Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2023 | 15(4): 23047–23060
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5246.15.4.23047-23060
#5246 | Received 14
July 2019 | Final received 27 March 2023 | Finally accepted 20 April 2023
The avian diversity of Chemmattamvayal Wetlands and adjacent areas of Kasaragod
District, Kerala, India
Sreehari K. Mohan 1, R. Anjitha 2 & K. Maxim Rodrigues 3
1 Rebuild Kerala Development Programme, Forest Headquarters, Vazhuthakkad,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India.
2 Nambisans Compound, Ramdas Nagar, Kudlu, Kasaragod, Kerala 671124, India
3 Kasaragod Birders, Kasaragod,
Kerala, India, 671121
1 sreeharikmohan007@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 anjitha896@gmail.com, 3 maxim.rodrigus@gmail.com
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 April 2023 (online &
print)
Citation: Mohan, S.K., R. Anjitha
& K.M. Rodrigues (2023). The avian diversity of Chemmattamvayal
Wetlands and adjacent areas of Kasaragod District, Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(4): 23047–23060. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5246.15.4.23047-23060
Copyright: © Mohan et al. 2023. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Sreehari K. Mohan is a
wildlife biologist who completed his masters in forestry with specialization in wildlife science under the guidance of Dr. P.O. Nameer from Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur. His interest lies in studying the ecology of mammals, trees, and birds. Anjitha R. is a
research enthusiast with an endless passion for zoology and wildlife conservation. Being a Kasaragod birder, she has a history of active participation in the Bird Atlas survey, environmental activities, and as the editor of a nature conservation magazine. She obtained her B.Sc. in Zoology from Kannur University and M.Sc. in Animal Science from Central University of Kerala. Maxim Rodrigues, K. is an avid bird watcher from Kasaragod and founder of Kasaragod Birders team, who works on wildlife studies and conservation mainly through birds in his home district in Kasaragod through citizen science. He obtained his B.Sc. in Geography from Kannur University and M.Sc. in Marine Geology from Mangalore University.
Author contributions: SKM has contributed in field data collection, writing of manuscript, preparation of diagrams, mapping the study area, and detailed analysis of the collected data. AR has contributed in consolidation of data, preparation of checklists, editing the manuscript, proofreading, and referencing.
MRK has contributed in
field data collection, editing the manuscript, and analysis of the collected data.
Acknowledgements: We thank people who have helped
in field data collection. We are greatly indebted to Dr.
P.O. Nameer for his valuable suggestions for the
initiation of the study. We would like to thank the creators of the software “birdsurveycrunch” which has used to analyze
our data effectively. We also thank the anonymous reviewers and the subject
editor for their critical comments which greatly improved the manuscript.
Abstract: The avian diversity of Chemmattamvayal Wetlands and adjacent areas, in Kasaragod
District, Kerala State, was recorded from December 2014 to March 2018. The
methodology followed was mainly incidental observations using binoculars.
Findings presented here are also based on the data collected from eBird, a citizen science based online platform. A total of
145 bird species, belonging to 17 orders and 50 families were recorded during
the study. Among them, 42 species were winter migrants and 97 were seen
throughout the year. The highest number of birds were recorded during the month
of January and the lowest in June. The present work gains importance as a
literature on the avian fauna of the district. White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon
smyrnensis, Indian Pond Heron Ardeola
grayii, and Spotted Dove Spilopelia
chinensis were recorded highest in terms of
relative abundance. The importance of these wetlands and adjacent areas as the
stepping stone for trans-continental migrants is discussed.
Keywords: Bird diversity, checklist of
birds, relative abundance, guild analysis.
Introduction
Wetlands are beautiful
landscapes. They are important habitats for fishes, amphibians, insects,
reptiles, birds, and other wildlife (Hosetti 2002).
Wetland ecosystems occur in places where precipitation exceeds the rate of
evapotranspiration leaving behind an accumulated water surplus (Mitsch & Gosselink 1993).
About one-third of India’s land area falls under this category, and wetland
systems are, thus, common throughout the country (Hosetti
2002).
Ecologically, wetland systems are
important ecotones, transitions between open waters and land, having a definite
structure and function to perform specific ecological roles (Mahajan et al.
1981a,b; Mahajan 1988). They are productive areas and need to be treated as
ecological treasure houses. The hydrology of the landscapes influences and
changes the physiochemical environment, which in turn, shapes the biotic
communities that are found in here (Mitsch et al.
2009). Lal (2008) opined that to maintain the atmospheric carbon cycle,
restoration of wetlands around the world is crucial.
