Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2020 | 12(13): 16764–16774
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5113.12.13.16764-16774
#5113 | Received 25 March 2019 | Final
received 17 August 2020 | Finally accepted 23 August 2020
Avifauna of Saurashtra University
Campus, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Varsha Trivedi 1 & Sanjay Vaghela
2
1,2 Animal Ecology and Conservation
Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, UGC Centre of Advance
Studies, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat 360005, India.
1 vtrivedi_2@rediffmail.com
(corresponding author), 2
s.vaghela005@gmail.com
Editor: S. Balachandran, Bombay Natural
History Society, Mumbai, India. Date of publication:
26 September 2020 (online & print)
Citation: Trivedi, V. & S. Vaghela (2020). Avifauna of
Saurashtra University Campus, Rajkot, Gujarat, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(13): 16764–16774. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5113.12.13.16764-16774
Copyright: © Trivedi & Vaghela 2020. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: University Grants Commission (UGC), Govt. of India,
New Delhi, for supporting this study as a part of departmental research through its DSA/Centre of Advanced Study Programme (CAS).Part of the Department Project - CAS Phase I
& II: Letter No. F.5-4/2012/(SAP-II), Dt. 1 April
2013-31 March 2018, Title: Arid Zone Biology, Theme-2 Faunal Diversity and Ecology “Terrestrial
Faunal Diversity” Approval dt. 02-07-2012
/06-02-2013 Implement dt.
01-04-2013 CAS Phase I: Second Report dt. 01/04/2015 to 31/03/2016, Phase I -2015-2016; Completion
date/year : 31-03-2018, Project Funded
Cost: 136.32Lakhs.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Varsha Trivedi is a senior assistant professor
in UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies,
Saurashtra University. Her research specialization is in functional anatomy in Columbiformes birds. Sanjay
Vaghela is research scholar and interested in
avian study.
Author contribution: The final manuscript was
prepared, analyzed, read, approved and communicated by the VT and SV undertook
field data collection, organized and assimilated the data, table and graphic
preparation and drafted the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to UGC
Centre of Advanced Studies Delhi, India, for providing financial support. Authors also thank Head and Prof. S.P. Singh, Department of Biosciences providing
necessary field work and laboratory facilities.
Abstract: We examined the avifauna of
Saurashtra University Campus (SUC), Rajkot, Gujarat from July to December
2017. The study area was divided into
four sections: North (N), East (E), South (S) and West (W) and surveyed over 18
visits (four line transects/visit). We
recorded a total of 82 bird species from 67 genera, 40 families and 16
orders. Of these 57 species were
terrestrial and 25 aquatic. By
population size the most abundant birds were members of Columbidae
(28%), Sturnidae (13%), and Charadridae
(8%). Seventy per cent of birds observed
(n=7665) were classed as very common and 2% (n=261) as very rare. Species density (S/N = 3.39) and population
density (n/N = 196) were at their maximum in December. Ecological indices on temporal base reveal
high species richness and Simpson diversity (1/D =17.0 and 1-D= 0.942) in
August and November and Shannon diversity was high (H’=3.275) in November
during study period.
Keywords: Birds, checklist, population
density, status, temporal.
INTRODUCTION
Birds play key roles as agents of flower pollination
and seed dispersal (Nason 1992). Likewise, structurally complex habitats
provide more niche and diverse ways of exploiting environmental resources,
increase species diversity (Bazzaz 1975), and the
inter-relationship between vegetation and bird population (Mac Arthur & Mac
Arthur 1961) including the positive and negative changes in the bird population
result in the transformation of the natural environment (Emlen
1974). Skead
(1966), Maxwell & Kale (1977), and McCrimmon
(1978) have discussed that the habitat is significant for the successful
completion of the life cycle of the organism.
The highly dynamic nature of urban ecosystems means that a small effort
in management can have a great effect on bird abundance and diversity (Savard
et al. 2000). It is stated by Tews et al. (2004) that animal species diversity is driven
by habitat heterogeneity.
