangka
Strait (Indonesia) |
World:
Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman,
Madagascar, Mozambique, Mediterranean, Red Sea India: AN,
GA, KA, TN |
Day (1967);
Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
E.
laticeps Ehlers, 1868 |
Port
Western (Australia) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, New Zealand, Red Sea India: AN,
GJ, LK, MH, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
E.
marenzelleri Gravier, 1900 |
Djiboutian,
Gulf of Aden |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AN,
LK, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
E.
petersi Fauchald, 1992 |
Mozambique,
Indian Ocean |
World: Red
Sea India: AN,
GJ, LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
E.
savignyi Grube, 1878 |
Philippines |
World: Sri
Lanka, Persian Gulf India: MH |
Fauvel
(1953) |
|
E.
tubifex Crossland, 1904 |
Puopo Islet
(Kokotoni Harbour, Zanzibar), Indian Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Australia, Gulf of Oman, Mozambique, Philippines, Red Sea, Sri
Lanka India: AP,
KL, TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
E.
wasinensis Fauchald, 1992 |
Syntype:
Wasin Harbour (Kenya), Indian Ocean |
World: Red
Sea, South China Sea India: OD |
Fauchald
(1992); Wehe & Fiege (2002);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Leodice
antennata Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 |
Gulf of
Suez from synonym Eunice antennata |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Madagascar,
Mozambique, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, Panama, Red Sea, South Africa,
Singapore, Suez Canal, Turkey India: AN,
LK, MH, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Lysidice
collaris Grube, 1870 |
Red Sea |
World:
Atlantic Ocean, Aegean Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar,
Mozambique, South Africa, Singapore India: AN,
TN |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
L.
natalensis Kinberg, 1865 |
Durban
(South Africa), Indian Ocean |
World:
Mediterranean Sea India: GJ,
LK, WB |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al.
(2016) |
|
# L.
ninetta Audouin & H Milne Edwards, 1833 |
Isles of
Chansey (France) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mediterranean Sea,
North Atlantic Ocean, New Zealand, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AN,
LK, TN |
A single
report from Lakshadweep Island (Misra & Chakraborty 1991). Species complex, with two cryptic species
reported from Mediterranean Sea (Iannotta et al. 2009). Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
L.
unicornis (Grube, 1840) |
Mediterranean
Sea |
World:
Caribbean, Atlantic Ocean, Panama, Pacific Ocean, Red Sea India: AN,
BoB, GJ World: Sri
Lanka India: TN |
Şahin &
Çinar (2009) Willey
(1905) |
|
Marphysa
chevalensis Willey, 1905 |
South East
Cheval Paar (Gulf of Mannar, Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
|
|
|
M.
corallina (Kinberg, 1865) |
Hawaiian
EEZ, Pacific Ocean |
World:
Madagascar, Mozambique, New Zealand, Red Sea, South Africa, Suez Canal India: LK,
TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
*M.
gravelyi Southern, 1921 |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Arabian Gulf, South China Sea India: AP,
GJ, KA, KL, OD, TN, WB |
Southern
(1921); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
M.
macintoshi Crossland, 1903 |
Zanzibar,
Indian OCean |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Sea, Singapore, Tanzania India: LK,
TN, WB |
Day
(1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
M.
mossambica (Peters, 1854) |
Mozambique,
Indian Ocean |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Fiji, Australia, Red Sea, Singapore India: AN,
MH, TN, WB |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
M.
orientalis Willey, 1905 |
Sri Lanka,
Indian Ocean |
World: Sri
Lanka, South China Sea India: TN |
As Paramyphysa
orientalis (Treadwell, 1936) in Wiley (1905). Willey
(1905); Glasby et al. (2016). |
|
$M.
sanguinea (Montagu, 1813) |
Devon (UK) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Japan,
Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, South China Sea India: AN,
AP, GA, MH, PD TN, WB |
Based on
the neotype, M. sanguinea cosmopolitan distribution is not valid and
all specimens described as M. sanguinea has to be re-examined
(Hutchings & Karageorgopoulos 2003).
Recent publications have also confirmed species complexity in M.
sanguinea (e.g. Wang et al. 2018; Lavesque et al. 2017). Day (1967) |
|
Nicidion
cincta Kinberg, 1865 |
Society
Islands, Pacific Ocean |
World:
South Africa, South China Sea India: LK |
Day (1967);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Palola
siciliensis Grube, 1840 |
Palermo,
Sicily (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of
Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar,
Mozambique, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, Panama, Red Sea, South Africa,
South China Sea India: AN,
GJ, LK, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Paramarphysa
orientalis Willey, 1905 |
Sri Lanka,
Indian Ocean |
World:
South China Sea India: TN |
Willey
(1905); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
#
Paucibranchia fallax (Marion
& Bobretzky, 1875) |
Marseille,
Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Mediterranean Sea, English Channel, Ireland, France, Greece, North Atlantic
Ocean, Spain, Turkey India: TN |
Marphysa
fallax was one of the 13 species of Marphysa
classified as subgroup I that is now included in the new genera, Paucibranchia
(Molina-Acevedo 2018). The species
was reported from west-central region of the Mediterranean Sea and north of
Morocco. The distribution of P.
fallax reported by Fauvel 1923 in Molina-Acevedo (2018) from France is
doubtful. Fauvel
(1953) |
|
P.
stragulum (Grube, 1878) |
Talibon,
Bohol (Philippines) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Philippines, South China Sea, Sri Lanka India: GJ,
KL |
Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Molina-Acevedo (2018) |
|
Family
Glyceridae |
|
|
|
|
Glycera
alba (O.F. Müller, 1776) |
Norway |
World: Andaman
Sea, Black Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Arabian
Gulf North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, North Sea, NW Pacific coasts, Red
Sea, South China Sea India:
AP,GJ, GA,MH, KA, KL, OD, TN, WB |
Böggemann
(2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
G.
africana Arwidsson, 1899 |
Not
documented |
World: Bay
of Bengal, Gulf of Aden, Suez Canal,
West and east coasts of Africa India: AN |
Böggemann
(2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Lakra et al. (2018) |
|
# G.
americana Leidy, 1855 |
Point Judith,
Atlantic City, Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Atlantic coasts of North and South America, Brazil, Bangladesh,
Caribbean Sea, Japan, British Columbia, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Saint
Lawrence, Pacific coasts of South America, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean,
Red Sea India: AS |
Böggemann
(2002); Dean (2012); Muir & Hossain (2014) |
|
G.
brevicirris Grube, 1870 |
Indian
Ocean |
World:
Andaman Sea, Brail, Central Pacific Basin, Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean,
Indo-Pacific, North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Red Sea, Venezuela India: AN |
Böggemann
(2002); Böggemann & Eibye-Jacobsen (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Rizzo
et al. (2007); Fauchald et al. (2009) |
|
G.cinnamomea
Grube, 1874 |
Sri Lanka,
Indian Ocean |
World:
Andaman Sea, East and South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacific,
Mozambique, Persian Gulf, Red Sea India: |
Aungtonya
et al. (2002); Böggemann (2002);
Böggemann & Eibye-Jacobsen (2002); Idris & Arshad (2013); Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
$ G.
embranchiata Krishnamoorthi, 1962 |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: AN,
BoB, TN |
Krishnamoorthi
(1962) |
|
# G.
fallax Quatrefages, 1850 |
France |
World:
Ireland, France, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain,
UK India: LK |
Fauvel (1953). |
|
G.
lancadivae Schmarda, 1861 incertae sedis |
Sri Lanka,
Indian Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Madagascar, Red Sea, South China Sea India:
AP,LK, OD, TN, WB |
Böggemann
& Fiege (2001); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
G.
lapidium Quaterefages 1866 |
Mediterranean
Sea |
World:
Andaman Sea, Azores, English Channel, Iceland, Ireland, Greece; North Sea,
South China Sea, Turkey India: AN |
O’Connor
(1987); Böggemann & Eibye-Jacobsen (2002); Faulwetter et al. (2012);
Çinar et al. (2014); Lakra et al. (2018) |
|
G.
nicobarica Grube, 1868 |
Amboina
(Indonesia) |
World:
Andaman Sea, East and South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacific, Japan,
Singapore India: AN |
Day (1973);
Böggemann (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
G. oxycephala Ehlers,
1887 |
Barbados
(West Indies), Carribean Sea |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Bay of Seine, Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Gulf of
Mexico, Hispaniola, Norway to the southern coast of Brittany, Panama, South
Africa, Thailand India: KL |
Day (1967);
O’Connor (1987); Böggemann & Eibye-Jacobsen (2002); Wehe & Fiege
(2002); Rizzo et al. (2007); Fauchald et al. (2009); Dean (2012) |
|
# G.
papillosa Grube, 1857 incertae sedis |
Valparaiso
(Chile), Pacific Ocean |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic Ocean, South Africa, Venezuela India: KL |
Böggemann
& Fiege (2001); Day (1967); |
|
G.
posterobranchia Hoagland 1920 |
Tayabas
Light, Marinduque Island (Philippine Islands), Philippine Sea |
World: Bay
of Bengal, Philippine, South China Sea, Vietnam India: AN |
Böggemann
(2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Lakra et al. (2018) |
|
G.
sphyrabrancha Schmarda, 1861 |
Jamaican
EEZ, Caribbean Sea |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Aruba, Belize, Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Curaçao,
Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Phillipinnes, Red Sea, South Africa, South China
Sea, Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela India: AP,
GJ, GA, KA, KL, MH, OD, WB, TN |
Day (1967);
Böggemann & Eibye-Jacobsen (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Dean (2012);
Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
G.
tesselata Grube, 1840 |
Croatia,
Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Bangladesh Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico,
Indo-Pacific, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea,
northwestern Pacific, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, south
coasts of Africa India: AN,
AP, GJ, KL, LK, OD, WB |
Aungtonya
et al. (2002); Böggemann (2002); Idris & Arshad (2013); Muir &
Hossain (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
G.
tridactyla Schmarda, 1861 |
St. Malo
(France), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Australia, Bangladesh, Bay of Bengal, Black Sea,
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Japan Ireland, Madagascar,
Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, New Guinea North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea,
Red Sea, Singapore, Suez Canal, South Africa, South China Sea, UK India: LK,
MH, WB |
Böggemann
(2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Muir & Hossain
(2014) |
|
G.
unicornis Lamarck, 1818 |
? Egypt |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Bangladesh, Belgium, France, Greece, Gulf of Oman, Ireland,
Madagascar, Mozambique, Netherlands, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Spain,
South Africa, Turkey, UK India: MH,
OD, TN, WB |
Böggemann
(2002) mentions the type locality is not known or Egypt (?) while according
to O’connor (1987) it is Mediterranean Sea. O’connor
(1987); Böggemann (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Muir
& Hossain (2014) |
|
Family
Goniadidae |
|
|
|
|
Glycinde
capensis Day 1960 |
False Bay
(South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Coasts of west to southern Africa India:
Southwest coast |
Day (1967);
Böggemann (2005) |
|
G.
kameruniana Augener 1918 |
Cameroons,
Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Australia, Gulf of Oman, South Africa, South China
Sea India:
Southwest coast |
Day (1967);
Böggemann (2005); Böggemann & Eibye-Jacobsen (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Goniada
emerita Audouin & H. Milne Edwards
1833 |
Nice
(France), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Australia, Caribbean Sea, Greece, Eastern coasts of South America, France,
Hawaii, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, New Zealand,
North Atlantic Ocean, Spain, Red Sea, South Africa, South China Sea, Turkey India: AP,
GJ, KL, TN, WB |
Böggemann
(2005); Faulwetter et al. (2017) |
|
G.
hexadentes Böggemann and Eibye-Jacobsen 2002 |
Thailand,
Andaman Sea |
World:
Italy, Israel, Mediterranean Sea, Northeast and east Atlantic, Spain India: GA |
Böggemann
(2005); Böggemann & Eibye-Jacobsen (2002); Faulwetter et al. (2017) |
|
Goniadides
aciculata Hartmann-Schröder 1960 |
Ghardaqa
(Egypt), Red Sea |
World: Red
Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, El Hamira India: AN,
AP, LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Böggemann (2005) |
|
*
Goniadopsis agnesiae (Fauvel, 1928) |
Krusadai
Island, Gulf of Mannar (India), Indian Ocean |
World:
South Africa India: TN |
Fauvel
(1928); Day (1967); Böggemann (2005) |
|
G.longicirrata (Arwidsson,
1899) |
West
Africa, Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Myanmar, Andaman Sea, Thailand, Phuket Island, Ghana, Indian Ocean,
Indo-Pacific, Southern coasts of Africa India: KL,
MH, TN |
Fauvel
(1932); Böggemann (2005) |
|
Family
Hesionidae |
|
|
|
|
$ Alikuhnia
elegans (Alikuhni, 1949) |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Alikuhni
(1949) |
|
$ Alikuhnia
erythraeus (Alikuhni, 1949) |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Alikuhni
(1949) |
|
$ Alikuhnia
longicirrus (Alikuhni, 1949) |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Alikuhni
(1949) |
|
$ Alikuhnia
splendens (Alikuhni, 1949) |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Alikuhni
(1949) |
|
Hesione
intertexta Grube, 1878 |
Zamboanga
(Philippine) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Cuba, French Polynesia, Indonesia, Philippines,
South China Sea, Solomon Islands, Southern Japan to Australia India: AN,
TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Salazar-Vallejo (2018) |
|
H.
splendida Lamarck, 1818 |
Red Sea |
World:
Atlantic coast of France to Senegal, Cape Verde Islands, Brazil, Caribbean
Sea, Florida (USA),Jamaica, Gulf of Mexico, Greece
Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, Pacific Ocean,
Persian Gulf, Puerto Rico, Red Sea, Samoa, South China Sea, Suez Canal, Sri
Lanka, tropical Indo-West Pacific, Tonga, Venezuela India: AN,
AP, GJ, LK |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Dean (2012); Costa
& Christoffersen (2016); Glasby et al. (2016);
Salazar-Vallejo (2018) |
|
$Hesionides
andamanensis Chandrasekhara-Rao, 1993 |
Butler Bay,
Andaman and Nicobar (India), Indian Ocean |
India: AN |
Chandrasekhara-Rao
(1993) |
|
H. arenaria Friedrich,
1937 |
Germany,
North Sea |
World:
Cuba, Greece, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Spain India: AN,
AP, LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Dean et al. (2012); Faulwetter et al. (2017) |
|
H.
gohari Hartmann-Schröder, 1960 |
Egypt, Red
Sea |
World:
Greece, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain India: AN,
LK, WB |
Faulwetter
et al. (2017) |
|
$ H. indooceanica Westheide
& Rao, 1977 |
Palk Bay
and South Andamans (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Westheide
& Rao (1977) |
|
$ H.
peculiaris Westheide & Rao, 1977 |
Covelong,
Tamil Nadu (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Westheide
& Rao (1977) |
|
$ H.
minima Westheide & Rao 1977 |
Chennai and
Pulicat, Tamil Nadu (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Westheide
& Rao (1977) |
|
$ H.
similis Chandrasekhara-Rao, 1978 |
Gopalpur,
Odisha (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: OD |
Chandrasekhara-Rao
(1978) |
|
#
Hesionura elongata (Southern, 1914) |
Clew Bay
(Ireland) |
World:
Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Denmark, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic up
to Mediterranean, North Sea, Skagerrak India: AN,
LK |
H.
elongata was reported from Andaman and
Nicobar Island (Chandrasekhara-Rao 1988) and Lakshadweep (Chandrasekhara-Rao
1991). |
|
Leocrates
claparedii (Costa in Claparède, 1868) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Greece Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantic
Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, Spain, Singapore, Suez Canal, Turkey India: AN,
AP, GA, GJ, MH, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016); Faulwetter et al.
(2017) |
|
L.
diplognathus Monro, 1926 |
Macclesfield
Bank, Paracel Islands, South China Sea |
World:
Philippines India: LK |
Salazar-Vallejo
et al. (2014) |
|
L.
chinensis Kinberg, 1866 |
Hong Kong,
South China Sea |
World:
Japan, Greece, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Philippines India: MH |
Day (1973);
Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014) |
|
Leocratides
ehlersi (Horst, 1921) |
Saleh Bay
(Indonesia) |
World:
Japan, Red Sea India: MH |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002);Jimi et al. (2017) |
|
$ Microphthalmus
urofimbriata Alikuhni, 1943 |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
World: Red
Sea India: GA,
KA, MH, TN, WB |
Alikuhni
(1943); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
Oxydromus
angustifrons (Grube, 1878) |
Bohol
(Philippines) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, New Zealand, Red Sea, South Africa India: AN,
TN |
Day
(1967); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
#
Podarkeopsis arenicolus (La Greca,
1946) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
North Atlantic Ocean India: BoB |
Hartman
(1974a) reported the species from Bay of Bengal. |
|
P.
capensis (Day, 1963) |
Agulhas
Bank (South Africa) |
World:
Aegean Sea, Greece, Ireland, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain, Turkey India: MH |
Hartman
(1974a); Day (1967); Faulwetter et al. (2017) |
|
Family
Iospilidae |
|
|
|
|
Phalacrophorus
pictus Greeff, 1879 |
Canary
Islands, Atlantic Ocean |
World: Gulf
of Mexico, North Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean, Madagascar, Indian Ocean,
South China Sea India: BoB,
TN |
Day (1967);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family
Iphionidae |
|
|
|
|
Iphione
muricata Lamarck 1818 |
Mauritius,
Indian Ocean |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Madagascar, Mozambique, Philippines, Red Sea,
Suez Canal, Singapore, Tanzania India: AN,
LK, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family
Lopadorrhynchidae |
|
|
|
|
$ Lopadorrhynchus
panikkari Peter, 1972 |
Arabian Sea |
India: AS |
Peter
(1972a) |
|
L.
brevis Grube, 1855 |
Equatorial
Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Honduras, North Atlantic Ocean India: LK |
Peter
(1972b) |
|
Pelagobia
longicirrata Greeff 1879 |
Canary
Islands, Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, North Sea, Southern Ocean, Greece, South China Sea India: AS,
LK, TN |
Fauvel
(1953) mentions its occurrence in Indian waters. Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family
Lumbrineridae |
|
|
|
|
Lumbrineris
aberrans Day, 1963 |
Agulhas
Bank (South Africa) |
World:
Andamans Sea, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, South Africa India: West
coast |
Day (1967);
Perkins (1979); Oug (2002); Fauchald et al. (2009) |
|
$ L.
bilabiata Misra, 1999 |
Kakdwip,
Hoogly-Matla estuarine complex (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: WB |
Misra
(1999) |
|
L.
hartmani Day, 1953 |
False Bay
(South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
South Africa, Singapore India: West
coast |
Day (1967);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
L.
inhacae Hartman, 1977 |
Mozambique
Channel, Indian Ocean |
World:
Northern Indian Ocean, Mozambique Channel, La Reunion India:AP,
KL, TN |
Carrera-Parra (2006) |
|
L.
japonica von Marenzeller, 1879 |
Shimoda,
Japan |
World:
Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of
Mexico North Sea, Red Sea, South China Sea, South Africa, Suez Canal, Turkey India: GA |
Aungtonya
et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Carrera-Parra (2006); Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$ L.
polydesma Southern, 1921 |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Bangladesh India: KL,
WB |
Southern
(1921); Muir & Hossain (2014) |
|
L.
pseudobifilaris Fauvel, 1932 |
off Akyab
(Myanmar), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Myanmar India: WB |
Fauvel
(1932) |
|
$ L.
simplex Southern, 1921 |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
South China Sea India: OD,
TN |
Southern
(1921); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# L.
sphaerocephala (Schmarda, 1861) |
New Zealand
|
World:
Australia, Bangladesh, Gambia Island, New Caledonia, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AN |
Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Muir & Hossain (2014); Glasby et al.
