Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26
November 2019 | 11(14): 14862–14869
The
distribution of blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) from the paddy fields of Patan and Karad tehsils of Satara District, Maharashtra, India
Sharada Jagannath
Ghadage 1 & Vaneeta
Chandrashekhar Karande 2
1,2 Department
of Botany, Yashwantrao Chavan Institute of
Science, Tal Karad, Satara
District,
Maharashtra 415001, India.
1 ssharada1980@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 vaneetachandra@gmail.com
Abstract: The distribution pattern of blue-green algae was
studied from paddy fields of Patan and Karad tehsils in relation to physico-chemical
properties of soil, viz., pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon %,
available N, P, and K. Paddy field soil
samples of 38 localities from Patan and 28 localities
from Karad were analysed. One-hundred-and-thirty-seven species
belonging to 35 genera of 10 families from three orders were encountered from
paddy field soils of both the tehsils.
Out of 66 soil samples 93.65% samples showed occurrence of unicellular, heterocystous and non heterocystous
forms while 6.34% soil samples showed only non heterocystous
forms. Anabaena and Oscillatoria were found to be of common
occurrence. Significant variation was
not observed in distribution pattern of blue-green algal forms in relation to physico-chemical properties during successive surveys.
Keywords: Cyanobacteria, heterocystous,
physico-chemical parameters, soil samples.
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4891.11.14.14862-14869
Editor: Asheesh Shivam, Nehru Gram
Bharati (Deemed to be University), Prayagraj, India. Date of publication: 26 November 2019
(online & print)
Manuscript details: #4891 | Received 14 February
2019 | Final received 10 October 2019 | Finally accepted 12 November 2019
Citation: Ghadage, S.J. & V.C. Karande. (2019). The distribution of blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria)
from the paddy fields of Patan and Karad tehsils of Satara District,
Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(14): 14862–14869. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4891.11.14.14862-14869
Copyright: © Ghadage & Karande
2019. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any
medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Sharada J. Ghadage
graduated
from the University of Kolhapur and is currently a research scholar with center
for Yashwantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara.
She is working as a senior assistant professor in S.G.M. college, Karad. She is
currently working on one minor project - Effect of Azolla
biofertilizer on soil quality and developmental stages of various crops, fnded by RUSA. Dr. Mrs. V. C. Karande has 36 years experience as a professor for PG
and UG department in Botany subject Yashwantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara. She is working as a Head of Botany department as
well as Vice Principal in Y.C. Institute of Science, Satara
and is a BOS member in Shivaji University,
Kolhapur. Also she worked as a science
faculty Dean in Shivaji University, Kolhapur. She had
completed two minor projects on biodiversity of blue green algae.
Author contribution: SJG - Conconceptualized study, collected and analyzed data, wrote final version of
manuscript translated in the field, VCK - supervised study, helped in the
revision of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements:
We are thankful to Dr. K.G. Kanade, principal, Y.C.
Institute. of Science, Satara for the encouragement
during the work. Thanks are also due to
the head Department of Botany Y.C. Institute of Science, Satara
for the facilities. We are thankful to
staff members and colleagues and friends for the keen interest and suggestions
during this work.
Introduction
Blue-green algae are the first
photosynthetic prokaryotes which emit oxygen in the atmosphere. Cyanobacteria are the connecting link between
bacteria, eukaryotic algae, and higher plants.
They resemble bacteria in the lack of membrane bound organelles like
true nucleus, chloroplast, and mitochondria (Feldgarden
& Cohn 2003); and they contain a photosynthetic system like that of
eukaryotic algae and green plants (Castenholz &
Waterbury 1989).
They contain bluish-green colored pigment phycocyanin where ‘cyan’ means dark blue,
hence the name ‘Cyanobacteria’ and this pigment in conjunction with green
chlorophyll, hence the common name is ‘Blue-green algae’. Besides chlorophyll, other pigments also
present and giving different coloration to them are carotenoids, phycobilins (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin). They also appear bluish, purple, brown, black
and green in color (Kondo & Yasuda 2003).
Blue-green algae are important
components of soil microflora in the paddy field. They play an important role in maintaining
and improving soil fertility as they have the ability to fix nitrogen. Rice fields provide ideal environment for
luxuriant growth of blue-green algae.
