Butterfly
diversity in tropical moist deciduous sal forests of Ankua Reserve Forest,
Koina Range, Saranda Division, West Singhbhum District, Jharkhand, India
Arun P. Singh
Entomology
Division, P.O. New Forest, Forest Research Institute (ICFRE),
Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248006, India
Email:ranoteaps@gmail.com
Date of publication (online): 26 August
2010
Date of publication (print): 26 August
2010
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893
(print)
Editor:Peter Smetacek
Manuscript details:
Ms # o2274
Received 30 July 2009
Final received 11 March 2010
Finally accepted 23 July 2010
Citation:Singh, A.P. (2010). Butterfly diversity in tropical moist deciduous sal forests
of Ankua Reserve Forest, Koina Range, Saranda Division, West Singhbhum
District, Jharkhand, India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 2(9): 1130-1139.
Copyright: ©
Arun P. Singh 2010. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Author Details: Arun P. Singh works on the conservation
of biodiversity of the Himalaya with special reference to butterflies and birds
since past 18 years. His research work include ecology, taxonomy, environmental
impact assessment (EIA) studies, along with teaching (Entomology and Wildlife
Management) at Forest Research Institute University and Wildlife Institute of India at
Dehradun. Presently, he heads the Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation
Division, Rain Forest Research Institute (ICFRE), Jorhat, Assam.
Acknowledgements: This
study was part of an EIA project of Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE). The author is thankful to DG
(ICFRE), DDG (Extension, ICFRE) & ADG and Sudhir Kumar, project manager
(EIA Division, ICFRE), and Director, FRI, for providing the necessary
facilities to carry out this study.
Abstract:Butterflies were sampled during February
and September 2008 using pollard walk method to assess the species diversity in
the tropical moist deciduous sal forest habitats of Ankua Reserve Forest, Koina
Range, Saranda Division, West Singhbhum District, Jharkhand. This area, a total of 999.9ha, is being
proposed for lease under an iron ore mining project. This short-term study revealed high beta diversity of
butterflies in these forest tracts, with 71 species recorded. Of these, two species, Leopard LacewingCethosia cyane (Drury,
1773) and Restricted Demon Notocryptacurvifascia (C. & R. Felder, 1862), are new records
for Jharkhand state while three other species recorded are listed in the Indian
Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. This study provides support for long-term conservation of these
fragmented sal forest tracts to ensure biodiversity protection.
Keywords: Beta
diversity, Central India, evenness, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972,
similarity index, species diversity, threatened species.
For figures, images & tables – click here
Introduction
The
Sal Shorearobusta forests of the Saranda Forest Division are rich in
high and medium grade hematite deposits and many mines are operational in the
area for extraction of iron ore. Recently, some new lease areas for iron ore extraction/mining inside sal
forest tracts have been proposed and marked for private companies. As such these forest tracts are now
threatened with mining and so is their biodiversity. A study was carried out in the sal forests of Ankua Reserve
Forest in order to assess the status of fauna. The aim of the present study was to evaluate species
diversity of butterflies and to identify species of conservation priority, if
any, as there is no previous record of butterflies from West Singhbhum
District, Jharkhand. In addition,
understanding the biodiversity profile of the area can provide data for better
mining practices, mitigation plans, and suggesting biodiversity offsets for the
conservation of threatened biodiversity (ten Kate et al. 2004).
There
are no previous records on butterflies in Saranda Division, West Singhbhum
District, Jharkhand (Sinha1962; DFE 2009). Previous
butterfly records from Jharkhand State pertain only to Hazaribagh and Ranchi
districts (Morrison-Godfrey 1950) where 121 species (134 sub-species) were
recorded. These records also
included some areas of Manbhum District (a district in the erstwhile British
‘East India’, now known as ‘Purulia District’ in West Bengal). Recently, a checklist of 39 species was
published for Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Jamshedpur District (Verma 2009). Also, a checklist of 174 species
of butterflies is available from the adjoining states of Madhya Pradesh
and Chattisgarh (Chandra et al. 2007).