(2016). |
|
Kuwaita
heteropoda (Marenzeller, 1879) |
Japan |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Bangladesh, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Madagascar, Mozambique,
Red Sea, South China Sea India: GA,
KL, MH |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Muir & Hossain (2014) |
|
*
Ninoe notocirrata (Fauvel, 1932) |
Visakhapatnam
(India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
South China Sea, Bangladesh India: AP,
KL, OD |
Fauvel
(1932); Muir & Hossain (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Scoletoma
impatiens (Claparède, 1868) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Ireland, Mediterranean
Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, Suez Canal,
Turkey, UK India: KL |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# S.
tetraura (Schmarda, 1861) |
Cape of
Good Hope and Chile |
World: Gulf
of Mexico, Ireland, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, South Africa, Red Sea India: OD |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
Family
Myzostomatidae |
|
|
|
|
$ Endomyzostoma
cryptopodium (Wheeler, 1897) |
Uncertain,
label Indicate Indian Museum, Calcutta |
India: WB |
Hartman
(1974a); Summers et al. (2014) |
|
Myzostoma
adhaerens Remscheid, 1918 |
Kei
Islands, Nahu Tawun (Indonesia) |
World:
Indonesia India: TN |
George
(1950); Summers et al. (2014) |
|
M.
furcatum Graff, 1887 |
Moluccas,
Pacific Ocean |
World:
Solomon Island, Phillipinnes, Lizard Island Moluccas, Kei Island India: TN |
Grygier
(1990); Summers et al. (2014 |
|
M.
fissum Graff, 1884 |
Kandavu
Island (Fiji) |
World:
Zanzibar, Red Sea, Western Australia, Cape Boileau, Cauda Nhatrang, Fiji,
Houtmann Abrolhos Island, Palau, Vietnam India: KL,
MH, TN |
Grygier
(1990); Summers et al. (2014) |
|
$ M.
gopalai Subramaniam, 1938 |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Subramanian
(1938) |
|
$ M.
striata George, 1943 |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
George
(1950) |
|
Family Nephtyidae |
|
|
|
|
Aglaophamus
dibranchis (Grube, 1877) |
New Guinea |
World:
Andaman Sea, Arabian Gulf, Bangladesh, Gulf of Oman, Philippines, Red Sea,
South Africa, Singapore India: GA,
KL, WB |
Day (1967);
Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# A.
lyrochaetus (Fauvel, 1902) |
Casamance
(Senegal) Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Atlantic and Artic Ocean, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Morocco, New Zealand,
South China Sea, South Africa India: MH |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016);
Ravara & Carvalho (2017) Sukumaran
& Devi (2009) |
|
# A.
malmgreni (Théel, 1879) |
Off Novaya
Zemlya, Artic Ocean |
World:
Barents Sea, Bering Sea, Canada, Greenland, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Norway,
North Sea, NE coast of North America, Sea of Okhotsk, Sweden, Svalbard India: AN |
A.
malmgreni is reported from circumpolar
region and it distribution from southern Europe requires confirmation (Ravara
et al. 2010). First reported in India
from Andaman Sea (Fauvel 1953) which requires re-examination. |
|
# Inermonephtys
inermis (Ehlers, 1887) |
Florida,
Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea,
North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Spain, South China Sea India: MH |
Ravara et
al. (2010) reported difference between the holotype and specimens of Inermonephtys
inermis reported from Europe. The
species distribution may be restricted to the West Atlantic (Faulwetter et
al. 2017). Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016). |
|
*Micronephthys
oligobranchia (Southern, 1921) |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Bangladesh, South China Sea India: WB |
Muir
& Hossain (2014); Glasby et al.
(2016) |
|
Nephtys
capensis Day, 1953 |
Table Bay
(South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
South Africa India: AP,
PD |
|
|
$ N.
dussumieri Quatrefages, 1866 |
Kerala
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: KL |
|
|
* N.
polybranchia Southern, 1921 |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Bangladesh, South China Sea India: GA,
KA, KL, MH, TN |
Muir &
Hossain (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family
Nereididae |
|
|
|
|
# Alitta
succinea (Leuckart, 1847) |
Cuxhaven
(Germany) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Oman, Mediterranean Sea,
North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Panama, Red Sea, South Africa, Suez Canal India: OD |
A.
succinea has a complex taxonomic history
resulting in it is widespread distribution (Wehe & Fiege 2002;
Villalobos-Guerrero & Carrera-Parra 2015). |
|
Ceratonereis
(Composetia) costae (Grube, 1840) |
Mediterranean
Sea |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Italy, Greece, Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean, Red
Sea, Sri Lanka, South China Sea, Suez Canal, Spain, Turkey India: KL,
TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$ C.
(Composetia) flagellipes (Fauvel,
1932) |
Ganjam
Coast (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: WB |
Fauvel
(1932) |
|
C.
(Composetia) hircinicola (Eisig, 1870) |
Balearic
Islands, Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Madagascar, North Atlantic Ocean, Greece, Red Sea, South Africa, Singapore,
Turkey India:
Andaman Sea |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# C.
mirabilis Kinberg, 1865 |
Brazil,
Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Aegean Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico,
Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea,
Singapore, Suez Canal, Turkey India: AN,
KL, LK, TN |
Complex
taxonomic history. Specimens from areas other than western Atalantic Ocean
could be different species (Perkins 1980).
Accoridng to Çinar & Dagli (2012), this species is considered as a
Lessepsian migrant. Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
C.
tripartita Horst, 1918 |
Paternoster
Islands (Indonesia) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Singapore India: AN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$ Dendronereides
gangetica Misra, 1999 |
Hooghly river
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: WB |
Misra
(1999) |
|
$ D.
heteropoda Southern, 1921 |
Gangetic
Delta (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Bangladesh, Singapore India: MH,
WB |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Muir & Hossain (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
D.
zululandica Day, 1951 |
St. Lucia
(Zululand) |
World:
South Africa, Mozambique, Singapore India: AP |
Day (1967) |
|
*
Dendronereis aestuarina Southern, 1921 |
Gangetic
Delta (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Bangladesh, Gulf of Siam India: AP,
GA, KA, KL, MH, OD, TN, WB |
Southern
(1921); Fauvel (1953); Muir &
Hossain (2014) |
|
D.
arborifera Peters, 1854 |
Mozambique,
Indian Ocean |
World:
Bangladesh, South Africa, Singapore India: AP |
Day (1967);
Muir & Hossain (2014); Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
$ D.
dayi Misra, 1999 |
Midnapur,
Kolkatta (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: WB |
|
|
*
Leonnates decipiens Fauvel, 1929 |
Gulf of
Mannar, Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Arabian Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North Atlantic
Ocean, Red Sea, Singapore, Suez Canal, Turkey India: TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
L.
indicus Kinberg, 1866 |
Singapore |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Mediterranean
Sea, Madagascar, North Atlantic Ocean, Philippines, Suez Canal, Red Sea,
Turkey India: AS,
BoB, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014) |
|
$Lycastonereis
indica Nageswara-Rao, 1981 |
Byatarani,
Odisha (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: OD,
WB |
Nageswara-Rao
(1981) |
|
*
Namalycastis fauveli Nageswara-Rao, 1981 |
Byatarani,
Odisha (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Andaman Sea, South China Sea India: AP,
OD, WB |
Nageswara-Rao
(1981); Aungtonya et al. (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
* N.
indica (Southern, 1921) |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Andaman Sea, Mozambique, South China Sea India: AN,
OD, WB |
Aungtonya
et al. (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$ N.
glasbyi Fernando & Rajasekaran, 2007 |
Gorai
Creek, Mumbai, (India), Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Fernando
& Rajasekaran (2007) |
|
$ N.
jaya Magesh Kvist & Glasby, 2012 |
Kadinamkulam
estuary, Thiruvananthapuram (India), Arabian Sea |
India: KL |
Magesh et
al. (2012) |
|
N.
meraukensis (Horst, 1918) |
Papua New
Guinea |
World:
Circumglobal distribution between 30°N and 30°S (Glasby 1999). New locations
include Nigeria, Zaire, Seychelles, Burma, Thailand, Java, Borneo (Brunei),
Sulawesi, China (Hainan), Taiwan, Fiji, Belize. India: WB |
N.
meraukensis (Horst, 1918) is considered
belonging to the N. abiuma species group sensu. Distribution of N. abiuma is
restircted to the type locality, Santa Catarina Island, Brazil. The species group, however, is widely
distributed (Glasby 1999). |
|
$ Neanthes
chilkaensis (Southern, 1921) |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: OD |
Southern
(1921) |
|
* N.
chingrighattensis (Fauvel, 1932) |
Salt Water
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Bangladesh India: WB |
Muir
& Hossain (2014) |
|
# N.
cricognatha (Ehlers, 1904) |
New Zealand |
World:
Australia, New Zealand, South China Sea India: WB |
Fauvel
(1953) recorded the species as Nereis cricognatha Ehlers from Andaman,
Hooghly, and Gulf of Mannar. Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
* N.
glandicincta (Southern, 1921) |
Gangetic
Delta, Kolkatta (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Bangladesh, Singapore India: WB |
Muir
& Hossain (2014); Glasby et al.
(2016) |
|
N.
indica (Kinberg, 1866) |
Selat Banka
(Indonesia) |
World:
Ivory Coast, Sri Lanka India: AP,
TN |
Fauvel
(1953) |
|
N. meggitti (Monro,
1931) |
St. Jetty,
Rangoon River, (Myanmar),
Bay of Bengal |
India: WB |
Monro
(1931); Bakken (2006) |
|
N. pachychaeta (Fauvel,
1918) |
Djibouti
(Gulf of Aden) and Tuléar (Madagascar)
|
World: Gulf
of Aden, Indonesia, Malay Archipelago, Philippines, Red Sea India: AN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
$
N. reducta (Southern,
1921) |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: OD |
Southern
(1921) |
|
N. trifasciata (Ehlers,
1901) |
Bohol
(Philippines) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Caribbean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Sea,
South China Sea India: LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
N. unifasciata (Willey,
1905) |
Cheval Paar
(Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Mozambique, Red Sea, Suez Canal, South China Sea India: MH,
TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Nectoneanthes
oxypoda (Marenzeller, 1879) |
Gulf of
Tonkin, South China Sea |
World:
Japan, Persian Gulf India: AP |
Salazar-Vallejo
et al. (2014) |
|
Nereis
coutieri Gravier, 1899 |
Gulf of
Tadjoura, Djibouti (Gulf of Aden) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Red Sea, Suez Canal, South China Sea India: AN,
TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
N.
falcaria (Willey, 1905) |
South West
Cheval Paar (Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
World:
Myanmar, Mozambique, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South
Africa, South China Sea India: KL,
TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
N.
heteromorpha (Horst, 1924) |
Indonesia |
World:
Malay Archipelago Sri Lanka, South China Sea India: TN |
Fauvel (1953);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
N.
jacksoni Kinberg, 1866 |
New South
Wales (Australia) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar,
Mozambique, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, South
China Sea, Turkey India: AN,
AS, BoB, TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# N.
lamellosa Ehlers, 1868 |
Croatia,
Adriatic Sea |
World:
Bangladesh, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea North Atlantic Ocean, Spain,
South Africa India: AP |
Day (1967);
Pramanik et al. 2009 in Muir &
Hossain (2014); Rao et al. (2009) |
|
N.
persica Fauvel, 1911 |
Bahrain,
Arabian Gulf |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden Madagascar, Mozambique, Mediterranean
Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Suez Canal, South Africa, South China
Sea, Turkey India: GA,
GJ, TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
N.
talehsapensis Fauvel, 1932 |
Taléh-Sap
(Thailand), Gulf of Siam |
World:
South China Sea India: MH |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
# N. zonata Malmgren,
1867 |
Spetsbergen,
Arctic Ocean |
Wordl:Bay
of Fundy, Canada, France, Ireland, Myanmar, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean,
Red Sea, South China Sea, Turkey, UK India: TN |
Muir
& Hossain (2014); Çinar et al.
(2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$ N.
(Nereis) gaikwadi Day, 1973 |
Mirkar
wada, Ratnagiri (India), Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Day
(1973) |
|
$ Paraleonnates sootai (Misra, 1999) |
Jhingakhali,
Sundarbans (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: WB |
Misra
(1999) |
|
Perinereis
aibuhitensis (Grube, 1878) |
Palau EEZ,
Pacific Ocean |
World:
Andaman Sea, Singapore India: AP,
AN, GA, MH |
Aungtonya
et al. (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P.
brevicirris (Grube, 1866) |
Saint Paul
Island |
World:
Australia, Singapore India: AN,
TN |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
P.
cavifrons (Ehlers, 1920) |
Ambon
(Indonesia) |
World:
Myanmar, South China Sea India: AN,
MH, WB |
Fauvel
(1953); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P.
cultrifera (Grube, 1840) |
Gulf of
Naples, Mediterranean Sea |
World:
European Atlantic Ocean, Greece; Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico, Madgascar,
North Sea, Suez Canal, Red Sea, South Africa, Turkey India: AN,
GA, LK, MH, OD, WB |
Species
complex (Scaps et al. 2000; Maltagliati et al. 2001). The species is reported from diverse
habitats from intertidal rocky shores to subtidal. The species may have a restricted
distribution due to the absence of long pelagic larvae. Day (1967); Wehe
& Fiege (2002); Fauchald et al. (2009); Çinar et al. (2014); Faulwetter
et al. (2017) |
|
# P. floridana (Ehlers,
1868) |
Caribbean
Sea |
World: Gulf
of Mexico, South China Sea India: TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P.
helleri (Grube, 1878) |
Bohol
(Philippines) |
World:
South China Sea India: TN,
MH |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
$ Perinereis
maindroni Fauvel, 1943 |
Puducherry
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: PD |
Fauvel
(1943) |
|
# P.
neocaledonica Pruvot, 1930 |
New
Caledonia, Pacific Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Pacific Ocean India: AN |
Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
P.
nigropunctata (Horst, 1889) |
Malayan
Archipelago, Indian Ocean |
Arabian
Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Mozambique, Madagascar, Red Sea, South China Sea, Suez
Canal |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P.
nuntia (Lamarck, 1818) |
Gulf of
Suez |
Arabian
Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Myanmar, Red Sea, South China Sea |
Wehe &
Fiege 2002; Muir & Hossain (2014);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$ P.
nuntia bombayensis Bhatt & Bal, 1966 |
Mumbai
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Bhatt &
Bal (1966) |
|
@ P.
nuntia brevicirris (Grube, 1867) |
Not
documented |
World:
Australia, Japan, Indian Ocean, Malaya Archipelago, New Caledonia, Saint Paul
Island India: TN |
P. nuntia
complex have several varieties and subspecies. Based on re-examination and genetic studies
P. nuntia species group have either been elevated back to their
original species or synonymized with other species (Wilson & Glasby
1993). According to Glasby & Hsieh (2006) all reports of P. nuntia
var. brevicirris or P. brevicirris from the northern
hemisphere, including tropical shores, are likely to be misidentifications. Fauvel
(1953) |
|
P.
nuntia typica (Savigny, 1818) |
Not
documented |
World:
Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf , Red Sea India: AN,
GA, MH, OD, TN, AN |
Fauvel
(1953) |
|
P.
singaporiensis (Grube, 1878) |
Singapore |
World:
Myanmar, Philippines, Andaman Sea India: AN |
Aungtonya
et al. (2002); Muir & Hossain
(2014); Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014) |
|
P.
suluana (Horst, 1924) |
Sulu
Archipelago (Phillipines), Sulu Sea |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, South China Sea, Seychelles India: AN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
@
P. vallata (Grube, 1857) |
Valparaiso
(Chile), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea Suez Canal, South China Sea, South west
Africa India: GA,
MH, TN |
P. vallata,
occurs only in the southern hemisphere and its report from from the northern
hemisphere, including tropical
shores, are likely to be misidentifications (Glasby & Hsieh 2006) Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
* P.
vancaurica (Ehlers, 1868) |
Nicobar
Islands (India), Indian Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique, New Zealand, Red Sea, Suez Canal,
Singapore India: AN,
GA, LK, MH |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$ P.
vancaurica indica Bhatt in Parulekar,
1971 |
Mumbai
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: GA,
MH |
Parulekar
(1971) |
|
Platynereis
abnormis (Horst, 1924) |
Buton
Strait (Malay Archipelago) |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Philippines, Sri Lanka, South China Sea India: TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014); Glasby et al.
(2016) |
|
P.
insolita Gravier, 1900 |
Djiboutian,
Gulf of Aden |
World:
Mozambique, Madagascar, Red Sea India: |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
P.
dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards,
1834) |
La
Rochelle, Bay of Biscay (France) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean,
Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Red Sea, South west Africa, Suez
Canal India: AN,
TN |
Day (1967);
Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
P.
polyscalma Chamberlin, 1919 |
Ellice
Island (Gilbert Islands), Pacific Ocean |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Philippines, South China Sea India: AN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P. pulchella Gravier,
1901 |
Djibouti,
Gulf of Aden |
World: Red
Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, South China Sea, North Atlantic
Ocean India: AN,
AS |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Pseudonereis
anomala Gravier, 1900 |
Suez,
Djibouti, Egypt, Red Sea. |
World:
Andaman Sea, Australia, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Gulf, Greece, Mozambique,
Madagascar, North Atlantic Ocean, Suez Canal, Red Sea, South China Sea,
Turkey India: GJ,
TN |
Aungtonya
et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al.
(2016); Faulwetter et al. (2017) |
|
P.
gallapagensis Kinberg, 1865 |
Indifatigable
Island (Galápagos), Pacific Ocean |
World:
Chile, Hawaii, Ecuador, Pacific coast, Peru, Red Sea, South Africa, South
China Sea, South America India: AN,
TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Aungtonya et al. (2002); Bakken (2007); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P.
rottnestiana (Augener, 1913) |
Rottnest,
Green Island (Australia) |
World:
Australia, Red Sea India: AN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Bakken (2007) |
|
P.
variegata (Grube, 1857) |
Callao,
Valparaiso (Chile). |
World:
Brazil, Caribbean Sea, Mozambique, Panama, Red Sea, South America, South
Africa, South China Sea, Sri Lanka India: AN |
Bakken
(2007); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Tambalagamia
fauveli Pillai, 1961 |
Tambalagam
Bay (Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
World: Sri Lanka,
Singapore India: TN |
Pillai
(1961); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$T.
orientalis Hartman, 1976 |
Off Mumbai,
Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Hartman
(1974a) |
|
Tylonereis
bogoyawlenskyi Fauvel, 1911 |
Bouchir,
Persian Gulf |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Singapore India: AN,
AP, GJ, KL, OD, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$T.
fauveli Southern, 1921 |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay Of Bengal |
India: OD,
TN |
|
|
Family
Onuphidae |
|
|
|
|
Diopatra
claparedii Grube, 1878 |
?
Singapore, Manila, Philippines |
World:
Andaman Sea, Malaysia Manila, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore India: GA,
KA, MH |
Paxton
(2002); Idris & Arshad (2013);
Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014) |
|
# D.
cuprea (Bosc, 1802) |
South
Carolina (USA), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Brazil, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, New England to Brazil, North Atlantic
Ocean, Panama, Venezuela India: MH,
OD, WB |
Fauvel
(1953); Fauchald et al. (2009) |
|
D.
cuprea cuprea Bosc, 1802 |
Charleston
(USA), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, Ghana to Angola South Africa, Indian Ocean,
Mozambique, New England to Florida India: MH |
Day (1967) |
|
D.
khargiana Wesenberg-Lund, 1949 |
Kharg
Island, Gulf of Iran |
World:
Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Bay of Bengal India: AS |
Hartman
(1974a); Paxton (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
$ D.
malabarensis Quatrefages, 1866 |
Kerala
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: KL |
|
|
# D.
neapolitana Delle Chiaje, 1841 |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy)¸ Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean,
Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, Singapore, South
Africa, South China Sea India: AP,
GA, KL, MH, OD, TN, WB |
D.
neapolitana may be restricted to Mediterranean Sea
and along the Atlantic Iberian and French coast. Reports from localities such as the Indian
Ocean need to be reassessed (Arias et al. 2016). According to Paxton (2002)
many of the reports of D. neapolitana from the Indo-Pacific region are
probably referable to D. khargiana. Hartman
(1974a); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016). |
|
*D.
variabilis Southern, 1921 |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: OD,
TN |
Southern
(1921) |
|
Heptaceras
phyllocirra (Schmarda, 1861) |
Sri Lanka,
Indian Ocean |
World: Sri
Lanka India: TN |
Fauvel
(1953) |
|
#
Hyalinoecia tubicola (O.F. Müller, 1776) |
Denmark |
World:
Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, New Zealand, Red
Sea, UK India: AS,
BoB |
Fauvel
(1953) recorded this species from India. Zaâbi et al. (2015) present evidence
of possible cryptic species within Hyalinoecia tubicola in Tunisia and
its distribution beyond North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea is
questionable. |
|
*
Kinbergonuphis investigatoris (Fauvel,
1932) |
Not
mentioned |
World: AS,
Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, Lakshadweep Sea India: LK |
Fauvel
(1932) |
|
# Nothria
conchylega (Sars, 1835) |
Norwegian EEZ |
World:
Arctic, Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans India: AN |
Although
reported from the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, only
distribution in the North-eastern Atlantic is confirmed (Fauchald 1982a),
other records are unconfirmed (Budaeva & Paxton 2013). Fauvel
(1953). |
|
$ N.
mannarensis Rangarajan & Mahadevan, 1961 |
Gulf of
Mannar (India), Bay of Bengal |
India; TN |
Rangarajan
& Mahadevan (1961) |
|
# Onuphis
aucklandensis Augener, 1924 |
Auckland
(New Zealand) |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Gulf of Oman India: AN,
OD |
The
description does not agree with the type material (Fauchald 1982b). Fauvel (1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
O.
dibranchiata Willey, 1905 |
Sri Lanka,
Indian Ocean |
Sri Lanka India: GA |
Willey
(1905) |
|
# O.
eremita Audouin & Milne Edwards,
1833 |
La
Rochelle, Bay of Biscay (France) |
World:
Belgium, France, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, North Atlantic Ocean,
Red Sea, Spain, Suez Canal, Arabian Sea, Gulf
of Oman, Arabian Gulf, South China Sea, Andaman Sea India: WB |
Reported
from Chennai (Fauvel 1953). Based on the neotype, Arias & Paxton (2014),
restricts the distribution of O. eremita to the eastern Atlantic
(Bay of Biscay) and western and central Mediterranean. Aungtonya
et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
O.
holobranchiata Marenzeller, 1879 |
Off Japan |
World:
Andaman Sea, Arabian Gulf Maldives, Red Sea, South Africa, South China Sea India: AP |
Fauchald
(1982b); Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al.
