Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867

 

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4761.13.7.18853-18867

#4761 | Received 21 November 2019 | Final received 22 March 2021 | Finally accepted 08 April 2021

 

 

Flowering plants of Agumbe region, central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India

 

G.S. Adithya Rao 1   & Y.L. Krishnamurthy 2

 

1 Department of Applied Botany, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahyadri, Shankaragatta, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577451, India.

 1 adithyaraosri@gmail.com, 2 murthy_ylk@yahoo.co.in (corresponding author)

 

 

 

Editor: Anonymity requested.   Date of publication: 26 June 2021 (online & print)

 

Citation:  G.S.A. Rao & Y.L. Krishnamurthy (2021). Flowering plants of Agumbe region, central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(7): 18853–18867. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4761.13.7.18853-18867

 

Copyright: © Rao & Krishnamurthy 2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.  JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

 

Funding: Self-funded.

 

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

 

Author details: G.s. Adithya Rao is very much Interested in Plant taxonomy and diversity assessment. Presently working in Karnataka Forest Department as Deputy Range Forest Officer cum Surveyor and working for compiling the Flora of Shivamogga District.  Y.L. Krishnamurthy is Professor in Applied Botany and he has expert in Plant Biodiversity - survey, documentation and conservation and fungal endophytes - Enhancement of plant growth by incorporation of beneficial fungi and fungal metabolite profiling, Exploration and characterization of lichens.

 

Author contributions: GSA - carried out the field work, data collection, identification, photography, data interpretation, manuscript writing.  YLK - carried out the field work, guided for data interpretation and manuscript writing.

 

Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Prof. K. Gopalakrishna Bhat, Taxonomic research Centre, Poorna Prajna College, Udupi for their help in the ID conformation. The gratitude extended to Karnataka Forest Department for giving the entry to the study site. Also thankful to Mr. H.U. Abhijit, Mr. H.U. Vishwajith and Mr. Praveena Hosagadde for their support during the research work.

 

 

 

Abstract: Agumbe, the Cherrapunji of southern India, is a bastion of rich endemic flora.  In the present study of random sampling, a total of 570 species of flowering plants were collected belonging to 370 genera and 105 families, including a few endemic and Red Listed medicinal plants such as Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb., Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd., Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex C.DC., Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb., Hopea canarensis Hole, Calophyllum apetalum Willd., Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W.J.de Wilde, and Myristica dactyloides Gaertn.  Family Leguminosae contributes the maximum number of species (47 species) followed by Rubiaceae (32 species) and Asteraceae (27 species) and Genera Ficus (9 species), Diospyros (8 species) and Syzygium (7 species) are the dominant genera. Trees (185 species) are the dominant species followed by herbs (162 species), climbers (117 species), shrubs (62 species), grasses and sedges (19 species), epiphytes (15 species) and parasites (10 species).

 

Keywords: Dipterocarpus, endemic, Red Listed medicinal plants.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Taxonomic studies and floristic explorations can provide efficient and convenient information regarding the nomenclature, distribution and ecology, utility of various plants species, and  about an ecosystem. It is estimated that the tropical forests harbor about 70% of living organisms of the whole world, of which roughly 20% of the total are confined as exclusively endemic throughout the tropical forests (Myers 1988).

India is one among 18 mega biodiversity nations harboring about 4,381endemic species of flowering plants (Nayar, 1996; Shigwan et al. 2000; Singh et al. 2015).  Among 35 global biodiversity hot spots (Mittermeier et al. 2011) identified, India has four; including the Western Ghats, which is the second largest endemic centers in India with 1,273 species (Nayar et al. 2014 a,b).

The Western Ghats is one of the two high diversity humid tropical forest tracks in India.  The most outstanding feature of the Western Ghats is the formation of tropical rain forests along the windward side facing the Arabian Sea.  The tropical climate complimented by heavy precipitation from the south-west monsoon and favorable edaphic factors create an ideal condition for the luxuriant growth of plant life, which can be seen only in a few parts of the world (Gadgil 1996).  The tropical forests have received much attention in recent years because of their species richness, high standing biomass, and greater productivity (Denslow 1987).  A rainforest is a dense, wet, and tropical evergreen ecosystem, high in its level of biodiversity.  One among the tropical rainforests of the Western Ghats is found in the Agumbe region.

According to the Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (KSNDMC), Hulikal (442m), located more than 244m below Agumbe (686m) area, has received heavy rainfall (more than 125mm) on an average of 4.6 times a year compared to twice a year in Agumbe during the past decade.  The reason for the variation of rainfall in Hulikal is the construction of a reservoir, which has created an anthropogenic impact on the environment and the weather system and that has led to heavy rainfall.  There has been a change in the temperature, humidity and soil moisture in Hulikal after the construction of the dam (Prabhu 2011).

Agumbe, the Cherrapunji of the south is famous for its endemic flora and medicinal plants (Sundararaghavan 1970).  Hence, the present study was conducted with the intention to report the present status of the flowering plant diversity of this region, as there is no updated account available for this ecologically unique and important region.

 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Study area

The study area is 568ha of tropical low-land evergreen forest of Agumbe (13.5087°N 75.0959°E) in Shivamogga district of Karnataka, India.  Agumbe tropical rain forests are the heart of central Western Ghats with a wide range of species composition and floral distribution.  These forests are classified as tropical wet evergreen forests of the Dipterocarpus indicus-Humboldtia brunonis-Poeciloneuron indicum type (Pascal 1988).  The mean annual rainfall is 7,620mm (300 inches) and the average temperatures vary between 22.2oC and 23.6oC with an annual average temperature of 23.5oC.  Agumbe lies in a hilly, wet region of the Western Ghats with an elevation of 643m (2,250ft), canopy cover of 80–85% and lies in a UNESCO World Heritage Site (UNESCO 2011).  According to  Champion & Seth’s (1968) classification, Agumbe is an area of “southern tropical wet evergreen forests”. The Agumbe Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) was established in 1999 to protect the important medicinal plants of the region (Figure 1).

 

Methods

This study was carried out in all the climatic seasons covering Agumbe and Kundadri MPCA, Agumbe Reserve Forest and a few parts of Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary between 2016 and 2018.  The survey was conducted using random sampling methods (Cochran 1977).  Plant specimens were collected and identified by using available regional floras (Saldanha & Nicolson 1976; Yoganarasimhan et al. 1981; Saldanha 1984; Gamble 1998; Ramaswamy et al. 2001; Punekar & Lakshminarasimhan 2011; Bhat 2014).  Names and families of the plants were updated using The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org) and Herbarium JCB (Rao et al. 2012 (http://florakarnataka.ces.iisc.ac.in/hjcb2)).  The herbarium specimens were deposited in the Herbarium, Department of Applied Botany, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka.