The present work deals with urban ecosystems using
birds as a target group. Birds are quite
sensitive to changes in habitat structure and composition, and are, therefore,
excellent indicators of changes and stresses in the urban ecosystem (Savard
& Falls 1982; Clergeau et al. 1998). Joshi (2009) reported 79 species of birds
from some reservoirs of Rajkot City and 30 species of water birds from Nyari Dam1 (Vadhel 2010) of
Rajkot. Past record of year 2016 on
avifauna from Saurashtra University Campus (SUC), Rajkot reports a total of 80
species of birds belonging to 66 genera of 39 families (Gohil 2017). The current study of avian fauna was carried
out to understand the impact of the current developmental work being undertaken
in the SUC on habitat suitability for wildlife in the coming years. Moreover, every year habitat characteristics
are changing due to the construction of new buildings, decrease in open
landscapes and fragmentation of the various macro and micro-habitats in
SUC. So, the specific attention on avian
diversity of SUC is the intention of the present study. In addition, the study also aims to develop a
wildlife database on wildlife of this university campus.
This study presents a checklist of birds with updated
systematic, familial distribution, abundance status, species composition,
conservation status and their population on temporal base including ecological
indices. Hypothetically, it is assumed
that the overall bird population and their species community assemblage is
expected to diversify on temporal scale as well as with changes in macro and
microhabitat types at SUC, Rajkot.
STUDY AREA
Saurashtra University Campus (SUC) Rajkot (Latitude:
22.29161000, Longitude: 70.79322000, 140m) is located at
the centre of peninsular Saurashtra region in Gujarat State (Fig. 1A). The climate of Rajkot is tropical arid to
semi-arid with three distinct seasons each year, monsoon, winter, and
summer. The annual rainfall is erratic
in its occurrence, duration and intensity.
Annual rainfall was high 1,311.2mm during 2017; average temperature
varies between 21.5˚C and 34.5˚C and average humidity ranges between 57.9 and
88.4% (morning) and 17.4 to 80.3% (evening).
The area is spread over 1,456km2 (360 acres) with hilly
terrain (Fig. 1B).
The
ecological overview of all four sections of SUC include predominant vegetation
layer such as trees: Azadirachta
indica, Lawsonia
inermis, Aegle marmelos,
Delonix regia,
Ficus benghalensis,
F. religiosa, Kesiya
auriculata, Prosopis juliflora,
P. spicigera, Emblica
officinalis, Tamarindus indica, Jetropha kalkas, Cassia roxburghii,
C. fistula, Albizia lebbeck, Pongamia pinnata, etc.; shrubs: Ocimum tenuiflorum,
Caesalpinia pulcherrima,
Calotropis procera
and Zyziphus numularia;
ornamental plants: Tecoma
stans, Cascabela
thevetia, Duranta
repens, Bougainvillea spectabilis,
Catharanthus roseus, and Lantana camara.
METHODS
The work was carried out during July to December 2017
at Saurashtra University Campus (SUC), Rajkot Gujarat. To record the birds of all four sections
(i.e., North, East, South, and West) surveyed using line transects (by road 1km
long and 5m broad right and left using binocular) and some places at water
reservoirs by point count methods. Inside each zone approaching peripheral
boundaries by road with motor bike, by walk-ways and walk at random. Data
records on bird sightings, the birds present in and around the selected four
sections at SUC; including overflying individuals or flock, resting on trees,
feeding on the ground and some individual as well as large flock by photos
also.
In total 18 surveys (3 visits/month and 4
transects/visit in each sections) were done during study periods from 06:00hrs
to 12:00hrs and 90 minutes were spent at each section. The data were collected using a pair of
binoculars (Olympus, 12 X 50) and photographs (Sony cyber shot 18.2 mega pixel
20x zoom) by digital still camera for close examinations.