(2016) |
|
Rhamphobrachium
chuni Ehlers, 1908 |
Indonesia |
World:
Australia, E. Africa, Indonesia, New Zealand, Philippines, Red Sea, South
Africa, Sri Lanka India: AN,
LK |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
Family Paralacydoniidae |
|
|
|
|
Paralacydonia
paradoxa Fauvel, 1913 |
Monaca,
Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic
Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, South China Sea, Spain, Turkey India: OD,
PD |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016); Faulwetter et al.
(2017) |
|
P.
weberi Horst,
1923 |
South
Flores Island (Indonesia) |
World:
Myanmar, New Zealand, Philippines |
Salazar-Vallejo
et al. (2014) |
|
Family
Pholoidae |
|
India: TN |
|
|
Laubierpholoe
indooceanica Westheide 2001 |
Mahé
(Seychelles), Indian Ocean |
World:
Seychelles India: TN |
Westheide
(2001) |
|
Family Phyllodocidae |
|
|
|
|
Anaitis
zeylanica Willey, 1905, nomen dubium |
South of
Mannar Island, Indian Ocean |
World: Sri
Lanka India: TN |
Willey
(1905) |
|
Eteone
ornata Grube, 1878 |
Japan |
World:
Mozambique, Philippine, South China Sea India: TN,
WB |
Fauvel
(1953); Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Eulalia
magalaensis Kinberg, 1866 |
Straits of
Magellan-Tierra del Fuego (Chile) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Mergui Archipelago, New Zealand, Red Sea,
Singapore, South Pacific India: TN |
Fauvel
(1932); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
# E.
viridis (Linnaeus, 1767) |
North Sea |
World:
Atlantic Ocean, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea,
North Sea, Red Sea, Spain, Suez Canal, South China Sea, UK India: AP,
GJ, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Eumida
albopicta (Marenzeller, 1879) |
Japan |
World:
South China Sea India: AN |
Fauvel
(1953) reported the species from Nicobar Island. Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
# E.
sanguinea (Örsted, 1843) |
Skagerak/Kattegat,
North Sea |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Madagascar,
Mozambique, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Suez Canal, South
Africa, South China Sea, Turkey India: TN |
Nygren
& Pleijel (2011) restrict the distribution of E. sanguinea to the
Skagerrak, Kattegat and southern England. Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Genetyllis
gracilis (Kinberg, 1866) |
Society
Island, South Pacific Ocean |
World:
Australia, New Zealand, Red Sea India: AN,
LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
$ Hypereteone
barantollae (Fauvel, 1932) |
Salt water
Lake, Kolkatta (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: OD,
TN, WB |
Fauvel
(1932) |
|
# Mystides
southerni (Banse, 1954) |
West
Europe |
World:
North Atlantic Ocean Inida: AP |
Rao et al.
(2009) |
|
Nereiphylla
castanea Marenzeller, 1879 |
Japan |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden,
Myanmar, Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean, New Zealand, Suez Canal, South Africa,
South China Sea, Sri Lanka India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Notophyllum
splendens (Schmarda, 1861) |
Table Bay
(South Africa) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, New Zealand, Red Sea, South China Sea,South west
Africa India: LK,
TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Phyllodoce
dissotyla Willey, 1905 |
Chilaw Paar
(Sri Lanka), Gulf of Mannar, Bay of Bengal |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Arabian Gulf, South China Sea India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P.
fristedti Bergström, 1916 |
Trincomalee
(Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
World: Red
Sea, Madagascar, Kenya, South China Sea India: AN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# P.
madeirensis Langerhans, 1880 |
Madeira,
Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea,
Mergui Archipelago, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic
Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, Singapore India: GA,
TN, WB |
Species
complex. Three distinct putative cryptic species identified in the North-East
Atlantic (Ravara et al. 2017).
Further, the authors suggest that wide range of geographic and
bathymetric distribution should be re-examined. Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P.
malmgreni Gravier, 1900 |
Djibouti,
Gulf of Aden |
World:
Mozambique, Madagascar, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea India: GA,
KL, OD, TN, WB |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P.
quadraticeps Grube, 1878 |
Bohol
(Philippines) |
World:
Korea Sund, Mozambique, New Caledonia Pacific Ocean, Red Sea India: AN,
BoB |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
P.
tenuissima Grube, 1878 |
Bohol (Philippines) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Australia, New Zealand, South China Sea, Sri Lanka India: AN,
AP, TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family Pilargidae |
|
|
|
|
# Ancistrosyllis
groenlandica McIntosh, 1878 |
Davis
Strait (off Greenland) |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, North Atlantic
Ocean, Ireland, Spain, Turkey India: TN |
Reported
from Tamil Nadu coast (e.g Srikrishnadhas et al. 1987) Dean (2012) |
|
* A.
matlaensis Mandal & Deb, 2018 |
Matla
River, Sunderbans (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: WB |
Mandal
& Deb (2018) |
|
* Cabira
brevicirris (Rangarajan, 1964) |
Palk Bay,
Tamil Nadu (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Arabian Sea, South China Sea Inida: TN |
Rangarajan
(1964); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$ C.
rangarajani Mandal, Harkantra &
Salazar-Vallejo, 2007 |
Zuari
Estuary, Goa (India), Arabian Sea |
India: GA |
Mandal et
al. (2007) |
|
Hermundura
annandalei (Fauvel, 1932) |
Taléh-Sap,
Gulf of Siam (Thailand) |
World:
South China Sea India: KL,
MH, OD, WB |
Glasby et al.
(2016) |
|
$ H.
indica (Thomas, 1963) |
Arabian Sea |
|
|
|
*
Sigambra constricta (Southern, 1921) |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
South Africa, South China Sea India: All
the coastal states, except WB |
Southern
(1921); Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
S. parva (Day,
1963) |
South
Africa |
World:
Greece, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Spain India: AP,
KL, TN |
Faulwetter
et al. (2017) |
|
# S.
tentaculata (Treadwell, 1941) |
Long Island
Sound (USA), Atlantic Ocean |
World;
Caribbean Sea, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea Spain,
South China Sea, Venezuela India: KL |
Species
complex; hence the wide geographic and bathymetric distributions of S.
tentaculata need to be re-examined (Moreira & Parapar 2002). Achari
(1975); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016). |
|
$ Sigatargis
commensalis Misra, 1999 |
Birajmani
char, Gosaba, Sundarbans (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: WB |
Misra
(1999) |
|
# Synelmis
albini (Langerhans, 1881) |
Canary
Islands, Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden Greece, Gulf of Mexico, North
Atlantic Ocean, Spain, Red Sea Inida: AN |
According
to Salazar-Vallejo (2003), S. albini is restricted to the eastern
subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Rajasekaran
& Fernando (2012); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
S.
rigida (Fauvel, 1919) |
Djiboutian
part of the Red Sea |
World:
Mariana Islands, Pacific Ocean, Red Sea, Solomon Islands, South China Sea
Tuamotu Archipelagos India: AN |
Salazar-Vallejo
(2003) |
|
Family Polynoidae
|
|
|
|
|
Admetella
longipedata (McIntosh, 1885) |
Prince
Edward Islands EEZ, Indian Ocean |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico India: AN |
Dean (2012) |
|
# Arctonoella
sinagawaensis (Izuka, 1912) |
Japan |
World:
South China Sea, Somalia India: TN |
Fauvel
(1932); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Augenerilepidonotus
dictyolepis (Haswell, 1883) |
Port Jackson
(Australia) |
World:
Australia, Norfolk Island (Tasman Sea), New Caledonia India: TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Pettibone (1995) |
|
Drieschia
pelagica Michaelsen, 1892 taxon inquirendum |
Sri Lanka,
Indian Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain,
South Africa, Turkey India: BoB |
Day (1967);
Çinar et al. (2014) |
|
# Eunoe
macrophthalma McIntosh, 1924 |
West Cape
Town (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
South Africa India: KL |
Day (1967);
Hartman (1971) |
|
E.
pallida (Ehlers, 1908) |
Nias Island
(Indonesia) |
World:
Arabian Gulf India: AN,
GJ |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
Gastrolepidia
clavigera Schmarda, 1861 |
Sri Lanka,
Indain Ocean |
World:
Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Mozambique, South China Sea, Tanzania India: AN,
BoB, TN |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
$ Gattyana
fauveli Misra, 1999 |
Hooghly
Estuary and Rameswaram (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN,
WB |
Misra
(1999) |
|
Gaudichaudius
cimex Quatrefages, 1866 |
Malacca
Strait (Indonesia) |
World:
Singapore India: GA,
MH, TN, WB |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
Harmothoe
dictyophora (Grube, 1878) |
Mozambique |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Australia, South China Sea, Suez Canal, Red Sea, South Africa,
Sri Lanka India: OD,
TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Day (1967); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# H.
imbricata (Linnaeus, 1767) |
North Sea |
World:
Artic Ocean, North Sea, Mediterranean
Sea, North Pacific, North Atlantic Ocean India: AN,
TN |
Cryptic
species reported from Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific Ocean (Carr et al. 2011).
Re-examination of the Indian specimens is required to confirm whether it
belong to the same species. |
|
H.
minuta (Potts, 1910) nomen dubium |
Maldives,
Indian Ocean |
World:
Andaman Sea, Greece, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AN,
LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Heteralentia
ptycholepis (Grube, 1878) |
Lapinig
(Philippines) |
World: Gulf
of Oman, South China Sea, Samoan EEZ India: AN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Hyperhalosydna
striata (Kinberg, 1856) |
Port
Jackson (Australia) |
World:
Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, South China Sea India: AN |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
Lepidasthenia
microlepis Potts, 1910 |
Maldives,
Indian Ocean |
World:
Mozambique, South Africa, South China Sea India: AN,
LK |
Day (1967);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Lepidonotus
carinulatus (Grube, 1870) |
Bohol
(Philippines) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Japan, Madagascar, North Atlantic
Ocean, Spain, Red Sea, Sea of Marmara, South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Turkey India: GA,
MH, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
L.
cristatus (Grube, 1876) |
Pandanon
(Philippines) |
World:
Mozambique, Madagascar, Gulf of Aden, Mauritius, Red Sea, South Africa, South
China Sea, Tanzania India: AN,
TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
L.
glaucus (Peters, 1854) |
Cabaceira
pequena (Mozambique), Indian Ocean |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Red Sea, South Africa India: AN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
L.
hedleyi Benham, 1915 |
Australia |
World:
Pakistan, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AN |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
L.
jacksoni Kinberg, 1855 |
Port
Jackson (Australia) |
World:
Madagascar, New Zealand, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AN,
OD |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
# L.
melanogrammus Haswell, 1883 |
Queensland
(Australia) |
World:
Australia India: AN |
Haswell
(1883) |
|
L.
tenuisetosus (Gravier, 1902) |
Djibouti,
Gulf of Aden |
India:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Greece, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mediterranean
Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, South China Sea, Suez Canal, South Africa, Turkey India: AN,
GJ, KA, KL, MH, OD,TN, WB |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016); Faulwetter et al.
(2017 |
|
Paralepidonotus
ampulliferus (Grube, 1878) |
Bohol
(Philippines) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Kenya, Mozambique, New Zealand, Suez Canal, Sri
Lanka, Singapore India: GA,
MH, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P.
indicus (Kinberg, 1856) |
Selat
Banka (Indonesia) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Mozambique,
Philippines, Red Sea, Seychelles, Sea of Marmara, Suez Canal, South China Sea India: AP |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$ Polyeunoa
maculata (Day, 1973) |
Mandui
Jetty, Ratnagiri (India), Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Day (1973) |
|
$ Pararctonoella
indica (Day, 1973) |
Mirkar
wada, Ratnagiri (India), Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Day (1973) |
|
$ Parahalosydnopsis
tubicola (Day, 1973) |
Mirkar
wada, Ratnagiri (India), Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Day (1973) |
|
Paradyte
levis (Marenzeller, 1902) |
Kagoshima,
Nagasaki (Japan) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Philippines, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AS |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
#
Perolepis ohshimai (Okuda, 1946) |
Tomioka Bay
(Japan) |
World:
Japan India: TN |
The type
specimen was a commensal on holothurian, however, the specimen collected from
Palk Bay (Tamil Nadu) is from soft sediment (Rangarajan 1963). Further the
author also mentions that no holothurians were collected during the sampling. |
|
Polyodontes
maxillosus (Ranzani, 1817) |
Mediterranean
Sea |
World:
North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Spain, Greece, South China Sea, Turkey India: AN,
MH, TN |
Çinar et
al. (2014); Faulwetter et al. (2017); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Subadyte
pellucida (Ehlers, 1864) |
Croatia,
Adriatic Sea |
World:
Belgium, English Channel, France, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Ireland,
Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, Suez
Canal, South China Sea, UK India: AN,
AS, BoB, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Faulwetter et al. (2017) |
|
Thormora
jukesii Baird, 1865 |
Native of
Australia or New Zealand |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AN,
GJ, LK |
Dean
(2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family Polygordiidae
|
|
|
|
|
$Polygordius
madrasensis Aiyar & Alikuhni, 1944 |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Aiyar &
Alikuhni (1944) |
|
$ P.
uroviridis Aiyar & Alikuhni, 1944 |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Aiyar &
Alikuhni (1944) |
|
Family Protodrilidae |
|
|
|
|
$Claudrilus
pierantonii (Aiyar & Alikuhni, 1944) |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Aiyar &
Alikuhni (1944) |
|
$Meiodrilus
indicus (Aiyar & Alikuhni, 1944) |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Aiyar &
Alikuhni (1944) |
|
Family Saccocirridae |
|
|
Aiyar &
Alikuhni (1944) |
|
$ Pharyngocirrus
krusadensis (Alikuhni, 1948) |
Krusadai
Island, Gulf of Mannar (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Aiyar &
Alikuhni (1944) |
|
$ Saccocirrus
cirratus Aiyar & Alikuhni, 1944 |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Alikuhni
(1948) |
|
# S.
major Perantoni, 1907 |
Resina
(Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Carribean Sea,Japan India: AN |
Uchida
(1933); Chandrasekhara-Rao (1975); Di Domenico et al. (2014) |
|
$ S.
minor Aiyar & Alikuhni, 1944 |
Chennai and
Kochi (India) |
World:
Caribbean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Japan India: AN,
KL, LK, TN |
Uchida
(1933); Aiyar & Alikuhni (1944) |
|
$ S.
orientalis Alikuhni, 1946 |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Benga |
India: TN |
Alikuhni
(1946) |
|
Family Sigalionidae |
|
|
|
|
Euthalenessa
digitata (McIntosh, 1885) |
Admirality
Islands (Papua-New Guinea) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, New Zealand, Red Sea, South China
Sea India: WB |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Pisione
africana Day, 1963 |
Agulhas
Bank (South Africa) |
World:
South Africa, SW Japan India: LK,
TN |
Day (1967);
Yamanishi (1998) |
|
$ P.
complexa (Alikuhni, 1942) |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Alikuhni
(1942) |
|
$ P.
gopalai (Alikuhni, 1941) |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Alikuhni
(1942) |
|
P.
oerstedii Grube, 1857 |
Callao,
Valparaiso (Chile) |
World: New
Zealand, Peru, South China Sea India: AN,
GA |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
P.
remota (Souther, 1914) |
Clew Bay,
Clare Island (Ireland). |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Belgium, France, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic Ocean,
Spain, Turkey India: TN |
Alikuhni
(1951); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014) |
|
* Pisionidens
indica (Aiyar & Alikunhi,1940) |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Costa Rica, Gulf of Mexico, Red Sea, South Africa India: AN,
AP, GA, KL, LK, MH, TN, OD |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
Sthenelais
boa (Johnston, 1833) |
Berwick Bay
(UK) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Oman,
Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Pakistan, Red Sea, South China Sea India: GJ,
GA, KA, KL, MH, TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Rasheed & Mustaquim
(2005); Fauchald et al. (2009); Glasby et al.
(2016). |
|
S.
zeylanica Willey, 1905 |
Off Focal
Point, Trincomalee (Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
World:
Andaman Sea, South China Sea India: TN |
Willey
(1905); Aungtonya et al. (2002); Glasby et al. (2016). |
|
Sthenolepis
japonica McIntosh, 1885 |
Kobe
(Japan) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Mozambique, Red Sea, South China Sea India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016). |
|
Family Sphaerodoridae |
|
|
|
|
$ Clavodorum
bengalorum Fauchald, 1974 |
Port Nova,
(Chennai), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Fauchald
(1974) |
|
Family Syllidae |
|
|
|
|
Branchiosyllis
exilis (Gravier, 1900) |
Djibouti,
Gulf of Aden |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Mediterranean Sea, North
Atlantic Ocean, Madagascar, Red Sea, Suez Canal India: TN |
Species
complex that needs to be re-examined (San Martín et al. 2008a). Wehe & Fiege (2002); San Martín et al.
(2008a) |
|
#
Exogone heterosetosa McIntosh, 1885 |
off Marion
Island, Antarctic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, New Zealand, Red Sea South America, South Africa India: TN |
A single
record from Tamil Nadu (Varadharajan et al. 2010). Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
#
E. naidina Örsted,
1845 |
Danish EEZ |
World:
South Africa, Red Sea, Greece, Caribbean Sea, Turkey, South China Sea, North
Atlantic Ocean, North Sea India: AP |
Reported
from Visakhapatnam (Sarma 1977). Day (1967);
Dean et al. (2012); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016); Faulwetter et
al. (2017) |
|
# E.
normalis Day, 1963 |
Agulhas
Bank (South Africa) |
World:
South Africa (south and west coasts of Cape Province) India:
Northwest coast |
Day (1967) |
|
# E.
verugera (Claparède, 1868) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, South China India: TN |
Reported
from Port Novo (Srikrishnadhas et al. 1987). Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Haplosyllis
spongicola (Grube, 1855) |
Italy |
World:
Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, South China
Sea India: KL,
TN |
Species
complex with taxonomic confusion due to more than 15 synonymies and world
distribution (Martin et al. 2003). |
|
Irmula
spissipes Ehlers, 1913 |
Simonstown,
False Bay (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Italy, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean India: MH,
TN |
Day (1967) |
|
Myrianida
orientalis (Willey, 1905) |
Sri Lanka,
Indian Ocean |
World: Sri
Lanka India: OD,
TN |
Willey
(1905) |
|
# M.
prolifera (O.F. Müller, 1788) |
Norwegian
EEZ |
World: Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Canada, Gulf of
Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, South
Africa India: LK,
TN |
Nygren
(2004) restricts its distribution to the North Atlantic and cautions that
preserved specimens are easily confused with other taxa. Misra &
Chakraborty (1991) |
|
#
Neopetitia amphophthalma (Siewing, 1956) |
Bay of
Biscay, Atlantic Ocean |
World: Mediterranean
Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain India: AN,
AP, BoB, LK |
This
species was reported from Visakhapatnam (Chandrasekhara-Rao & Ganapathi
1966). |
|
#
Odontosyllis ctenostoma Claparède, 1868 |
Gulf of
Naples, Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Belgium, France, Ireland, Greece, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean,
Spain, Turkey, UK India: LK |
Misra &
Chakraborty (1991). |
|
$ O.
gravelyi Fauvel, 1928 |
Gulf of
Mannar (India), Bay of Bengal |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Arabian Gulf, South China Sea India: KL,
TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016). |
|
Opisthosyllis
brunnea Langerhans, 1879 |
Madeira
Island (Portugal), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Australia, Brazil, Japan, Mozambique, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic
Ocean, Mozambique, Red Sea, South Africa, Spain, South China Sea India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016). |
|
O.
longicirrata Monro, 1939 |
Maldives,
Red Sea and Tahiti |
World:
Australia, Indo-Pacific, Maldive Archipelago, Japan, Red Sea to Suez, Tahiti India: TN |
Monro
(1939); San Martín et al. (2008b) |
|
Parapionosyllis
subterranea Hartmann-Schröder, 1960 |
Hurghada
(Egypt) |
World: Red
Sea India: AP |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
# Perkinsyllis
homocirrata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1958) |
Bimini
Islands (Bahamas), Caribbean Sea |
World:
Caribbean Sea, South China Sea India: AN,
AP, LK |
This
species was reported from Visakhapatnam (Chandrasekhara-Rao & Ganapathi
1966). Dean
(2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Prosphaerosyllis
sublaevis (Ehlers, 1913) |
False Bay
(South Africa), Atlantic OCean |
World:
Chile India: MH |
Day (1967) |
|
Salvatoria
neapolitana (Goodrich, 1930) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Madeira Island |
World:
Greece, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Turkey India: AN,
LK |
Çinar et
al. (2014); Faulwetter et al. (2017) |
|
$
Sphaerosyllis bengalensis Rao & Ganapati, 1965 |
Palm Beach,
Visakhapatnam (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: AN,
AP, LK |
Rao &
Ganapati (1965) |
|
S.
minima Hartmann-Schröder, 1960 |
Farasan
Archipelago (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea) |
World: Red
Sea India: AP,
BoB, LK |
|
|
# Syllis
armillaris (Müller, 1776) |
Danish EEZ |
World:
Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of
Mexico, Gulf of Aden, Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, North
Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, Red Sea, South Africa, Suez Canal India: AN |
Musco
& Giangrande (2005) hypothesised that S.
armillaris reported from tropical regions do
not belong to S. armillaris species complex and cosmpolitant
distribution may have resulted from misidentification Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Musco & Giangrande (2005) |
|
# S.
cornuta Rathke, 1843 |
Kristiansund
(Norway) |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Bay of Fundy, Greenland, North Atlantic Ocean, Indo-Pacific,
Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique Malaysia, South Africa, South China Sea, Panama India: AP,
GA, KA, TN |
Idris &
Arshad (2003) |
|
S.
gracilis Grube, 1840 |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Madeira Island |
World:
Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of
Mexico, Gulf of Aden, North Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique,
Madagascar, Red Sea, South Africa, Suez Canal, Singapore India: AN,
MH, TN |
Molecular
studies does not suppot cosmopolitanism of S. gracilis and the species may exist as complex of
pseudo-cryptic species (Álvarez-Campos et al. 2017a) Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
S.
krohnii Ehlers, 1864 |
Kvarner
Gulf (Croatia), Adriatic Sea |
World:
Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Greece, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Spain, Turkey, UK India: GA,
TN |
|
|
S.
prolifera Krohn, 1852 |
Mediterranean
Sea |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Greece, Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean, New
Zealand, Red Sea, South Africa, Turkey, UK India: TN |
|
|
S.
variegata Grube, 1860 |
Croatia,
Adriatic Sea |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Greece,
Mediterranean Sea Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean, New Zealand, Red Sea,
South China Sea, South Africa, Turkey, UK India: AS,
GA, MH, TN |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
@ Trypanosyllis
aeolis Langerhans, 1879 |
Madeira
Island (Portugal), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Greece, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique,
North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Spain, Turkey India: TN |
Álvarez-Campos
et al. (2017b) reinstate Trypanosyllis gemmipara which was considered
synonym of Trypanosyllis aeolis.