The major objective of the Ramsar Convention is to conserve the global degradation of
wetlands through sensible use and sustainable management (Roy et al. 2022).
During the Ramsar Convention, it was demonstrated
that wetlands were the most fertile waterbodies required for migratory birds
and other aquatic biota (Uttangi 2001). Roy et al.
(2022) emphasized the importance of Ramsar sites as
social-ecological systems that focuses on socio-political, cultural and
economic elements that induces biotic and abiotic features to recover. The
convention also prescribed the conservation of wetlands as waterfowl habitats (Uttangi 2001). As of now, Kerala has three Ramsar sites namely Vembanad-Kol
Wetland, Sasthamkotta Lake, and Ashtamudi
Wetland (Ramsar Sites information Service 2023).
Since 1953, studies have
documented avian fauna in the wetlands of Kerala and adjacent areas. Nair
(1994) studied birds of Aakkulam-Veli back waters. Sivaperuman & Jayson (2000) and Jayson (2002) documented
the avian diversity in Kole wetlands, Thrissur. Kumar
(2006) made a checklist of avifauna of the Bharathapuzha
River Basin, Kerala. Narayanan et al. (2011) documented ornitho-fauna
and the importance of its conservation in the Kuttanad
Wetland. Recently, Chandran et al. (2023) updated the checklist of birds
of Kerala. Apart from the studies on avian diversity, more comprehensive
species studies were also conducted in many parts of Kerala. Ravindran (1993)
documented the breeding of Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio
in the Kole lands of Kerala, followed by Menon (2004)
evaluating the ecology of this species. Narayanan et al. (2006) studied
the nesting behaviour of Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo. In this present study,
an attempt has been made to document the diversity of birds in the wetlands of Chemmattamvayal and adjacent areas.
Materials and methods
Study area
Chemmattamvayal and adjacent wetland areas are
located 4 km from Kanhangad, Kasaragod District,
Kerala (Figure 1, Image 1). It lies in between 12.28°–12.32° N &
75.10°–75.12° E and is located very close to the Kariangodu
River. The wetland has a total area of 330.24 ha (825.6 acres) and the adjacent
habitat includes paddy fields, freshwater marshes, ponds, backyards,
plantations of coconut, arecanut, plantain and
vegetable fields. Major habitats in this region include non-tidal, freshwater
systems dominated by grasses, sedges, and other freshwater emergent hydrophytes
(Image 2a,b,c). The average temperature in summer is 35°C while the average
winter temperature is around 20°C. The area receives both south-west and
north-east monsoons, however, the south-west monsoon tends to dominate. The
area falls under the tropical monsoon climate (Köppen
1936).
Methods
The study was conducted between December 2014
to March 2018. Regular surveys were conducted by establishing fixed transects
through different habitats across the study area. Birds were observed in the
morning at 0630–0930 h and in the evening at 1600–1800 h using 8 x 42 Bushnell
and 10 x 50 Olympus binoculars. Opportunistic records were also collected
during other times of the day. Records were collected as multiple 15-minutes
checklists and all the birds observed in a span of 15 minutes were counted as
one checklist. Records included species of birds, number of individuals,
habitat types, and other habitat & behavioural
notes including the breeding observations, if any.
Wherever possible, observations
were supplemented with photographs. In most cases, observations were recorded
and uploaded to the online platform ‘eBird’.
The birds were identified with
the help of field guides (Neelakandan et al. 1993; Sashikumar
et al. 2011; Rasmussen & Anderton 2012; Grimmett
et al. 2014). The nomenclature, status, and classification of the species
follow Praveen (2015), Praveen et al. (2018, 2019), and Praveen & Jayapal (2023).
Following the protocol
established by Kumar & Gupta (2009), the status of the species was
categorized on the basis of number of sightings as: Common (Co), i.e., recorded
8–10 times out of 10 visits, Uncommon (U) recorded 4–7 times out of 10 visits,
and Rare (R) recorded 1–3 times out of 10 visits. Birds were also categorized
as Year-round (YR), Winter Migrant (WM), and Uncertain (UC). UC are those
species that pop up anytime without a predictable pattern or are those that do
not have clear data on sightings.