Systematic updates, identification of birds were
followed by using references such as Ali & Ripley (1983), Sugathan & Varghese (1996), Ali (2012), Parasharya et al. (2004),
Sangha & Naoroji (2005), Grimmett
et al. (2013), Ansari & Nawab (2015), Ganpule (2016), Manohar et al.
(2017); common name and scientific name updated as Praveen et al. (2018) and Satose et al. (2020).
Data analysis
The abundance status of the recorded bird species was
categorized into five groups (i.e., VR—Very Rare (1–20 %), R—Rare (21–40%),
O—Occasional (41–60 %), C—Common (61–80 %), and VC—Very Common (81–100 %),
established on the basis of frequency (%) (Table 1, Fig. 2) and frequency
calculated (i.e., total no of occurrence/total no of visit x 100).
A checklist of birds with systematics including
conservation status is followed as per IUCN (2020-version 1), WPA (1972) and
CITES (2020) (Table 1). Classification
was followed and updated (Praveen et al. 2018; Satose
et al. 2020); familial number and percentages of individual birds, genera and
species were calculated (Table 2; Fig. 3).
Species community and their assemblages by month, cumulative count of
individuals and species number (Fig. 4) on temporal scale were scrutinized.
The quantitative and qualitative analysis as
population and species density, species diversity indices like Simpson
diversity 1/D; 1-D; Shannon diversity –H’, evenness - e^H/S,
Margalef’s species richness (d), and Fisher alpha
diversity (α) were computed using software PAST (version: 3.15 March 2017) by
Hammer et al. (2001).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total 82 species of birds, belonging to 67 genera,
40 families and 16 orders were recorded.
Of these, terrestrial population (86.82%) of birds and species (n-57,
69.51%) were higher than aquatic population (13.18%) and numbers of species
(n-25, 30.49%) of birds (Table 1, 2) during study period at studied areas.
Out of 40 families, Scolopacidae
dominated with seven species (8.54%) followed by Muscicapidae
with six species (7.32%), Accipitridae and Motacillidae with five species (6%), Ardeidae,
Columbidae, Hirundinidae, Sturnidae with four species (4.88%) each, Charadriidae, Cisticolidae with
three species (3.66%) each, Threskiornithidae, Anatidae, Phasianidae, Laridae, Cuculidae, Sylviidae, Leiothrichidae with
two species (2.44%) each, whereas 23 families Rallidae,
Pelecanidae, Burhinidae, Recurvirostridae, Strigidae, Upupidae, Megalaimidae, Meropidae, Alcedinidae, Psittaculidae, Oriolidae, Dicruridae, Laniidae, Corvidae, Nectariniidae, Ploceidae, Estrildidae, Passeridae, Alaudidae, Acrocephalidae, Psycnonotidae, Ciconiidae, Phalacrocoracidae
with only one species each respectively (Table 2). The population of a member of family Columbidae (27.94%, n=3085) stands first; followed by Sturnidae (13.39%, n=1478) and Charadriidae
(7.77%, n=858) has shown higher population and the lowest population Laniidae (0.04%, n =
4) i.e. Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach. Maximum
genus was found in family Muscicapidae (8.96%) and Accipitridae (7.465%) (Fig. 3).
Species community and status
Seventy per cent (n=7665) population of birds were
very common, 2% (n=261) very rare, 27% (n=22) species were common, and only 10%
were rare (n=8) (Table 1, Fig. 2). Of
the 82 species recorded, the five species observed with highest population were
the Rock Pigeon Columba livia (106 mean), Rosy
Starling Pastor roseus (43 mean), Large Grey Babbler Turdoides
malcolmi (35 mean), Red-wattled
Lapwing Vanellus indicus (34 mean), and
Common Myna Acridotheres
tristis (33 mean) (Table 1).