Based on molecular evidence T. gemmipara is assigned to Trypanedenta
gemmipara and restricted to the Indo- Pacific region (Alaska to Mexico,
Japan, New Zealand and India). T.
aeolis restricted to Pacific Ocean (Washington, USA), north-eastern
Atlantic Ocean (UK, Portugal, and Spain), and Mediterranean Sea
(Álvarez-Campos et al. 2017b). |
|
# T.
gigantea (McIntosh, 1885) |
Ross Sea ,
Southern Ocean |
World:
Atlantic Ocean, Adriatic, Aegean India: AN |
This
species was reported from Nancowry Harbour, Nicobar Island (Fauvel
1953). Trypanosyllis gigantea
(McIntosh, 1885) is now included in Trypanedenta Imajima and Hartman,
1964 as Trypanedenta gigantea comb. nov (Álvarez-Campos et al.
2017b). Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
T.
zebra (Grube, 1860) |
Adriatic
Sea |
World:
Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Cyprus, English Channel,
France, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Madgascar,
Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea,
South Africa, Spain, UK India: AN,
TN |
Species
complex. Trypanosyllis zebra
has long been considered a cosmopolitan species and synonym to Trypanosyllis
krohnii Claparède, 1864. T.
krohnii was previously believed to
be cosmopolitan, but includes at least seven cryptic and pseudocryptic
species (Álvarez-Campos et al. 2017b) |
|
Typosyllis
okadai (Fauvel, 1934) |
Japan |
World: Gulf
of Siam, South China Sea India: AN |
Fauvel
(1953); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family Typhloscolecidae
|
|
|
|
|
Sagitella
kowalewskii Wagner, 1872 |
Tropical
Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Canada, France, Mozambique, North Pacific Ocean,
North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, New Zealand, Portugal, Southern Ocean India: LK |
Day (1967);
Dean (2012) |
|
Travisiopsis
coniceps (Chamberlin, 1919) |
Peruvian
EEZ |
World:
Arabian Sea, Galapagos EEZ, Ross Sea, Southern Ocean India: LK |
Peter
(1972b); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
T.
lobifera Levinsen, 1885 |
North
Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Canada, North Atlantic Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, Southwest
Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, South China Sea, Spain, Turkey India: AN,
AS, TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Typhloscolex
muelleri Busch, 1851 |
Mediterranean
Sea |
World:
Arabian Sea, Canada, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, North Atlantic Ocean, North
Pacific Ocean, Southern Ocean India: LK |
Peter
(1972b); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
Family Tomopteridae |
|
|
|
|
#
Tomopteris (Johnstonella) duccii Rosa,
1908 |
Mexican EEZ |
World:
North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea India: BoB |
Recorded
from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal (Fauvel 1953). Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
T. (Johnstonella)
dunckeri Rosa, 1908 |
Sri Lanka,
Indian Ocean |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Mediterranean Sea, Malaysia, North Atlantic Ocean, South Africa, Red
Sea, South China Sea India: BoB |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Idris & Arshad (2003); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# T.
(Johnstonella) helgolandica (Greeff,
1879) |
North Sea |
World: Bay
of Fundy, Belgium, France, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Mediterranean Sea, North
Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, South China Sea, UK India: Not
documented |
Day (1967);
Khan & Murugesan (2005) Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
T. (Johnstonella)
pacifica (Izuka, 1914) |
Misaki
(Japan) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Canada, Canary Island, France, North Atlantic
Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, New Zealand, Peru, Spain, South China Sea, Turkey India: BoB |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Tomopteris
cavallii Rosa, 1908 |
South
Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, North Sea, Southern
Ocean, Red Sea India: AS |
Hartman
(1974a); Wehe & Fiege(2002) |
|
T.
planktonis Apstein, 1900 |
Atlantic
Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, France, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea,
South Africa, South China Sea, Southern Ocean, Spain India: LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
SEDENTARIA |
|
|
|
|
Family Ampharetidae |
|
|
|
|
# Amphisamytha
bioculata (Moore, 1906) |
Strait of Georgia
(Cananda) |
World:
Southern California to Gulf of California (Mexico) India: OD,
BoB |
Fauvel
(1953) reported Amage bioculata Moore (synonym as Samytha bioculata,
Moore, 1906) from off Puri, Odisha.
Stiller et al. (2013). |
|
#Amphicteis
gunneri (M. Sars, 1835) |
Florö and
Glesvær (Norway) |
World:
South Africa, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, New Zealand, North
Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico India: AP,
KL, OD, TN |
Fauvel
(1953) recorded the species from Andaman Island and Odisha coast.
Subsequently, reported from various locations in India. Hartley (1985)
questions the cosmopolitan distribution of the species. According to Jirkov (2001) the true
distribution of the species may be restricted to Arctic and North Atlantic
European waters with a southern boundary located in the English Channel. |
|
*A.
posterobranchiata Fauvel, 1932 |
Arabian
Sea, Bay of Bengal |
World:
Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean India: BoB,
AS |
Type
locality not mentioned. Samples were collected from Bayof Bengal, Arabian Sea
and Cape Comorin (Fauvel 1932) Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
# Ampharete
capensis (Day, 1961) |
Saldanha
Bay (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
South Africa India: MH |
Endemic
(Day 1967) Sukumaran
& Devi (2009) |
|
Isolda
pulchella Müller in Grube, 1858 |
St.
Catherine Island (Brazil), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Australia, Indonesia, Ionian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Italy, North
Atlantic Ocean, Panama, Red Sea, Spain, Venezuela, West South Africa India: AP,
OD, WB |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
*Melinna
aberrans Fauvel, 1932 |
Visakhapatnam
(India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Pakistan India: AP,
OD |
Fauvel
(1932); Hasan (1960) |
|
#
Phyllocomus hiltoni (Chamberlin, 1919) |
Laguna
Beach (California), Pacific Ocean |
World:
Mozambique India: TN |
Reported as
Schistocomus hiltoni Chamberlin from Chennai (Fauvel 1953) |
|
$ P.
fauveli (Hartman, 1955) |
Chennai
(India) |
|
|
|
Family Arenicolidae |
|
|
|
|
*Arenicola
bombayensis Kewalarami, Wagh & Ramade,
1960 |
Mumbai
(India), Arabian Sea |
World:
Wallis Lake, Australia India: MH |
Kewalramani
et al. (1960); Hutchings et al. (1978) |
|
# A.
brasiliensis Nonato, 1958 |
Brazil,
Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Brazil, Peru, Virginian, southside of Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras, Woods Hole. India: AN |
Reported
from Andaman and Nicobar Island (Tampi & Rangarajan1964). |
|
Family
Capitellidae |
|
|
|
|
$
Barantolla sculpta Southern, 1921 |
Ganges
Delta (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: OD,
TN, WB |
Southern
(1921) |
|
#
Capitella capitata (Fabricius, 1780) |
Neotype:
West Greenland |
World:
Artic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean, Mediterranean Sea India: All
the coastal states |
Reported in
most ecology papers. Species
restricted to Artic Ocean and subarctic localities (Blake 2009). |
|
* C.
singularis (Fauvel, 1932) |
Barantolla
or Visakhapatnam (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Indonesia, Sri Lanka India: AP,
GJ, KA, KL, TN, WB |
De Silva
(1965); Pillai (1965) |
|
# Capitellethus
dispar (Ehlers, 1907) |
Waiheke,
Auckland harbour (New Zealand) |
World:
Australia, Egypt, Greece, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Turkey India: AN,
AP |
Reported
from Vizakhapatnam (Fauvel 1953). Green (2002) suggested a re-examination of
specimen identified as C. dispar from the Indian Ocean. |
|
Dasybranchus
caducus (Grube, 1846) |
Mediterranean
Sea |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Colombia, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden,
Ireland, Japan, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantic
Ocean, Philippines, Red Sea, Spain, South China Sea, Suez Canal, Turkey, UK India: AN,
LK, TN |
Pramanik et
al. (2009) in Muir & Hossain
(2014); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Heteromastides
bifidus Augener, 1914 |
Western
Australia |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Red Sea |
|
|
$
Heteromastus caudatus (Hartman, 1976) |
Cochin
Harbour, Kerala (India), Arabian Sea. |
Arabian
Sea, Bay of Bengal India: KL |
Hartman
(1974a); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
H.
filiformis (Claparède, 1864) |
Port-Vendres
(France) |
World:
Andaman Sea, Bangladesh, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Mexico,
Ireland, North Pacific Ocean, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean
Sea, Mozambique, Red Sea South Africa, South China Sea, UK India: AP,
GA, KA,KL, |
Green
(2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
*H. similis Southern, 1921 |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Arabian Gulf, South China Sea India: AP,
GA, GJ, MH, KL, TN, OD, WB |
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Leiochrides
africanus Augener, 1918 |
Sette Cama
(Brazzaville Congo) |
World:
South Africa, Red Sea India: KL |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
$ L.
branchiatus Hartman, 1976 |
Off Port
Novo, Chennai (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Hartman
(1974a) |
|
$
Mastobranchus indicus Southern, 1921 taxon
inquirendum |
Barantolla,
Gangetic Delta (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: WB |
Southern
(1921) |
|
Mediomastus
capensis Day, 1961 |
Saldanha
Bay (South Africa) |
World:
Greece, Italy, Cyprus, Spain, North Atlantic Ocean India: AP,
KL, MH, PD |
Day (1967);
Faulwetter et al. (2017) |
|
Notomastus aberans Day,
1957 |
Kosi Bay
(South Africa), Indian Ocean |
World:
Aegean Sea, Greece, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantic
Ocean, Red Sea South China Sea, Turkey India: AP,
MH, KL,TN, |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
N. fauvelii Day,
1955 |
Knysna
Estuary (South Africa), Indian Ocean |
World: Sri
Lanka India: KL,
MH |
Day (1967) |
|
#N.
giganteus Moore, 1906 |
Freshwater
Bay, Chatham Strait, Alaska |
World:
South China Sea India: OD,
TN |
Fauvel
(1953) recorded the species off Puri, Odisha.
Subsequently, reported from other locations. |
|
N. latericeus Sars,
1851 |
Norway |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Mexico,
Mozambique, Madagascar, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, South Africa, Red
Sea India: AN,
GJ,KL,LK MH, OD |
Reported
from Andaman and Bay of Bengal by Fauvel (1953). Day (1967);
Aungtonya et al. (2002); Green (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); |
|
Parheteromastus
tenuis Monro, 1937 |
Maungmagan
(Myanmar), Bay of Bengal |
World:Mozambique,
South China Sea India: GJ,
GA, KA, KL, MH, TN, WB |
Monro
(1937); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
*
Scyphoproctus armatus Fauvel, 1929 |
Gulf of
Mannar (India) |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Mozambique, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AP,
GA, GJ, KA, KL, MH, OD, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Dean (2012) |
|
S.
bifidus (Augener, 1914) |
Western
Australia |
World:
Asutralia, Caribbean Sea, Red Sea India: AN,
KL, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); |
|
S.
djiboutiensis Gravier, 1904 |
Djibouti,
Gulf of Aden |
World:
Mozambique India: GA,
GJ, KA, KL, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
$
S. variabilis Rangarajan,
1963 |
Gulf of
Mannar (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Rangarajan
(1963) |
|
Family Cirratulidae |
|
|
|
|
# Aphelochaeta
filibranchia (Day, 1961) |
False Bay
(South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
South Africa India: MH |
Day (1967);
Sukumaran & Devi (2009) |
|
# A. filiformis Keferstein,
1862 |
France |
World:
Arabian Gulf, South China Sea, Belgium, UK, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North
Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain India:
GA,KL, TN |
Fauvel
(1953) reported it as Cirratulus filiformis Keferstein from Gulf of
Mannar and Pamban. Subsequently,
recorded at other locations from India. Wehe & Feige (2002); Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
# A.
multifilis (Moore, 1909) |
Mexican EEZ |
World:
Arabian Gulf South China Sea, Gulf of Oman India: TN |
Reported as
Tharyx multifilis, Moore, from Chennai (Fauvel 1953). Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Caulleriella
capensis (Monro, 1930) |
Simon’s
Town (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
South Africa, Namibia India: KL |
Day (1967) Rehitha et
al. (2009) |
|
$ C.
typhlops (Willey, 1905) |
Cheval
Paar, Gulf of Mannar (Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
World: Red
Sea, Arabian Gulf, South China Sea India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Chaetozone
setosa Malmgren, 1867 |
Isfjorden
(Spitsbergen) |
World:
Arctic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain, Greece,
France, Belgium, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of St. Lawrence India: TN |
Reported
from Port Novo (Srikrishnadhas et al. 1987).
Majority of the older records of C. setosa from
worldwide locations are now believed to refer to other taxa (Blake 2015). |
|
@ Cirratulus
cirratus (Müller, 1776) |
Greenland |
World:
Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Carribean Sea, Gulf
of Oman, Greece; Mozambique, Pacific Ocean, Red Sea, Singapore India: KA,
KL, MH, TN |
Often
considered cosmopolitan but mostly likely that many of these are
misidentification and the species may be restricted to type locality (Bottero
et al. 2017; Faulwetter et al. 2017) Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Dean (2012); Faulwetter et al. (2017); |
|
$ C.
indicus Day, 1973 |
Ratnagiri
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Day (1973) |
|
C.
concinnus Ehlers, 1908 |
Agulhas
Bank (South Africa) |
World:
South Africa India: MH |
Day (1967) |
|
# Cirriformia
afer (Ehlers, 1908) |
Great Fish
Bay Angolan EEZ, Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Angolan EEZ India: West
coast |
Day (1967);
Jayaraj et al. (2007; 2008a,b) recorded the species from west coast of India. |
|
C.
filigera (Delle Chiaje, 1828) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Bermudan EEZ, Brazil, Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Chile, Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique,
North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, South China Sea, Spain India: AN,
GJ, LK, MH, OD, TN, |
Day (1967);
Fauchald et al. (2009); Dean (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$ C.
limnoricola Kirkegaard & Santhakumaran,
1967 |
Mumbai
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Kirkegaard & Santhakumaran (1967) |
|
C.
saxatilis (Gravier, 1906) |
Djibouti,
Gulf of Aden |
World:
Mozambique India: LK |
|
|
# C.
semicincta (Ehlers, 1905) |
Hawaiian
EEZ, Pacific Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Somalia, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean,
Red Sea, South China Sea India: AN |
Reported as
Audouinia semicincta (Ehlers) from Andaman Island (Fauvel 1953). Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
C. tentaculata (Montagu,
1808) |
South Coast
of Devonshire (UK). |
World:
Belgium, Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Greece, Japan, Jamaica, France, Ireland,
Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, Turkey India: AN,
GJ, LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014) |
|
Ctenodrilus
serratus (Schmidt, 1857) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean |
World:
Caribbean Sea, France, Greece, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea,
Red Sea, Spain, South Africa, UK India: TN |
Weidhase et
al. (2016) |
|
# Dodecaceria
fistulicola Ehlers, 1901 |
Chile,
Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Australia, Gulf of Mexico, New Caledonia, Red Sea India: TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Feige (2002); Fauchald et al. (2009) |
|
# Kirkegaardia
dorsobranchialis (Kirkegaard, 1959) |
Angolan
EEZ, Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Aegean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, English Channel, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea,
North Atlantic Ocean, South Africa India: West
coast |
Jayaraj et
al. (2008a, b) recorded from west coast of India. Blake
(2016) |
|
* K.
serracroochaeta Atchuthan & Desai, 2017 |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Atchuthan
& Desai (2017) |
|
# Protocirrineris
chrysoderma (Claparède, 1868) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Cuba, France, Greece, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South
China Sea, Spain, South Africa India: TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Timarete
dasylophius (Marenzeller, 1879) |
Sri Lanka,
Indian Ocean |
World:
Greece, Japan, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea India: KL |
Wehe &
Feige (2002) |
|
T.
punctata (Grube, 1859) |
St. Croix,
Christiansted, Virgin Islands (USA), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Bermudan EEZ, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, Panama,
Mozambique, South Africa, South China Sea; Turkey India: AN,
GJ, KL, LK, |
T.
punctate shows wide range of distribution with
very low levels of genetic variation. Seixas et
al. (2017) consider the species to have a high potential to become a
biological invader and hence its wide distribution. Day (1967);
Glasby et al. (2016); Çinar et al. (2014) |
|
#
Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Adriatic Sea (northern), Croatia, Mediterranean Sea, Ligurian and Tyrrhenian
seas India: TN |
Banse
(1959) reported the species from Mandapam, Tamil Nadu coast.
Magãlhaes et al. (2011) |
|
Family
Cossuridae |
|
|
|
|
Cossura
aciculata (Wu & Chen, 1977) |
East China
Sea |
World:
North Carolina, Yellow Sea, South China Sea India: AS,
BoB |
Gardinier
& Wilson (1977); Smitha et al. (2017) |
|
C.
coasta Kitamori, 1960 |
Seto Inland
Sea (Japan) |
World:
Greece, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, South Africa, South China
Sea India: MH,
GA, KL, TN |
Day (1967);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# C.
delta Reish, 1958 |
Mississippi
River (USA) |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Venezula India: TN |
Recorded
from Vellar Estuary (Balasubrahmanyan 1960).
Subsequently reported from different locations along Tamil Nadu. |
|
C.
dayi Hartman, 1976 |
Cape
Province (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Mozambique Channel, North Indian Ocean India: AP,
AS, KL, TN, MH |
Hartman
(1974a) |
|
C.
dimorpha (Hartman, 1976) |
Tuléar
(Madagascar), Indian Ocean |
World:
North Indian Ocean, South China Sea India: AS |
Hartman
(1974a); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family
Dinophilidae |
|
|
|
|
#Dinophilus
gyrociliatus O. Schmidt, 1857 |
Not
documented |
World:
Adriatic Sea, France, New Jersey, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, St.
