Puntius rohani (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), a new species of barb in the Puntius filamentosus group from the southern Western Ghats of India

K. Rema Devi ¹, T.J. Indra ² & J.D. Marcus Knight³

^{1, 2} Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, 100, Santhome High Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600028, India

³Flat ‘L’, Sri Balaji Apartments, 7^th Main Road, Dhandeeswaram, Velachery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600042, India

Email:¹ remadevi_zsi@yahoo.com; ³ jdmarcusknight@yahoo.co.in

Date of publication (online): 26 August 2010

Date of publication (print): 26 August 2010

ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)

Editor:Annonymity requested

Manuscript details:

Ms # o2505

Received 07 July 2010

Final received 30 July 2010

Finally accepted 02 August 2010

Citation: Devi, K.R., T.J. Indra & J.D.M. Knight(2010). Puntius rohani (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), a new species of barb in the Puntius filamentosus group from the southern Western Ghats of India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 2(9): 1121-1129.

Copyright: ©K. Rema Devi, T.J. Indra & J.D. Marcus Knight 2010. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

Author Details: K. Rema Devi is a senior scientist in the Southern Regional Centre of the Zoological Survey of India and an ichthyologist who has published over hundred papers including descriptions of several new species.

T.J. Indrais a senior scientist in the Southern Regional Centre of the Zoological Survey of India and an ichthyologist and also a specialist on scorpions. She has published several papers including descriptions of new species.

J.D. Marcus Knightis a naturalist based in Chennai. Amongst others, his interest is in exploring the freshwater habitats and is currently documenting the diversity of freshwater fish in and around Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

Author Contributions: KRD carried out the morphometric study of the new species. TJI was the first to report this species in the year 1992 and has provided specimens for the present study. JDMK also provided specimens for study. He has studied the Puntius filamentosus of Tamil Nadu, specially the ones around Chennai for the past two years. All observations regarding Puntius filamentosus maintained in aquariums and all photographs except those acknowledged for were provided by him.

Acknowledgements: We wish to thank the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata and the Officer-In-Charge, Southern Regional Centre for the facilities provided. We also wish to thank S. Prabakaran, J.C. Dhas and R.J. Ranjit Daniels for the fish collections. We also thank A.B. Thiruvengadam and K. Muthukumar for helping us acquire samples from Vaigai Dam and Tamiraparani River. Our thanks are due to Beta Mahatvaraj for providing us with the photograph of Puntius exclamatio, to G. Sankar for the photograph of the holotype and D. Senthil for the GPS data. Finally, we thank the reviewers for their excellent review and meticulous correction of the manuscript.

Abstract: Puntius rohani, a new species of cyprinid fish, is described from the Kanyakumari District, southern India. This species can be distinguished from the other members of the Puntius filamentosus Group by the combination of the following characters: the absence of vertical black bands near the tips of the caudal fin; the presence of an elongate black club-shaped blotch 1.5 scales high extending from the 12-13^th lateral-line scales to the caudal-fin base; and possessing 2-3+6-9 gill rakers on the first gill arch, 21-23 lateral-line scales, seven predorsal scales, ½4+1+3-3½ scales in transverse line from the dorsal-fin origin to the mid-ventral scale row, and 2-2½ scales between the lateral line and the pelvic-fin origin.

Keywords: Fish, new species, Puntius filamentosus group, Western Ghats.

For figure, images & tables – click here

Introduction

The cyprinid fishes of the Puntius filamentosusgroup presently comprise seven species, five of which are endemic to India: Puntius arulius (Jerdon),P. assimilis (Jerdon),P. exclamatio Pethiyagoda & Kottelat, P. filamentosus (Valenciennes) and P. tambraparniei (Silas), and two to Sri Lanka: P. singhala (Duncker) and P. srilankensis (Senanayake). These barbs are characterized by adult males developing filamentous extensions to the dorsal-fin branched rays and a juvenile colour pattern consisting of three black bars on the side of the body (Pethiyagoda & Kottelat 2005a). This group of fishes was last reviewed by Pethiyagoda & Kottelat (2005a), who in addition to describing a new species from southern India, revalidated several nominal species until then buried in the synonymy. These authors also drew attention to a fish illustrated as a “colour variety” of Puntius filamentosusfrom Periyakulam reservoir, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu by Indra (1992), and suggested that it could represent an undescribed species. Recent surveys of Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary resulted in fresh collections of this fish, which is described here as Puntius rohani, a new species.