Out of 17 very common bird species, nine species were
sighted in every visit (100%) namely Rock Pigeon, Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocta,
Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis,
Asian Koel Eudynamys
scolopaceus, Red-wattled
Lapwing, House Sparrow Passer domesticus,
Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer, Common Myna and Indian
Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus. There were eight common species sighted
between 11 and 14 visits out of the 18 visits; among these, the most dominant
were Rosy Starling (13 times out of 18, n=796); as Indian Silverbill
Euodice malabarica
(n=362) and Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus (14 times out of 18, n=139). Fifteen species were occasionally seen, 22
species rare and 20 species were very rare; among the very rare category, the
rarest one was Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis.
Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus and Lesser White throat (Sylvia curruca) were sighted only once during the survey
(Table 1).
Conservation status of avian fauna
The SUC supports six species of birds included in
Schedule I, 70 species included in Schedule IV of the Wildlife Protection Act
(WPA, 1972) and six species that are listed in Appendix II of the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES 2020). As per IUCN red list, SUC supports three
Near-threatened (NT) species such as Painted Stork Mycteria
leucocephala, Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea
and River Tern Sterna aurantia (IUCN 2020-ver.
1), remaining 79 species are under Least Concern (LC) (Table 1).
Species composition and assemblages on temporal scale
Throughout the six-month study period, it reflects
that population of Rock Pigeon was maximum from August to December; second most
was Rosy Starling and third most populous species (Large Grey Babbler)
dominated from post monsoon to winter (October–December). Accumulation curve of number of species and
individual shows a steep increase from July to October, thereafter, species and
population of birds reveal gradual increase up to December (Fig. 4).
Statistical Analysis
Avian species density and diversity
Out of 11,041 individuals of birds reveal 82 species
of all total survey (N=18). The species
Density (S/N) was high 4.56 species per survey during entire study period. Evenness index (e): Evenness index is low (e
< 0, 0.357). As evenness index
increase with decrease in stress (Pielou 1966), this
clears study areas has no stress elements.
Species richness Margalof’s index (d): Margalof’s index of species richness was high 8.701; and
this minimizes the effect of sample size bias (cited by Odum
1971). Species richness as a measure on
its own takes no account of the number of individuals of each species
present. It gives as much weight to
those species which have very few individuals as compared to those which have many
individuals. Simpson’s Index Dominance
(D): The value of D ranges between 0 and 1.
With this index, 0 represents infinite diversity and 1 no
diversity. That is, the bigger the value
of D, the lower the diversity. Here, Simpson’s Index D is 0.0587 which is low
far to zero so it concludes that the diversity of this study site has
significantly higher diversity. Simpson’s Index of Diversity 1– D: This index also ranges between 0 and 1, the
greater the value, the greater the sample diversity. Here the Simpson’s Index of Diversity (1-D)
is 0.9413. So, it concludes that the diversity of this study site was
higher. Simpson’s Reciprocal Index 1 /
D: This index starts with 1 as the lowest possible figure. This figure would represent a community
containing only one species. Higher the
value, greater the diversity, here the Simpson’s Index of Diversity (1/D) is
17.04. So, it concludes that this study
site has higher diversity of bird species.
Shannon Weiner Index (H’): If the
species are evenly distributed then the H’ value would be high. So, the H’ value allows us to know not only
the number of species but how the abundance of the species is distributed among
all the species in the avian community.
Typical values of Shannon Weiner Index (H’) are generally between 1.5
and 3.5 in most ecological studies, and the index is rarely greater than
4. The Shannon index increases as both
the richness and the evenness of the community increase. Shannon Weiner Index H’= 3.377; So, it
concludes that abundance of avian species at this study site was high (Table
3).
Data analysis on temporal scale shows that population
(n/N=196) and species density (S/N = 3.39) of birds were higher in December;
whereas diversity indices reveal birds species richness and Simpson diversity
(1/D =17.0 and 1-D= 0.941) was significantly higher in August and November; as
Shannon diversity high in November (H’=3.275); dominance (D= 0.0741), evenness-
e^H/S= 0.396), Margalef’s
species richness (d = 7.668) and Fisher alpha diversity (α = 11.63) significant
high and evenly distributed in September during study period. Overall Fisher alpha diversity was high (α =
12.02) at study areas during entire study period. This may reflect comparatively less stress in
their environment and the climatic factor (i.e., Annual rainfall – 1311.2mm, average
temperature 21.5–34.5 ˚C, average humidity ranges 57.9–88.4 % by morning,
2017), their physiography may provide suitable habitat and food availability
during the study period at Saurashtra University Campus.