Lawrence estuary, UK India: AN, LK,
TN |
This
species was recorded from Great Nicobar (Chandrasekhara-Rao 1988) and
Lakshadweep Island (Chandrasekhara-Rao 1991). |
|
@Trilobodrilus
nipponicus Uchida & Okuda 1943 |
Akkeshi Bay
(Japan) |
World:
Japan India: AP |
A single
record from Visakhapatnam (Chandrasekhara-Rao 1974). Based on the re-description of T.
nipponicus, Kajihara et al. (2015) concluded that the specimen from India
is a misidentification. |
|
Family Flabelligeridae
|
|
|
|
|
@ Bradabyssa
villosa (Rathke, 1843) |
Norwegian
EEZ |
World:
Arabian Sea, Bay of Fundy, Beaufort Sea, Canada, France, Greece, Gulf of
Naples, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Spain India: TN |
Reported
from Port Novo (Srikrishnadhas et al. 1987).
Salazar-Vallejo (2017) restricts the species to the European-Russian
Arctic region, throughout Scandinavia, and cold temperate Northern Atlantic
Ocean. |
|
Daylithos
parmatus (Grube, 1877) |
Philippine
Islands |
World:
Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Colombia, Madagascar, New Zealand, South China
Sea, Sri Lanka India: AS,
KL, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016). |
|
# Flabelligera
affinis M. Sars, 1829 |
Bergen
(Norway) |
World:
South Africa India: Not
documented |
Khan et al.
(2010) reported the species from southeast coast of India. Salazar-Vallejo (2012) considers the distribution
of F. affinis to be restricted
to “Arctic to cold and temperate, boreal localities” and questions the report
of this species from warm water localities such as Africa or Panama. |
|
# F.
diplochaitus (Otto, 1820) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Sea, English Channel, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Red
Sea, Spain India: AS |
Recorded
from Arabian Sea (Fauvel 1953). Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
$ Paratherochaeta
antoni (Kirkegaard, 1996) |
Ganges
Delta, Bay of Bengal |
India: BoB |
Salazar-Vallejo
(2013) |
|
*Pherusa
bengalensis (Fauvel, 1932) |
Chennai and
Hooghly River (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Arabian Sea, Andaman Sea India: AN,
TN |
Fauvel
(1932); Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002 ) |
|
#P.
monilifera Delle Chiaje 1841 |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Northeastern Atlantic Ocean (English Channel), Mediterranean Sea India: KA |
A single
record from Mangaluru (Achari 1969). Salazar-Vallejo
(2011) |
|
*P.
eruca indica Fauvel 1928 |
Nankauri
Harbour, Andaman & Nicobar Island (India), India Ocean |
World:
Andaman Sea India: AS,
AN |
Fauvel
(1932); Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & Feige (2002) |
|
$
Piromis bifidus Fauvel 1932 |
off Kerala
coast (India), Arabian Sea |
India: KL |
Fauvel
(1932) |
|
# Semiodera
inflata (Treadwell 1914) |
Southern
California, Pacific Ocean |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic Ocean, Panama India: KL |
Reported as
Pherusa inflata from Kannur and Kozhikodae (Devi et al. 1996) |
|
Family
Longosomatidae |
|
|
|
|
*
Heterospio indica Parapar, Vijapure, Moreira & Sukumaran,
2016 |
Malvan
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Parapar et
al. (2016) |
|
# H.
longissima Ehlers, 1875 |
West
Europe, Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea,
Venezuela India: AS |
Hartman
(1974a) reported the species from Arabian Sea. Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
Family
Maldanidae |
|
|
|
|
#Asychis
disparidentata (Moore, 1904) |
San Diego,
Pacific Ocean |
World:
Marshall Island India: TN |
Fauvel
(1932; 1953) recorded the species from Cape Comorin. |
|
Axiothella
australis Augener, 1914 |
Western
Australia |
World:
Australia India: AN,
KL, LK, TN |
Kudenov
& Read (1977) |
|
A.
obockensis (Gravier, 1905) |
Djibouti,
Gulf of Aden |
World:
Andaman Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea India: GA,
LK, MH, OD, TN, WB |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Aungtonya et al. (2002) |
|
*Euclymene
annandalei Southern, 1921 |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Andaman Sea, Gulf of Aden, South China Sea India: AN,
AP, OD, TN |
Southern
(1921); Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al.
(2016) |
|
# E. insecta (Ehlers,
1905) |
Chatham
Islands (New Zealand) |
World: New
Zealand, South China Sea India: AP,
GA, TN |
Fauvel
(1953) recorded the species as Clymene (Euclymene) insecta (Ehlers)
from Visakhapatnam and Chennai. |
|
# Macroclymene
santanderensis (Rioja, 1917) |
Bahia de
Santander (Spain) |
World:
Greece, Mediterranean Sea, North
Atlantic Ocean India: AP |
Reported
from Visakhapatnam as Clymene (Euclymene) santanderensis
Rioja (Fauvel 1953). |
|
# Metasychis
gotoi (Izuka, 1902) |
Honshu
Island (Japan) |
World:
Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Greece, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean,
Spain India: AN,
LK |
Fauvel
(1953) |
|
Maldane
sarsi Malmgren, 1865 |
Western
Sweden |
World:
Arabian Sea, Andaman Sea, Gulf of Oman, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic
Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, South China Sea, Western Indian Ocean India:
BoB,GA, KA,KL, LK, MH, PD, OD, TN, WB |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Aungtonya et al. (2002); Fauchald et al. (2009);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Maldanella
capensis Day, 1961 |
Agulhas
Bank (South Africa) |
World:
South Africa India:
Northwest coast |
Day (1967) |
|
#M.
grossa (Baird, 1873) |
Magellan
Strait (Chile), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Chile India: AN |
Fauvel
(1953) reported the species as Clymene (Euclymene) grossa Baird,
from Andaman Island. |
|
#M.
harai (Izuka, 1902) |
Sagami Bay
(Japan) |
World: New
Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain India: BoB,
LK sea |
Reported
from Lakshadweep Sea and Bay of Bengal (Fauvel 1953) |
|
$
Micromaldane jonesi Achari, 1968 |
Gulf of
Mannar (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Achari (1968) |
|
# Praxillella
affinis pacifica Berkeley, 1929 |
Nanoose
Bay, British Columbia |
World:
British Columbia India: MH |
A single
report from Mumbai Port (Sukumaran & Devi 2009). |
|
*
Sabaco gangeticus (Fauvel, 1932) |
Gangetic
Delta (India), Bay of Bengal |
World: Andaman
Sea India: WB |
Fauvel
(1932); Aungtonya et al. (2002) |
|
Family
Nerillidae |
|
|
|
|
#Nerilla
antennata Schmidt 1848 |
Faroe
Islands, Atlantic Ocean |
World:
France, Ireland, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain, UK India: AN,
AP |
Reported
from Visakhapatnam (Waltair) (Chandrasekhara-Rao & Ganapati 1968),
Lakshadweep (Chandrasekhara-Rao 1991) and Andaman and Nicobar
(Chandrasekhara-Rao 1988).
Chandrasekhara-Rao & Ganapati (1968) observed some variation in
the lateral ciliary tuft and the specimens were rare in occurrence. |
|
#Nerillidium
mediterraneum Remane, 1928 |
Mediterranean
Sea |
World:
France, North Atlantic Ocean India: AP |
A single
record from Visakhapatnam (Chandrasekhara-Rao & Ganapati 1968). The
specimens were commonly found throughout the year. The specimens conform to the original
description, except that the palps and tentacles were more slender and
longer. |
|
Family Orbiniidae |
|
|
|
|
# Leitoscoloplos
kerguelensis (McIntosh, 1885) |
Kerguelen
Islands, Southern Indian Ocean |
World:
Widespread in Antarctic and subantarctic seas (Blake 2017) India: AP |
Fauvel
(1953) recorded the species as Scoloplos kerguelensis McIntosh from
Visakhapatnam. L. kerguelensis is
a widely reported species, but with many wrongly identified specimen (Mackie
1987). The species is probably
restricted to the Kerguelen Islands area and specimens from India are unknown
species (Blake 2017). |
|
#
Leodamas chevalieri (Fauvel, 1902) |
Casamance,
Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
# Orbinia
angrapequensis (Augener, 1918) |
Luderitz
(Southwest Africa) |
World:
South Africa India: MH |
Day (1967);
Sukumaran & Devi (2009). |
|
$ O.
exarmata (Fauvel, 1932) |
Bay of
Bengal |
India: BoB |
Fauvel
(1932) |
|
*
Pettibonella shompens Gopal Useph et. Al,
2014 |
Car Nicobar
Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India), Indian Ocean |
India: AN |
Gopal et
al. (2014) |
|
# Scoloplella
capensis Day, 1963 |
West of
Cape Town (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
South Africa India: MH |
Day (1967);
Sukumaran & Devi (2009) |
|
Scoloplos
dubia (Day, 1955) |
Langebaan
Lagoon (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
South Africa |
Day (1967)
considered the species endemic to South Africa |
|
$ S.
sagarensis Misra, 1999 |
Gangasagar,
Sagar Island (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: WB |
Misra
(1999) |
|
Scoloplos
(Leodamas) madagascariensis (Fauvel,
1919) |
Tuléar
(Madagascar), Indian Ocean |
World:
Angola, Gulf of Guinea, Mozambique,
South Africa India: KL |
Day (1967) |
|
Scoloplos
(Scoloplos) capensis (Day,
1961) |
Agulhas
Bank (South Africa) |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic Ocean, off Beaufort India: MH |
Day (1967);
Day (1973) |
|
* S.
(Scoloplos) marsupialis (Southern,
1921) |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Andaman Sea, Mozambique, South China Sea India: GA,
OD, TN |
Southern
(1921); Aungtonya et al. (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family
Opheliidae |
|
|
|
|
Armandia
intermedia Fauvel, 1902 |
Casamance
(Senegal), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Australia, Caribbean Sea, Japan, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa,
Sri Lanka, South China Sea, Trinidad and Tobago India: AN,
southwest coast |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
A.
lanceolata Willey, 1905 |
Mannar
Island (Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, South China Sea, Red Sea India: AN,
GA, KA, MH, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
A.
leptocirris (Grube, 1878) |
Philippines |
Arabian
Gulf, Indian Ocean, Philippines, South
China Sea, Red Sea India: AN,
LK, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Salazar-vallejo et al. (2014) |
|
A.
longicaudata (Caullery, 1944) |
Indonesia |
World:
Andaman Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, South China Sea India: TN |
Day (1967);
Aungtonya et al. (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
* A.
sampadae Gopal, Jaleel, Parameswaran &
Vijayan, 2016 |
off Rutland
Island, Andaman Islands (India), Indian Ocean |
India: AN |
Gopal et
al. (2016) |
|
# Ophelina
acuminata Örsted, 1843 |
Denmark
coast |
World:
Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, Indo-Pacific, South Africa, NE Atlantic Ocean,
Western Australia India: GJ |
Reported
from Gujarat (Nageswara-Rao & Soota 1981) |
|
Polyophthalmus
pictus (Dujardin, 1839) |
French EEZ,
Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Atlantic Ocean, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico
Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, South China Sea, Suez Canal, Red
Sea, South Africa India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Fauchald et al. (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
*
Travisia arborifera Fauvel, 1932 |
Andaman Sea
and Odisha Coast |
World: West
coast of Mexico India: OD |
Fauvel
(1932); Berkeley & Berkeley (1939) |
|
Family Paraonidae |
|
|
|
|
Aricidea (Aricidea)
capensis Day, 1961 |
Mossel Bay
(South Africa) |
World:
South Africa, North Atlantic Ocean India: KL |
Day (1967) |
|
A. (Aricidea)
multiantennata Lovell, 2002 |
Andaman Sea |
World:
Andaman Sea India: GA |
Lovell
(2002) |
|
A. (Acmira)
catherinae Laubier, 1967 |
Banyuls-sur-Mer
(France) |
World: Bay
of Fundy, Canada, California, Greece, Japan, Ireland, Gulf of Mexico,
Massachusetts Bay, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain, Venezuela India: GA |
Lovell
(2002); Fauchald et al. (2009); Dean (2012) |
|
A.
longobranchiata Day, 1961 |
Off
Saldanha Bay (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World: Off
Mauritiana India: KL |
Day (1967) Cosson-Sarradin
et al. (1998) |
|
A. (Acmira)
lopezi Berkeley & Berkeley, 1956 |
Not
documented |
World:
Eastern Pacific, Canada, California, Gulf of Mexico, Japan, Mediterranean
Sea, Morocco, Philippines, South Africa, Venezuela India: OD |
Fauchald et
al. (2009); Dean (2012) |
|
Cirrophorus
branchiatus Ehlers, 1908 |
Agulhas
Bank (South Africa) |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Greece, Ireland, North Atlantic Ocean, Red
Sea, Spain, South China Sea, Turkey, Venezuela India: AS |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Çinar et al. (2012) |
|
Levinsenia
gracilis (Tauber, 1879) |
Danish
EEZ |
World:
Antarctic, Bering Sea, British Columbia, Cuba, Caribbean Sea, Faroes,
Greece,Gulf of St. Lawrence to Massachusetts, Greenland, Gulf of Mexico,
Iceland, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea,South Africa, Venezuela India: AS |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Fauchald et al. (2009) |
|
# Paradoneis
armata Glémarec, 1966 |
Brittany
(NE Atlantic) |
Andaman
Sea, Black Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Ireland, France, Mediterranean Sea, North
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea India: GA |
A single
recorded from Zuary Estuary (Sivadas et al. 2010). Lovell et
al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
Family
Pectinariidae |
|
|
|
|
# Amphictene
crassa Grube, 1870 |
New
Caledonian EEZ |
World:
Arabian Sea India: KL |
Recorded as
Pectinaria (Amphictene) crassa Grube from Cochin
backwaters (Fauvel 1953). Subsequently
recorded from other locations in India. Record of
this species from Palau, Sri Lank and India (Fauvel 1953) are possible
misidentifications (Hutchings & Peart 2002). Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
$
Lagis abranchiata Fauvel, 1932 |
Kochi
Backwaters (India), Arabain Sea |
India: KL |
Fauvel
(1932) |
|
Pectinaria
antipoda Schmarda, 1861 |
New South
Wales (Australia) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AN,
LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family Poecilochaetidae
|
|
|
|
|
# Poecilochaetus
johnsoni Hartman, 1939 |
Mission Bay
(California), Pacific Ocean |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Venezuela India: GA |
A single
recorded from Zuary Estuary (Sivadas et al. 2010). |
|
P.
serpens Allen, 1904 |
English
Channel |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, France, Gulf of Oman, Greece,
Ireland, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea,
South Africa, Red Sea, Singapore, Spain, Turkey India: GA,
LK, TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Dean (2012); Çinar et al.
(2014) |
|
Family
Scalibregmatidae |
|
|
|
|
*
Parasclerocheilus branchiatus Fauvel,
1928 |
Shingle
Island, Gulf of Mannar (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Malacca Strait, Red Sea India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
Family Spionidae |
|
|
|
|
Aonidella
cirrobranchiata (Day, 1961) |
Off
Saldanha Bay (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World: Bay
of Biscay, Bellingshausen Sea (west Antarctica), Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Gulf of
Mexico, North Atlantic Ocean, Trinidad and Tobago India: KL,
TN |
Day (1967);
López (2010) |
|
# Aonides
oxycephala (Sars, 1862) |
Floro
(Norway) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Japan, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean, North
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, UK, Western Indian Ocean India: West
coast |
The
cosmopolitanism status of Aonides oxycephala is questionable
(Radashevsky 2015) |
|
# Dipolydora
armata (Langerhans, 1880) |
Madeiran
Exclusive Economic Zone, Pacific Ocean |
Australia,
Brazil, English Channel, France, Mediterranean Sea, New Zealand, North
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, Taiwan India: Not
documented |
Reported in
Indian estuaried (Khan & Murugesan 2005).
Wide geographical distribution of D. armata has to be viewed
with caution and further detail studies can help would verify their wide
distribution (Radashevsky & Nogueira 2003). Wehe & Fiege (2002);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# D.
capensis (Day, 1955) |
Simonstown,
False Bay (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World: west
South Africa India: west
coast |
Jayaraj et
al. (2008a) recorded the species from west coast of India. Reported as Polydora capensis Day,
1955 and endemic to the region (Day 1967). Literature survey indicates that it has not
been reported from any other location. |
|
# D.
coeca (Öersted, 1843) |
Øresund
(Sweden) |
World:
Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, Mozambique, North Sea
South Africa India: OD,
TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Day (1967); |
|
D.
normalis (Day, 1957) |
Inhaca
Island, Delagoa Bay (Mozambique), Indian Ocean |
World:
South Africa, Mozambique India: WB |
Day (1967) |
|
# Laonice
cirrata (M. Sars, 1851) |
Ure I
Lofoten (Norway) |
World:
Arctic Ocean, China, California, Monterey Bay, NW American, Southern Atlantic
Ocean, south of Iceland and Greenland, and Long Island, Shinnecock Inlet NE
American coast India: OD,
TN |
Reported by
Fauvel (1953). Based on the
temperature tolerance of the species which is 0.9–7.04 °C (Sikorski 2003) its
distribution in India is questionable. |
|
L.
brevicristata Pillai, 1961 |
Tambalagam
Bay (Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
World: Sri
Lanka India: AP |
Pillai
(1961) |
|
Malacoceros
indicus (Fauvel, 1928) |
Krusadai
Island, Gulf of Manaar (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
South Africa, Mozambique, Gulf of Mexico, Southern California, Philippines,
Caribbean Sea, Chile, New Caledonia, southwest Africa, Australia
(Queensland), Japan, Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, Singapore India: AP,
KL, LK, TN, WB |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Williams (2007); Delgado-Blas & Salazar-Silva (2011);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Paraprionospio
pinnata (Ehlers, 1901) |
off
Talcahuano (Chile), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
British Columbia, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North
Atlantic Ocean, Peru, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago West Africa India: GA,
MH, TN, KL |
Reported by
Fauvel (1953), subsequently reported all along the Indian coast. The species wide distribution has been
questioned. Yokoyama & Sukumaran
(2012) concluded that Paraprionospio from India has been misidentified
as P. pinnata. |
|
P.
lamellibranchia Hartman, 1976 |
Mozambique
Channel, Indian Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal India: AP,
KL, MH, TN |
Hartman
(1974a); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
P.
cordifolia Yokoyama, 2007 |
Japan |
World: East
China Sea, Hong Kong, Western Japan India: GJ |
Yokoyama
(2007) |
|
P.
cristata Zhou, Yokoyama & Li, 2008 |
East China
Sea |
World:
China Sea India: GJ |
Zhou et al.
(2008) |
|
P.
patiens Yokoyama, 2007 |
Osaka Bay
(Japan) |
World:
Indonesia, Korea, Western Japan India: GJ |
Yokoyama
(2007) |
|
# Polydora
ciliata (Johnston, 1838) |
Berwick Bay
(Scotland) |
World: Australia,
Bay of Fundy, Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Gulf of Eden, Ireland,
Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, South China Sea India: AP,
KL, MH, WB, TN |
Fauvel
(1953) reported this species from Odisha coast, subequently reported in
ecological studies from different coastal states. Species complex (Mustaquim 1986). Detailed morphological and molecular
examination will help to confirm the “cosmopolitan” of the Polydora-
species complex Day (1967);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P. hoplura Claparède,
1869 |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea Neotype:
Port of Ischia (Italy) |
World:
Australia, Arabian Gulf, Belgium, Brazil, California, Chile,France, Ireland,
Japan Mediterranean Sea, New Zealand,
North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, South Korea, South Africa,
UK India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Radashevsky & Migotto (2017). |
|
P.
hornelli Willey, 1905 |
Gulf of
Mannar, Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Willey
(1905) |
|
$ P.
gaikwadi Day, 1973 |
Ratnagiri
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Day (1973) |
|
# Polydorella
prolifera Augener, 1914 |
Sharks Bay
(Western Australia) |
World:
Western Australia India: TN |
According
to Radashevsky (1996) “specimens reported by Gravely (1927) and Fauvel (1930;
1953) as P. prolifera, appear to be the same as P. dawydoffi”. |
|
# Prionospio
cirrifera Wirén, 1883 |
Nowaja-Semlja
(Novaya Zemlya), Kara Sea, Arctic Ocean |
World:
Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, Red
Sea, South Africa India: AP |
Reported
from Visakhapatnam (Fauvel 1953).