Materials and methods

The material for the present study is based mostly on recent collections from the Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary (KWS) during 2008-09 by scientists of the Southern Regional Centre of the Zoological Survey of India, and specimens from earlier surveys in the collections of the Centre. The collection sites are shown in Fig. 1. The specimens are registered in the reserve collections of the Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Chennai (ZSI/SRS) and Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghats Regional Centre, Kozhikode (ZSI / WGRC). Measurements were made with dial calipers to the nearest 0.1mm (except for the largest measurements, viz. total length (TL) and standard length (SL), which were measured with a ruler to the nearest 1mm). Quantification of characters follows Pethiyagoda & Kottelat (2005a) except for length of maxilla, which is measured from the tip of the upper jaw to the posterior margin of the maxilla. Subunits of the head are expressed in proportions of both head length (HL) and standard length (SL). Numbers in parenthesis after a count denote the frequency of that count. The 4^th lateral row scale from behind opercle, above the 4^th lateral-line pored scale and 7^thlateral-line pored scale, was removed and compared with the corresponding scales of similar-sized P. filamentosus from Chembarampakkam Lake. Photographs of scales were taken with an Olympus SP570 UZ digital camera using super-macro mode.

Puntius rohani sp. nov.

(Images 1, 2, 3A)

Holotype

27.iii.2009, 69.0mm SL, Kodayar River drainage, near Mayilar, KWS, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India, 8.5052⁰N & 77.3015⁰E, 110m, coll. S. Prabakaran, ZSI/SRS F.8336.

Paratypes

26.iii.2009, 1 ex., 72.0mm SL, same locality as holotype, ZSI/SRS F.8328; 21.iii.2008, 1 ex., 86.0mm SL, Lower Kodayar River drainage, near Kallar, KWS, 8.5282⁰N & 77.3119⁰E, 360m, ZSI/SRS F. 8344; 27.iii.2009, 1 ex., 80.0mm SL, Kodayar River drainage, near Vellachithodu, 8.5206⁰N & 77.3113⁰E, 330m, ZSI/SRS F.8345; 18.iii.2008, 1 ex., 63.0mm SL, Paralayar River drainage, near Kalikesam, 8.4111⁰N & 77.3913⁰E, 110m, all coll. S. Prabakaran, ZSI/SRS F.8362; 16.iv.1992, 1 ex., 84.0mm SL, Pamburivaikal River drainage near Manavalakurichi, 8.1695⁰N & 77.3141⁰E, 10m, ZSI/SRS F.8365; 20.ix.1989, 5 ex., 65.0-85.0 mm SL, Palkulam, Paralayar River drainage, coll. J.C. Dhas, ZSI/SRS F. 8366; 18.ii.2003, 4 ex., 63.0-95.0 mm SL, Keeriparai 8.3958⁰N & 77.4097⁰E, 140m, / Kalikesam, 8.40873⁰N & 77.39226⁰E, 100m, Paralayar drainage, coll. R.J. Ranjit Daniels & J.D. Marcus Knight, ZSI/SRS F.7340.

Additional material

20.ix.1989, 19 ex., 54.0-85.0 mm SL, Palkulam, Paralayar River drainage, coll. J.C. Dhas, ZSI/SRS F. 2831.

Diagnosis

Adults of Puntius rohani are distinguished from all members of the Puntius filamentosus Group sensu Pethiyagoda & Kottelat (2005a) by their unique colour pattern of a black club-shaped blotch 1.5 scales high extending from the 12-13^th lateral-line scales to the caudal-fin base, the absence of any other body colour pattern anterior to it (vs. presence in P. arulius (Image 3K), P. tambraparniei (Images 3F,G), P. srilankensis andP. exclamatio (Image 3H)), and the absence of a transverse black band near the tip of each caudal-fin lobe (vs. presence in P. assimilis (Image 4J) and P. filamentosus(Image 3E)).

Description

Morphometric data of holotype and 14 paratypes are provided in Table 1. General body shape and appearance as in Images 1 and 3A. Body elongate, laterally compressed; dorsal contour ascending, with a low indentation at nape, slightly convex anterior to dorsal-fin origin, tapering gradually ventrad posterior to dorsal-fin inserion; ventral profile equally convex anterior to pelvic-fin origin, curving gently up to anal-fin origin, thence sloping dorsad towards caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle deep, its depth a little less than its length, concave in both dorsal and ventral profiles.