A measure of relative abundance
of all birds was calculated. It is the percentage of occurrence of a species in
a checklist which is calculated by the number of checklists in which a bird is
recorded, divided by the total number of checklists. This includes checklists
that did not report species and provides a measure of how frequently a species
was reported relative to other species in the region. Relative abundance was
analyzed for different ecological groups of birds such as parasitic cuckoos,
primary hole-nesters, raptors and woodland understory birds. We assigned all
species to different feeding guilds based on their dietary categories and
foraging strata (Ding et al. 2015, 2019; Harisha et
al. 2021; Panda et al. 2021; Jangral & Vashishat 2022; Rodrigues et al. 2023).
Number of checklists in which a bird is recorded
Relative abundance =
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– x 100
Total
number of checklists
Results
A total
of 565 checklists of birds were created with a duration of 15 minutes
each. A total of 145 species of birds
belonging to 17 orders (Figure 2) and 50 families were recorded. Among them, 42
species were winter migrants and 97 species were seen throughout the year
(Table 1). The highest number of birds was recorded during the month of January
(~5,000 birds) and the lowest in June (~400 birds). The most abundant birds of Chemmattamvayal wetlands were the White-throated Kingfisher
Halcyon smyrnensis, Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii, and
Spotted Dove Spilopelia chinensis.
The species of Chemmattamvayal wetlands included,
three ‘Near Threatened’ species—Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis
melanocephalus, Oriental Darter Anhinga
melanogaster, and Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia
episcopus—on the IUCN Red List. The Chemmattamvayal Wetlands also has one species endemic to
the Western Ghats, the Malabar Starling Sturnia
malabarica blythii.
Additionally, 14 species (Table 1) observed in Chemmattamvayal
wetlands are included in Schedule I and one species, i.e., the Peregrine Falcon
Falco peregrinus is mentioned in Appendix 1 of
CITES, according to the Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022 (The Gazette
of India 2023). Among the waterfowls, the Lesser Whistling Duck is a resident
and is commonly seen in the region, and all other Anseriformes
found here are migrants.
Relative abundance of the birds
of Chemmattamvayal indicates that the White-throated
Kingfisher is the most abundant species, followed by the Indian Pond Heron and
Spotted Dove. The survey also documented indicator species such as primary hole
nesters, which include, White-cheeked Barbet Psilopogon
viridis, Coppersmith Barbet Psilopogon
haemacephalus, and Black-rumped
Flameback Dinopium
benghalense. The presence of primary hole nesting
birds is highly significant as they are considered to be keystone species and
the existence of the secondary hole nesting birds such as parakeet, myna, and
starling are dependent on the primary hole nesters. The present study reported four species of
parasitic cuckoos such as Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus,
Common Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius, Pied Cuckoo Clamator
jacobinus, and Grey-bellied Cuckoo Cacomantis passerinus. The study site recorded 12 species of raptors.
The presence of a healthy population of raptorial birds is an indication of
healthy habitat. Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus was the most common raptor, followed by Black
Kite Milvus migrans. The presence of the
understory dependent birds indicates that areas adjacent to the wetland has
sufficient undergrowth. The study location recorded 15 species of birds
dependent on the presence of understory. The feeding guild analysis of birds of
the study area is given in Figure 3. The canopy-insectivores (18%) form the
dominant guild followed by the aquatic-insectivores (13%).
Discussion
Some factors, which threaten the
wetland ecosystem and consequently the wetland bird population were identified
during the study. Landscape alteration was identified as one of the major
factors that leads to biodiversity loss in these wetlands. Areas adjacent to
the wetland are being converted into concrete structures and some farmers are
trying to convert their paddy fields into vegetable gardens. These altered land
use practices have significantly reduced the presence of wetland dependent
birds in these areas. Such anthropogenic influences adversely affecting
wetlands were also demonstrated by Galatowitsch
(2018) and Ostad-Ali-Askari (2022). The researchers
of the present study noted that farmers complaining about the reduction in
paddy-yield mainly due to Grey-headed Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio.
Additionally,
the farmers were observed to frequently use fire crackers to scare the birds
away. At the same time, majority of the people living here are much more
concerned about the beauty of this wetland and the birds visiting here.
The presence of the exotic
vegetation such as Eichhornia crassipes and Salvinia
molesta was also noticed during the study.
However, the density of these exotics are relatively less as compared to
similar wetland habitats. It would be prudent to establish mitigation measures
to control the spread of these two wetland weeds. Information on other faunal
groups dependent on the Chemmattamvayal Wetlands is currently
lacking; thus, further steps are needed to document the other forms of
biodiversity in this region. Regular biodiversity monitoring of the wetland is
needed to study the temporal variation and associated changes in the response
of various flora and fauna. Environmental education and awareness with the
involvement of local stakeholders is required to stop the vulnerability of
inland wetlands (Shah & Atisa 2021). Thus,
conservation of these wetlands and adjacent areas can be effectively done with
the involvement and support of the local people.