They are found in paddy field soil throughout the year at various growth
stages of the rice crop. The occurrence,
distribution and proliferation of those blue-green algae is controlled by the
physical and chemical nature of the paddy field soil. These parameters of soil show profound effect
on the distribution of blue-green algae (Nayak et al. 2004).
Extensive work on the blue-green
algae of paddy fields has been carried out in various regions of India, viz.,
West Bengal, Kerala, Chattisgarh, Manipur, Mizoram,
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra, and in
Bangladesh (Banarjee 1935; Goyal et al. 1984; Anand
& Revati 1987; Anand et al. 1987, 1995; Sahu et al. 1997; Ahmed 2001; Nayak et al. 2001). There have been some reports on the growth
and nitrogen fixation potentials of blue-green algae (Gupta 1964; Prasad &
Mehrotra 1980; Santra 1991). Marked variations among the species of
blue-green algae from rice field soils of different regions of India have been
recorded by Tiwari (1972), Sinha & Mukherjee (1975a,b; 1984), and Anand
(1990). The effect of soil pH on the
blue-green algal diversity in rice field soils was studied by Singh (1978), Sardeshpande & Goyal (1981b), and Nayak & Prasanna
(2007).
Studies on blue-green algal flora
from the paddy fields of Maharashtra were undertaken by Gonzalves
& Gangla (1949), Sardeshpande
& Goyal (1981a); Kolte & Goyal (1985), Patil
& Satav (1986), Madane
& Shinde (1993), and Patil & Chougule (2009).
Biodiversity of blue-green algae from the paddy fields of Satara District was studied by Karande
(2009); and Kamble (2010,
2017). Blue-green algal diversity other
than paddy was studied by Kamat (1962, 1963, 1964,
1974); Jawale & Kumawat
(2004); Auti & Pingle
(2006), and Nikam et al. (2013). There is, however, no report on the
blue-green algal distribution pattern in relation to physicochemical properties
of paddy soil from Patan and Karad
tehsils of Satara District, hence the present work.
Materials
and methods
Study Area
For the present work paddy fields
were selected from Patan and Karad
tehsils of Satara, Maharashtra. Patan is 65km away
to the south-west of Satara. It is located at 17.3700N and 73.9000E. Most of Patan
Tehsil is hilly with deep valleys while some part is plains. It receives heavy rainfall. Common soil is red lateritic soil, in plains
it is black cottony soil while at elevations it is of basaltic and lateritic
type. This tehsil is famous for
cultivation of local varieties of paddy, viz.: Dombya,
Dodkya, Kolambya, Bhados, Panwel, Indrayani, Champakali, Ghansal, Jiresal, Teliansh 6444, Kaveri
888, Krishnakusal, Basmati, and Ambemohar.
Karad is 52km away to the south-east
of Satara. It is
located at 17.2890N and
74.1810E. Karad city situated at southern
part of Satara District near Agashiva,
at the confluence of Koyna and Krishna rivers which
is called ‘Preeti sangam’. The tehsil receives moderate rainfall and the
common soil type is black cottony soil.
It is famous for cultivation of local varieties of rice, viz.: Indrayani, Rethare Basmati, Pusa Basmati, Hansa, Khadkil Kolhapuri, Kolhapuri R-24, and
Kaveri.
Soil samples were collected from
paddy fields of study area (Fig. 1).
Thirty-eight soil samples from Patan and 28
soil samples from Karad were selected for physico-chemical analysis.
About 250g of soil from rice fields were collected randomly from both
the tehsils as per Somawanshi et al. (1999). The collected soil samples were brought in
the laboratory using polythene bags, dried at room temperature in diffuse
sunlight in shade, then crushed with the help of a mortar and pestle, sieved
and used for physico-chemical analysis. pH, EC, organic carbon %, available Nitrogen,
Phosphorous, and Pottash were analysed following
standard methods (Table 2). Physico-chemical parameters of soil from both the tehsils
were compared with distribution of blue-green algal flora (Tables 3 and
4).