Comparing previous records from other sites reveals 68
species of birds from village areas of Gondal Taluka,
Rajkot District (Borad 2009); 79 species from
reservoirs of Rajkot City (Joshi 2009); 30 species of water birds of Nyari Dam1 (Vadhel 2010) Rajkot;
29 species from Sodvadar Reservoir and 24 species
from Phophal Reservoir Jam-kandorna
Tehsil, Rajkot District (Jambukiya 2014). From Randarda Lake,
62 species of water birds recorded by Yadav (2015) and 65 species of water
birds by Kasundra (2017); 80 species of birds from
Saurashtra University Campus Rajkot (Gohil 2017); 51 species of water birds
recorded from Aji-1 Water reservoir, Rajkot (Vala
& Trivedi 2018). This indicates that
multi-habitat characteristics of Saurashtra University Campus areas support a
wide range of specialist and generalist species of birds.
Table 1. Checklist of birds of Saurashtra University
Campus, Rajkot. (July to December 2017; Total Survey=18).
|
|
Common name |
Scientific name |
M |
Fr % |
AS |
IUCN |
WPA |
CITES |
|
|
|
Order: Anseriformes (i) Family: Anatidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Lesser Whistling-duck |
Dendrocygna javanica |
0.78 |
28 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
2 |
Indian Spot-billed Duck |
Anas poecilorhyncha |
1.67 |
28 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Galliformes (i) Family: Phasianidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
Indian Peafowl |
Pavocristatus |
1.78 |
39 |
R |
LC |
Sch-I |
- |
|
|
4 |
Grey Francolin |
Francolinus pondicerianus |
9.39 |
56 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Columbiformes (i) Family: Columbidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
Rock Pigeon |
Columba livia |
105.72 |
100 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
6 |
Eurasian Collared Dove |
Streptopelia decaocta |
29.28 |
100 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
7 |
Red Collared Dove |
Streptopelia tranquebarica |
10.06 |
50 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
8 |
Laughing Dove |
Streptopelia senegalensis |
26.33 |
100 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Cuculiformes (i) Family: Cuculidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
Greater Coucal |
Centropus sinensis |
2.00 |
72 |
C |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
10 |
Asian Koel |
Eudynamys scolopaceus |
2.94 |
100 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Gruiformes(i) Family: Rallidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
Common Coot |
Fulica atra |
0.78 |
11 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Pelecaniformes (i) Family: Pelecanidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
Great White Pelican |
Pelecanus onocrotalus |
0.89 |
11 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(ii) Family: Ardeidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
Indian Pond Heron |
Ardeola grayii |
1.00 |
39 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
14 |
Cattle Egret |
Bubulcus ibis |
8.56 |
94 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
15 |
Intermediate Egret |
Ardea intermedia |
0.28 |
17 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
16 |
Little Egret |
Egretta garzetta |
2.83 |
56 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(iii) Family: Threskiornithidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
Indian Black Ibis |
Pseudibis papillosa |
2.44 |
61 |
C |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
18 |
Glossy Ibis |
Plegadis falcinellus |
0.28 |
22 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Charadriiformes (i) Family: Burhinidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
Indian Thick-Knee |
Burhinus indicus |
3.17 |
44 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(ii) Family: Recurvirostridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
Black-winged Stilt |
Himantopus himantopus |
2.94 |
28 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(iii) Family: Charadriidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
Little Ringed Plover |
Charadrius dubius |
1.00 |
28 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
22 |
Yellow-wattled Lapwing |
Vanellus malabaricus |
13.00 |
83 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
23 |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
Vanellus indicus |
33.67 |
100 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(iv) Family: Scolopacidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