Mining
activity can be a potential threat to biodiversity in this area. Several studies have suggested that
butterflies are key taxa for biodiversity monitoring because they reflected
changes in land use patterns (Kunte 1997, 2000; Kunte et al. 1999; Kocker &
Williams 2000; Padhye et al. 2006). Butterflies are widely recognized as potentially valuable ecological
indicators (Erhardt 1855; Brown 1991; Kremen 1992) as they are sensitive to and
directly affected by any alteration to their habitats, atmosphere, local
weather and climate (Watt et al. 1968; Heath1981; Rosenberg et al. 1986; Dennis
1993). They are highly sensitive
to changes in temperature, humidity, and light levels that are typically
affected by habitat disturbance (Ehrlich et al. 1972; Blau 1980; Spitzer 1997;
Brunzel & Elligsen 1999; Balmer & Erhardt 2000). In addition, butterfly diversity may
serve as a surrogate for plant diversity because butterflies are directly
dependant on plants, often in highly co-evolved situations (Ehrlich & Raven
1964).
Study area
Ankua-Hatnaburuarea (Image 1) of West Singhbhum District, Jharkhand is located about 20km to
the south of Manoharpur Town. It
is about 60km north-east from the district headquarters, Chaibasa, and lies
between 22013’44.34”-22017’20.50”N & 85014’35.08”-
85017’16.66”E. The
highest altitude in the area is 677m and the lowest is 320m. Phyllites form the dominant rock types
of the area. The soil colour
varies from grey, greenish-grey, brown to reddish-brown. The Koina and the Karo rivers flow
northward and, along with a series of NW-SE flowing tributaries, form the
region’s drainage system, finally joining the Mahanadi River. The area has a humid tropical
climate. In summer temperature
varies between 40-46 0C while winter temperatures get as cold as 40C.
The area receives maximum rainfall during the South West Monsoon (July -
September), which ranges between 1500 and 1700 mm.
Based
on Champion and Seth’s classification (Champion & Seth 1968; Department of
Forest and Environment 2009), the forests of the Saranda Division of West
Singhbhum District of Jharkhand have been categorized into five broad types,
namely, northern dry mixed deciduous forests 5B/C2, dry peninsular
sal forests-5B/C1e, moist peninsular sal forest 3C/C2e,
moist mixed deciduous forests 3C/C3a, northern tropical wet
evergreen or semi-evergreen forests iB/2B. The forests of Saranda Division are main tropophilous type
(neither damp nor very dry) dominated by sal as the climatic climax. These forests are known as the home of
sal due to prevalence of optimal climatic conditions for better germination,
establishment, and development. Important tree species associated with sal in these forests are Anogeissus latifolia,
Bauhinia semla, B. vahlii, Bombax ceiba, Careya arborea, Casearia elliptica, C.
graveolens, Cassia fistula, Catunaregam spinosa, Dalbergia latifolia, Diospyros
exculpta, D. melanoxylon, D, montana, Ehretia laevis, Garuga pinnata, Grewia
tiliaefolia, Haldina cordifolia, Hymenodictyon orixense, Kydia calycina,
Macaranga peltata, Miliusa velutina, Mitragyna parvifolia, Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis, Pterocarpus marsupium, Schleichera oleosa, Spondias pinnata,
Symplocos cochinchinensis, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia alata, T. bellirica,
Trichilia connaroides and Ziziphus rugosa.
Methods
Sampling
Four
sites were selected in the proposed iron ore mine lease forest area (999.9ha),
between coordinates 22015’22”-22017’07”N & 85014’35”-85o17’00”E
lying between 626-677 m, namely:
-
Site-I (near Sukri-Dhobil Junction /Chiria bypass)- Dense, high and mixed moist
deciduous sal forest, under growth dense, no visible signs of grazing/ browsing
by cattle.
-
Site-II (near Sukri mines) – Mixed sal forest with small openings and
grassy patches, undergrowth thin due to grazing by cattle in some patches.
-
Site-III (near Hathnaburu/Dhobil mines) –Sal forest edge close to
operational Dobil mines with small-sized trees and openings with thin
undergrowth due to grazing
-
Site-IV (near Sukri-Dhobil road)- Dense, high and mixed sal forest but
undergrowth thin due to grazing in some patches.