 

 

RESULTS

 

A total of 570 species of flowering plants belonging to 370 genera and 105 families occur in the present study area.  Among all the flowering plants, trees (185 species) contribute the maximum number followed by herbs (162 species), climbers (117 species), shrubs (62 species), grasses & sedges (19 species), epiphytes (15 species), and parasites (10 species) (Figure 2, Image 1–24).  Family Leguminosae (47 species) contributes the maximum number of species followed by Rubiaceae (32 species), Asteraceae (27 species), Acanthaceae (28 species), Apocynaceae (22 species) and so on.

Genus Ficus L., contributing 9 species followed by Diospyros L. with eight species, Syzygium R.Br. ex Gaertn. with seven species, Impatiens L., Solanum L. with six species each. Acacia Mart., Blumea DC., Dendrobium Sw., Garcinia L., Phyllanthus L. Terminalia L. and Senna Mill., with five species each (Figure 3).

Agumbe is the home for numerous endemic plants to the Western Ghats such as Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq, Calophyllum apetalum Willd., Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd., Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex C.DC., Embelia ribes Burm.f., Hopea canarensis Hole, Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb., Myristica dactyloides Gaertn., Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm., Syzygium gardneri Thwaites, and many were conserved in the reserve forests (RF), Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS), and MPCAs.

Among 185 trees, Leguminosae (45 species), Moraceae (11 species), and Lauraceae (10 species) members were dominant.  Distribution wise the members of Dipterocarpaceae, Leguminosae, Ebenaceae and Moraceae were frequent and wide spread and Arenga wightii, Elaeocarpus tuberculatus, Garcinia gummi-gutta, Knema attenuata, Myristica malabarica, Persea macrantha, Poeciloneuron indicum, and Syzygium gardneri were commonly found in the Agumbe rainforests.

The study revealed the presence of 162 herbaceous species, in which 160 were ground flora.  Among them Asteraceae emerged as the dominant family with 27 species followed by Acanthaceae (19 species), Poaceae (17 species), Lamiaceae (11 species), and Leguminosae (11 species).  Many of the herbs were used for various medicinal and edible purposes. Some rarely seen plants like Epipogium roseum, a saprophytic land orchid, shows its emergence for only 15 days in a year with beautiful flowers, but vegetative phases are not seen on the ground.

Due to the dense canopy, only a few numbers of shrubs were observed during the present study.  A total of 62 shrubs belonging to 25 families and 52 genera were observed.  Among them, Rubiaceae and Acanthaceae  emerged as dominant families with 10 and seven individuals, respectively.  Species like Ardisia solanacea, Atalantia monophylla (respiratory disorders), Gnidia glauca (mumps), Ixora coccinea (fever), Memecylon malabaricum (herpes), Pavetta crassicaulis (wounds), and Thottea siliquosa (dysentry) have medicinal importance ( Udaya 2003). Evergreen forests are also rich in diversity of climbers and the study revealed the presence of a greater diversity of climbers with 117 species belonging to 42 families.  Among these Apocynaceae (14), Leguminosae (13), and Convolulaceae (09) were dominant.  Most of the climbers occurred in the study area having medicinal value and Marsdenia raziana, Adenia hondala, and Salacia malabarica are listed under Red Listed plants (IUCN 2017). Only 15 species of epiphytes were found in the study area.  The majority of the epiphytes belong to Orchidaceae (12), followed by Apocynaceae, Gentianaceae, Gesneriaceae, and Moraceae with one species each,

A total of 10 angiospermic parasites were observed and they were seen on varied host plants such as Terminalia paniculata, Terminalia tomentosa, Olea dioica, and Artocarpus hirsutus.  Family Loranthaceae with eight species emerged as the dominant family, followed by Convolvulaceae and Santalaceae with one species each (Annexure 1).

Among 570 flowering plants, 58 were considered threatened.  Some species which are endangered need to be conserved for the future. These threatened species fall under 34 families, where Leguminosae and Dipterocarpaceae have five species each, followed by Lauraceae with four species and are the dominant families (https://www.iucnredlist.org) (Annexure 2).

 

 

DISCUSSION

 

A comparative analysis of tree diversity in the tropical lowland evergreen forests of Agumbe in three one hectare plots displayed the presence of 3,202 live stems representing 125 species of trees in 92 genera and 42 families (Srinivas & Parthasarathy 2000), whereas in the current study, 195 species of trees belonging to 54 families and 137 genera were observed in all the areas of the rain forests of Agumbe.

 Species diversity and density of all woody climbers (lianas) inventoried in three one-hectare plots in the tropical lowland evergreen forest of Agumbe yielded a total of 1,138 lianas belonging to 40 species (Padaki & Parthasarathy  2000).  In the current study, a total of 117 species of climbers were found to occur, of which 59 species were lianas.

A floristic survey carried out in Agumbe MPCA by the FRLHT botanical team reported 371 plant species of which 182 are medicinal.  Adenia hondala, Celastrus paniculatus, Garcinia gummi-gutta, Myristica dactyloides, Persia macrantha, and Vateria indica are a few threatened species recorded from this area (Nayar & Sastry 1990).   The study also revealed the Agumbe MPCA is a genuine storehouse of floristic diversity.  The presence of pure stands of Poeciloneuron indicum is a significant character of this forest (Udayan 2003).  But, in the current study the whole area of Agumbe rainforest was enumerated and yielded more momentous results than the other studies.

Bhat (2014) explored the floristic wealth of Dakshina Kannada district, observed 1,888 species of flowering plants belonging to 928 genera and 166 families and classified plants according to Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) III.  Among 1,273 species of flowering plants endemic to the Western Ghats (Nayar et al. 2014a,b), 195 species and five infra-specific categories occur in the surrounding areas of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts.  Whereas in our study, we observed 570 flowering plants belonging to 370 genera and 105 families and we classified plants according to APG IV system of classification.  The present study revealed the presence of 84 endemic species and 58 threatened plants distributed in the Agumbe region.

Major threats that are intimidating the diversity and distribution of flowering plants in Agumbe are the illegal collection of non-timber forest products (NTFP) such as: fruits of Garcinia gummi-gutta, G. indica, G. xanthochymus, Elaeocarpus tuberculatus, Diospyros spp., Phyllanthus emblica, Myristica dactyloides, M. malabarica, Syzygium spp., Ficus racemosa, and Strychnos nux-vomica; leaves and bark of Cinnamomum verum, Alstonia scholaris, Saraca asoca and many other species for their therapeutic and marketing value.   Even though the forest department is undertaking many conservation efforts, many threatened and endemic plants need more specific conservation plans.

Very few pockets in the Western Ghats have a combination of high rainfall and luxuriant evergreen forests as do the Ghats forests of Agumbe.  Some rarely seen plants like Epipogium roseum, a saprophytic land orchid and Marsdenia raziana, Adenia hondala, and Salacia malabarica which are listed as threatened were seen in the present study.  Many of the herbs, shrubs, climbers, and trees are used for various medicinal and edible purposes.  Medicinal plants and other endemic plants available in the Agumbe region are conserved in the Agumbe and Kundadri MPCAs, Agumbe Reserve Forest and  some parts of the Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary.  All these rare plants should be given top priority for their conservation.