24 |
Curlew Sandpiper |
Calidris ferruginea |
1.11 |
17 |
VR |
NT |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
25 |
Little Stint |
Calidris minuta |
1.06 |
17 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
26 |
Common Sandpiper |
Actitis hypoleucos |
1.22 |
44 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
27 |
Green Sandpiper |
Tringa ochropus |
0.56 |
22 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
28 |
Common Greenshank |
Tringa nebularia |
0.22 |
11 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
29 |
Wood Sandpiper |
Tringa glareola |
0.72 |
17 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
30 |
Marsh Sandpiper |
Tringa stagnatilis |
0.17 |
6 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(v) Family : Laridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31 |
River Tern |
Sterna aurantia |
0.17 |
11 |
VR |
NT |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
32 |
Common Tern |
Sterna hirundo |
0.22 |
11 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Accipitriformes (i) Family: Accipitridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
33 |
Black-winged Kite |
Elanus caeruleus |
0.17 |
11 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-I |
App II |
|
|
34 |
Shikra |
Accipiter badius |
1.72 |
67 |
C |
LC |
Sch-I |
App II |
|
|
35 |
Brahminy Kite |
Halias turindus |
0.56 |
33 |
R |
LC |
Sch-I |
App II |
|
|
36 |
Black Kite |
Milvus migrans |
0.50 |
28 |
R |
LC |
Sch-I |
App II |
|
|
37 |
Long-legged Buzzard |
Buteo rufinus |
0.11 |
6 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-I |
App II |
|
|
|
Order: Strigiformes (i) Family: Strigidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
38 |
Spotted Owlet |
Athene brama |
0.89 |
50 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
App II |
|
|
|
Order: Bucerotiformes (i) Family: Upupidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
39 |
Common Hoopoe |
Upupa epops |
2.78 |
50 |
O |
LC |
- |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Piciformes (i) Family:Megalaimidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40 |
Coppersmith Barbet |
Psilopogon haemacephalus |
2.28 |
50 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Coraciiformes (i) Family: Meropidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 |
Green Bee-eater |
Merops orientalis |
25.89 |
94 |
VC |
LC |
- |
- |
|
|
|
(ii) Family: Alcedinidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
42 |
White-throated Kingfisher |
Halcyon smyrnensis |
1.17 |
67 |
C |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Psittaciformes (i) Family: Psittaculidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
43 |
Rose-ringed Parakeet |
Psittacula krameri |
19.44 |
94 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Passeriformes (i)
Family : Oriolidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
44 |
Indian Golden Oriole |
Oriolus kundoo |
2.94 |
50 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(ii) Family:Dicruridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
45 |
Black Drongo |
Dicrurus macrocercus |
19.44 |
94 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(iii) Family: Laniidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46 |
Long-tailed Shrike |
Lanius schach |
0.22 |
11 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(iv) Family:Corvidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47 |
Rufous Treepie |
Dendrocitta vagabunda |
3.11 |
78 |
C |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(v) Family:Nectarinidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
48 |
Purple Sunbird |
Cinnyris asiaticus |
7.72 |
78 |
C |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(vi) Family: Ploceidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49 |
Baya Weaver |
Ploceus philippinus |
3.44 |
22 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(vii) Family: Estrildidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
50 |
Indian Silverbill |
Euodice malabarica |
20.11 |
78 |
C |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(viii) Family: Passeridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
51 |
House Sparrow |
Passer domesticus |
29.33 |
100 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(ix) Family: Motacillidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52 |
Paddyfield Pipit |
Anthus rufulus |
2.06 |
