Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July
2019 | 11(9): 14204–14211
An updated checklist of Indian
western Himalayan gymnosperms and lectotypification of three names
Jibankumar Singh Khuraijam 1 & Jaideep
Mazumdar 2
1 Botanic Garden Division, CSIR-National
Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001,
India.
2 Department of Biological Sciences, Burdwan
Town School, Burdwan, West Bengal 713101, India.
1 jskhuraijam@yahoo.com (corresponding author), 2 jaideepmazumdar10@gmail.com
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4827.11.9.14204-14211
Editor: Mandar N. Datar, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India. Date
of publication: 26 July 2019 (online & print)
Manuscript details: #4827 | Received 05 January
2019 | Final received 18 June 2019 | Finally accepted 07 July 2019
Citation: Khuraijam, J.S. & J. Mazumdar (2019). An updated checklist of
Indian western Himalayan gymnosperms and lectotypification
of three names.
Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(9): 14204–14211. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4827.11.9.14204-14211
Copyright: © Khuraijam & Mazumdar 2019. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s)
and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Acknowledgements:
We express our sincere gratitude
to Curators of BSD, DD, LWG and CAL for permission to study specimens and
herbaria K, C, P, B, BR and E for providing online access to their herbarium
specimens. We thank Prof. John McNeill (E), Dr. Kanchi Gandhi (Harvard University
Herbaria), Dr. Olof Ryding,
Curator (C) and Dr. Larisa Orlova
(LE) for valuable advice; and Dr. Manoj Kumar, Forest
Research Institute for help in the study. JSK thanks the Director, CSIR-NBRI,
Lucknow (India) for facilities and encouragement.
Abstract: An updated checklist of gymnosperms of the western
Himalaya situated within political boundaries in India is provided along with
conservation status and distribution.
Lectotype for three names viz., Cedrus
deodara (Roxb. ex Lam.)
G. Don, Pinus roxburghii Sarg.,
Picea smithiana (Wall.)
Boiss. are designated.
Keywords: Conservation status, distribution, habitats, herbarium
studies, Himalayan region.
Living gymnosperms comprise four
distinct lineages, Ginkgo K.Richt.
(1 sp.), gnetophytes (112 spp.), cycads (355 spp.),
and conifers (638 spp.) (Calonje et al. 2019; WCSP
2019). Members of gnetophytes
are distributed in a wide range of vegetation ranging from desert to cold desert at high
elevations while cycads are confined mainly to the tropical regions. Centres of cycad
diversity occur in southern Africa, Australia, and the tropical New World
(Donaldson et al. 2003). Conifers tend
to dominate forests in the northern hemisphere and have a rich and diverse
existence in the southern hemisphere, but are reduced in numbers in most
tropical environments (Conway 2013).
In southern Asia, gymnosperms
are mostly confined to the Himalayan region.
Conifers and Ephedra L. are found in the temperate and alpine
region along the entire stretch of the Himalaya while tropical gymnosperms,
namely, Cycas L. and Gnetum L., grow
naturally in peninsular and northeastern India, Nepal, Bangladesh and
Bhutan. In the unfinished series on
gymnosperms of western Himalaya, Dar & Christensen (2003) reported seven
taxa of Juniperus, and Srivastava
(2006) listed 101 taxa (indigenous and exotic) of gymnosperms from India. Singh & Srivastava (2013) revised the
checklist and reported the occurrence of 146 species and seven varieties of
gymnosperms in India with extensive details of exotic/introduced species. Rana & Rawat (2017) established a
database of Himalayan plants which enlisted 51 species of gymnosperms belonging
to eight families and 20 genera from the Himalayan region of India, Nepal and
Bhutan. Singh et al. (2018) reported 88
species of gymnosperms in the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot.
The Indian western Himalaya consist of three states namely Jammu &
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
Recently, nine species and one variety of Ephedra were described
from these states out of which five taxa were not effectively published (Sharma
& Uniyal 2009; Sharma et al. 2010; Sharma &
Singh 2015, 2016; Sharma et al. 2015).
The latest addition of conifers in the western Himalaya is Juniperus chinensis L. which
was reported from Jammu & Kashmir (Singh et al. 2018). The species is previously reported to be an
introduced species in India (Sood et al. 2010; Singh
& Srivastava 2013).
Materials and
Methods
Herbarium studies at Forest
Research Institute, Dehradun (DD), Botanical Survey of India, Northern Regional
Centre, Dehradun (BSD), National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (LWG),
Botanical Survey of India, Howrah (CAL) and consultation of literature and
virtual specimens available online at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K),
University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C), Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris (P), Botanischer Garten und Botanisches
Museum Berlin-Dahlem (B), Meise
Botanic Garden, Meise (BR), and Royal Botanic Garden
Edinburgh (E) provided significant information for the current
investigation. While making the
checklist, we followed linear sequence of extant gymnosperms by Christenhusz et al. (2011) and exotic or introduced species
were excluded.