 

For figures & images - - click here

 

 

REFERENCES

 

Bhat, K.G. (2014-). Flora of South Kanara (Dakshina Kannada and Udupi Districts of Karnataka).  Taxonomy Research Centre, Department of Botany, Poorna Prajna College, Udupi.

Champion, H.G. & S.K. Seth (1968). A Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India. Government of India Press, New Delhi.

Cochran, W. (1977). Sampling Techniques, 3rd Edition. Wiley, New York.

Denslow, J.S. (1987). Tropical rainforest gaps and tree species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 431.

Gadgil, M. (1996). Western Ghats: a lifescape. Journal of the Indian Institute of Sciences. 76: 495–504.

Gamble. J.S. (1998). Flora of the Presidency of Madras. The Authority of the Secretary of State for India in Council. Vol. 1, 2 and 3.

IUCN (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. accessed at http:// www.iucnredlist.org.

Mittermeier, R.A., W.R. Turner, F.W. Larsen, T.M. Brooks & C. Gascon (2011). Global biodiversity conservation: the critical role of hot spots. In: Zachos, F.E. & J.C. Habel (eds.). Biodiversity Hot Spots: Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas. Springer, Heidelberg.

Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B. Fonseca & J. Kent (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853–858.

Nayar, M.P. (1980). Endesim and patterns of distribution of endemic genera. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 1: 99–110.

Nayar, M.P. & A.R.K. Sastry (1990). Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Vol. 1-3. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta.

Nayar, M.P. (1996). Hot Spots of Endemic Plants of India, Nepal and Bhutan. TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram, 252pp.

Nayar, T.S., A.R. Beegam & M. Sibi (2014a). Flowering Plants of the Western Ghats, India - Volume 1 Dicots. Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, 934pp.

Nayar, T.S., A.R. Beegam & M. Sibi (2014b). Flowering Plants of the Western Ghats, India - Volume 2 Monocots. Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, 935–1683pp.

Padaki, A. & N. Parthasarathy (2000). Abundance and distribution of lianas in tropical lowland evergreen forest of Agumbe, central Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology 41(2): 143–154.

Pascal, J. (1988). Wet Evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of India-Ecology, Structure, Floristic composition, and Succession. Sri Aurobindo Ashram press. Pondicherry, 345pp.

Prabh, N. (2011). Hulikal in Shimoga district is wettest in State. The Hindu, November 08, 2011.

Punekar, A.S. & P. Lakshminarasimhan (2011). Flora of Anshi National Park, Western Ghats – Karnataka. Biospheres Publication, Lakshmi Nagar, Parvati, Pune, Maharashtra, India, 772pp.

Ramaswam, S.N. Rao & G.D. Arekal (2001). Flora of Shimoga District. Prasaranga, University of Mysore, Mysore, 719pp.

Rao, K.S., A.N. Sringeswara, D. Kumar, S. Pulla & R. Sukumar (2012). Digital herbarium for flora of Karnataka. Current Science 102(9): 1268–1271.

Saldanha, C.J. & D. Nicholson (1976). Flora of Hassan District, Karnataka, India.  Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.   

Saldanha, C.J. (1984). Flora of Karnataka, Vol. 1 & 2. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.

Shetty, B.V., K.M. Kaveriappa & K.G. Bhat (2002). Plant Resources of Western Ghats and Lowlands of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi Districts. Pilikula Nisarga Dhama Society, Moodushedde, Mangalore.

Shigwan, B. K., Kulkarni, A., Vijayan, S., Choudhary, R. K., & M. N. Datar (2020). An assessment of the local endemism of flowering plants in the northern Western Ghats and Konkan regions of India: checklist, habitat characteristics, distribution, and conservation. Phytotaxa 440(1): 25–54.

Singh, P., Karthigeyan, K., Lakshminarasimhan, P. & S.S. Dash (2015). Endemic vascular plants of India. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, 399pp.

Srinivas, V. & N. Parthasarathy (2000). Comparative Analysis of Tree diversity and Dispersion in the Tropical Lowland Evergreen forest of Agumbe, Central Western Ghats. Tropical Biodiversity 7(1): 45–60.

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Udaya, P. S. (2003). Floristic Inventory in the Seven Medicinal Plants Conservation Areas (MPCAs) of Karnataka, India. Ph.D Thesis, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.

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Annexure 1. Flowering plants enumerated in Agumbe region of central Western Ghats, Karnataka.

 

Botanical name

Family

Habit

1

Acacia auriculiformis Benth. *

Leguminosae

T

2

Acacia caesia (L.) Willd.

Leguminosae

C

3

Acacia mangium Willd. *

Leguminosae

T

4

Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.

Leguminosae

C

5

Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr.

Leguminosae

C

6

Acilepis ornata (Talbot) H.Rob. & Skvarla

Asteraceae

H

7

Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K.Jansen *

Asteraceae

H

8

Acmella radicans (Jacq.) R.K.Jansen

Asteraceae

H

9

Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass.

Asteraceae

H

10

Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq.

Rutaceae

T

11

Actinodaphne hookeri Meisn.

Lauraceae

T

12

Actinodaphne wightiana (Kuntze) Noltie

Lauraceae

T

13

Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W.J.de Wilde

Passifloraceae

C

14

Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze

Asteraceae

H

15

Aeginetia indica L.

Orobancaceae

H

16

Aerides maculosa Lindl.

Orchidaceae

E

17

Aeschynanthus perrottetii A. DC.

Gesneriaceae

E

18

Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L.

Asteraceae

H

19

Aglaia anamallayana (Bedd.) Kosterm.

Meliaceae

T

20

Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A.Juss.) Benth.

Meliaceae

T

21

Aglaia lawii (Wight) C.J.Saldanha

Meliaceae

T

22

Agrostistachys indica Dalzell

Euphorbiaceae

S

23

Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston

Simaroubaceae

T

24

Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. *

Leguminosae

T

25

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.

Leguminosae

T

26

Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth.

Leguminosae

T

27

Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. *

Leguminosae

T

28

Allamanda cathartica L .

Apocynaceae

C

29

Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch.

Sapindaceae

C

30

Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don

Araceae

H

31

Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.

Zingiberaceae

H

32

Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f.) Roscoe

Zingiberaceae

H

33

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.

Apocynaceae

T

34

Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) Sm.

Amaranthaceae

H

35

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC.

Amaranthaceae

H

36

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson

Araceae

H

37

Ampelocissus indica (L.) Planch.

Vitaceae

C

38

Anacardium occidentale L. *

Anacardiaceae

T

39

Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex J.Graham

Ancistrocladaceae

C

40

Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze

Lamiaceae

H

41

Anodendron paniculatum A.DC.

Apocynaceae

C

42

Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Bedd.

Combretaceae

T

43

Antidesma montanum Blume

Phyllanthaceae

T

44

Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.

Polygonaceae

C

45

Aporosa cardiosperma (Gaertn.) Merr.

Phyllanthaceae

T

46

Archidendron bigeminum (L.) I.C.Nielsen

Leguminosae

T

47

Ardisia paniculata Roxb.

Primulaceae

S

48

Ardisia solanacea (Poir.) Roxb.