Cosmopolitan distribution of the Species is questionable. P. cirrifera is probably restricted
to the Arctic and North Atlantic, south to the level of Portugal (Maciolek
1985; Sigvaldadóttir 2002). Day (1967). |
|
P. ehlersi Fauvel,
1928 |
Morocco,
Atlantic Ocean |
World: Andaman
Sea, Caribbean Sea, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique, New Zealand, North
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, South Africa, Spain India: west
coast |
Day (1967);
Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016);
Delgado-Blas & Salazar-Silva (2011) |
|
*P.
krusadensis Fauvel, 1929 |
Krusadai
Island, Gulf of Mannar (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Japan, Mediterranean Sea, Turkey India: MH,
TN |
Dagli &
Çinar (2009) |
|
# P.
malmgreni Claparède, 1869 taxon
inquirendum |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Canada, Ireland, Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North
Atlantic Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, Singapore, South Africa India: TN |
Reported
from Mandapam (Banse 1959) Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
*P.
polybranchiata Fauvel, 1929 |
Gulf of
Mannar (Indian Ocean), Bay of Bengal |
India: AP,
GA, KL, MH, PD, TN |
Fauvel
(1953) |
|
# P.
saldanha Day, 1961 |
Saldanha
Bay (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Namibia, Saldanha Bay to Mossel Bay, Durban India: TN,
AP, KL |
Reported in
ecological papers from east and west coast of India. Endemic to
South Africa (Day 1967) |
|
# P.
sexoculata Augener, 1918 |
Walvis Bay
(Namibia), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, Turkey India: TN |
Banse
(1959) reported the species from Gulf of Mannar. Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Dagli & Çinar (2009) |
|
# P.
steenstrupi Malmgren, 1867 |
Skagafjördur
(Iceland) |
World:
Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean,
South Africa, Red Sea India:GA |
A single
record from Miramar beach (Mascarenhas & Ingole 2009). Distribution restricted to the Iceland
coast and wide distribution questionable (Sigvaldadóttir & Mackie 1993). Day (1967) |
|
Pseudopolydora
antennata (Claparède, 1869) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf,
English Channel, Greece, Ireland North Sea, New Zealand, North
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, South Africa, Spain India: GA |
Day (1967);
Aungtonya et al (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
* P.
kempi (Southern, 1921) |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Australia, Arabian Gulf, British Columbia, New Zealand, Mozambique, North
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, USA, Spain India: GA,
OD, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
#Pygospio
elegans Claparède, 1863 |
Normandy
Coast (France) |
World:
Arctic, North Atlantic Ocean, West Greenland to North American Atlantic coast
to Veracruz, Black Sea, British Columbia, Canada, California, Mexico, Mediterranean
Sea, Mozambique, Northeast Pacific Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, South China
Sea India: west
coast |
A single
record from west coast of India (Jayaraj et al. 2008b). Molecular studies indicate that P.
elegans from the Asian Pacific and elsewhere need to be re-examined
(Radashevsky et al. 2016). Day (1967) |
|
Scolelepis
knightjonesi (Silva, 1961) |
Sri Lanka,
Indian Ocean |
World: Sri
Lanka India: AN |
Tampi &
Rangarajan (1964) |
|
# S. (Scolelepis)
squamata (O.F. Muller, 1806) |
Helgoland
(Germany), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Colombia, Canada, Caribbean Sea, Cuba, Gulf of Mexico,
Madagascar, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean,
Netherlands, Red Sea, Sea South Africa, UK, Venezuela India: MH |
Pati et al.
(2015) reported the species from Mahrashtra. Surugiu
(2016) suggested that “Scolelepis squamata” reporetd the North
and South America should be critically re-evaluated. Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
$ Spio
bengalensis Willey, 1908 |
Bay of
Bengal |
India: BoB |
Willey
(1908) |
|
#S.
filicornis (Müller, 1776) |
Iluilârssuk
(Greenland) |
World:
European Waters, Canada, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea,
Red Sea, South Africa, UK India: TN |
Reported
from Port Novo (Srikrishnadas et al. 1987). Meißner et
al. (2011) re-described the species from the type locality and concluded that
traditionally used diagnostic characters are inappropriate. Further they suggested that the species
distribution restricted to Greenland. |
|
# Spiophanes
bombyx (Claparède, 1870) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World: Bay
of Fundy, Belgium, Canada, France, Greece, Gulf of Mexico, Ireland,
Mediterranean Sea, Netherlands, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, South China
Sea, South Africa, Red Sea, Spain, UK India:
Southwest coast |
Jayaraj et
al. (2008a, b) recorded from southwest coast of India. Meißner and Blank (2009) dismissed the
world- wide distribution of the species.
Distribution could be restricted to North Atlantic Ocean, along
European coasts and Mediterranean Sea. Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
#Streblospio
benedicti Webster, 1879 |
New Jersey,
Atlantic Ocean |
World: Bay
of Fundy, Belgium, Caribbean Sea, Colombia, France, North Atlantic Ocean,
North Sea, Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, UK,USA India: MH |
Recorded
from Dabhol (Ingole et al. 2002). |
|
Family
Sabellariidae |
|
|
|
|
Idanthyrsus
pennatus (Peters, 1854) |
Mozambique,
India Ocean |
World:
Japan, Madagascar, South China Sea India: AN |
Day
(1967); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Lygdamis
indicus Kinberg, 1866 |
Bangka
Strait (Indonesia) |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, South China Sea, South Africa, Venezuela India: AN,
LK |
Day (1967);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Neosabellaria
cementarium (Moore, 1906) |
Admiral
Inlet, Washington (USA), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
British Columbia, South China Sea India: GA,
MH, TN, west coast |
Fauvel
(1953) reported the species from Thoothukudi (TN), subsequently reported from
other locations in ecology papers. Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
# N. rupicaproides (Augener,
1926) |
New
Plymouth (New Zealand) |
World: New
Zealand India: KL |
Reported
from Vizhinjam, however, the specimen was damaged and was identified as S.
rupicaproides as it was collected from deeper region (Achari 1974). Loi (1980);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$
N. clandestinus (Menon
& Sareen, 1966) |
Karwar Bay
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: KA |
Menon &
Sareen (1966) |
|
Sabellaria
chandraae Silva, 1961 |
Colombo
(Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
World: Sri
Lanka India: MH |
Day (1973) |
|
* S.
alcocki Gravier, 1906 |
Kerala
(India), Arabian Sea |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain,
South China Sea India: WB |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# S.
alveolata (Linnaeus, 1767) |
British
Isles |
World:
Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Wadden Sea India: KL |
Achari
(1974) reported the species from off Azhikode, Kannur. |
|
# S.
floridensis Hartman, 1944 |
southwestern
Florida, Caribbean Sea |
World:
North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean
India: TN |
Reported
from Gulf of Mannar (Achari 1974) |
|
S.
intoshi Fauvel, 1914 |
São-Thome
(Gulf of Guinea), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Mozambique, South Africa India: TN |
Day (1967) |
|
$S. miryaensis Parab & Gaikwad, 1990 |
Ratnagiri
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Parab &
Gaikwad (1990) |
|
*S.
pectinata Fauvel, 1932 |
Gulf of
Mannar (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Brazil, South Africa India: TN,
WB |
Fauvel
(1932); Day (1967); Dos Santos (2011) |
|
S.
spinulosa (Leuckart, 1849) |
Helgoland
(Germany) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Mozambique, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, South China Sea India: KL,
TN, WB |
Fauvel
(1914) considered S. alcocki as one of the varieties of S.
spinulosa, however, morphological differences have been observed between
the two species (Lezzi et al. 2015). Wehe &
Fiege (2002); (Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family
Sabellidae |
|
|
|
|
# Amphicorina
armandi (Claparède, 1864) |
Port-Vendres
(France), Mediterranean Sea |
World: Greece, Red Sea, Turkey India: TN |
Reported
from Mandapam (Banse 1959). Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014); Faulwetter et al. (2017) |
|
$ A.
coalescens Banse, 1959 |
Gulf of
Mannar (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Banse
(1959) |
|
#Amphiglena
mediterranea (Leydig, 1851) |
Nice
(France) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Cuba, Greece, North Atlantic Ocean, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea,
Red Sea, South China Sea, Spain, South Africa, UK India: PD |
A single
record from Puducherry (Musale & Desai 2011). Reported worldwide, but
Rouse & Gambi (1997) consider that detailed examination may probably
reveal that these are in fact different Amphiglena species. Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$
Augeneriella hummelincki indica Banse,
1959 |
Mandapam
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Banse
(1959) |
|
@
Bispira melanostigma (Schmarda, 1861) |
Jamaican
EEZ, Carribean Sea |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Bermuda, Brazil, Colombia,Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea,
North Carolina, Panama, Red Sea, Venezuela India: AN,
GA |
Reported as
Sabella melanostigma Shcmarda by Fauvel (1953) from the
Anadaman and Nicobar Island.
Knight-Jones & Perkins (1998) restrict the distribution of B.
melanostigma to the wider Caribbean area. Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
B.
porifera (Grube, 1878) |
Bohol
(Philippines) |
World:
Australia, Gulf of Aden, Madagascar, Mozambique, Red Sea, Zanzibar India: AN |
Knight-Jones
& Perkins (1998); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Capa (2008) |
|
Branchiomma
cingulatum (Grube, 1870 |
Fiji Island |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, South
China Sea India: AN,
AP, MH, TN |
Aungtonya
et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
B.
nigromaculatum (Baird, 1865) |
St. Vincent
Island (West Indies), Carribean Sea |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of
Mexico, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa India: AN,
LK |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
# Chone
letterstedti (Kinberg, 1866) |
Cape of
Good Hope (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
South Africa (western); Indonesia India:
northwest coast |
Jayaraj et
al. (2008b) from the northwest coast of India. Day (1967);
Tovar-Hernández (2007); Pamungkas and Glasby (2019) |
|
# Dialychone
collaris (Langerhans, 1881) |
Madeira
Island, Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Greece, France, Belgium, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Red
Sea, Spain, Turkey India: TN,
soutwest coast |
Reported as
Chone collaris from souwest coast of Indai (Jayaraj et al. 2008a) Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Çinar et al. (2014) |
|
$
Fabriciola spongicola (Southern, 1921) |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: OD |
Southern
(1921) |
|
# Jasmineira
elegans Saint-Joseph, 1894 |
Dinard
(Brittany, France), Atlantic Ocean |
World: Gulf
of Saint Lawrence, Ireland, France, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North
Atlantic Ocean, Spain, South China Sea, Red Sea, UK India:
southwest coast |
Joydas
& Damodaran (2009) reported the species along southwest coast of India. Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$
Laonome indica Southern, 1921 |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: OD,
TN, WB |
Southern
(1921) |
|
# Megalomma
pacificum Johansson, 1927 taxon
inquirendum (indeterminable) |
Gilbert
Islands (Kiribati), Pacific Ocean |
World:
Andaman Sea, Caribbean Sea, Colombia, South China Sea India: TN |
Aungtonya
(2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Notaulax
phaeotaenia Schmarda, 1861 |
Sri Lanka
EEZ, Indian Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico, Greece,
Madagascar, North Atlantic Ocean, Pakistan, Red Sea India: AN,
GJ, LK, TN |
Although
reported worldwide as a result of number of synonym; it is very likely to
have a much more restricted distribution (Perkins1984). Ishaq &
Mustaquim (1996); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Fauwletter et al (2017) |
|
Perkinsiana
ceylonica (Augener, 1926) |
Sri Lanka
EEZ, Indian Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, South China Sea India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Pseudobranchiomma
serratibranchis (Grube, 1878) |
Philippines
|
World:
Andaman Sea, Mozambique, Phillippines, South China Sea, Red Sea, South Africa India: AN,
MH, TN |
Aungtonya
(2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016);
Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014) |
|
Pseudopotamilla
saxicava (Quatrefages, 1866) |
Guettary,
Bay of Biscay (France), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Adriatic Sea, Arabian Gulf, Britain, France, Spain, Red Sea |
Knight-Jones
et al. (2017) |
|
*
Potamilla leptochaeta Southern, 1921 |
Port
Canning, West Bengal (India), Bay of Bengal |
Pakistan,
Singapore India: TN |
Ishaq &
Mustaquim (1996); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Sabella
fusca Grube, 1870 |
Red Sea |
World:
Australia, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Zanzibar India: GJ |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
S. spallanzanii (Gmelin,
1791) |
Mediterranean
Sea (neotype from Malta). |
World:
Brazil, France, Greece, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic
Ocean, New Zealand, South China Sea, Spain, Sri Lanka, UK India: GA,
MH |
An invasive
species abundant in harbours. Fauvel
(1953); Knight-Jones & Perkins (1998); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Sabellastarte
spectabilis (Grube, 1878) |
Philippines |
World:
Australia, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii, Indonesia, Mozambique,
Mauritius, Mynamar, Japan, Red Sea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, South Africa,
Taiwan, Zanzibar India: MH |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Knight-Jones & Mackie (2003); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Family Serpulidae |
|
|
|
|
@ Ditrupa
arietina (O.F. Müller, 1776) |
Danish EEZ,
|
World:
Andaman Sea, Canada, Greece, Madagascar, New Zealand, North Sea, North
Atlantic Ocean, Spain, UK India: AN |
According
to ten Hove & Smith (1990), D. arietina is restricted to the East
Atlantic and Mediterranean, whereas D. gracillima Grube inhabits the
Indo-Pacific. Aungtonya (2002) |
|
D.
gracillima Grube, 1878 |
Philippines |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Australia, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, Japan, New
Zealand, Red Sea, South Pacific Ocean India: AN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
@Ficopomatus
enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923) |
Canal de
Caen (France), English Channel |
World:
Widely distributed India: TN |
Reported worldwide as invasive species. Although, F. enigmaticus
was first reported from France, its origin and invasion pathways are
unclear. Many of the reports in
ecological studies, however, were based on incorrectly identified specimen
(ten Hove & Weerdenburg 1978). The
authors also suggested that the specimens identified by Fauvel from India
(Ennore) are either F. macrodon or F. uschakovi. Moreover, the re-examination of the
specimens labelled as Mercierella enigmatica from the locality also
contained F. uschakovi. Studies
from other regions also confirm that F. enigmaticus consist of cryptic
species that requires further investigation (Styan et al. 2017). |
|
*F.
macrodon Southern, 1921 |
Kochi
backwaters (India), Arabian Sea |
World: Gulf
of Siami (Gulf of Thailand) India: KL,
TN, WB |
Southern
(1921); Fauvel (1953); ten Hove & Weerdenburg (1978) |
|
F. uschakovi (Pillai,
1960) |
Panadura
River estuary, Madu Ganga estuary at Balapitiya and Ratgama Lake at Dodanduwa
(Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
World:
Australia, Brazil, Gulf of Guinea, Gulf of Mexico, Indonesia, Ivory Coast,
North Pacific Ocean, North Sea, Panama, Philippines, South China Sea, USA,
Venezuela India: MH |
Bastida-Zavala
& García-Madrigal (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Hydroides
albiceps (Grube, 1870) |
Gulf of
Suez |
World:
Australia, Gilbert Island, Hong Kong Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean,
Red Sea South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Solomon Island India: TN |
Glasby et
al. (2016); Sun et al. (2012) |
|
H.
bifurcata Pixell, 1913 |
Minicoy,
Lakshadweep (India), Arabian Sea |
World:
Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa India: TN |
Day (1967);
Read et al. (2017) |
|
H.
dirampha Mörch, 1863 |
St. Thomas,
Virgin Islands (USA) |
World:
Australia, Japan, Italy, Mediterranean
Sea, Mexico, North Pacific Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, New Zealand,
Philippines, South Africa, Red Sea,
South China Sea India: TN |
Glasby et
al. (2016); Read et al. (2017) |
|
H.
elegans (Haswell, 1883) nomen protectum |
Port
Jackson (Australia) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of California, Japan Sea,
New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, North Sea, , South
China Sea, Pakistan, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Suez Canal India: AP,
TN |
Ishaq &
Mustaquim (1996); Glasby et
al. (2016); Read et al. (2017) |
|
H.
exaltata (Marenzeller, 1885) |
Enoshima
(Japan) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Australia, Marshall Island, Red Sea, South China Sea, Sri
Lanka, Zanzibar, Vietnam India: TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Read et al. (2017) |
|
H.
heterocera (Grube, 1868) |
Red Sea |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Guf of Aden, Madagascar, Pakistan, Suez Canal, Red
Sea, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Zanzibar India:TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Day (1967); Ishaq & Mustaquim (1996); Wehe & Fiege (2002);
Çinar et al. (2014) |
|
H.
homoceros Pixell, 1913 |
Syntypes
from Zanzibar and Maldives, Indian Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Turkey India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Çinar et al (2014); Read et al. (2017) |
|
H.
minax (Grube, 1878) |
Philippines |
World:
Australia, Gulf of Aden, Gilbert Island, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Solomon Island,
Tanzania, Turkey India: TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Imajima & ten Hove (1986);
Çinar et al. (2014); Sun et al. (2015); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# H.
norvegica Gunnerus, 1768 |
Trøndelag
region (Norway) |
World:
Norway, Belgium, Caribbean Sea, France, Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, North
Atlantic Ocean, Ireland, Spain, South Africa, South China Sea, Turkey, UK India: AP,
TN |
Fauvel
(1953) reported the species from Chennai. Reported from other locations in
ecology papers. H. norvegica has
been confused with the harbour fouling invasive species H. elegans. Distribution of H. norvegicus
extends from, the east coast of Greenland, Iceland, Norway and the European
west coast to Gibraltar, and the Mediterranean (Moen 2006). Day (1967);
Fauchald et al. (2009); Dean (2012); Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al.
(2016) |
|
H.
operculata (Treadwell, 1929) |
Berbera
(Somalia), Gulf of Aden) |
World:
Africa, Australia, Hong Kong, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean,
Pakistan, Red Sea, South China Sea, Turkey India: MH |
Ishaq &
Mustaquim (1996); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Sun et al. (2012); Çinar et al.
(2014); Sun et al. (2015); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Metavermilia
acanthophora (Augener, 1914) |
Shark Bay
(Australia) |
World: Hong
Kong; South China Sea India: TN |
Sun et al.
(2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Neodexiospira
foraminosa (Bush in Moore & Bush,
1904) |
Honshu,
Japan |
World: Gulf
of Suez, Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, Mozambique, South China Sea, Sri Lanka India: AN,
MH, TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Knight-Jones et al. (1975); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
@ Omphalopomopsis
langerhansii (Marenzeller, 1885) |
Enoshima
(Japan) |
World:
Japan India: TN |
ten Hove
& Kupriyanova (2009) pointed out that the specimens attributed to Omphalopomopsis
by Fauvel (1930; 1953) and Pillai (1960) in fact belong to Pomatostegus
actinoceras. |
|
# Placostegus
crystallinus (non Scacchi, 1836) sensu
Zibrowius, 1968 |
France,
Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean India: AN |
A single
record from Andaman Sea (Hartman 1974a) |
|
# Pomatostegus
stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) |
Caribbean
Sea |
World:
Colombia, Cuba, Gilbert Island, Malacca Strait, Mexico, Japan, Solomon
Island, Sri Lanka India: AN,
TN, west coast |
Reported in
Fauvel (1953). Specimen of P.
stellatus (Abildgaard, 1789) from the Indo-West Pacific actually belongs
to P. actinoceros (Morch 1863), while P. stellatus is
restricted to the West Indies and Caribbean (ten Hove & Kupriyanove
2009; Pillai 2009). Therefore, Omphalopomopsis
langerhansii and P. stellatus reported from Indian
waters could be P. actinoceras.
Re-examination of the material would be required to confirm the same |
|
Pomatoceros
caeruleus (Schmarda, 1861) taxon
inquirendum |
New Zealand |
World: Gulf
of Aqaba, Gulf of Mexico, Red Sea, South China Sea India: TN |
Considered
to be a very confusing taxon. Fauvel (1953) reported the species from Tamil
Nadu coast (Chennai Harbour and Ennore). Day (1967) stated that “Schmarda
original record from Cape of Good Hope is very doubtful”. Hartman
(1974b); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Fauchald et al. (2009); Glasby et al.
(2016) |
|
# Protula
tubularia (Montagu, 1803) |
Devon
(England) |
World:
Greece, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Norway, North Sea,
New Zealand, Red Sea, South Africa (western), Spain, South China Sea India: MH,
TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016); Fauwletter et al. (2017) |
|
# Salmacina
dysteri (Huxley, 1855) |
Weymouth
(England) |
World:
Greece, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, France, Ireland, South China Sea,
Spain, South Africa India: MH,
TN, AN |
Reported
from worldwide locations but probably constitutes a complex of species.