39 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
53 |
Western Yellow Wagtail |
Motacilla flava |
0.89 |
50 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
54 |
Citrine Wagtail |
Motacilla citreola |
0.83 |
28 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
55 |
White-browed Wagtail |
Motacilla maderaspatensis |
0.39 |
28 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
56 |
White Wagtail |
Motacilla alba |
0.83 |
44 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(x) Family : Alaudidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
57 |
Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark |
Eremopterix griseus |
10.72 |
83 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(xi) Family: Cisticolidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
58 |
Ashy Prinia |
Prinia socialis |
1.11 |
28 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
59 |
Plain Prinia |
Prinia inornata |
2.89 |
56 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
60 |
Common Tailorbird |
Orthotomus sutorius |
2.06 |
44 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(xii) Family:Acrocephalidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
61 |
Paddy field Warbler |
Acrocephalus agricola |
3.83 |
22 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(xii) Family: Hirundinidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
62 |
Red-rumped Swallow |
Cecropis daurica |
9.94 |
33 |
R |
LC |
- |
- |
|
|
63 |
Wire-tailed Swallow |
Hirundo smithii |
2.11 |
22 |
R |
LC |
- |
- |
|
|
64 |
Barn Swallow |
Hirundo rustica |
4.56 |
22 |
R |
LC |
- |
- |
|
|
65 |
Dusky Crag Martin |
Ptyonoprogne concolor |
3.61 |
50 |
O |
LC |
- |
- |
|
|
|
(xiii) Family : Psycnonotidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
66 |
Red-vented Bulbul |
Pycnonotus cafer |
17.50 |
100 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(xiv) Family : Sylviidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
67 |
Lesser Whitethroat |
Sylvia curruca |
0.11 |
6 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
68 |
Yellow-eyed Babbler |
Chrysomma sinense |
2.44 |
17 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(xv) Family:Leiothrichidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
69 |
Large Grey Babbler |
Argya malcolmi |
35.00 |
94 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
70 |
Common Babbler |
Argya caudata |
3.33 |
17 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(xvi) Family:Sturnidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
71 |
Rosy Starling |
Pastor roseus |
42.72 |
72 |
C |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
72 |
Brahminy Starling |
Sturnia pagodarum |
5.56 |
89 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
73 |
Common Myna |
Acridotheres tristis |
33.28 |
100 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
74 |
Bank Myna |
Acridotheres ginginianus |
0.56 |
11 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
(xvii) Family:Muscicapidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
75 |
Indian Robin |
Saxicoloides fulicatus |
10.00 |
100 |
VC |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
76 |
Oriental Magpie Robin |
Copsychus saularis |
0.89 |
33 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
77 |
Spotted Flycatcher |
Muscicapa striata |
0.67 |
17 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
78 |
Red-breasted Flycatcher |
Ficedula parva |
0.83 |
22 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
79 |
Black Redstart |
Phoenicurus ochruros |
0.50 |
17 |
VR |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
80 |
Pied Bushchat |
Saxicola caprata |
0.67 |
33 |
R |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Ciconiiformes (i) Family: Ciconiidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
81 |
Painted Stork |
Mycteria leucocephala |
0.78 |
11 |
VR |
NT |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
|
|
Order: Suliformes (i) Family: Phalacrocoracidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
82 |
Little Cormorant |
Phalacrocorax niger |
4.50 |
50 |
O |
LC |
Sch-IV |
- |
|
M—Mean per visit | Fr—Frequency | AS—Abundance Status
(frequency based) | LC—Least Concern | NT—Near Threatened | IUCN (2020-version
1) | Sch–I & IV (WPA, 1972) | App. II (CITES,
2020).
Identification of birds followed as per Grimmett et al. (2013), Satose et
al. (2020),and Common name & Scientific Name updated (Praveen et al. 2018).