A
two-day reconnaissance survey was carried out during February 2008 to identify
the study sites. A random
sampling was then conducted as a comprehensive survey was not possible due
to time limitations, and restricted movement due to Naxalite insurgent activity
in the study area. However, during
September 2008, a four-day site specific sampling survey was possible in each
of the four sites, but then heavy rains and major landslides restricted the
movement through forest roads, reducing the number of working hours in the
field.
During
the September 2008 survey, a linear transect of 1km each was chosen at each
site for sampling. Each transect
was trekked for 1.5h to sample butterflies using the standard ‘Pollard Walk’
methodology. All the species
encountered and their relative abundance were recorded daily while trekking
along the foot trails. Voucher
specimens were collected of some of the species that could not be identified in
the field and some species were photographed. Specimens of some species were caught for identification and
later released. Temperature during the September sampling period (23-26
September 2008; between 1000 and 1300 hr) varied between 25 and 28 0C
and relative humidity between 85
and 90%.
Statistical Analysis
A. Shannon index - H’: Species
diversity was calculated using the Shannon Index, which combines the number of
species within a site with the relative abundance of each species (Shannon
1948; Magurran 1988, Odum 1997; Krebs 1989).
H’ =
- Σ pi ln pi
Here,
pi is the proportion of the ith species in the total sample. The number of
species (species richness) in the community and their evenness in abundance (or
equitability) are the two parameters that define H’.
B. Pielou’s Evenness index
(Equitability) or J’:The species evenness is the relative abundance or proportion of individuals
among the species. Evenness of
species reveals how their relative abundance is distributed in a particular
sample or site (Pielou 1969; Magurran 1988).
J’
=H’/ ln S
Here,
S is the number of species present in the site. The value of J’ ranges from 0
to 1. The less variation in communities
between the species, the higher the value of J’.
C. Sørensen’s Similarity Index:
ß =
2c / (S1 + S2)
where,
S1= the total number of species recorded in the first community, S2=
the total number of species recorded in the second community, and c = the
number of species common to both communities. The Sørensen’s index (Sørensen 1948) is a very
simple measure of beta diversity, ranging from a value of 0 where there is no
species overlap between the communities, to a value of 1 when exactly the same
species are found in both communities.
Identification
of butterflies was done using the following literature: Evans (1932), Talbot
(1939, 1947), Wynter-Blyth (1957), D’Abrera (1982, 1985, 1986), Haribal (1992)
and Kunte (2000). The classification of butterflies followed here is based on
Ackery (1984).
Results
The
study revealed the presence of 71 species of butterflies belonging to five
families and 56 genera from all four sites during both sampling surveys
(Appendix 1). An additional
species, Gram Blue, Euchrysopscnejus was recorded in Ankua Reserve Forest but outside
the study area. The total number
of species recorded was lower during February (38) as compared to September
(56). The most common species
sampled during the study was the Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe (Image
2) which constituted 42.4% followed by Large Oak Blue Arhopala amantes (10.8%)
(Image 3), Common Sailer Neptishylas (3.8%) (Image 4), Chocolate Pansy Precis iphita (3.6%),
Grey Count Tanaecialepidea (2.6%) (Image 5), Common Emigrant Catopsilia crocale (2.2%),
Blue Mormon Papiliopolymnestor (2.2%) (Image 6), and Common Mormon Papilio polytes (2.2%) of the total butterfly abundance in the
study area (Appendix 1). The
remaining 63 species had less than 2% abundance, individually, of the total
abundance in the study area. Some
species showed preference for particular sites. These were the Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor and Colour
Sergeant Athyma nefte (Image
7), which occurred only in sal forest site I with dense undergrowth and canopy,
while Staff Sergeant Athymaselenophora (Image 8), Baronet Symphaedra nais (Image
9), Chestnut Rajah Charaxes sp.; Gaudy Baron Euthalia lubentina, and Grey
Count Tanaecia lepidea preferred
site III located at the sal forest edge.