Primulaceae

S

49

Arenga wightii Griff.

Arecaceae

T

50

Argyreia elliptica Arn. ex Choisy

Convolvulaceae

C

51

Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer

Convolvulaceae

C

52

Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn.

Convolvulaceae

C

53

Argyreia populifolia Choisy

Convolvulaceae

C

54

Aristolochia ringens Vahl

Aristolochiaceae

C

55

Aristolochia tagala Cham.

Aristolochiaceae

C

56

Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook.f. & Thomson

Annonaceae

C

57

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

Moraceae

T

58

Artocarpus hirsutus Lam.

Moraceae

T

59

Arundinella pumila (Hochst.) Steud.

Poaceae

G

60

Arundinella purpurea Hochst. ex Steud.

Poaceae

G

61

Asparagus gonoclados Baker

Asparagaceae

C

62

Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Asparagaceae

C

63

Atalantia monophylla DC.

Rutaceae

S

64

Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss

Poaceae

G

65

Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. *

Poaceae

G

66

Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. *

Lecythidaceae

T

67

Bauhinia phoenicea Wight & Arn.

Leguminosae

C

68

Bauhinia purpurea L.

Leguminosae

T

69

Begonia crenata Dryand.

Begoniaceae

H

70

Begonia malabarica Lam.

Begoniaceae

H

71

Beilschmiedia dalzellii (Meisn.) Kosterm.

Lauraceae

T

72

Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC.

Oxalidaceae

H

73

Blachia andamanica subsp. denudata (Benth.) N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab.

Euphorbiaceae

T

74

Blumea axillaris (Lam.) DC.

Asteraceae

H

75

Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC.

Asteraceae

H

76

Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce

Asteraceae

H

77

Blumea oxyodonta DC.

Asteraceae

H

78

Blumea virens DC.

Asteraceae

H

79

Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq.

Urticaceae

S

80

Bombax ceiba L.

Malvaceae

T

81

Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston

Phyllanthaceae

S

82

Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch.

Phyllanthaceae

S

83

Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume

Phyllanthaceae

C

84

Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & J.Presl

Solanaceae

S

85

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Crassulaceae

H

86

Buchanania cochinchinensis (Lour.) M.R.Almeida

Anacardiaceae

T

87

Bulbophyllum sterile (Lam.) Suresh

Orchidaceae

E

88

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.

Leguminosae

T

89

Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb.

Leguminosae

C

90

Cajanus lineatus (Wight & Arn.) Maesen

Leguminosae

S

91

Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radlk.

Acanthaceae

S

92

Calamus dransfieldii Renuka

Arecaceae

C

93

Calamus thwaitesii Becc.

Arecaceae

C

94

Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L.

Lamiaceae

T

95

Calophyllum apetalum Willd.

Clusiaceae

T

96

Calyptocarpus vialis Less.

Asteraceae

H

97

Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.

Gentianaceae

H

98

Canscora perfoliata Lam.

Gentianaceae

H

99

Canthium rheedei DC.

Rubiaceae

C

100

Capillipedium huegelii (Hack.) A.Camus

Poaceae

G

101

Capparis baducca L.

Capparaceae

S

102

Capparis moonii Wight

Capparaceae

C

103

Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.

Rhizophoraceae

T

104

Cardiospermum halicacabum L.

Sapindaceae

C

105

Careya arborea Roxb.

Lecythidaceae

T

106

Carissa spinarum L.

Apocynaceae

C

107

Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold

Apocynaceae

S

108

Casearia rubescens Dalzell

Salicaceae

T

109

Casearia tomentosa Roxb.

Salicaceae

T

110

Cassia fistula L.

Leguminosae

T

111

Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze

Celastraceae

T

112

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don

Apocynaceae

H

113

Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.

Rubiaceae

T

114

Cayratia mollissima (Planch.) Gagnep.

Vitaceae

C

115

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin

Vitaceae

C

116

Celastrus paniculatus Willd.

Celastraceae

C

117

Celtis timorensis Span.

Cannabaceae

T

118

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.

Apiaceae

H

119

Centipeda minima (L.) A.Braun & Asch.

Asteraceae

H

120

Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv.

Poaceae

H

121

Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thwaites

Rubiaceae

S

122

Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P.S.Green

Oleaceae

T

123

Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston

Apocynaceae

C

124

Chrysophyllum flexuosum Mart.

Sapotaceae

T

125

Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.

Poaceae

G

126

Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl

Lauraceae

T

127

Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f.) J.Presl

Lauraceae

T

128

Cinnamomum verum J.Presl

Lauraceae

T

129

Cissus glyptocarpa Thwaites

Vitaceae

C

130

Cissus javana DC.

Vitaceae

C

131

Clausena dentata (Willd.) Roem.

Rutaceae

T

132

Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC.

Ranunculaceae

C

133

Clerodendron infortunatum Gearth

Lamiaceae

S

134

Clerodendrum paniculatum L.

Lamiaceae

S

135

Clitoria ternatea L.

Leguminosae

C

136

Coelogyne breviscapa Lindl.

Orchidaceae

E

137

Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm.

Lamiaceae

S

138

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott

Araceae

H

139

Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps *

Combretaceae

C

140

Combretum latifolium Blume

Combretaceae

C

141

Commelina benghalensis L.

Commelinaceae

H

142

Connarus wightii Hook.f.

Connaraceae

C

143

Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore

Asteraceae

H

144

Crateva religiosa G.Forst.

Capparaceae

T

145

Crotalaria filipes Benth.

Leguminosae

H

146

Crotalaria pallida Aiton

Leguminosae

H

147

Crotalaria retusa L.

Leguminosae

H

148

Croton caudatus Geiseler

Euphorbiaceae

C

149

Croton gibsonianus Nimmo

Euphorbiaceae

S

150

Cryptocarya lawsonii Gamble

Lauraceae

T

151

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Hypoxidaceae

H

152

Curcuma oligantha Trimen

Zingiberaceae

H

153

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

Convolvulaceae

P

154

Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob.

Asteraceae

H

155

Cyathocline purpurea (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kuntze

Asteraceae

H

156

Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume

Amaranthaceae

H

157

Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson

Menispermaceae

C

158

Cynarospermum asperrimum (Nees) Vollesen

Acanthaceae

H

159

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Poaceae

G

160

Cynodon radiatus Roth

Poaceae

G

161

Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Brand

Boraginaceae

H

162

Cynometra iripa Kostel.

Leguminosae

T

163

Cyperus difformis L.

Cyperaceae

H

164

Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb.

Leguminosae

C

165

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.

Leguminosae

T

166

Dalbergia rubiginosa Roxb.

Leguminosae

C

167

Dalbergia volubilis Roxb.

Leguminosae

C

168

Datura stramonium L.

Solanaceae

H

169

Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd.

Urticaceae

S

170

Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl.

Orchidaceae

E

171

Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl.

Orchidaceae

E

172

Dendrobium heyneanum Lindl.

Orchidaceae

E

173

Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl.

Orchidaceae

E

174

Dendrobium ovatum (L.) Kraenzl.