Head length 27.9-31.4 % SL; eyes large, their diameter 25.7-32.1 % HL, positioned nearer to snout than to opercular margin; interorbital wide, a little less than eye diameter; snout length almost equal to eye diameter; males with well-developed tubercles on snout (Image 2). Mouth small, subterminal; lips thick, maxilla extending almost to anterior border of eye. A pair of maxillary barbels present, 8.2-16 % HL. Dorsal fin inserted nearer to tip of snout than to caudal-fin base, with three simple and 8½ branched rays (some branched rays extending as filaments in adults), its distal margin slightly concave. Anal fin with three simple and 5½ branched rays. Pelvic fin with one simple and eight branched rays, its origin slightly posterior to dorsal-fin origin. Pectoral fin with one simple and 13(5) or 14(10) branched rays. Pectoral and pelvic fins short, not reaching pelvic and anal-fin origins, respectively. Caudal fin with 1+9+8+1 principal rays, deeply forked, with pointed lobes. Lateral line complete, with 21(6), 22(8) or 23(1) scales on body including one scale on the caudal-fin base. Transverse scales from dorsal-fin origin to mid-ventral scale row ½4+1+3(13)-3½(2), scales between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 2(13)-2½(2). An axillary pelvic scale present. Eighteen circumferential scales (counted as the number of scales around the greatest depth of body beginning from the first scale anterior to dorsal-fin origin), 11(14) or 12(1) circumpeduncular scales. 2(9)-3(6)+6(1), 7(8), 8(5) or 9(1) gill rakers on first gill arch.

Colouration:In life, adult specimens greenish above, cream-white underside. Dorsal fin dusky, with traces of red. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline. Anal fin bordered with a bright red margin. Caudal fin bright red, lacking markings except for darker colour of principal rays. A dark bluish to black club-shaped marking present on tail, continuing on to principal rays of caudal fin. Formalin-fixed and alcohol-preserved specimens brownish above with a pale yellowish underside. Dorsal fin with branched rays more pigmented than other rays. All other fins creamish. Preserved juveniles express characteristic colouration of P. filamentosus group: pale yellow with three black bars on body (Image 3B).

Etymology

The species is named after Rohan Pethiyagoda, in appreciation of his extensive work on the freshwater fishes of India and Sri Lanka. The species name is formed as a noun in the masculine genitive singular.

Distribution

Puntius rohani sp. nov. is at present known only from the hill streams of Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India, draining into the Arabian Sea (Fig. 1).

Discussion

Fishes of the genus Puntius (Hamilton, 1822), commonly called barbs, are prolific and known to occupy a broad variety of freshwater niches in tropical Asia (Jayaram 1999). Despite a revision of the genus by Jayaram (1991), several taxonomic problems persisted in the P. filamentosus Group until the work of Pethiyagoda & Kottelat (2005a,b). One such was the identity of P. mahecola, long misidentified or considered a junior synonym of P. filamentosus. This resulted in some authors confusing the two species (e.g., Jayaram 1991; Menon 1991; Talwar & Jhingran 1991). Raj (1916) sought to differentiate the two species by the presence or absence of barbels, and a few other authors too, tried unsuccessfully to resolve this confusion (e.g., Selvaraj & Abraham 1987), but none referred to the type specimens of the two species and freshly-collected topotypes until Pethiyagoda & Kottelat (2005b), who showed P. mahecola to be distinct from P. filamentosus, and indeed not even closely related. Members of the P. filamentosus Group have a characteristic juvenile coloration of three black bars on the body, with adult males having filamentous extensions of their branched dorsal-fin rays.

Until now, the P. filamentosus Group has included seven species, two of which (P. singhala and P. srilankensis) are endemic to Sri Lanka. We have not in the present study examined Sri Lankan material but have relied on data provided in Pethiyagoda & Kottelat (2005a). The 4^th lateral row scale above the 4^thlateral-line scale and 7^th lateral-line scale of P. rohani sp. nov. was compared with those of P. filamentosus collected from Chembarampakkam Lake (Image 4) and found to be very different. The scales of P. rohani sp. nov. (3 ex.) have longer and fewer radii meeting at the focus, which is not reticulate, while the scales of P. filamentosus (5 ex.) from Chembarampakkam had numerous short radii meeting at a largely reticulated focus.