The
record of two species, the Leopard Lacewing Cethosia cyane (Drury, 1773)
and the Restricted Demon Notocryptacurvifascia (C. & R. Felder, 1862) in Ankua Forest
Division, West Singhbhum District, are new for Jharkhand State and also for the
region as they have not been mentioned in regional checklists (Morrison-Godfrey
1950; Chandra et al. 2007; Verma 2009).
Species Accumulation Curve
During
the September 2008 sampling survey the species accumulation curve (Fig. 1) for
the four sites sampled individually,over four successive days, increased from
first to the fourth sampling though the number of new species added slowly
decreased towards the end. However, addition of new species during each sampling in different sites
suggested high beta diversity in the area and there was still scope for new
species to be added after the last sampling.
Species Diversity and Evenness of sites
Species
richness i.e. the total number of species encountered, diversity index, and
evenness index did not vary much amongst the sites 1, 2 and 4 (Fig. 2). However, Site III had the highest value
for all three of these parameters. The high value of the Shannon diversity index was mainly attributed to
‘edge effect’, as this forest site with an intermediate level of disturbance
was located between a dense mixed sal forest and an already active open cast
mining site.
Similarity of sites for butterfly species
Sørensen’sSimilarity index of all the four sites for butterfly species composition during
September 2008 had values below 0.3830 (Table 1). The low value of this index is an indicator of high
beta diversity in this forest area which suggests that all four sites hold a
unique diversity of butterflies.
The
Sørensen’s similarity index between the two seasons (February and September)
studied was 0.5053 which suggests seasonal change in species
composition/diversity of butterflies in the study area.
Discussion
The
present study was the first time that butterflies were evaluated in the sal
forests of Saranda Divison, West Singhbhum District, Jharkhand. Results indicate high beta diversity of
butterflies in these sal forest habitats. Seventy-one species of butterflies
were sampled in the study area, however these consist of mostly ‘common’ and ‘generalist’
species, as none of the species is threatened globally per the IUCN Red List
2008 and none is of ‘rare’ occurrence in India but are widely distributed
(Wynter-Blyth 1957). Three species
- Indigo Flash Rapalavaruna, Gaudy Baron Euthalialubentina, Pea Blue Lampidesboeticus, sampled are protected by law as they are listed in
the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 under Schedule II, part II (Anonymous
2006). A specimen of Charaxes was also
observed but it was not possible to either photograph it or capture it. Therefore, it is not possible to state
with certainty whether it was Charaxes psaphon or Charaxes bernardus. Further surveys are required to clarify
this point, which is of relevance, since the north-west Himalayan subspecies ofCharaxes bernardus is listed
in Schedule II, Part II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.
Apart
from butterflies, other threatened wildlife recorded in the study area during
the present survey were, Asiatic Elephant Elephas maximus (Endangered;
Choudhury et al. 2008); Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus (Vulnerable;
Garshelis et al. 2008) and Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica (Least
Concern; Rajamani et al. 2009 ). Races of two species of birds, Green-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus tristis
tristis, and Pin-striped Tit Babbler Macronous gularis rubicapilla recorded
here are isolated populations lying at the southern most edge of their
distribution range in central-west India. Prominent amongst the reptiles was the Indian Chameleon Chamaeleo zeylanicus which is listed in
Schedule II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.
The
presence of all these species indicates that these forest tracts are rich and
unique habitats that hold animal diversity that is typical of ‘undisturbed
tropical moist deciduous sal forests’. Open cast mining activity including the laying of roads, construction of
several civil structures, diversion of water courses, movement of heavy
vehicles, labour, firewood collection, etc. would cause disturbance in these
habitats (Image 14). These
activities can result in habitat fragmentation, population loss and cause local
extinctions that would seriously affect the distribution of
forest butterflies and other wildlife in the area. Based on the results of this study it
is recommended that long-term conservation of these fragmenting sal forest
habitats in Saranda Forest Divison is to ensure the biodiversity which can be
achieved through ‘good mining practices’ and/or creating ‘biodiversity
offsets’.
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