However, the identification of the species of Filograna /Salmacina complex
is still a matter of debate (Nogueira & ten Hove 2000) Fauvel
(1953); (Hartman 1974a) |
|
# S.
incrustans Claparède, 1870 |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Colombia, Gulf of Mexico, Ireland, North Atlantic Ocean,
Spain, South China Sea India: TN |
A single
record from Hare Island, Gulf of Mannar (Achari 1969). Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
# Serpula
vermicularis Linnaeus, 1767 |
UK coast |
World:
Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, New Zealand,
Spain, UK, South Africa, Mozambique, France India: OD |
Reported
from Odisha (Fauvel 1953). Later, reported from various locations along the
Indian coast. Although reported from
Arctic to tropical, not a likely distribution. S. vermicularis should
be reserved for the Atlantic-Mediterranean taxon (ten Hove & Kupriyanova
2009). |
|
Spirobranchus
corniculatus (Grube, 1862) |
Java
(Indonesia) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Australia, Gulf of Aden, Mozambique, New Zealand,
Japan, Philippines, New Caledonia Red Sea, South China Sea India: AN,
LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
S.
giganteus (Pallas, 1766) |
West
Indies, Carribean Sea, Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Brazil, Caribbean Sea, Colombia, Gulf of Mexico, Greece, Mediterranean Sea,
Mozambique, South China Sea India: AN,
TN |
Day (1967);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
S.
kraussii (Baird, 1865) |
Manila Bay
(Philippines), Gulf of Mexico, Cape of Good Hope |
World: South
China Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, Caribbean Sea India: TN |
Dean
(2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
S.
maldivensis Pixell, 1913 |
Maldives,
Indian Ocean |
World: Gulf
of Oman, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, South China Sea India: TN |
Fauvel
(1953); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# S.
polytrema (Philippi, 1844) |
Mediterranean
Sea |
World:
North Atlantic Ocean, Spain, Red Sea India: TN |
A single
record from Krusadai Island, Gulf of Mannar (Fauvel 1953). Specimens of S. polytrema from
Indo-West Pacific are probably complex of species (ten Hove & Kupriyanova
2009). Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
# S.
tetraceros (Schmarda, 1861) |
New South
Wales (Australia) |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Colombia, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of
Mexico, Mozambique, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Madagascar,
Philippines, Suez Canal, Red Sea, South China Sea, Tanzania India: TN |
Species
complex with a confused taxonomic status that requires more detailed
comparison of samples (Pillai 2009) Fauvel
(1953); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# S.
triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758) |
European
waters |
World:
Belgium, France, Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean,
Spain, Netherlands, UK, Wadden Sea India: TN |
Reported as
Spirobranchus polytrema indica (Fauvel, 1928) from Gulf of Mannar
(Fauvel 1953). Distributed from Norway
to and including Mediterranean-Atlantic, Black Sea, records from other areas
questionable (ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009) |
|
Vermiliopsis
glandigera Gravier, 1906 |
Djibouti,
Gulf of Aden |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Caribbean Sea, Hong Kong, Gulf of Oman,
Madagascar, Red Sea, South China Sea, South Africa India: AS,
MH, TN |
Part of
complex with V. pygidialis, V. infundibulum (ten Hove & Kupriyanova
2009). Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
V.
pygidialis (Willey, 1905) |
Cheval Paar
(Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
World: Red
Sea, South China, Sea Tanzania India: TN |
Part of
complex with V. glandigerus V. infundibulum (ten Hove &
Kupriyanova 2009) |
|
Family Sternaspidae |
|
|
|
|
# Sternaspis
scutata (Ranzani, 1817) |
Adriatic
Sea. Neotype: Izmar Bay, Aegean Sea, Turkey |
World:
Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel, 9–36 m depth. India: AN,
AP, OD, GA, KL, MH, WB |
Fauvel
(1953) reported the species from Andaman Islands, Chilika Lake, Ganjam Coast
and Chennai. Repeatedly reported from
India coast in macrofauna papers. Records of
Sternaspis scutata from non- Mediterranean or
Northeastern Atlantic localities might belong to other, undescribed species (Sendall
& Salazar-Vallejo 2013) |
|
# S.
costata von Marenzeller, 1879 |
Japan.
Neotype: Honshu Island, Chiba, Boso
Peninsula |
Philippines,
Southern Sakhalin Island (Russia) India: OD |
A single
record from Chilika Lake (Southern 1921), however, the species was reported
from estuarine environments, which are questionable Sendall &
Salazar-Vallejo (2013). |
|
Family Terebellidae |
|
|
|
|
# Artacama
proboscidea Malmgren, 1866 |
Spitsbergen,
Arctic Ocean |
World:
Canada, Beaufort Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, South
Africa India:
northwest coast |
Jayaraj et
al. (2008b) reported from NW coast of India. Day (1967) |
|
Eupolymnia
nebulosa Montagu, 1819 |
Devon
(England), Atlantic Ocean |
World: Gulf
of Mexico, Indian Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Norway,
Sweden, South China Sea. India: AN,
TN, LK |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
E.
labiata (Willey, 1905) |
Gulf of
Mannar and Arippu Reef, Indian OCean |
World: Sri
Lanka India: TN |
Willey
(1905) |
|
Lanice
conchilega (Pallas, 1766) |
Dutch EEZ |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius,
Mediterranean Sea, Norway, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, South
Africa, South China Sea, UK India: LK |
Based on
phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters, the genus Lanice
Malmgren, 1866 is considered a synonym of Axionice Malmgren, 1866
(Jirkov & Leontovich 2017). Based
on which Lanice conchilega is moved to Axionice conchilega (Pallas,
1766) Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Fuchald (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
L.
socialis Willey, 1905 |
Off Gale
(Sri Lanka), Indian Ocean |
World: Sri
Lanka India: AP,
TN |
See remarks
under Axionice conchilega. Lanice socialis moved to Axionice
socialis (Willey, 1905). |
|
Loimia
crassifilis (Grube, 1878) |
Philippines |
World:
Philippines India: TN |
The genus Loimia
Malmgren, 1866 is considered a synonym of Axionice Malmgren, 1866
(Jirkov & Leontovich 2017). Loimia cras sifilis moved to Axionice
crassifilis. |
|
L.
medusa (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) |
Gulf of
Suez |
World: Red
Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, South China Sea, Andaman Sea,
South Africa, Madagascar, Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean
Sea, Panama, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Colombo, Spain India: GJ |
See remarks
under Loimia crassifilis. Loimia medusa moved to Axionice
medusa (Savigny in de Lamarck, 1818) (Jirkov & Leontovich
2017). Aungtonya
et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
L.
variegata (Grube, 1870) |
Red Sea |
World:
Caribbean Sea India: TN |
See remarks
under Loimia crassifilis. L.
variegate moved to Axionice variegata
(Grube, 1870) (Jirkov & Leontovich 2017). |
|
*
Lysilla pambanensis Fauvel, 1928 |
Pamban
Island, Rameswaram (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Kuwait India: TN |
Fauvel
(1928) |
|
Nicolea
gracilibranchis Grube, 1878 |
Philippines |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Belgium, France, Iceland, Ireland,Mediterranean
Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Spitsbergen, Singapore, Spain, UK India: AN,
GJ, LK, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
#N.
venustula (Montagu, 1819) |
United
Kingdom EEZ |
World: Gulf
of Saint Lawrence, Red Sea India: MH |
A single
record from Ratnagiri (Day 1973). Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
# Pista
cristata (Müller, 1776 ) |
Christianfjord
(Norway) |
World: Red
Sea, South China Sea, Suez Canal, South Africa India: East
coast |
The species
is often reported in ecology papers from east coast of India. Although the species is recorded worldwide,
all reports refer to Pista with two pairs of branchiae, i.e. to
different species (Jirkov & Leontovich 2017). Distribution is restricted to shallow
waters (not deeper than 25 m) of North and Mediterranean Sea |
|
P.
fasciata (Grube, 1870) |
Egypt, Red
Sea. |
World:
Andaman Sea, British Columbia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Mozambique, North
Pacific Ocean, South Africa, Southeast Alaska,
South China Sea, Tanzania, USA India: BoB |
The genus Pista
Malmgren, 1866 is considered a synonym of Axionice Malmgren, 1866
(Jirkov & Leontovich 2017). Based on which P. fasciata moved to Axionice
fasciata (Grube, 1870) (Jirkov & Leontovich 2017). Day
(1967); Aungtonya et al. (2002); Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
* P.
herpini Fauvel, 1928 |
Pamban and
Krusadai Islands, Rameswaram (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Colombia India: MH,
TN |
See remarks
under P. fasciata. Based on which P. herpini Fauvel, 1928
is moved to Axionice herpini (Fauvel, 1928). Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
$ P.
indica Fauvel, 1940 |
Kochi
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: KL |
Fauvel
(1940) |
|
$ P.
pachybranchiata Fauvel, 1932 |
Lakshadweep
Sea, Indian Ocean |
India: LK |
See remarks
under P. fasciata. P. pachybranchiata moved to Axionice
pachybranchiata (Fauvel, 1932) (Jirkov & Leontovich 2017) |
|
P.
quadrilobata (Augener, 1918) |
Swakopmund
(Nambia), Atlantic Ocean |
World: Gulf
of Mexico, Mozambique India:
Northwest coast |
See remarks
under P. fasciata. P. quadrilobata moved to Axionice
quadrilobata (Augener, 1918) (Jirkov and Leontovich 2017). Day (1967) |
|
P.
robustiseta Caullery, 1915 |
East
Timorian EEZ |
World:
Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman India: LK |
See remarks
under P. fasciata. P. robustiseta moved to Axionice
robustiseta (Caullery, 1915). Wehe &
Fiege (2002). |
|
P.
typha Grube, 1878 |
Bohol
(Phillippines) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Indonesia, Japan, South China Sea, Red Sea India: BoB,
LK, TN, WB |
Aungtonya
et al. (2002); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# P.
unibranchia Day, 1963 |
False Bay
(South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Aegean Sea, Levantine Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic
Ocean India:
southwest coast |
Joydas
& Damodaran (2009); Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
Polycirrus
coccineus (Grube, 1870) |
Red Sea |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Arabian Gulf India: TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
*Streblosoma
cespitosa (Willey, 1905) |
Rameswaram
Island (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Philippines, South China Sea, Red
Sea India: TN |
Willey
(1905); Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
S.
persica (Fauvel, 1908) |
Bouchir
(Bahrain), Arabian Gulf |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Mozambique, South Africa, Red Sea, Western Africa India: AP,
GJ, TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
Terebella
ehrenbergi Gravier, 1906 |
Red Sea |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean, Suez Canal, Red
Sea, South China Sea India: AN,
OD, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
#T.
ehrenbergi yappensis Okuda, 1937 |
Yap Island
(Micronesia), Pacific Ocean |
World:
Micronesia India: MH |
A single
record from Ratnagiri (Day 1973) |
|
T.
plagiostoma Schmarda, 1861 |
Papanui
Inlet, Otago Peninsula (New Zealand) |
World:
Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Red Sea, Zanzibar |
|
|
T.
pterochaeta Schmarda, 1861 |
Cape of
Good Hope (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
Colombia,
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Aden, Mozambique, Red Sea, South China Sea India: LK |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$Terebellodibranchia
agattiensis Misra & Chakraborty,
1990 |
Lakshadweep
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: LK |
Misra &
Chakraborty (1990) |
|
#Thelepus
cincinnatus (Fabricius, 1780) |
Greenlandic
part of the Arctic Ocean |
World:
Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea India: AN |
Fauvel
(1953) recorded the species from Port Blair, Andaman Islands is the only
record from the region. |
|
Family Trichobranchidae |
|
|
|
|
#Trichobranchus
glacialis Malmgren, 1866 |
Spitsbergen,
Arctic Ocean |
World:
Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean India: AN |
Fauvel
(1953) recorded the species from Port Blair, Andaman Islands and is a single
record from the region. |
|
#Terebellides
stroemii Sars, 1835 |
Bergensfjord,
Norway |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Andaman Sea, Gulf of Aden, Madagascar, Mediterranean Sea, North
Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, South Africa, Red Sea India: AN,
BoB, GA, LK, TN, WB |
Fauvel
(1953) reported the species as Terebellides stroemi Sars from
Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal, Ganjam, Chennai and Lakshadweep Sea. Subsequqently reported from oother
locations in ecology papers. Species
complex and need to re-evaluate the species described as T. stroemii (Parapar
& Hutchings 2014) |
|
Family Trochochaetidae
|
|
|
|
|
*
Trochochaeta orissae (Fauvel, 1932) |
Off Puri,
Odisha (India), Bay of Bengal |
India: GA,
OD |
Fauvel
(1932) |
|
#T.
watsoni (Fauvel, 1916) |
Canadian
EEZ |
World: Gulf
of St Lawrence, North Atlantic Ocean India: KL |
A single
record from off Azhikode (Achari 1968).
T. watsoni is only reported from deep waters (530–2359 m) of
northwest Atlantic Ocean. Based on the
characters, the Indian specimens are closer to the T. orissae
(Pettibone 1976). |
|
Echiura |
|
|
|
|
Family
Bonneliidae |
|
|
|
|
Acanthobonellia
miyajimai (Ikeda, 1904) |
Tomari
(Okinawa Island, Japan), Sea of Japan |
World:
Japan, Central Indo-West Pacific India: GJ |
Ikeda
(1904); Menon et al. (1964); Biseswar (2010) |
|
*A. pirotanensis Jose,
1964 |
Gulf of
Kachchh (India), Arabian Sea |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific India: GJ |
Jose
(1964); Biseswar (2010) |
|
*A.
rollandoe Menon, DattaGupta & Johnson,
1964 |
Pirotan
Island, Gulf of Kachchh (India), Arabian Sea |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific India: GJ |
Menon et
al. (1964); Biseswar (2010) |
|
Achaetobonellia
maculata Fisher, 1953 |
Onotoa,
Gilbert Island |
World:
Pacific Ocean India: GJ |
Fisher
(1953); Biseswar (2010) |
|
# Eubonellia
valida Fisher, 1946 |
Okhotsk,
Sakhlain Island, Pacific Ocean |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific (CIWP), West Pacific (WP) India: LK |
A single
record from Lakshadweep (Haldar & Dattagupta 1991). Fisher
(1946); Biseswar (2010) |
|
Family
Echiuridae |
|
|
|
|
Echiurus
echiurus echiurus (Pallas, 1766) |
Belgium
Coast |
World:
Atlantic Ocean, South Africa, Japan India: LK |
Cosmopolitant
species (Biseswar 1997; 2009; 2010) |
|
Family
Ikedidae |
|
|
|
|
*Ikeda
pirotansis (Menon & DattaGupta, 1962) |
Gulf of
Kachchh (India), Arabian Sea |
India: GJ |
Menon &
DattaGupta (1962) |
|
# Ikedella
misakiensis (Ikeda, 1904) |
Jogashima,
Misaki (Japan), Pacific Ocean |
World:
North Pacific Ocean India: GJ |
A single
record from Gulf of Kachchh (Rao & Sastry 2005) Ikeda
(1904) |
|
Family
Thalassematidae |
|
|
|
|
*Anelassorhynchus
branchiorhynchus (Annandale & Kemp,
1915) |
Chingrighata,
Kolkatta (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific India: GJ,
OD, WB |
Annandale
& Kemp (1915); Biseswar (2010) |
|
* A.
chaetiferus DattaGupta, Menon & Johnson,
1963 |
Shingle
Island, Gulf of Mannar (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific India: TN |
DattaGupta
et al. (1963); Biseswar (2010) |
|
*A.
dendrorhynchus (Annandale & Kemp, 1915) |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific India: OD |
Annandale
& Kemp (1915); Biseswar (2010) |
|
*A.
loborhynchus DattaGupta & Menon, 1966 |
Gomati,
Dwarka (india), Arabian Sea |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific India: GJ |
DattaGupta
& Menon (1966); Biseswar (2010) |
|
A.
inansensis (Ikeda, 1904) |
Inanse
(Okinawa Island, Japan), Sea of Japan |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific, West Indian Ocean India: LK |
Ikeda
(1904); Biseswar (2010) |
|
*A. microrhynchus (Prashad,
1919) |
Chandipore,
Odisha (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific India: OD |
Prashad
(1919); Biseswar (2010) |
|
A.
moebii (Greeff, 1879) |
Mauritius,
Indian Ocean |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific; West Indian Ocean India: AN,
LK |
Biseswar
(2010) |
|
A.
sabinus (Lanchester, 1905) |
Tale Sab,
Singora (Malay Peninsula) |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific India: AN,
GJ, OD, TN, |
Lanchester
(1905); Biseswar (2010) |
|
Listriolobus
brevirostris Chen & Yeh, 1958 |
Jiaozhou
Bay (China), Yellow Sea (historic name Kiao-Chow Bay, Shantung) |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific; South Pacific Ocean India: GJ,
KL |
Biseswar
& Moodley (1989); Biseswar (2010) |
|
*Ochetostoma
arkati (Prashad, 1935) |
Sandheads,
Kokatta (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific, East Atlantic, Indian Ocean India: WB |
Prashad
(1935); Biseswar (1985; 2010) |
|
O.
australiense Edmonds, 1960 |
Queensland
(Australia) |
World: Central
Indo-West Pacific, Western Pacific India: AN,
OD |
Edmonds
(1960); Biseswar (2010) |
|
*O.
bombayense (Prashad & Awati, 1929) |
Mumbai
(India), Arabian Sea |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific India: MH |
Prashad
& Awati (1929); Biseswar (2010) |
|
O.
caudex (Lampert, 1883) |
Red Sea |
World:
Central Indo-West Pacific, Western Indian Ocean, West Pacific India: AN |
Bisewar
(1983; 2010) |
|
O.
erythrogrammon Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828 |
Red Sea |
World:
Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South Pacific
Ocean India: GJ |
Cosmopolitant
species (Biseswar 2010) |
|
O.
formosulum (Lampert, 1883) |
Manila
(Cavité bei Manila) |
World:
Central Indo-Pacific Ocean, Western Indain Ocean India: GJ |
Lampert
(1883); Bisewar (2010) |
|
*O.
hornelli (Prashad, 1921) |
Gulf of
Mannar (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
Central Indo-Pacific Ocean India: TN |
Prashad
(1921); Bisewar (2010) |
|
*O.
kempi (Prashad, 1919) |
Ross
Island, Port Blair (India), India Ocean |
World:
Central Indo-Pacific Ocean, Western Indain Ocean India: AN |
Prashad
(1919); Bisewar (2010) |
|
O.
palense (Ikeda, 1924) |
Palau
Islands, Pacific Ocean |
World:
Central Indo-Pacific Ocean, Western Indain Ocean, West Pacific India: LK |
Biseswar (2010) |
|
*O. septemyotum DattaGupta,
Menon & Johnson, 1963 |
Kollam
(India), Arabian Sea |
World:
Central Indo-Pacific Ocean India: KL |
Biseswar
(2010) |
|
O.
stuhlmanni (Fischer, 1892) |
Bueni Riff
now Mbweni (Zanzibar), Indian Ocean |
World:
Central Indo-Pacific Ocean India: LK |
Fischer
(1892); Biseswar (2010) |
|
O.
zanzibarense Stephen & Robertson, 1952 |
Bat Island
(Zanzibar), Indain Ocean |
World:
Central Indo-Pacific Ocean, Western Indain Ocean India: GJ |
Stephen
& Robertson (1952); Biseswar (2010) |
|
Thalassema
diaphanes Sluiter, 1889 |
Bay of
Batavia (Indonesia) |
World:
Central Indo-Pacific Ocean, Western Indain Ocean India: AN,
GJ, LK |
Biseswar
(2010) |
|
# T.
thalassema (Pallas, 1774) |
Cornwall
(UK), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Ireland, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Spain, UK India: GJ |
Cosmopolitan
species (Biseswar (2010) |
|
Clitellata |
|
|
|
|
Family
Megascolecidae |
|
|
|
|
Pontodrilus
litoralis (Grube, 1855) |
Not
documented |
World:
Australia, Japan, Galapagos, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain, Taiwan India: KL,
OD, PU, TN |
Blakemore
(2007) |
|
Family
Naididae |
|
|
|
|
# Aktedrilus
monospermathecus Knöllner, 1935 |
Kiel Bay (West
Germany), Baltic Sea |
World:
Baltic Sea, Bay of Biscay, Ionian Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean India: AN |
Erséus
(1980) |
|
Monopylephorus
parvus Ditlevsen, 1904 |
Bermuda
Island, Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Brazil, British Columbia, Canada, Denamark, South Africa, USA, North Atlantic
Ocean, Sweden India: OD |
Cosmopolitan
species (Baker & Brinkhurst 1981) Naidu
(2005) |
|
Family
Enchytraeidae |
|
|
|
|
Enchytraeus
albidus Henle, 1837 |
Kiel Bay
(West Germany), Baltic Sea |
World: Bay
of Fundy, Ireland, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, Sout Pacific Ocean,
United Kingdom India: AP |
Cosmopolitan
species (Lasserre 1971) |
|
Fridericia
bulbosa (Rosa, 1887) |
Not
documented |
World:
Algeria, Armenia, China, Denmark,Ireland, Germany, Italy India: AN,
AP, OD |
Xie et
al. (2002) |
|
# Marionina
subterranea (Knöllner, 1935) |
Poland |
World:
North Atlantic Ocean, UK India: AP |
Coates
(1983) |
|
Stephensoniella
marina (Moore, 1902) |
Gibson Hil
Tip, Coney Sol, (Bermuda), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia, Florida, French Guyana India: AP, KL,
OD, TN |
Naidu
(2005) |
|
AMPHINOMIDA |
|
|
|
|
Family
Amphinomidae |
|
|
|
|
*
Amphinome rostrata (Pallas, 1766) |
Bay of
Bengal |
World:
Brazil, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Mozambique, New Zealand, North
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea, Spain India: BoB,
GJ, KL |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$ A.