Table 1. Checklist of birds of Chemmattamvayal Wetlands, Kasaragod, Kerala.
|
|
Order |
Family |
English Name |
Scientific Name |
IUCN |
WPA |
CITES |
Status |
Occurrence |
Feeding Guild |
Relative Abundance |
|
1 |
Anseriformes |
Anatidae |
Lesser Whistling Duck [Image 3] |
Dendrocygna javanica |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
39.51 |
|
2 |
Anseriformes |
Anatidae |
Garganey |
Spatula querquedula |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
H |
7.41 |
|
3 |
Anseriformes |
Anatidae |
Common Teal (Eurasian Teal,
Green-winged Teal) |
Anas crecca |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
U |
H |
1.23 |
|
4 |
Anseriformes |
Anatidae |
Cotton Teal (Cotton
Pygmy-Goose) |
Nettapus coromandelianus |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
YR |
Co |
H |
3.7 |
|
5 |
Galliformes |
Phasianidae |
Indian Peafowl |
Pavo cristatus |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
1.23 |
|
6 |
Galliformes |
Phasianidae |
Red Spurfowl |
Galloperdix spadicea |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
G |
1.23 |
|
7 |
Columbiformes |
Columbidae |
Rock Pigeon (Rock Dove) |
Columba livia |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
YR |
Co |
G |
27.16 |
|
8 |
Columbiformes |
Columbidae |
Spotted Dove |
Spilopelia chinensis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
G |
41.98 |
|
9 |
Caprimulgiformes |
Caprimulgidae |
Jerdon's Nightjar |
Caprimulgus atripennis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
1.23 |
|
10 |
Caprimulgiformes |
Caprimulgidae |
Savanna Nightjar |
Caprimulgus affinis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
UC |
Co |
I |
0.62 |
|
11 |
Caprimulgiformes |
Apodidae |
Asian Palm Swift |
Cypsiurus balasiensis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
13.58 |
|
12 |
Caprimulgiformes |
Apodidae |
Indian House Swift (Little
Swift) |
Apus affinis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
5.56 |
|
13 |
Cuculiformes |
Cuculidae |
Greater Coucal |
Centropus sinensis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
35.8 |
|
14 |
Cuculiformes |
Cuculidae |
Blue-faced Malkoha |
Phaenicophaeus viridirostris |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
5.56 |
|
15 |
Cuculiformes |
Cuculidae |
Pied Cuckoo (Pied Crested
Cuckoo, Jacobin Cuckoo) |
Clamator jacobinus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
UC |
U |
I |
0.62 |
|
16 |
Cuculiformes |
Cuculidae |
Asian Koel |
Eudynamys scolopaceus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
18.52 |
|
17 |
Cuculiformes |
Cuculidae |
Grey-bellied Cuckoo |
Cacomantis passerinus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
U |
I |
0.62 |
|
18 |
Cuculiformes |
Cuculidae |
Common Hawk Cuckoo |
Hierococcyx varius |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
7.41 |
|
19 |
Gruiformes |
Rallidae |
White-breasted Waterhen |
Amaurornis phoenicurus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
25.93 |
|
20 |
Gruiformes |
Rallidae |
Watercock |
Gallicrex cinerea |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
3.09 |
|
21 |
Gruiformes |
Rallidae |
Purple Swamphen
(Grey-headed Swamphen) [Image 4] |
Porphyrio porphyrio |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
33.62 |
|
22 |
Gruiformes |
Rallidae |
Common Coot (Eurasian Coot) |
Fulica atra |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
U |
O |
1.23 |
|
23 |
Ciconiiformes |
Ciconiidae |
Asian Openbill [Image 5] |
Anastomus oscitans |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
C |
11.5 |
|
24 |
Ciconiiformes |
Ciconiidae |
Woolly-necked stork (Asian Woollyneck) |
Ciconia episcopus |
NT |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
C |
0.62 |
|
25 |
Pelecaniformes |
Ardeidae |
Yellow Bittern |
Ixobrychus sinensis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
8.85 |
|
26 |
Pelecaniformes |
Ardeidae |
Black-crowned Night Heron |
Nycticorax nycticorax |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
11.15 |
|
27 |
Pelecaniformes |
Ardeidae |
Striated Heron (Green-backed
Heron, Little Heron) |
Butorides striata |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
6.19 |
|
28 |
Pelecaniformes |
Ardeidae |
Indian Pond Heron |
Ardeola grayii |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