The names of three species of
gymnosperms of the western Himalaya required typification
since the authors had either not designated a type or designated ambiguous
specimens. In order to understand these
treatments, all the protologues of the published taxa were studied.
The checklist
The checklist is the updated
enumeration of gymnosperms of the Indian western Himalaya. Thirty species, one
subspecies and two varieties belonging to nine genera of gymnosperms are
enlisted along with their distribution and current conservation status (Tables
1, 2). The present checklist will serve
as a base for future research on gymnosperms in the region.
Two species of Juniperus, namely, polycarpos
and macropoda, which were listed in
the previous checklists of Indian gymnosperms by Singh & Srivastava (2013)
and Srivastava (2006), are now considered synonyms of Juniperus
excelsa subsp. polycarpos
(K. Koch) Takht.
(Farjon 2017).
Hence, the subspecies is incorporated in the present checklist. Likewise, Juniperus
wallichiana which was listed in Srivastava
(2006), is now considered to be a synonym of Juniperus
indica (Farjon 2017).
Sharma et al. (2011) based on
molecular studies recognized five taxa of Ephedra from the western
Himalaya, namely, Ephedra yurtungensis Sharma
& Uniyal, E. yurtungensis
var. lutea Sharma & Uniyal, E. lamayuruensis Sharma & Uniyal,
E. sheyensis Sharma & Uniyal,
E. khardongensis Sharma & Uniyal. However,
they were not published effectively as they did not fulfill criteria (Art. 38
to 40) (Turland et al. 2018) and hence excluded from
this study.
Typification
1. Pinus roxburghii Sarg. (1897: 9) nom. nov. [Pinaceae]
Pinus longifolia Roxb. ex Lam. (1803: 29, t. 21) nom. illeg.
non Salisb. (1796: 398).
Type (lectotype, designated here): Lambert (1803), Descr.
Pinus 1: Tab. XXI “Pinus longifolia” [Icon]. (Fig.
1).
Note: Lambert (1803)
validated Pinus longifolia Roxb.
with description and illustration in his book “A description of the genus Pinus”;
however, Pinus longifolia Roxb.
ex Lamb. (1803) proved an illegitimate later homonym of Pinus longifolia Salisb.
(1796). Sargent (1897), therefore,
proposed the replacement name (nom. nov.) Pinus roxburghii Sarg. for Pinus
longifolia Roxb. ex
Lamb., in honour of Dr. William Roxburgh,
the collector of this specimen.
The name Pinus roxburghii Sarg. is based on Roxburgh’s
collection from the mountains of Nepal and “Indie orientalis”
(an old term including the Indian subcontinent).
Farjon (2017)
mentioned that holotype was not located and isotype was stored in B-W. A Roxburgh specimen exists in Herb. Willdenow
(BW17762010). This specimen is composed
of needles and a part of shoot. This specimen was collected by Roxburgh and locality is mentioned on the back side of this
sheet as India (“Habitat in India”). It
carries annotations “Pinus longifolia (Roxburgh)” and “P. longifolia 1”.
Another Roxburgh specimen (only needles)
exists in BR (BR0000013468941) collected by Roxburgh. Locality not mentioned, but it carries an
annotation “Pinus longifolia”.
Similar annotations indicate that both specimens were in possession of Roxburgh. As Lambert
(1803) did not mention any “Type” or “Holotype”, specimens in B and BR are
syntypes (Turland et al. 2018, Art. 9.6).
After the death of Lambert his herbarium was sold in parts and dispersed
in many herbaria (see details in Miller 1970).
It is not clear that these Roxburgh specimens
at B and BR were from Lambert’s herbarium and represent original material. To avoid any conflict in future we
conservatively select Lambert’s illustration Tab. 21 “Pinus longifolia”
as lectotype which is also an original material (Turland
et al. 2018, Art. 9.4.b).
Volumes and editions of Lambert’s “A description of the genus Pinus”
has some errors during printing and binding as noted by Renkema
& Ardagh (1930) and Little (1949).
There is an additional plate of Tab. 21 of “Pinus longifolia”
(Renkema & Ardagh 1930: 443) and we select one of
them (Image 2).
2. Cedrus deodara (Roxb.
ex Lam.) G. Don (1830: 388) [Pinaceae]
Pinus deodara Roxb. ex Lambert (1824: 8); Cedrus libani A.
Rich. subsp. deodara (Lambert) P.D. Sell
(1990: 92).
Type (lectotype, designated
here): Lambert (1824), Descr. Pinus 2: Tab. “Pinus Deodara” [Icon]. Image 3.