Orchidaceae

E

175

Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees

Poaceae

G

176

Dendrolobium triangulare (Retz.) Schindl.

Leguminosae

S

177

Dendrophthoe coccinea (Jack) G.Don

Loranthaceae

P

178

Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh.

Loranthaceae

P

179

Derris benthamii (Thwaites) Thwaites

Leguminosae

C

180

Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.

Leguminosae

H

181

Desmos chinensis Lour.

Annonaceae

C

182

Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) Engl.

Dichapetalaceae

S

183

Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) Kuntze

Asteraceae

H

184

Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Juss.

Acanthaceae

H

185

Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.

Dilleniaceae

T

186

Dimocarpus longan Lour.

Sapindaceae

T

187

Dioscorea bulbifera L.

Dioscoreaceae

C

188

Dioscorea oppositifolia L.

Dioscoreaceae

C

189

Dioscorea pentaphylla L.

Dioscoreaceae

C

190

Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern

Ebenaceae

T

191

Diospyros candolleana Wight

Ebenaceae

T

192

Diospyros ebenum J.Koenig ex Retz.

Ebenaceae

T

193

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

Ebenaceae

T

194

Diospyros montana Roxb.

Ebenaceae

T

195

Diospyros oocarpa Thwaites

Ebenaceae

T

196

Diospyros paniculata Dalzell

Ebenaceae

T

197

Diospyros saldanhae Kosterm.

Ebenaceae

T

198

Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) Diels

Menispermaceae

C

199

Dipteracanthus prostratus (Poir.) Nees

Acanthaceae

H

200

Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd.

Dipterocarpaceae

T

201

Dombeya wallichii (Lindl.) K.Schum. *

Malvaceae

T

202

Drosera burmanni Vahl

Droseraceae

H

203

Drosera indica L.

Droseraceae

H

204

Duabanga grandiflora (DC.) Walp. *

Lythraceae

T

205

Duranta erecta L.

Verbenaceae

S

206

Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex C.DC.

Meliaceae

T

207

Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) Vollesen

Acanthaceae

H

208

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.

Asteraceae

H

209

Elaeagnus conferta Roxb.

Elaeagnaceae

C

210

Elaeocarpus serratus L.

Elaeocarpaceae

T

211

Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.

Elaeocarpaceae

T

212

Elatostema lineolatum Wight

Urticaceae

H

213

Elephantopus scaber L.

Asteraceae

H

214

Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser

Loranthaceae

P

215

Embelia ribes Burm.f.

Primulaceae

C

216

Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC.

Primulaceae

C

217

Epipogium roseum (D.Don) Lindl

Orchidaceae

H

218

Eranthemum capense L.

Acanthaceae

S

219

Eriocaulon cinereum R.Br.

Eriocaulaceae

H

220

Eriocaulon heterolepis Steud.

Eriocaulaceae

H

221

Erycibe paniculata Roxb.

Convolvulaceae

C

222

Eryngium foetidum L.

Apiaceae

H

223

Erythrina suberosa Roxb.

Leguminosae

T

224

Erythrina variegata L. *

Leguminosae

T

225

Erythropalum scandens Blume

Olacaceae

C

226

Eugenia phillyraeoides Trimen

Myrtaceae

S

227

Eugenia roxburghii DC.

Myrtaceae

T

228

Euonymus indicus B.Heyne ex Wall.

Celastraceae

T

229

Euphorbia hirta L.

Euphorbiaceae

H

230

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch

Euphorbiaceae

S

231

Euphorbia thymifolia L.

Euphorbiaceae

H

232

Eurya nitida Korth.

Pentaphylacaceae

T

233

Fagraea ceilanica Thunb.

Gentianaceae

E

234

Falconeria insignis Royle

Euphorbiaceae

T

235

Ficus bengalensis L.

Moraceae

T

236

Ficus benjamina L.

Moraceae

T

237

Ficus drupacea Thunb.

Moraceae

T

238

Ficus microcarpa L.f.

Moraceae

T

239

Ficus nervosa B.Heyne ex Roth

Moraceae

T

240

Ficus racemosa L.

Moraceae

T

241

Ficus religiosa L.

Moraceae

T

242

Ficus tsjahela Burm. f.

Moraceae

T

243

Ficus virens Aiton

Moraceae

T

244

Flacourtia montana J.Graham

Salicaceae

T

245

Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton

Leguminosae

S

246

Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

Asteraceae

H

247

Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb.

Clusiaceae

T

248

Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy *

Clusiaceae

T

249

Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr.

Clusiaceae

T

250

Garcinia talbotii Raizada ex Santapau

Clusiaceae

T

251

Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T.Anderson

Clusiaceae

T

252

Geissaspis cristata Wight & Arn.

Leguminosae

H

253

Genianthus laurifolius (Roxb.) Hook.f.

Apocynaceae

C

254

Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis

Urticaceae

H

255

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. *

Leguminosae

T

256

Glochidion ellipticum Wight

Phyllanthaceae

T

257

Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A.Juss.

Phyllanthaceae

T

258

Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC.

Rutaceae

S

259

Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Lamiaceae

T

260

Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg

Thymelaeaceae

S

261

Gonostegia pentandra (Roxb.) Miq.

Urticaceae

S

262

Gordonia obtusa Wall. ex Wight

Theaceae

T

263

Gouania microcarpa DC.

Rhamnaceae

C

264

Grewia heterotricha Mast.

Malvaceae

C

265

Grewia tiliifolia Vahl

Malvaceae

T

266

Grewia umbellifera Bedd.

Malvaceae

C

267

Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm.

Apocynaceae

C

268

Gymnostachyum latifolium T.Anderson

Acanthaceae

H

269

Gymnostachyum polyanthum Wight

Acanthaceae

H

270

Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale

Rubiaceae

T

271

Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk.

Sapindaceae

T

272

Helicanthes elastica (Desr.) Danser

Loranthaceae

P

273

Helicia nilagirica Bedd.

Proteaceae

T

274

Helicteres isora L.

Malvaceae

S

275

Helixanthera wallichiana Danser

Loranthaceae

P

276

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult.

Apocynaceae

C

277

Hemigraphis latebrosa (Roth) Nees

Acanthaceae

H

278

Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims

Meliaceae

T

279

Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff.

Malvaceae

C

280

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. *

Malvaceae

S

281

Hibiscus rostellatus Guill. & Perr.

Malvaceae

C

282

Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Voss

Amaryllidaceae

H

283

Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don

Apocynaceae

T

284

Holigarna arnottiana Hook.f.

Anacardiaceae

T

285

Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz

Anacardiaceae

T

286

Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth.

Salicaceae

T

287

Homonoia riparia Lour.

Euphorbiaceae

S

288

Hopea canarensis Hole

Dipterocarpaceae

T

289

Hopea parviflora Bedd.

Dipterocarpaceae

T

290

Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb.

Dipterocarpaceae

T

291

Hoya wightii Hook.f.

Apocynaceae

E

292

Hubbardia heptaneuron Bor

Poaceae

G

293

Hugonia mystax L.

Linaceae

C

294

Humboldtia brunonis Wall.