46.3 |
|
29 |
Pelecaniformes |
Ardeidae |
Cattle Egret |
Bubulcus ibis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
30.86 |
|
30 |
Pelecaniformes |
Ardeidae |
Grey Heron |
Ardea cinerea |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
24.77 |
|
31 |
Pelecaniformes |
Ardeidae |
Purple Heron |
Ardea purpurea |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
35.8 |
|
32 |
Pelecaniformes |
Ardeidae |
Great Egret |
Ardea alba |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
30.08 |
|
33 |
Pelecaniformes |
Ardeidae |
Intermediate Egret |
Ardea intermedia |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
34.57 |
|
34 |
Pelecaniformes |
Ardeidae |
Little Egret |
Egretta garzetta |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
16.63 |
|
35 |
Pelecaniformes |
Ardeidae |
Western Reef Egret (Western
Reef Heron) |
Egretta gularis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
UC |
U |
C |
1.41 |
|
36 |
Pelecaniformes |
Threskiornithidae |
Black-headed Ibis [Image 6] |
Threskiornis melanocephalus |
NT |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
21.6 |
|
37 |
Pelecaniformes |
Threskiornithidae |
Glossy Ibis |
Plegadis falcinellus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
C |
23 |
|
38 |
Suliformes |
Phalacrocoracidae |
Little Cormorant |
Microcarbo niger |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
34.57 |
|
39 |
Suliformes |
Phalacrocoracidae |
Indian Cormorant |
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
31.32 |
|
40 |
Suliformes |
Anhingidae |
Oriental Darter |
Anhinga melanogaster |
NT |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
14.2 |
|
41 |
Charadriiformes |
Recurvirostridae |
Black-winged Stilt |
Himantopus himantopus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
C |
6.19 |
|
42 |
Charadriiformes |
Charadriidae |
Pacific Golden Plover |
Pluvialis fulva |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
WM |
Co |
C |
7.07 |
|
43 |
Charadriiformes |
Charadriidae |
Little-ringed Plover [Image 7] |
Charadrius dubius |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
C |
9.91 |
|
44 |
Charadriiformes |
Charadriidae |
Grey-headed Lapwing |
Vanellus cinereus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
R |
NR |
0.53 |
|
45 |
Charadriiformes |
Charadriidae |
Red-wattled
Lapwing [Image 8] |
Vanellus indicus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
38.27 |
|
46 |
Charadriiformes |
Jacanidae |
Pheasant-tailed Jacana |
Hydrophasianus chirurgus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
U |
O |
4.07 |
|
47 |
Charadriiformes |
Jacanidae |
Bronze-winged Jacana |
Metopidius indicus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
13.09 |
|
48 |
Charadriiformes |
Scolopacidae |
Common Snipe |
Gallinago gallinago |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
O |
4.07 |
|
49 |
Charadriiformes |
Scolopacidae |
Common Sandpiper |
Actitis hypoleucos |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
C |
14.51 |
|
50 |
Charadriiformes |
Scolopacidae |
Green Sandpiper |
Tringa ochropus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
U |
C |
2.12 |
|
51 |
Charadriiformes |
Scolopacidae |
Common Greenshank |
Tringa nebularia |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
WM |
Co |
C |
3.18 |
|
52 |
Charadriiformes |
Scolopacidae |
Wood Sandpiper |
Tringa glareola |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
C |
20.88 |
|
53 |
Charadriiformes |
Scolopacidae |
Marsh Sandpiper |
Tringa stagnatilis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
U |
C |
1.41 |
|
54 |
Charadriiformes |
Glareolidae |
Little Pratincole (Small
Pratincole) [Image 9] |
Glareola lactea |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
I |
4.24 |
|
55 |
Charadriiformes |
Laridae |
Gull-billed Tern |
Gelochelidon nilotica |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
WM |
Co |
C |
6.54 |
|
56 |
Charadriiformes |
Laridae |
Whiskered Tern [Image 10] |
Chlidonias hybrida |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
21.23 |
|
57 |
Accipitriformes |
Accipitridae |
Oriental Honey Buzzard (Crested
Honey Buzzard) |
Pernis ptilorhynchus |
LC |
Sch. II |
App. II |
WM |
Co |
C |
3.7 |
|
58 |
Accipitriformes |