Note: Lambert (1824) published Pinus
deodara in his highly acclaimed book “A
description of the genus Pinus” and in the protologue he cited Dr. William Roxburgh’s unpublished name “Pinus Deodar. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ined.” and
also mentioned locality “Habitat in Indiae Orientalis montibus ad urbis Rohilcund Septentrionem. Roxburgh.” “Rohilcund”
is now a region in Uttar Pradesh, India.
Farjon (2017) mentioned that type was
not designated for Pinus deodara. We located a Roxburgh specimen in BR
(BR0000013468958) carrying annotations “Pinus Deodara
Roxb. male” and “Herb. Roxburghii”
indicating that it was once in the possession of Roxburgh.
As mentioned above, after the
death of Lambert his herbarium was sold in parts and dispersed in many herbaria
(Miller 1970). It is not clear that
BR0000013468958 is the same specimen which Lambert studied, that is, original
material. Selection of BR0000013468958
may warrant further changes in future. Thus we conservatively select Lambert’s
unnumbered Tab. “Pinus Deodara” (Image 1) as
lectotype which is definitely studied by Lambert and original material (Turland et al. 2018, Art. 9.4.b).
Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss.
Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 5(2): 700. 1884 [Pinaceae]
Pinus smithiana Wall. Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 24, t. 246. 1832.
Type (lectotype, designated
here):-—Himalayas: Webb, Govan & Blinkworth,
Catalogue no. 6063 (K001122925 [image]!). Image 4.
Note: Wallich (1832a) in his Numerical list
first introduced the name Pinus smithiana
Wall., but without any description (nom. nud.) and
not validly published (Turlad et al. 2018,
Art. 38, Ex. 1). Later Wallich (1832b) validated Pinus smithiana
in third volume of Plantae Asiaticae rariores, with description and a colour plate “Tab.
246” which is the original material for this name (Turland
et al. 2018, Art. 9.4). As mentioned by Wallich, the epithet smithiana
is dedicated to botanist Sir James Edward Smith (1759–1828), founder and
president (during 1788–1828) of the Linnean Society,
London (Stafleu & Cowan 1985).
In the protologue of Pinus smithiana, Wallich mentioned
the locality as mountains of the Himalaya and collectors Webb, Govan and Blinkworth. Wallich’s name was based on specimens “Catalogue no. 6063”.
Christensen & Orlova (2006) located the specimen Webb &
Govan 6063 at C and designated it as lectotype. We searched for the lectotype of Picea smithiana at
C for examination. But this lectotype
was lost from C and we could not locate it at any other herbaria.
Although Christensen & Orlova (2006) did not mention about any other type
specimens of Pinus smithiana elsewhere,
collection of Webb, Govan & Blinkworth,
no. 6063 exists in Herb. Wallich at K (barcode
K001122925). Art. 9.11 (Turland et al. 2018)
permits selection of another lectotype when previously designated lectotype is
lost or destroyed. We select specimen at
K (original material) as lectotype of Pinus smithiana.
Table 1. Checklist of extant gymnosperms of the Indian
western Himalaya.
|
|
Taxa |
Distribution
in Indian western Himalaya |
Global
distribution |
Conservation
status (IUCN 2019) |
|
Subclass:
Gnetidae Order:
Ephedrales Family:
Ephedraceae |
||||
|
1 |
Ephedra
gerardiana Wall.