anatifera Krishnamoorthi & Daniel,
1950 taxon inquirendum |
Chennai
(India), Bay of Bengal |
India: TN |
Krishnamoorthi
& Daniel (1950) |
|
Benthoscolex
coecus Horst, 1912 |
Sri Lanka
EEZ, Indian Ocean |
World: Gulf
of Aden India:
Lakshadweep Sea |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
Chloeia
amphora Horst, 1910 |
Malay
Archipelago |
World:
Andaman Sea India: AN |
Aungtonya
et al. (2002) |
|
$ C.
bengalensis Kinberg, 1867 |
Bay of
Bengal |
India: Bay
of Bengal |
Horst
(1910) considered C. bengalensis Kinberg, 1867 as nomen nudum as they
were only briefly mentioned, without description nor figures (Kinberg 1867) |
|
C.
flava (Pallas, 1766) |
Ambon, Bay
of Bengal |
World:
Japan, Red Sea, South China Sea, Singapore, South Africa Sri Lanka India: AN,
TN |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
C.
flava pulchella Baird, 1868 |
North
Australia |
World:
Andaman Sea India: AN |
Aungtonya
et al. (2002) |
|
C.
fusca McIntosh, 1885 |
Moluccas
Islands (Indonesia) |
Maldives,
Gulf of Aden, Mozambique Madagascar, Red
Sea, South Africa, South China Sea India: AN,
AS, TN |
Day (1967);
Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
C.
parva Baird, 1868 |
Indo-Pacific |
World: Gulf
of Oman, Arabian Gulf, Mergui Archipelago, Singapore, Andaman Sea India: AN,
AP, OD, TN, WB |
Aungtonya
et al. (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
C.
rosea Potts, 1909 |
Amirante
Islands, Indian Ocean |
World:
Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf, South China Sea India: AS,
MH, TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Cryptonome
parvecarunculata (Horst, 1912) |
Indonesia |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Maldives, Mozambique, Madagascar, Red Sea, South Africa, South China
Sea India: AN,
GA, MH, OD |
Day (1967);
Wehe & Fiege (2002), Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
#
Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1766) |
Antigua
Island, Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean |
World: wide
distribution- Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, Mozambique, Red
Sea, South Africa, Singapore, Turkey, Greece, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian
Sea, Arabian Gulf India: AN,
GA, GJ, MH, KL, TN |
Fauvel
(1953) reported the species from Gulf of Mannar and Andaman Island. Reported
from other locations in ecology papers. E.
complanata is a complex cryptic species and
occurrence outside the Atlantic Ocean is doubtful (Barroso et al. 2010) Wehe &
Fiege (2002), Barros et al. (2010), Çinar et al. (2014); Glasby et al. (2016)
|
|
Hipponoe
gaudichaudi Audouin & Milne Edwards,
1830 |
Port
Jackson (Australia) |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, South China
Sea India:
Andaman Sea |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
Notopygos
hispida Potts,
1909 |
Amirante Island
and Saya de Malhas (Seychelles), Indian Ocean |
World: Gulf
of Aden, Red Sea, Philippines India: AN,
LK |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
N.
labiatus McIntosh, 1885 |
Basilian
Strait, Sulu Sea |
World:
South China Sea India: AN,
LK |
Glasby et
al. (2016); Salazar-Vallejo et al. (2014). |
|
N.
variabilis Potts, 1909 |
Hulule,
Male Atoll (Maldives), Indian Ocean |
World:
Madagascar, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AN |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
* Paramphinome
indica Fauvel, 1932 |
Cape
Comorin (India), Arabian Sea |
World:
South China Sea India: AS,
TN |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
Pherecardia
striata (Kinberg, 1857) |
Moorea
(South Pacific Island), Pacific Ocean |
World:
Hawaiian EEZ, Madagascar, Mozambique, Indian Ocean, Philippines, South China
Sea India: LK |
Glasby et
al. (2016) |
|
Family
Euphrosinidae |
|
|
|
|
Euphrosine
capensis Kinberg, 1857 |
Cape of
Good Hope (South Africa), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Mozambique, South Africa India: MH |
Day (1967) |
|
E.
foliosa Audouin & H Milne Edwards,
1833 |
St. Malo
(France) |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Greece, Ireland, Mediterranean
Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Red Sea, UK India: AN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
Family Chaetopteridae |
|
|
|
|
Chaetopterus
variopedatus (Renier, 1804) |
Adriatic
Sea |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Ireland, Malay Archipelago, Mediterranean
Sea North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, South Africa, Singapore, Sri
Lanka, UK, Western Indian Ocean India: MH,
TN |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Mesochaetopterus
japonicus Fujiwara, 1934 |
Japan EEZ |
World:
Andaman Sea (Thailand), Taiwan India: MH |
Aungtonya
(2002); Nishi & Hsieh (2009) |
|
#
M. minutus Potts,
1914 |
Cape Verde
Island, Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Mozambique, South Africa, North Atlantic Ocean, Ecuador, Galapagos Islands India: TN |
Although M.
minutus is distributed in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans,
morphological differences between specimens suggest the existence of
different species at each locality (Bhaud et al. 2006). Fauvel
(1953); Nishi & Hsieh (2009) |
|
Phyllochaetopterus
elioti Crossland, 1903 |
Zanzibar,
Indain Ocean |
World:
Mozambique, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Zanzibar India: TN |
Day (1967);
Mustaquim (2000) |
|
P. gardineri Crossland,
1904 |
Maldives,
Indian Ocean |
World:
Maldives India: LK |
Fauvel
(1953) |
|
P.
socialis Claparède, 1869 |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Arabian Gulf, Brazil, Costa Rica, Gulf of California, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of
Nicoya, Mediterranean Sea, New Zealand, South Africa, South Carolina
Continental Shelf, Turkey, Mediterranean Sea, Madagascar, Mozambique, North
Atlantic Ocean, South Africa, New Zealand, Spain India: AS,
LK, MH, OD, WB |
Wehe &
Fiege (2002); Artüz et
al. (2014) |
|
Spiochaetopterus
costarum (Claparède, 1869) |
Gulf of
Naples (Italy), Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Belgium, Belize, Caribbean Sea, France, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, North
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Spain India: TN |
Spiochaetopterus
costarum was considered to be a cosmopolitan
species however detailed studies need to be carried before giving it at
cosmopolitan status (Bhaud et al. 2003) |
|
Family Magelonidae |
|
|
|
|
Magelona
capensis Day, 1961 |
Agulhas
Bank (South Africa) |
India:
Mediterranean Sea, South Africa India: KL |
Day (1967) |
|
M.
cincta Ehlers, 1908 |
Algoa Bay
(South Africa), Indian Ocean |
World:
Andaman Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Iran, Hong Kong, Mozambique, Qatar, South China
Sea India: AP,
GA, KA, KL, OR, TN |
Day (1967);
Aungtonya et al. (2002); Mortimer et al. (2012); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Magelona
cornuta Wesenberg-Lund, 1949 |
Gulf of
Oman |
World: Hong
Kong; Gulf of Aden, Oman, Gulf of Mexico, Ivory Coast, Red Sea, South China
Sea, west coast of Africa India:
Arabian Sea |
Mortimer
& Mackie (2009) consider M. cornuta to have an Indo-West Pacific
distribution Wehe &
Fiege (2002) |
|
#M.
japonica Okuda, 1937 |
Japan |
World:
Japan India: TN |
Reported by
Tampi & Rangarajan (1964) from Palk Bay, however, Mortimer (2010)
observed differences in the prostomium
in the specimen reported from Indian to that of Okuda and need to be
re-investigated |
|
#M.
longicornis Johnson, 1901 |
Puget Sound
(Washington), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Canada, Chukchi Sea, North Pacific Ocean India: KL |
Recorded in
India from Kasargod and Kannur by Devi et al. (1996) |
|
#M.
papillicornis F. Müller, 1858 |
Santa
Catharina (Brazil), Atalantic Ocean |
World: Red
Sea, South Africa, Madagascar, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic
Ocean, Ireland India: TN |
The
specimen was reported from Porto Novo, India (Srikrishnadhas &
Ramamoorthi 1975) which is questionable and should be investigated (Mortimer
2010). Day (1967),
Wehe & Fiege (2002) |
|
#M.
rosea Moore, 1907 |
Woods Hole
(Massachusetts), Atlantic Ocean |
World:
Black Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Spain,
Ukraine, South China Sea India: MH,
southern coast |
Reported in
India from Dabhol (Ingole et al. 2002) and southern coast of India (Musale
& Desai 2011). |
|
Family Oweniidae
|
|
|
|
|
*Myriochele
picta Southern, 1921 |
Chilika
Lake (India), Bay of Bengal |
World:
South China Sea India: LK,
OD LK, TN, |
Southern
(1921); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Owenia
fusiformis Delle Chiaje, 1844 |
Sicily
(Italy) Mediterranean Sea |
World:
Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, North Sea, Adriatic Sea, South Africa,
Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, South China Sea, Caribbean Sea,
Andaman Sea India: AN,
KL, LK, MH, OD, TN, WB |
Recorded at
Thoothukudi by Fauvel (1953). Cosmopolitan status of O. fusiformis has
been questioned (e.g Martin et al. 2006; Hutchings & Kupriyanova 2018) |
|
SIPUNCULA |
|
|
|
|
Family
Aspidosiphonidae |
|
|
|
|
Aspidosiphon
(Aspidosiphon) elegans (Chamisso
& Eysenhardt, 1821) |
"Small
islands of the Pacific Ocean" |
World:
Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Madgascar, Red Sea, North Atlantic Ocean,
South Pacific Ocean, Turkey India: GJ,
TN |
Çinar
(2014) |
|
A. (Aspidosiphon)
muelleri muelleri Diesing, 1851 |
Not
documented |
World: Adriatic
Sea, Aegean Sea, Africa, Costa Rica Eastern Atlantic Ocean, Ireland, Gulf of
Aden Madagascar, Mediterranean Sea, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean, Red
Sea, Spain, Western Pacific (Japan to Australia) India: AS, MH |
Dean (2001) |
|
A. (Aspidosiphon)
gracilis gracilis (Baird, 1868) |
Philippines
|
World:
Philippines South China Sea;
Indo-Pacific India: AN |
Haldar
(1991); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
A. (Paraspidosiphon)
laevis Quatrefages, 1865 |
Kosier, Red
Sea |
World:
Western Atlantic and Carribean (from Cape Hatteras, USA to Brazil), Cuba,
Curaçao, South China; Sea western Pacific Ocean India: AN |
Glasby et
al. (2016); Dean et al. (2007) |
|
A. (Paraspidosiphon)
steenstrupii Diesing, 1859 |
St. Thomas |
World:
Curaçao, Carribean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Indain Ocean; Indo- and western
Pacific, North Atlantic Ocean, South China Sea India: AN,
Daman & Diu, GJ, LK, TN |
Haldar
(1991); Dean et al. (2007) |
|
A. (Paraspidosiphon)
tenuis Sluiter, 1886 |
Not
documented |
World:
South Pacific Ocean, South China Sea India: AN |
Haldar
(1991); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Cloeosiphon
aspergillus (Quatrefages, 1865) |
Isle of
France |
World:
Madagascar, Indian Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, South China Sea, Taiwan India: AN,
Daman& Diu, GJ, KL, LK, TN |
Haldar
(1991); Hsueh & Kuo (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
$ Lithacrosiphon
cristatus lakshadweepensis Haldar, 1991 |
Minicoy,
Lakshadweep (India), Arabian Sea |
India: GJ,
LK |
Haldar
(1991) |
|
Family
Golfinglldae |
|
|
|
|
Nephasoma (Nephasoma)
filiforme (Sluiter, 1902) |
Banda Sea,
Pacific Ocean |
India:
South Pacific Ocean |
Haldar (1991) |
|
N. (Nephasoma)
pellucidum (Keferstein, 1865) |
St. Thomas,
Antilles (West Indies), Caribbean Sea |
World: Gulf
of Mexico, New Zealand, North Atlantic Ocean India: OD,
TN |
Haldar
(1991) |
|
Nephasoma
(Cutlerensis) rutilofuscum (Fischer,
1916) |
Off Somalia
coast, Indian Ocean |
World:
Indian Ocean India: off
GJ |
Haldar
(1991) |
|
Phascolion
(Montuga) pacificum
denticulatum Saiz, Bustamante, Tajadura, Vijapure & Sukumaran, 2015 |
Ratnagiri
(India), Arabian Sea |
India: MH |
Saiz et al.
(2015) |
|
Family
Phascolosomatidae |
|
|
|
|
Antillesoma antillarum
(Grube & Oersted, 1858) |
West
Indies, Carribean Sea |
World: Gulf
of Mexico, North Atlantic Ocean India: AN,
GJ, LK, WB |
Haldar
(1991) |
|
Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma)
agassizii Keferstein, 1866 |
Not
documented |
World: New
Zealand, North Pacific Ocean, South China Sea, Taiwan India: AN,
GJ, Daman& Diu, LK |
Haldar
(1991); Hsueh & Kuo (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P.
(Phascolosoma) albolineatum (Baird,
1868) |
Philippine
Islands |
World:
Indo-West Pacific, South Pacific Ocean, South China Sea India: AN,
GJ, LK |
Haldar
(1991); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
* P.
(Phascolosoma) arcuatum (Gray, 1828) |
India |
World:
Indo-West Pacific, South China Sea, Taiwan India: AN,
WB |
Haldar
(1991); Hsueh & Kuo (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P.
(Phascolosoma) granulatum Leuckart, 1828 |
Cette
(France) |
World:
Ireland, Mauritius, Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea,
Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Zanzibar India: AN,
TN |
Haldar
(1991) |
|
P. (Phascolosoma)
agassizii agassizii Keferstein, 1866 |
Mendocino
(California), Pacific Ocean |
World: New
Zealand, Turkey, South China Sea, Taiwan India: AN,
Daman & Diu, GJ, LK |
Haldar
(1991); Hsueh & Kuo (2009); Çinar (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P. (Phascolosoma)
nigrescens (Keferstein, 1865) |
Fiji |
World:
Costa Rica, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, Red Sea, Indian, Atlantic and Pacific
Ocean India: AN,
GJ, LK, TN |
Haldar
(1991); Dean (2001) |
|
P. (Phascolosoma)
pacificum Keferstein, 1866 |
Kingsmill
Islands (Gilbert- and Tarawa Island) |
World: Red
Sea, Indian and Pacific Ocean, South China Sea, Taiwan India: AN,
BoB, GJ, LK |
Haldar
(1991); Hsueh & Kuo (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# P. (Phascolosoma)
perlucens Baird, 1868 |
Jamaica,
Carribean Sea |
World:
Costa Rica, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, Caribbean, Western Pacific, Eastern
Atlantic and Indian Oceans, off Panama, South China Sea India: AN,
AP, Daman & Diu, KL, LK, TN |
According
to (Kawauchi & Giribet 2010) “circumtropical cosmopolitan species Phascolosoma
perlucens is probably a complex of
species resulting from the mixture of over conservative taxonomy and cryptic
speciation” Haldar
(1991); Dean (2001); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P. (Phascolosoma)
scolops (Selenka & de Man, 1883) |
Philippines
|
World:
Adriatic Sea, Madagascar, New Zealand, Red Sea, Atlantic, Indian and Pacific
Ocean, South China Sea, Taiwan India: AN,
Daman &Diu, GJ, LK, MH, TN |
Haldar
(1991); Hsueh & Kuo (2009); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
P. (Phascolosoma)
stephensoni (Stephen, 1942) |
Isipingo
Beach, Durban |
World:
Mediterranean Sea, Mozambique, North Atlantic Ocean, South Africa, South
Pacific Ocean, South China Sea, Spain, Turkey India: KL,
LK |
Haldar
(1991); Çinar (2014); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Apionsoma
(Apionsoma) trichocephalus Sluiter,
1902 |
Off Java
(Indonesia) |
World:
Australia, Costa Rica, Gulf of Mexico, Indo-Pacific, Indian Ocean, Japan, New
Zealand, Southeastern USA, South Africa, South China Sea India: GJ,
LK, MH |
Haldar
(1991); Dean (2001); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# A.
(Apionsoma) misakianum (Ikeda, 1904) |
Misaki
(Japan) |
World:
Aegean Sea, Bahamas, Caribbean, Greece, Gulf of Mexico to Brazil,
Indo-Pacific, Turkey World: GJ,
LK |
Genetic
differences observed (Staton & Rice 1999). Haldar
(1991); Dean et al. (2007); Çinar (2014) |
|
Family
Sipunculidae |
|
|
|
|
Siphonosoma
australe australe (Keferstein, 1865) |
Sydney
(Australia) |
World: New
Zealand, Madagascar, South Africa, South China Sea Indian and Pacific Ocean India: AN,
AP, TN, WB |
Haldar
(1991); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
S.
cumanense (Keferstein, 1867) |
Cumana
(Venezuela) |
World:
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Madagascar, tropical and subtropical Atlantic
and Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, South China Sea India: AN,
Daman & Diu, GJ, LK, TN |
Haldar
(1991); Dean et al. (2007); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
S.
rotumanum (Shipley, 1898) |
Rotuma
(Fijii) |
World:
Atlantic Ocean, South Pacific Ocean India: AP |
Haldar (1991) |
|
S.
vastum (Selenka & Bulow, 1883) |
Jaluit
(Marshall Island), Pacific Ocean |
World:
Costa Rica, Indian and Pacific Ocean, South China Sea India: AN,
LK |
Haldar
(1991); Dean (2001); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Sipunculus
(Austrosipbon) indicus Peters, 1850 |
Mozambique,
India Ocean |
World:
Madagascar, South Pacific Ocean India: AN,
LK |
Haldar
(1991) |
|
# S.
(Sipunculus) norvegicus Danielssen,
1869 |
Hardanger
Fjord (Norway) |
World:
Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Spain, South China
Sea India: BoB,
Lakshadweep Sea |
Haldar
(1991); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
# Sipunculus
(Sipunculus) nudus
Linnaeus, 1766 |
“European
Waters” |
World:
Atlantic, Indian and, Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, South
China Sea India: AN,
AS, LK, TN, WB |
S.
nudus species complex and morphological and
molecular studies does not support the cosmopolitan distribution (Kawauchi
& Giribet 2013). Haldar
(1991); Dean et al. (2007); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
S. (Sipunculus)
robustus Keferstein, 1865 |
Uwea,
Wallis Island, Pacific Ocean |
World:
Atlantic Ocean, Caribean, Indo-west Pacific, Madagascar, Red Sea, South
Pacific Ocean, South China Sea India: AN,
GJ, TN |
Haldar
(1991); Dean et al. (2007); Glasby et al. (2016) |
|
Sipunculus
(Sipunculus) phalloides
inclusus Sluiter, 1902 |
Pajunga and
Kur, Pacific Ocean |
World:
Indonesia, Japan India: AN |
Haldar
(1977); Cutler & Cutler (1985) |
|
Family
Themistidae |
|
|
|
|
# Themiste
(Themiste) hennahi Gray,
1828 |
Peru,
Pacific Ocean |
World:
California, Baja California, Chile India: AN |
Haldar
(1991) |
|
T. (Lagenopsis)
lageniformis (Baird, 1868) |
Australia? |
World:
Argentina, Australia, Cape Province, Gulf of Guinea, Gulf of Mexico,
Madagascar, Mombasa, New Zealand, Red Sea, South-east coast of South Africa,
Singapore, South Pacific Ocean, South China Sea, Tristan da Cunha India: AN,
GJ, KL, LK, MH, TN |
Haldar
(1991); Glasby et al. (2016) |
Table 2. Taxonomic
richness and status of marine annelids, India.
|
Clades |
Family |
Genera |
Species |
Type Locality |
Endemic |
Questionable |
Misidentification |
|
Errantia |
31 |
151 |
354 |
19 |
59 |
64 |
3 |
|
Sedentaria |
31 |
155 |
301 |
41 |
26 |
97 |
7 |
|
Sipuncula |
5 |
11 |
36 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
- |
|
Amphinomida |
2 |
10 |
20 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
- |
|
Chaetopteridae |
1 |
4 |
7 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
|
Magelonidae |
1 |
1 |
7 |
- |
- |
4 |
- |
|
Oweniidae |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
|
Total |
72 |
334 |
727 |
64 |
88 |
173 |
10 |
For
figures and images - - click here
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