Leguminosae

T

295

Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.-Ham.) Oken

Achariaceae

T

296

Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.

Araliaceae

H

297

Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine

Acanthaceae

H

298

Hymenodictyon obovatum Wall.

Rubiaceae

T

299

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.

Lamiaceae

S

300

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton

Apocynaceae

C

301

Impatiens acaulis Arn.

Balsaminaceae

H

302

Impatiens balsamina L.

Balsaminaceae

H

303

Impatiens barberi Hook.f.

Balsaminaceae

H

304

Impatiens minor (DC.) S.M. Almeida

Balsaminaceae

H

305

Impatiens oppositifolia L.

Balsaminaceae

H

306

Impatiens scapiflora B.Heyne ex Roxb.

Balsaminaceae

H

307

Ipomoea hederifolia L.

Convolvulaceae

C

308

Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl.

Convolvulaceae

C

309

Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult.

Convolvulaceae

C

310

Isodon lophanthoides (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Hara

Lamiaceae

H

311

Ixora brachiata Roxb.

Rubiaceae

T

312

Ixora coccinea L.

Rubiaceae

S

313

Ixora nigricans R.Br. ex Wight & Arn.

Rubiaceae

S

314

Jasminum coarctatum Roxb.

Oleaceae

C

315

Jasminum flexile Vahl

Oleaceae

C

316

Jasminum malabaricum Wight

Oleaceae

C

317

Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews *

Oleaceae

S

318

Justicia japonica Thunb.

Acanthaceae

H

319

Justicia procumbens Blume

Acanthaceae

H

320

Justicia wynaadensis B.Heyne

Acanthaceae

H

321

Kamettia caryophyllata (Roxb.) Nicolson & Suresh

Apocynaceae

C

322

Knema attenuata Warb.

Myristicaceae

T

323

Kunstleria keralensis C.N.Mohanan & N.C.Nair

Leguminosae

C

324

Kydia calycina Roxb.

Malvaceae

T

325

Lagenandra toxicaria Dalzell

Araceae

H

326

Lagerstroemia lanceolata Wall.

Lythraceae

T

327

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers.

Lythraceae

T

328

Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.

Anacardiaceae

T

329

Lantana camara L.

Verbenaceae

S

330

Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew

Urticaceae

H

331

Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale

Vitaceae

T

332

Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

Vitaceae

T

333

Lepidagathis cuspidata Nees

Acanthaceae

H

334

Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Acanthaceae

H

335

Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link

Lamiaceae

H

336

Leucas biflora (Vahl) Sm.

Lamiaceae

H

337

Leucas marrubioides Desf.

Lamiaceae

H

338

Leucas stelligera Wall. ex Benth.

Lamiaceae

H

339

Ligustrum perrottetii A.DC.

Oleaceae

S

340

Limnophila indica (L.) Druce

Plantaginaceae

H

341

Limnophila repens (Benth.) Benth.

Plantaginaceae

H

342

Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell

Linderniaceae

H

343

Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell.

Linderniaceae

H

344

Lindernia pusilla (Willd.) Bold.

Linderniaceae

H

345

Litsea floribunda Gamble

Lauraceae

T

346

Litsea ghatica Saldanha

Lauraceae

S

347

Litsea laevigata Gamble

Lauraceae

T

348

Lobelia alsinoides Lam.

Companulaceae

H

349

Loeseneriella ovata (Lam.) M.R.Almeida

Celastraceae

C

350

Lophopetalum wightianum Arn.

Celastraceae

T

351

Loranthus globosus Roxb.

Loranthaceae

P

352

Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell

Onagraceae

H

353

Luvunga sarmentosa Kurz

Rutaceae

C

354

Lycianthes laevis (Dunal) Bitter

Solanaceae

S

355

Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Müll.Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

T

356

Mackenziea integrifolia (Dalzell) Bremek.

Acanthaceae

S

357

Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) H.J.Lam

Sapotaceae

T

358

Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. DC.

Primulaceae

S

359

Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre

Magnoliaceae

T

360

Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen

Euphorbiaceae

T

361

Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg.

Euphorbiaceae

T

362

Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz

Euphorbiaceae

T

363

Mangifera indica L.

Anacardiaceae

T

364

Margaritaria indica (Dalzell) Airy Shaw

Phyllanthaceae

T

365

Marsdenia raziana Yogan. & Subr.

Apocynaceae

C

366

Mastixia arborea (Wight) C.B.Clarke

Cornaceae

T

367

Maytenus rothiana (Walp.) Lobreau-Callen

Celastraceae

S

368

Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small

Plantaginaceae

H

369

Memecylon malabaricum (C.B.Clarke) Cogn.

Melastomataceae

S

370

Memecylon talbotianum Brandis

Melastomataceae

T

371

Memecylon terminale Dalzell

Melastomataceae

S

372

Memecylon umbellatum Burm. f.

Melastomataceae

T

373

Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f.

Convolvulaceae

C

374

Mesua ferrea L.

Calophyllaceae

T

375

Mikania micrantha Kunth

Asteraceae

C

376

Mimosa pudica L.

Leguminosae

H

377

Mimusops elengi L.

Sapotaceae

T

378

Mirabilis jalapa L. *

Nyctaginaceae

H

379

Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth.

Rubiaceae

T

380

Moullava spicata (Dalzell) Nicolson

Leguminosae

C

381

Mucuna monosperma Wight

Leguminosae

C

382

Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem.

Cucurbitaceae

C

383

Munronia pinnata (Wall.) W.Theob.

Meliaceae

H

384

Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Brenan

Commelinaceae

H

385

Mussaenda glabrata (Hook.f.) Hutch. ex Gamble

Rubiaceae

C

386

Mussaenda laxa (Hook.f.) Hutch. ex Gamble

Rubiaceae

C

387

Myristica dactyloides Gaertn.

Myristicaceae

T

388

Myristica malabarica Lam

Myristicaceae

T

389

Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC.

Menispermaceae

C

390

Naregamia alata Wight & Arn.

Meliaceae

H

391

Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser *

Rubiaceae

T

392

Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek.

Acanthaceae

S

393

Nilgirianthus heyneanus (Nees) Bremek.

Acanthaceae

H

394

Nilgirianthus lupulinus (Nees) Bremek.

Acanthaceae

S

395

Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J.Graham) Mabb.

Icacinaceae

T

396

Nothopegia beddomei Gamble

Anacardiaceae

T

397

Nothopegia racemosa (Dalzell) Ramamoorthy

Anacardiaceae

T

398

Oberonia brunoniana Wight

Orchidaceae

E

399

Oberonia falconeri Hook.f.

Orchidaceae

E

400

Ochlandra scriptoria (Dennst.) C.E.C.Fisch.

Poaceae

G

401

Ocimum basilicum L.

Lamiaceae

H

402

Oldenlandia auricularia (L.) K.Schum.

Rubiaceae

H

403

Oldenlandia corymbosa L.

Rubiaceae

H

404

Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb.

Rubiaceae

H

405

Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.

Rubiaceae

H

406

Olea dioica Roxb.

Oleaceae

T

407

Ophiorrhiza mungos L.