Indra (1992) published a colour photograph of a barb which she identified as a colour variation of P. filamentosus from the Periyakulam Reservoir in Kanyakumari. The same species also featured in the work of Johnson et al. (2007), which compared the genetic variation in different populations of P. filamentosus from southern India using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. This study showed that the population of P. filamentosus in Alancholai, Kanyakumari District, possessed a distinct genetic identity and did not cluster with the other populations studied. The present work shows that the species from Alancholai identified as P. filamentosus by Johnson et al. (2007) is in fact a distinct (new) species and not an instance of intraspecific polychromaticism of P. filamentosusas it has a shorter interorbital width and a longer maxillary barbel length when compared to P. filamentosus. This species is now described asP. rohani sp. nov. It has a single pair of well developed maxillary barbels of length 2.5-4.6 % SL (vs. 0.8-2.2 % SL in P. filamentosus, 0.0-1.3 % SL in P. singhala, and 7.0-10.2 % SL in P. assimilis). It is also distinguished by having the mouth subterminal (vs. inferior in P. srilankensis and P. assimilis) and a greater postorbital head length of 11.2-15.2 % SL (vs. 8.2-10.4 % SL in P. assimilis), a shorter caudal-peduncle length of 14.5-17.8 % SL (vs. 17.9-19.9 % SL in P. singhala and 18.5-21.4 % SL in P. srilankensis but longer than P. arulius, which is 13.1-14.3 % SL). It further differs from P. srilankensisby its longer head of 27.9-31.4 % SL (vs. 24.8-26.7 % SL), and greater body depth of 32.2-39.1 % SL (vs. 28-31.9 % SL). Puntius rohani sp. nov. also has a narrower interorbital width of 9.0-11.1% SL (vs. 11.2-12.2 % SL in P. filamentosus). It further differs in meristic characters such as lateral line scale count of 21-23 + 1 (vs. 18-20 + 1-3 in P. filamentosus and 19-20 in P. assimilis), and pectoral fin with 1 simple and 13-14 branched rays (vs. 15 in P. arulius, P. tambraparniei and P. srilankensis). It is likely that the locality name ‘Periyakulam’ mentioned by Indra (1992) is in fact Palkulam (8.371⁰N & 77.407⁰E ), which is in the same west-flowing drainage, close to the type locality, while Periyakulam (10.050⁰N & 77.593⁰E) is on the Vaigai River, which is an east-flowing drainage in Theni District, more than 200km distant from the type locality.

According to Pethiyagoda & Kottelat (2005a), though P. exclamatio belongs to the P. filamentosus Group, adult males were not known to have filamentous extensions to their dorsal-fin branched rays. Specimens of P. exclamatio (see Image 3H) collected from the Kallada River, however, exhibit such filamentous extensions and we speculate that the males examined by Pethiyagoda & Kottelat (2005a) may have had the extensions absorbed during the season in which they were collected (March-April, the end of the dry season in Kerala). Interestingly, during the present study we also encountered a few female specimens of P. filamentosus collected from Chembarampakkam Lake (13.000⁰N & 80.082⁰E) in the outskirts of Chennai, and Vaigai Dam in Theni District, Tamil Nadu, with filamentous extensions of the dorsal-fin branched rays (Image 5), which suggests that this character is not always sexually dimorphic. Moreover, we also observed that male P. filamentosusmaintained in aquaria by the third author shed their dorsal-fin filaments, which grow back after some time (Image 6). We also examined specimens (Image 4I) from the Cauvery River near Bhavani Town, (ZSI/SRS F.79), which resembled P. assimilis but had a deeper body, the black band near the caudal fin tips very small and faint, and the shape of the caudal blotch more rounded than elongate (Image 3I). We propose to elucidate the identity of this fish in a subsequent work.

Jerdon (1848) described P. maderaspatensis, which has been considered a synonym of P. filamentosus (Pethiyagoda & Kottelat 2005a). We collected specimens from the lakes around Sriperambathur (12.970⁰N & 80.031⁰E), the type locality of P. maderaspatensis. As mentioned by Jerdon (1848), some males from this locality possess bright red caudal fins (Image 7), apart from which they resemble P. filamentosus: we too, tentatively treat P. maderaspatensis as a synonym of P. filamentosus pending further investigation. As stated by Pethiyagoda & Kottelat (2005a) the waters of Tamil Nadu and Kerala have been inadequately explored. Systematic surveys are likely to add more species to this interesting group of fishes.