VR—Very Rare (1–20 %), R—Rare (21–40 %) | O—Occasional
(41–60 %) | C—Common (61–80 %) | VC—Very Common ( 81–100 %) established on the
basis of frequency (%)
Table 2. Familial numbers of genus and species of
birds.
|
|
Family |
Genus |
Species |
|
1 |
Anatidae |
2 |
2 |
|
2 |
Phasianidae |
2 |
2 |
|
3 |
Columbidae |
2 |
4 |
|
4 |
Cuculidae |
2 |
2 |
|
5 |
Rallidae |
1 |
1 |
|
6 |
Pelecanidae |
1 |
1 |
|
7 |
Ardeidae |
4 |
4 |
|
8 |
Threskiornithidae |
2 |
2 |
|
9 |
Burhinidae |
1 |
1 |
|
10 |
Recurvirostridae |
1 |
1 |
|
11 |
Charadriidae |
2 |
3 |
|
12 |
Scolopacidae |
3 |
7 |
|
13 |
Laridae |
1 |
2 |
|
14 |
Accipitridae |
5 |
5 |
|
15 |
Strigidae |
1 |
1 |
|
16 |
Upupidae |
1 |
1 |
|
17 |
Megalaimidae |
1 |
1 |
|
18 |
Meropidae |
1 |
1 |
|
19 |
Alcedinidae |
1 |
1 |
|
20 |
Psittaculidae |
1 |
1 |
|
21 |
Oriolidae |
1 |
1 |
|
22 |
Dicruridae |
1 |
1 |
|
23 |
Laniidae |
1 |
1 |
|
24 |
Corvidae |
1 |
1 |
|
25 |
Nectariniidae |
1 |
1 |
|
26 |
Ploceidae |
1 |
1 |
|
27 |
Estrildidae |
1 |
1 |
|
28 |
Passeridae |
1 |
1 |
|
29 |
Motacillidae |
2 |
5 |
|
30 |
Alaudidae |
1 |
1 |
|
31 |
Cisticolidae |
2 |
3 |
|
32 |
Acrocephalidae |
1 |
1 |
|
33 |
Hirundinidae |
3 |
4 |
|
34 |
Psycnonotidae |
1 |
1 |
|
35 |
Sylviidae |
2 |
2 |
|
36 |
Leiothrichidae |
1 |
2 |
|
37 |
Sturnidae |
3 |
4 |
|
38 |
Muscicapidae |
6 |
6 |
|
39 |
Ciconiidae |
1 |
1 |
|
40 |
Phalacrocoracidae |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Total |
67 |
82 |
Table 3. Month wise ecological indices of birds of
Saurashtra University Campus.
|
Month |
Total Survey (N) |
Total no. of
individuals (n) |
Total No. of taxa(S) |
Species Density (S/N) |
Population
Density (n/N) |
Dominance (D) |
Simpson’s Index (1/D) |
Simpson’s Index (1-D) |
Shannon Weiner (H’) |
Evennes index (e) |
Margalof d=(S-1)/logN |
Fisher Diversity (α) |
|
Jul |
3 |
429 |
31 |
1.72 |
23.83 |
0.0725 |
13.79 |
0.9275 |
2.889 |
0.5799 |
4.949 |
7.67 |
|
Aug |
3 |
942 |
43 |
2.39 |
52.33 |
0.0585 |
17.00 |
0.9415 |
3.179 |
0.5587 |
6.133 |
9.29 |
|
Sept |
3 |
1691 |
58 |
3.22 |
93.94 |
0.0741 |
12.66 |
0.9259 |
3.134 |
0.396 |
7.668 |
11.63 |
|
Oct |
3 |
2031 |
58 |
3.22 |
112.83 |
0.0666 |
14.93 |
0.9334 |
3.220 |
0.4317 |
7.484 |
11.13 |
|
Nov |
3 |
2419 |
59 |
3.28 |
134.39 |
0.0588 |
17.00 |
0.9412 |
3.275 |
0.448 |
7.444 |
10.91 |
|
Dec |
3 |
3529 |
61 |
3.39 |
196.06 |
0.0612 |
16.39 |
0.9388 |
3.273 |
0.4327 |
7.345 |
10.48 |
|
Total |
18 |
11041 |
82 |
4.56 |
613.39 |
0.0587 |
17.04 |
0.9413 |
3.377 |
0.3573 |
8.701 |
12.02 |
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