From above sieved soil about 1g
of soil transferred aseptically to BG 11 + and BG 11- medium (Rippka et al. 1979), Fogg’s medium and chu 10 medium. We found good results in BG 11 ± medium,
so for further culturing and sub culturing we prefer BG 11 ± medium. These cultures were incubated at 22±2˚c with
16/8 light dark cycle under 5 Klux intensity of light, after incubation algal
growth appeared in enriched cultures in laboratory. Cyanobacterial growth from enriched cultures
were examined microscopically and identified with the help of standard
literature (Dasikachary 1959; Santra
1993; Anand 1990; Anagnostidis & Komarek 1985).
Photographs were taken by using photomicrography unit of Olympus CH20i (Photoplates II, III).
The composition of BG 11 culture
media
BG-11 Medium (Allen 1968; Allen
& Stainer 1968; Rippka
et al. 1979)
Component g L -1
K2HPo4 0.04
MgSO4.5H2O 0.075
Cacl2.2H2O 0.036
Citric acid 0.006
Ferric Ammonium Citrate 0.006
EDTA 0.001
Na2CO3 0.002
Trace Metal Mix (A5) 1ml
The trace metal mixture A5 solution contained the following
constituents in
Salts g L-1.
H3BO3 2.86
MnCl2.4H2O 1.81
ZnSO4.7H2O 0.222
Na2MoO4.2H2O 0.390
CuSO4.5H2O 0.079
CO(NO3)2.6H2O 0.049
pH was maintained in 7–7.5
Result
and Discussion
Thorough screening of 66 paddy
field soil samples collected and cultured from study area have shown occurrence
of 137 species belonging to 35 genera of 10 families from three orders, viz., Chroococcales, Nostocales, and Stigonematales (Table 1).
Of the 35 genera isolated from soil samples 11 are unicellular and 24
are filamentous. Among filamentous taxa;
10 were filamentous non-heterocystous and 14 are
filamentous heterocystous. Filamentous heterocystous
forms are found to be dominant over filamentous non-heterocystous
forms. Among the heterocystous
form order Nostocales found to be dominant. The abundance and distribution of heterocystous forms may be indicating the lower nitrogen
status in study region. Species richness
was found in the genus Oscillatoria. The most widespread genus from the paddy
field soils of study region is Anabaena followed by Oscillatoria
and Lyngbya.
The observations of the present study do not differ much from those by
Anand et al. (1995), where it was reported that the genera Oscillatoria
and Phormodium were predominant in rice fields
of Kerala.
Thirty-four genera and 131
species from Patan and 30 genera and 95 species from Karad were recorded (Table 1); 63.50% taxa showed common
occurrence, 32.11% taxa restricted to paddy soils of Patan
while 4.37% taxa found in paddy field soils of Karad. Nine forms strictly restricted to paddy field
soils of Patan, viz., Synechosystis,
Westiellosis, Aulosira, Symploca, Schizothrix, Merismopedia, Trichodesmium, Cylindrospermum, and Dacyloccocopsis
while Polychlamydum is a rare form restricted
to paddy field soils of Karad. Order Nostocales
found to be largest order in the family Oscillatoriaceae. Genera Oscillatoria,
Lyngbya,
and Phormidium belonging to family Oscillatoriaceae and genera Anabaena and Nostoc belonging to the family Nostocaceae
were found to be dominant from paddy soils of both the tehsils.
Analysis of paddy field soils (38
localities from Patan and 28 localities from Karad) by applying standards of soil parameters
required for agriculture were conducted (Table 2). Soil analysis showed that pH and EC of
majority of the paddy soils from both the tehsils are in good range (Tables 3
and 4). Organic carbon % form paddy
field soils of Patan ranged from 0.31–0.106 %; while
that of Karad ranged from 0.73–0.87 % by applying
standards of soil parameters; the organic carbon % from paddy field soils of Patan was higher than paddy field soils of Karad (Table 3 and 4).
Blue-green algal abundance was recorded to be more in paddy soils of Patan than Karad. The total nitrogen from Patan
ranged 150.5–410 kg/ha and that of Karad 61.1–323.4
kg/ha found to be favorable for the distribution of
blue-green algal forms. The range of
available N from both the tehsils when compared with standards (Table 2)
indicated that the low to moderate nitrogen content (Tables 3 & 4)
did not affect the blue-green algal abundance. Roger & Kulasooriya
(1980) reported that under deficiency of nitrogen in soil condition, nitrogen
fixing blue-green algae show their dominance.