Comparative material

Puntius filamentosus: 03.ii.2010, 4 ex., 84.0-113.0 mm SL, Vaigai Dam, Vaigai River drainage, ZSI/SRS F.8367; 12.x.2009, 7 ex., 79.0-116.0 mm SL, Chembarampakkam Lake, Adyar River drainage, all coll. J.D. Marcus Knight, ZSI/SRS F.8368; November 2003, 4 ex., 60.0-74.0 mm SL, Gundia River drainage, Kodagu District, ZSI/SRS F.7630; 12.ii.1998, 1 ex., 122.0mm SL, Aliyar River drainage, ZSI/SRS F.5611; 24.ii.1998, 53 ex., 59.0-107.0 mm SL, Amaravathi Dam, Amaravathi River drainage, ZSI/SRS F.5664; 25.ii.1998, 34 ex., 63.0-109.0 mm SL, Punganodai, Amaravathi River drainage ZSI/SRS F.5676; 26.ii.1998, 15 ex., 69.0-110.0 mm SL, Kuduthurai, Bhavani River drainage, ZSI/SRS F.5689; 27.ii.1998, 1 ex., 37.0mm SL, Thirumurthi Dam, Palar River drainage, ZSI/SRS F.5710; 28.ii.1998, 8 ex., 30.0-39.0 mm SL, Navalodai, Amaravathi River drainage, all coll. M.S. Ravichandran, ZSI/SRS F.5726; 18.ix.2006, 1 ex., 23.0mm SL, Farangipet, Nethravathi River drainage, coll. S. Prababkaran, ZSI/SRS F.7962; 11.ii.1996, 4 ex., 100.0mm SL, Aliyar canal, Aliyar River drainage, ZSI/SRS F.4908; 11.ii.1996, 14 ex., 85.0-135.0 mm SL, Thirumurthi Dam, Palar River draiange, ZSI/SRS F. 4911; 08.ii.1996, 1 ex., 45.0mm SL, Kallapuram, Amaravathi River drainage, ZSI/SRS F.4931; 13.viii.1997, 1 ex., 38.0 mm SL, Devikulam, Chinnar River drainage, ZSI/SRS F.5320; 15.viii.1997, 1 ex., 36.0mm SL, Valparai, Chalakudi River draiange, ZSI/SRS F.5337; 16.viii.1997, 1 ex., 15.0mm SL, Aliyar, Aliyar River drainage, ZSI/SRS F.5392; 18.xii.1997, 1 ex., 135.0mm SL, Amaravathi Dam, Amaravathi River drainage, ZSI/SRS F. 5430; 09.viii.1997, 1 ex., 55.0mm SL, Kozhumam, Amaravathi River drainage, ZSI/SRS F.5342; 09.viii.1997, 1 ex., 34.0mm SL, Kallapuram, Amaravathi River drainage, all coll. M.B. Raghunathan, ZSI/SRS F.5351.

Puntius tambraparniei: 11.i.2010, 1 ex., 57.0mm SL, Tamiraparani River drainage, ZSI/SRS F.8369; 11.i.2010, 1 ex., 14.0mm SL, Tamiraparani River drainage, all coll. J.D. Marcus Knight, ZSI/SRS F.8370; 09.i.1995, 3 ex., 39.0-67.0 mm SL, Maradur Anicut, Tamiraparani River drainage, coll. Mary Bai, ZSI/SRS F.8371; 09.iv.1994, 4 ex., 44.0-128.0 mm SL, Sankaran Koil, Tamiraparani River drainage, coll. M.S. Ravichandran, ZSI/SRS F.4232; 19.iv.1994, 1 ex., 35.0mm SL, near Cheramadevi, Tamiraparani River drainage, ZSI/SRS F.4202; 09.iv.1995, 20 ex. 55.0-90.0 mm SL, Papanasam, Tamiraparani River drainage, all coll. M.B. Raghunathan, ZSI/SRS F.4452.

Puntius cf. assimilis: 09.iv.1973 / 15.ii.1979, 9 ex., 40.0-84.0 mm SL, Cauvery River drainage near Bhavani Town, coll. K.C. Jayaram, labelled as P. filamentosus, ZSI/SRS F.79.

Puntius assimilis: 02.iv.1992, 6 ex., 60.0-98.0 mm SL, Athirapally Falls, Chalakudi River drainage, coll. K.B. Jegadeesh & R. Kannan, ZSI/SRS F.8372.

Puntius arulius: 07.xii.1985, 1 ex., 74.0mm SL, Bhavani River drainage, Coorg District, Karnataka, ZSI/WGRC F.3954; 10.iii.1990, 3 ex., 65.0-80.0 mm SL, Mavanahalla, Moyar River drainage, Coorg District, Karnataka, all coll. K.N. Nair, ZSI/WGRC F.5077; 2 ex., 74.0-96.0 mm SL, Kabini River, (date: unknown), coll. R.S. Lal Mohan, ZSI/SRS, F.8373.

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