Accipitridae |
Crested Serpent Eagle |
Spilornis cheela |
LC |
Sch. I |
App. II |
YR |
Co |
C |
5.56 |
|
59 |
Accipitriformes |
Accipitridae |
Booted Eagle |
Hieraaetus pennatus |
LC |
Sch. I |
App. II |
WM |
Co |
C |
1.85 |
|
60 |
Accipitriformes |
Accipitridae |
Western Marsh Harrier (Eurasian
Marsh-Harrier) |
Circus aeruginosus |
LC |
Sch. I |
App. II |
WM |
Co |
C |
3.09 |
|
61 |
Accipitriformes |
Accipitridae |
Crested Goshawk |
Accipiter trivirgatus |
LC |
Sch. I |
App. II |
YR |
U |
C |
0.62 |
|
62 |
Accipitriformes |
Accipitridae |
Shikra |
Accipiter badius |
LC |
Sch. I |
App. II |
YR |
Co |
C |
5.56 |
|
63 |
Accipitriformes |
Accipitridae |
Brahminy Kite |
Haliastur indus |
LC |
Sch. I |
App. II |
YR |
Co |
C |
27.16 |
|
64 |
Accipitriformes |
Accipitridae |
Black Kite [Image 11] |
Milvus migrans |
LC |
Sch. II |
App. II |
YR |
Co |
C |
13.58 |
|
65 |
Strigiformes |
Strigidae |
Jungle Owlet |
Glaucidium radiatum |
LC |
Sch. II |
App. II |
YR |
Co |
C |
1.85 |
|
66 |
Strigiformes |
Strigidae |
Spotted Owlet |
Athene brama |
LC |
Sch. II |
App. II |
YR |
Co |
C |
3.09 |
|
67 |
Strigiformes |
Strigidae |
Indian Scops
Owl |
Otus bakkamoena |
LC |
Sch. II |
App. II |
YR |
Co |
C |
1.85 |
|
68 |
Strigiformes |
Strigidae |
Mottled Wood Owl |
Strix ocellata |
LC |
Sch. I |
App. II |
YR |
Co |
C |
1.85 |
|
69 |
Piciformes |
Picidae |
Lesser Golden-backed Woodpecker
(Black-rumped Flameback)
[Image 12] |
Dinopium benghalense |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
17.28 |
|
70 |
Piciformes |
Picidae |
Rufous Woodpecker |
Micropternus brachyurus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
1.23 |
|
71 |
Piciformes |
Picidae |
Lesser Yellow-naped Woodpecker (Lesser Yellownape) |
Picus chlorolophus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
1.23 |
|
72 |
Piciformes |
Picidae |
Greater Golden-backed
Woodpecker (Greater Flameback) |
Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
UC |
R |
O |
0.35 |
|
73 |
Piciformes |
Picidae |
Brown-capped Pygmy Woodpecker |
Dendrocopos nanus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
2.47 |
|
74 |
Piciformes |
Megalaimidae |
White-cheeked Barbet |
Psilopogon viridis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
F |
26.54 |
|
75 |
Piciformes |
Megalaimidae |
Coppersmith Barbet |
Psilopogon haemacephalus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
F |
12.35 |
|
76 |
Coraciiformes |
Meropidae |
Green Bee-eater |
Merops orientalis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
32.1 |
|
77 |
Coraciiformes |
Meropidae |
Blue-tailed Bee-eater |
Merops philippinus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
I |
30.25 |
|
78 |
Coraciiformes |
Alcedinidae |
Common Kingfisher |
Alcedo atthis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
27.78 |
|
79 |
Coraciiformes |
Alcedinidae |
Pied Kingfisher |
Ceryle rudis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
12.38 |
|
80 |
Coraciiformes |
Alcedinidae |
Stork-billed Kingfisher |
Pelargopsis capensis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
7.96 |
|
81 |
Coraciiformes |
Alcedinidae |
White-throated Kingfisher
(White-breasted Kingfisher) |
Halcyon smyrnensis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
C |
56.17 |
|
82 |
Falconiformes |
Falconidae |
Peregrine Falcon [Image 13] |
Falco peregrinus |
LC |
Sch. I |
App. I |
WM |
U |
C |
0.35 |
|
83 |
Psittaciformes |
Psittaculidae |
Plum-headed Parakeet |
Psittacula cyanocephala |
LC |
Sch. II |
App. II |
YR |
Co |
F |
12.74 |
|
84 |
Psittaciformes |
Psittaculidae |
Rose-ringed Parakeet |
Psittacula krameri |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
F |
9.55 |
|
85 |
Psittaciformes |
Psittaculidae |
Vernal Hanging Parrot |
Loriculus vernalis |
LC |
Sch. II |
App. II |
YR |
Co |
F |
16.63 |
|
86 |
Passeriformes |
Campephagidae |
Small Minivet |
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
3.71 |
|
87 |
Passeriformes |
Campephagidae |
Orange Minivet (Scarlet
Minivet) |
Pericrocotus flammeus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
6.01 |
|
88 |
Passeriformes |
Campephagidae |
Large Cuckooshrike |
Coracina javensis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
4.77 |
|
89 |
Passeriformes |
Campephagidae |