Rubiaceae

H

408

Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv.

Poaceae

G

409

Osbeckia cupularis D. Don ex Wight & Arn.

Melastomataceae

S

410

Osbeckia parvifolia Arn.

Melastomataceae

H

411

Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud.

Santalaceae

S

412

Oxalis corniculata L.

Oxalidaceae

H

413

Oxyceros rugulosus (Thwaites) Tirveng.

Rubiaceae

C

414

Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K.Schum.

Bignoniaceae

T

415

Pandanus furcatus Roxb.

Pandanaceae

S

416

Paracroton pendulus subsp. zeylanicus (Thwaites) N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab.

Euphorbiaceae

T

417

Paramignya monophylla Wight

Rutaceae

C

418

Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb.

Apocynaceae

C

419

Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek.

Rubiaceae

S

420

Pavetta hispidula Wight & Arn.

Rubiaceae

S

421

Pavetta indica L.

Rubiaceae

S

422

Pavonia odorata Willd.

Malvaceae

H

423

Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm.

Lauraceae

T

424

Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross

Polygonaceae

H

425

Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M.Gómez

Polygonaceae

H

426

Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet

Acanthaceae

H

427

Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott

Araceae

C

428

Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.

Phyllanthaceae

H

429

Phyllanthus emblica L.

Phyllanthaceae

T

430

Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir.

Phyllanthaceae

S

431

Phyllanthus urinaria L.

Phyllanthaceae

H

432

Phyllocephalum scabridum (DC.) K.Kirkman

Asteraceae

H

433

Physalis minima L.

Solanaceae

H

434

Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.

Urticaceae

H

435

Pimpinella heyneana (DC.) Benth.

Apiaceae

H

436

Pinanga dicksonii (Roxb.) Blume

Arecaceae

S

437

Piper hookeri Miq.

Piperaceae

C

438

Piper hymenophyllum (Miq.) Wight

Piperaceae

C

439

Piper umbellatum L.

Piperaceae

H

440

Pittosporum dasycaulon Miq.

Pittosporaceae

T

441

Plectranthus mollis (Aiton) Spreng.

Lamiaceae

H

442

Plumbago zeylanica L.

Plumbaginaceae

H

443

Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd.

Calophyllaceae

T

444

Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntze

Lamiaceae

H

445

Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigrahi) Press

Lamiaceae

H

446

Pogostemon paniculatus (Willd.) Benth.

Lamiaceae

H

447

Polyalthia fragrans (Dalzell) Benth. & Hook. f.

Annonaceae

T

448

Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldkamp

Poaceae

G

449

Premna coriacea C.B.Clarke

Lamiaceae

C

450

Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq.

Rosaceae

T

451

Pseuderanthemum malabaricum Gamble

Acanthaceae

S

452

Psychotria dalzellii Hook.f.

Rubiaceae

S

453

Psychotria flavida Talbot

Rubiaceae

S

454

Psychotria nigra (Gaertn.) Alston

Rubiaceae

S

455

Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn.

Rubiaceae

T

456

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

Leguminosae

T

457

Pterospermum diversifolium Blume

Sterculiaceae

T

458

Rapanea wightiana (Wall. ex A. DC.) Mez

Primulaceae

S

459

Rhynchospora wightiana (Nees) Steud.

Cyperaceae

H

460

Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume

Orchidaceae

E

461

Rotala rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koehne

Lythraceae

H

462

Rubus fockei Gandhi

Rosaceae

C

463

Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees

Acanthaceae

H

464

Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase

Poaceae

G

465

Salacia malabarica Gamble

Celastraceae

C

466

Salacia oblonga Wall.

Celastraceae

C

467

Santalum album L.

Santalaceae

T

468

Sapindus trifoliatus L.

Sapindaceae

T

469

Saprosma glomeratum (Gardner) Bedd.

Rubiaceae

S

470

Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd.

Leguminosae

T

471

Sarcostigma kleinii Wight & Arn.

Icacinaceae

C

472

Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms

Araliaceae

C

473

Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arn.) Harms

Araliaceae

C

474

Schefflera wallichiana (Wight & Arn.) Harms

Araliaceae

C

475

Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr.

Sapindaceae

T

476

Senecio bombayensis N.P.Balakr.

Asteraceae

H

477

Senna alata (L.) Roxb. *

Leguminosae

T

478

Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

Leguminosae

H

479

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link

Leguminosae

H

480

Senna sophera (L.) Roxb.

Leguminosae

H

481

Senna tora (L.) Roxb.

Leguminosae

H

482

Sida rhombifolia L.

Malvaceae

H

483

Smilax zeylanica L.

Smilacaceae

C

484

Smythea bombaiensis (Dalzell) S.P.Banerjee & P.K.Mukh

Rhamnaceae

C

485

Solanum americanum Mill.

Solanaceae

H

486

Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal

Solanaceae

S

487

Solanum torvum Sw.

Solanaceae

H

488

Solanum viarum Dunal

Solanaceae

H

489

Solanum violaceum Ortega

Solanaceae

H

490

Solanum virginianum L.

Solanaceae

H

491

Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L.

Asteraceae

H

492

Sonerila rheedei Wall.

Melastomataceae

H

493

Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. *

Bignoniaceae

T

494

Spermacoce articularis L.f.

Rubiaceae

H

495

Spermacoce exilis (L.O.Williams) C.D.Adams ex W.C.Burger & C.M.Taylor

Rubiaceae

H

496

Spermacoce hispida L.

Rubiaceae

H

497

Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f.

Rubiaceae

H

498

Sphaeranthus indicus L.

Asteraceae

H

499

Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski

Asteraceae

H

500

Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl

Verbenaceae

H

501

Staurogyne zeylanica Kuntze

Acanthaceae

H

502

Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers

Menispermaceae

C

503

Sterculia guttata Roxb. ex G.Don

Malvaceae

T

504

Stereospermum tetragonum DC.

Bignoniaceae

T

505

Streblus asper Lour.

Moraceae

T

506

Strychnos colubrina L.

Loganiaceae

C

507

Strychnos nux-vomica L.

Loganiaceae

T

508

Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore

Symplocaceae

T

509

Symplocos racemosa Roxb.

Symplocaceae

T

510

Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston

Myrtaceae

T

511

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Myrtaceae

T

512

Syzygium gardneri Thwaites

Myrtaceae

T

513

Syzygium hemisphericum (Wight) Alston

Myrtaceae

T

514

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston *

Myrtaceae

T

515

Syzygium laetum (Buch.-Ham.) Gandhi

Myrtaceae

T

516

Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC.

Myrtaceae

T

517

Tabernaemontana alternifolia L.

Apocynaceae

T

518

Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.

Apocynaceae

S

519

Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi

Leguminosae

H

520

Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng. & Sastre

Rubiaceae

T

521

Taxillus ferrugineus (Jack) Bân

Loranthaceae

P

522

Tectona grandis L.f. *

Verbenaceae

T

523

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Combretaceae

T

524

Terminalia catappa L. *

Combretaceae

T

525

Terminalia chebula Retz.