Our observations are in concordance with those proposed by them.
Available P in Patan ranged 62.7–168 kg/ha and Karad
ranged 20.1–56 kg/ha showed blue-green algal abundance. Majority of the localities showed fertility
category low to moderate (Tables 3 & 4) when compared with standards
from both the tehsils and even though it did not affect blue-green algal
dominance. According to Fuller &
Rogers (1952), Cyanobacteria are responsible for increased soil phosphorous. Majority of the localities showed average
concentrations of phosphorous. Our
observations about available phosphorous of paddy soils of Karad
support them, but only up to some extent.
Available K from Patan paddy field soils
ranged 304.6–647.3 Kg/ha and from Karad ranged
145.6–676.4 kg/ha, respectively.
Majority localities showed moderate and high range of available K and
blue-green algal abundance observed at this range. There is no significant correlation found
in concentration of P and blue-green algal distribution from both the tehsils
paddy field soils.
Among the soil properties pH is
most important factor which determines growth, establishment and diversity of
Cyanobacteria. Blue-green algae
generally prefer neutral to slightly alkaline pH for optimum growth (Singh
1961). Our observations support this view as majority of the soil samples from
the study area showed neutral to alkaline pH ranging 7–8.40 with occurrence of
abundant blue-green algae. pH values of
various localities showed significant positive correlation. In culture media the optimal pH for the
growth of Cyanobacteria ranges 7.5–10. Abundance of blue-green algae is
observed at the pH 6.5–7.5 in our experiments.
Low available Nitrogen and Potassium does not affect blue-green algal
dominance. Paddy field soil of Patan was rich in organic carbon % while that of Karad showed less organic carbon %. This may be the reason for blue-green algal
dominance from paddy soils of Patan area. There was no remarkable role of available
phosphorous noted on the blue-green algal dominance from study area.
Different unicellular, heterocystous
filamentous and non-heterocystous filamentous forms
were isolated, identified and maintained in unialgal culture. Blue-green algal forms were more or less
evenly distributed in the rice fields of both the tehsils. Out of 66 soil samples 93.65% samples
contained unicellular, heterocystous and non heterocystous forms; 6.34% contained only non heterocystous forms.
Patan is famous for
paddy cultivation, traditional cropping system, use of local varieties for
cultivation and favorable climatic conditions favours
luxuriant growth of paddy in Patan area. Hence we recorded blue-green algal dominance
from paddy field soils of Patan . Observations suggested that soil from both
the tehsils is nutritionally rich.
Understanding of blue-green algal flora and its correlation with soil
parameters will help in applying fertilzers, it will
also help in enhancing the nitrogen fixing blue-green algae and reducing non
nitrogen fixers which usually compete with the all available nutrients with the
nitrogen fixers.
Table 1. Total
number of species from Patan and Karad
tehsils.