Black-headed Cuckooshrike |
Lalage melanoptera |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
UC |
Co |
I |
1.41 |
|
90 |
Passeriformes |
Oriolidae |
Black-hooded Oriole |
Oriolus xanthornus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
8.14 |
|
91 |
Passeriformes |
Oriolidae |
Indian Golden Oriole |
Oriolus kundoo |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
O |
6.54 |
|
92 |
Passeriformes |
Artamidae |
Ashy Woodswallow |
Artamus fuscus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
9.91 |
|
93 |
Passeriformes |
Vangidae |
Common Woodshrike |
Tephrodornis pondicerianus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
6.19 |
|
94 |
Passeriformes |
Aegithinidae |
Common Iora |
Aegithina tiphia |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
18.76 |
|
95 |
Passeriformes |
Dicruridae |
Black Drongo |
Dicrurus macrocercus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
40.74 |
|
96 |
Passeriformes |
Dicruridae |
Ashy Drongo |
Dicrurus leucophaeus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
O |
20.17 |
|
97 |
Passeriformes |
Dicruridae |
Bronzed Drongo |
Dicrurus aeneus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
24.07 |
|
98 |
Passeriformes |
Dicruridae |
Greater Racket-tailed Drongo |
Dicrurus paradiseus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
20.88 |
|
99 |
Passeriformes |
Laniidae |
Brown Shrike |
Lanius cristatus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
I |
2.65 |
|
100 |
Passeriformes |
Corvidae |
Rufous Treepie |
Dendrocitta vagabunda |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
17.52 |
|
101 |
Passeriformes |
Corvidae |
House Crow |
Corvus splendens |
LC |
Sch. V |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
41.98 |
|
102 |
Passeriformes |
Corvidae |
Large-billed Crow (Indian
Jungle Crow) |
Corvus macrorhynchos |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
21.9 |
|
103 |
Passeriformes |
Monarchidae |
Black-naped
Monarch |
Hypothymis azurea |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
4.95 |
|
104 |
Passeriformes |
Monarchidae |
Indian Paradise-flycatcher
(Asian Paradise-flycatcher) |
Terpsiphone paradisi |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
I |
3 |
|
105 |
Passeriformes |
Dicaeidae |
Pale-billed Flowerpecker |
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
N |
8.14 |
|
106 |
Passeriformes |
Nectariniidae |
Little Spiderhunter |
Arachnothera longirostra |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
U |
O |
12.21 |
|
107 |
Passeriformes |
Nectariniidae |
Purple-rumped
Sunbird |
Leptocoma zeylonica |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
N |
27.16 |
|
108 |
Passeriformes |
Nectariniidae |
Purple Sunbird [Image 14] |
Cinnyris asiaticus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
N |
9.38 |
|
109 |
Passeriformes |
Nectariniidae |
Loten's Sunbird
(Long-billed Sunbird) [Image 15] |
Cinnyris lotenius |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
N |
7.25 |
|
110 |
Passeriformes |
Chloropseidae |
Golden-fronted Leafbird |
Chloropsis aurifrons |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
6.37 |
|
111 |
Passeriformes |
Chloropseidae |
Jerdon's Leafbird |
Chloropsis jerdoni |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
3.89 |
|
112 |
Passeriformes |
Ploceidae |
Baya Weaver [Image 16] |
Ploceus philippinus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
G |
9.38 |
|
113 |
Passeriformes |
Estrildidae |
White-rumped
Munia |
Lonchura striata |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
G |
8.14 |
|
114 |
Passeriformes |
Estrildidae |
Scaly-breasted Munia [Image 17] |
Lonchura punctulata |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
G |
5.13 |
|
115 |
Passeriformes |
Motacillidae |
Paddyfield Pipit |
Anthus rufulus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
4.24 |
|
116 |
Passeriformes |
Motacillidae |
Western Yellow Wagtail |
Motacilla flava |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
I |
6.37 |
|
117 |
Passeriformes |
Motacillidae |
Grey Wagtail |
Motacilla cinerea |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
U |
I |
0.88 |
|
118 |
Passeriformes |
Motacillidae |
White-browed Wagtail |