ex Klotzsch & Garcke |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Afghanistan,
China, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan |
Not
Evaluated |
|
2 |
Ephedra
intermedia Schrenk
& C.A.Mey. |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir |
Afghanistan,
China, Iran, Islamic Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal,
Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan |
Least
Concern |
|
3 |
Ephedra
kardangensis P.Sharma
& P.L.Uniyal |
Himachal
Pradesh |
- |
Least
Concern |
|
4 |
Ephedra
khurikensis P.Sharma
& P.L.Uniyal |
Himachal
Pradesh |
- |
Data
Deficient |
|
5 |
Ephedra
major Host |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir |
Afghanistan,
Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, France, Greece, Iran,
Italy, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan,
Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan |
Least
Concern |
|
6 |
Ephedra
pachyclada Boiss. |
Jammu &
Kashmir |
Pakistan,
Nepal |
Least
Concern |
|
7 |
Ephedra
pangiensis
Rita Singh & P.Sharma |
Himachal
Pradesh |
- |
Not
Evaluated |
|
8 |
Ephedra
przewalskii Stapf |
Jammu &
Kashmir |
China,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan |
Least
Concern |
|
9 |
Ephedra
regeliana Florin |
Jammu &
Kashmir |
Afghanistan,
China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan |
Least
Concern |
|
10 |
Ephedra
saxatilis (Stapf) Royle ex Florin |
Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand |
China,
Nepal |
Least
Concern |
|
11 |
Ephedra
sumlingensis P.Sharma
& P.L.Uniyal |
Himachal
Pradesh |
- |
Not
Evaluated |
|
12 |
Ephedra
yangthangensis P.Sharma
& Rita Singh |
Himachal
Pradesh |
- |
Not Evaluated |
|
Subclass:
Pinidae Order:
Pinales
Family:
Pinaceae |
||||
|
13 |
Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex Lambert) G.Don |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Afghanistan,
Pakistan, China, Nepal |
Least
Concern |
|
14 |
Pinus
gerardiana
Wall. ex D.Don |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Afghanistan,
Pakistan, China |
Near
Threatened |
|
15 |
Pinus
roxburghii Sarg. |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Pakistan,
China, Nepal, Bhutan |
Least
Concern |
|
16 |
Pinus
wallichiana A.B.Jacks. |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Afghanistan,
Pakistan, China |
Least
Concern |
|
17 |
Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss. |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Afghanistan,
China, Nepal |
Least
Concern |
|
18 |
Tsuga dumosa (D. Don) Eichler |
Uttarakhand |
China,
Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Vietnam |
Least
Concern |
|
19 |
Abies pindrow (Royle
ex D.Don) Royle |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Afghanistan,
Nepal, Pakistan, |
Least
Concern |
|
20 |
Abies pindrow var. brevifolia
Dallim. & A.B.Jacks. |
Jammu &
Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
- |
Data
Deficient |
|
21 |
Abies spectabilis (D.Don) Mirb. |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Afghanistan,
China, Nepal |
Near
Threatened |
|
Order:
Cupressales Family:
Cupressaceae |
||||
|
22 |
Cupressus torulosa D. Don ex
Lamb. |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
China,
Nepal, Bhutan |
Least
Concern |
|
23 |
Juniperus chinensis L. |
Jammu &
Kashmir |
China,
Myanmar, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Russia |
Least
Concern |
|
24 |
Juniperus communis L. |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
United
States, Canada, Europe, central Asia, eastern Asia |
Least
Concern |
|
25 |
Juniperus communis var. saxatilis Pall. |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Europe,
Caucasus, Siberia, central Asia, western Asia, Pakistan, Nepal, China,
eastern Asia, East Russia, Canada, United States of America |
Not
evaluated |
|
26 |
Juniperus indica Bertol. (Syn.: Juniperus wallichiana
Hook. f. & Thomson ex Parl.) |
Uttarakhand |
China,
Nepal, Bhutan |
Least
Concern |
|
27 |
Juniperus excelsa subsp. polycarpos (K. Koch) Takht. (Syn.: Juniperus polycarpos
K.Koch, Juniperus
macropoda Boiss) |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Turkey, Oman, Afghanistan, Pakistan |
Least
Concern |
|
28 |
Juniperus pseudosabina Fisch.
et C.A. Mey |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Afghanistan,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan |
Least
Concern |
|
29 |
Juniperus recurva Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don |
Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand |
Afghanistan,
Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan |
Least
Concern |
|
30 |
Juniperus semiglobosa Regel
|
Jammu &
Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, China |
Least
Concern |
|
31 |
Juniperus squamata Buch.-Ham.
ex D. Don |
Jammu &
Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Afghanistan,
China, Taiwan |
Least
Concern |
|
Family:
Taxaceae |
||||
|
32 |
Taxus
contorta Griff. |
Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand |
Afghanistan,
Pakistan, China, Nepal |
Endangered |
|
33 |
Taxus
wallichiana Zucc. |
Uttarakhand |
Bhutan,
China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Vietnam |
Endangered |
Sources: Sahni 1990; Singh
& Mudgal 1997; Dogra 1999; Dar & Christensen
2003; Dar & Dar 2006; Srivastava 2006; Eckenwalder 2009; Farjon
2010, 2017; Singh & Srivastava 2013; Sharma & Singh 2015, 2016; Singh
et al. 2018a, 2018b.
Table 2. Native gymnosperms of the Indian western
Himalaya.
|
|
Genera
|
Species |
Subspecies |
Variety |
|
1 |
Ephedra |
12 |
- |
- |
|
2 |
Cedrus |
1 |
- |
- |
|
3 |
Pinus
|
3 |
- |
- |
|
4 |
Picea |
1 |
- |
- |
|
5 |
Tsuga |
1 |
- |
- |
|
6 |
Abies |
2 |
- |
1 |
|
7 |
Cupressus |
1 |
- |
- |
|
8 |
Juniperus |
7 |
1 |
1 |
|
9 |
Taxus |
2 |
- |
- |
|
Total |
9 |
30 |
1 |
2 |
For
figure & images - - click here
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