Family |
Genera |
Species
in Patan Tehsil |
Species
in Karad Tehsil |
|
Order
Chroococcales |
||||
1. Chroococcaceae |
Chroococcus |
5 |
4 |
|
|
Aphanothece |
3 |
3 |
|
|
Aphanocapsa |
2 |
2 |
|
|
Gloeothece |
3 |
2 |
|
|
Gloeocapsa |
6 |
3 |
|
|
Synechosystis |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Synechococcus |
2 |
1 |
|
|
Microsystis |
1 |
2 |
|
|
Dacylococcopsis |
1 |
- |
|
|
Merismopedia |
1 |
- |
|
2. Entophysalidaceae |
Chlorogloea |
2 |
2 |
|
Order
Nostocales |
||||
1. Oscillatoriaceae |
Lyngbya |
16 |
9 |
|
|
Trichodesmium |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Oscillatoria |
27 |
20 |
|
|
Phormidium |
12 |
7 |
|
|
Microcoleus |
2 |
2 |
|
|
Symploca |
1 |
- |
|
|
Schizothrix |
1 |
- |
|
|
Polychlamydum |
- |
1 |
|
2. Microchaetaceae |
Microchaete |
2 |
2 |
|
3. Nostocaceae |
Cylindrospermum |
7 |
2 |
|
|
Anabaena |
9 |
10 |
|
|
Nostoc |
7 |
7 |
|
|
Pseudoanabaena |
2 |
1 |
|
|
Aulosira |
2 |
- |
|
4. Scytonemataceae |
Plectonema |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Scytonema |
2 |
2 |
|
|
Tolypothrix |
2 |
1 |
|
5. Rivulariaceae |
Calothrix |
1 |
2 |
|
Order
Stigonematales |
||||
1. Mastigocladaceae |
Mastigocladus |
1 |
1 |
|
2.Nostochopsidaceae |
Nostochopsis |
1 |
1 |
|
3. Stigonemataceae |
Fisherella |
2 |
2 |
|
|
Hapalosiphon |
3 |
1 |
|
|
Westiellopsis |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Westiella |
1 |
1 |
|
10 Families |
35 Genera
and 137 species |
34 Genera
and 131 species |
30 Genera
and 95 Species |
|
Table 2. Standard of soil parameters required for
agriculture (Somawanshi et al. 1999).
pH |
EC |
Fertility
category |
Soil
samples showing |
|||
|
|
|
Organic
carbon % |
N
kg/ha |
P
kg/ha |
K
kg/ha |
1. Acid
soil < 6.0 |
1. Good
soil < 1 |
1. Very low |
< 0.20 |
< 140 |
< 7 |
< 100 |
2. Good
soil 6.00-8.50 |
2. Poor 1–2 |
2. Low |
0.21–0.40 |
141–280 |
7–14 |
101–150 |
3. Alkali
soil > 8.50 |
3. Harmful
to some crops 2–3 |
3. Moderate |
0.41–0.60 |
281–420 |
15–20 |
151–200 |
|
4. Harmful
to most of crops >3 |
4. Moderate
High |
0.61–0.80 |
421–560 |
21–28 |
201–250 |
|
5. High |
0.81–1.00 |
561–700 |
29–35 |
251–300 |
|
6. Very
High |
>1.00 |
>700 |
>35 |
>300 |
Table 3. Numerical analysis for fertility category of
soil samples from Patan Tehsil, Satara
District.
|
pH |
EC |
Fertility status |
No.
of soil samples showing |
|||
|
Organic
carbon % |
Available
N kg/ha |
Available
P kg/ha |
Available
K kg/ha |
|||
1 |
37 soil samples with Good soil pH;
except soil sample of Rasati with acidid i. e. 5.68 p H |
37 soil
samples have good Ec. Except Soil sample of Konjawde
having 1.48 Ec; Which is not good for seed
germination |
Very low |
02 |
08 |
- |
01 |
2 |
Low |
13 |
15 |
05 |
01 |
||
3 |
Moderate |
04 |
09 |
03 |
02 |
||
4 |
Moderate
high |
04 |
03 |
06 |
10 |
||
5 |
High |
06 |
02 |
04 |
04 |
||
6 |
Very high |
09 |
01 |
20 |
20 |
||
Total |
38 |
38 |
|
38 |
38 |
38 |
38 |
Table 4. Numerical analysis for fertility category of
soil samples from Karad Tehsil, Satara
District.
|
pH |
EC |
Fertility status |
No.
of soil samples showing |
||||
|
Organic
carbon % |
Ava.
N kg/ha |
Ava.
P kg/ha |
Ava.
K kg/ha |
||||
1 |
All 28 soil
samples with Good soil pH |
27 soil
samples have good Ec.Soil sample of Talbid having 1.16 Ec; Which is
not good for seed germination |
Very low |
07 |
08 |
01 |
- |
|
2 |
Low |
10 |
17 |
05 |
02 |
|||
3 |
Moderate |
04 |
01 |
05 |
03 |
|||
4 |
Moderate
high |
06 |
02 |
02 |
02 |
|||
5 |
High |
- |
|
03 |
03 |
|||
6 |
Very high |
01 |
|
12 |
18 |
|||
Total |
28 |
28 |
|
28 |
28 |
28 |
28 |
|
For
figure & images - - click here
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