Motacilla maderaspatensis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
4.77 |
|
119 |
Passeriformes |
Motacillidae |
White Wagtail |
Motacilla alba |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
I |
0.7 |
|
120 |
Passeriformes |
Cisticolidae |
Ashy Prinia
[Image 18] |
Prinia socialis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
0.62 |
|
121 |
Passeriformes |
Cisticolidae |
Plain Prinia |
Prinia inornata |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
4.94 |
|
122 |
Passeriformes |
Cisticolidae |
Common Tailorbird |
Orthotomus sutorius |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
18.52 |
|
123 |
Passeriformes |
Acrocephalidae |
Blyth's Reed Warbler |
Acrocephalus dumetorum |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
I |
6.79 |
|
124 |
Passeriformes |
Acrocephalidae |
Clamorous Reed Warbler |
Acrocephalus stentoreus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
I |
6.01 |
|
125 |
Passeriformes |
Hirundinidae |
Streak-throated Swallow |
Petrochelidon fluvicola |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
R |
I |
0.88 |
|
126 |
Passeriformes |
Hirundinidae |
Red-rumped
Swallow |
Cecropis daurica |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
3.89 |
|
127 |
Passeriformes |
Hirundinidae |
Wire-tailed Swallow |
Hirundo smithii |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
1.9 |
|
128 |
Passeriformes |
Hirundinidae |
Barn Swallow |
Hirundo rustica |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
I |
5.3 |
|
129 |
Passeriformes |
Pycnonotidae |
Red-whiskered Bulbul |
Pycnonotus jocosus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
19.82 |
|
130 |
Passeriformes |
Pycnonotidae |
Red-vented Bulbul |
Pycnonotus cafer |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
16.99 |
|
131 |
Passeriformes |
Pycnonotidae |
White-browed Bulbul |
Pycnonotus luteolus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
7.78 |
|
132 |
Passeriformes |
Pycnonotidae |
Yellow-browed Bulbul |
Acritillas indica |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
3.89 |
|
133 |
Passeriformes |
Phylloscopidae |
Green Leaf Warbler (Green
Warbler) |
Phylloscopus nitidus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
I |
3.18 |
|
134 |
Passeriformes |
Phylloscopidae |
Greenish Leaf Warbler (Greenish
Warbler) |
Phylloscopus trochiloides |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
U |
I |
1.41 |
|
135 |
Passeriformes |
Pellorneidae |
Puff-throaten
Babbler |
Pellorneum ruficeps |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
4.32 |
|
136 |
Passeriformes |
Leiothrichidae |
Jungle Babbler |
Turdoides striata |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
1.23 |
|
137 |
Passeriformes |
Leiothrichidae |
Yellow-billed Babbler |
Turdoides affinis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
19.14 |
|
138 |
Passeriformes |
Sturnidae |
Rosy Starling |
Pastor roseus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
O |
0.88 |
|
139 |
Passeriformes |
Sturnidae |
Chestnut-tailed Starling |
Sturnia malabarica |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
O |
1.94 |
|
140 |
Passeriformes |
Sturnidae |
Malabar Starling |
Sturnia malabarica blythii |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
UC |
Co |
O |
0.35 |
|
141 |
Passeriformes |
Sturnidae |
Common Myna |
Acridotheres tristis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
27.78 |
|
142 |
Passeriformes |
Sturnidae |
Jungle Myna |
Acridotheres fuscus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
O |
18.05 |
|
143 |
Passeriformes |
Muscicapidae |
Oriental Magpie Robin |
Copsychus saularis |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
YR |
Co |
I |
21.6 |
|
144 |
Passeriformes |
Muscicapidae |
Asian Brown Flycatcher |
Muscicapa dauurica |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
Co |
I |
1.23 |
|
145 |
Passeriformes |
Muscicapidae |
Siberian Stonechat |
Saxicola maurus |
LC |
Sch. II |
|
WM |
U |
I |
1.23 |
YR—Year-round
| WM—Winter Migrant | UC—Uncertain | Co—Common | U—Uncommon | R—Rare |
O—Omnivore | H—Herbivore | G—Granivore |
I—Insectivore | C—Carnivore | F—Frugivore | N—Nectarivore | NR—Not recorded.
For
figures & images - - click here for complete PDF
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