Combretaceae

T

526

Terminalia paniculata Roth

Combretaceae

T

527

Terminalia tomentosa Wight & Arn.

Combretaceae

T

528

Tetrastigma gamblei B.V.Shetty & P.Singh

Vitaceae

C

529

Tetrastigma sulcatum (P. Lawson) Gamble

Vitaceae

C

530

Thelepaepale ixiocephala (Benth.) Bremek.

Acanthaceae

S

531

Themeda tremula (Nees ex Steud.) Hack.

Poaceae

G

532

Themeda triandra Forssk.

Poaceae

G

533

Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell

Malvaceae

H

534

Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou

Aristolochiaceae

S

535

Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims

Acanthaceae

H

536

Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.

Acanthaceae

H

537

Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb. *

Acanthaceae

C

538

Thunbergia mysorensis (Wight) T.Anderson

Acanthaceae

C

539

Tinospora malabarica (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson

Menispermaceae

C

540

Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.

Menispermaceae

C

541

Tolypanthus lageniferus Tiegh.

Loranthaceae

P

542

Tragia hispida Willd.

Euphorbiaceae

C

543

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume

Cannabaceae

T

544

Trias stocksii Benth. ex Hook.f.

Orchidaceae

E

545

Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour.

Cucurbitaceae

C

546

Tridax procumbens (L.) L.

Asteraceae

H

547

Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.

Malvaceae

H

548

Turpinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.

Staphyleaceae

T

549

Turraea pubescens Hell.

Meliaceae

C

550

Tylophora asthmatica (L. f.) Wight & Arn.

Apocynaceae

C

551

Urena lobata L.

Malvaceae

H

552

Utricularia caerulea L.

Lentibulariaceae

H

553

Utricularia reticulata Sm.

Lentibulariaceae

H

554

Utricularia striatula Sm.

Lentibulariaceae

H

555

Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Kuntze

Apocynaceae

C

556

Vateria indica L.

Dipterocarpaceae

T

557

Ventilago denticulata Willd.

Rhamnaceae

C

558

Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn.

Rhamnaceae

C

559

Vepris bilocularis Engl.

Rutaceae

T

560

Vincetoxicum pauciflorum (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze

Apocynaceae

C

561

Viscum angulatum B.Heyne ex DC.

Santalaceae

P

562

Vitex leucoxylon L.f.

Lamiaceae

T

563

Wendlandia thyrsoidea (Roth) Steud.

Rubiaceae

T

564

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal *

Solanaceae

H

565

Wrightia tinctoria R.Br.

Apocynaceae

T

566

Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub.

Leguminosae

T

567

Xyris pauciflora Willd.

Xyridaceae

H

568

Zingiber cernuum Dalzell

Zingiberaceae

H

569

Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill.

Rhamnaceae

C

570

Ziziphus rugosa Lam.

Rhamnaceae

T

T—Trees | H—Herb | S—Shrub | E—Epiphyte | C—Climber | P—Parasite | G—Grass | *—introduced to the Agumbe region

 

 

Annexure 2. Threatened  plants of  Agumbe region of central Western Ghats, Karnataka (IUCN 2017).

 

 

Botanical Name

Family

Habit

RET status

1

Actinodaphne wightiana (Kuntze) Noltie

Lauraceae

T

NT

2

Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W.J.de Wilde

Passifloraceae

C

EN

3

Aglaia lawii (Wight) C.J.Saldanha

Meliaceae

T

R

4

Ampelocissus indica (L.) Planch.

Vitaceae

C

VU

5

Arenga wightii Griff.

Arecaceae

T

VU

6

Aristolochia tagala Cham.

Aristolochiaceae

C

NT

7

Artocarpus hirsutus Lam.

Moraceae

T

VU

8

Beilschmiedia dalzellii (Meisn.) Kosterm.

Lauraceae

T

NT

9

Casearia rubescens Dalzell

Salicaceae

T

NE

10

Celastrus paniculatus Willd.

Celastraceae

C

NT

11

Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston

Apocynaceae

C

NE

12

Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f.) J.Presl

Lauraceae

T

NE

13

Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb.

Leguminosae

C

NE

14

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.

Leguminosae

T

VU

15

Derris benthamii (Thwaites) Thwaites

Leguminosae

C

NT

16

Diospyros candolleana Wight

Ebenaceae

T

VU

17

Diospyros paniculata Dalzell

Ebenaceae

T

NT

18

Diospyros saldanhae Kosterm.

Ebenaceae

T

NE

19

Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd.

Dipterocarpaceae

T

EN

20

Drosera indica L.

Droseraceae

H

LC

21

Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC.

Primulaceae

C

VU

22

Epipogium roseum (D.Don) Lindl

Orchidaceae

H

NE

23

Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb.

Clusiaceae

T

NT

24

Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy

Clusiaceae

T

NE

25

Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr.

Clusiaceae

T

NE

26

Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A.Juss.

Phyllanthaceae

T

NE

27

Grewia heterotricha Mast.

Malvaceae

C

NE

28

Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz

Anacardiaceae

T

NE

29

Hopea canarensis Hole

Dipterocarpaceae

T

EN

30

Hopea parviflora Bedd.

Dipterocarpaceae

T

EN

31

Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb.

Dipterocarpaceae

T

EN

32

Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.-Ham.) Oken

Achariaceae

T

LC

33

Impatiens acaulis Arn.

Balsaminaceae

H

LC

34

Knema attenuata Warb.

Myristicaceae

T

LC

35

Kunstleria keralensis C.N.Mohanan & N.C.Nair

Leguminosae

C

EN

36

Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) H.J.Lam

Sapotaceae

T

EN

37

Marsdenia raziana Yogan. & Subr.

Apocynaceae

C

R

38

Memecylon malabaricum (C.B.Clarke) Cogn.

Melastomataceae

S

R

39

Mesua ferrea L.

Calophyllaceae

T

NT

40

Mimusops elengi L.

Sapotaceae

T

NT

41

Myristica dactyloides Gaertn.

Myristicaceae

T

NT

42

Myristica malabarica Lam.

Myristicaceae

T

VU

43

Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek

Acanthaceae

S

NE

44

Nothopegia beddomei Gamble

Anacardiaceae

T

NT

45

Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm.

Lauraceae

T

VU

46

Pittosporum dasycaulon Miq.

Pittosporaceae

T

NT

47

Salacia malabarica Gamble

Celastraceae

C

EN

48

Salacia oblonga Wall.

Celastraceae

C

VU

49

Santalum album L.

Santalaceae

T

VU

50

Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd.

Leguminosae

T

VU

51

Smilax zeylanica L.

Smilacaceae

C

LC

52

Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore

Symplocaceae

T

NT

53

Tabernaemontana alternifolia L.

Apocynaceae

T

NE

54

Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou

Aristolochiaceae

S

NT

55

Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.

Menispermaceae

C

NE

56

Vateria indica L.

Dipterocarpaceae

T

CR

57

Vepris bilocularis Engl.

Rutaceae

T

NT

58

Vitex leucoxylon L.f.

Lamiaceae

T

R

CR—Critically Endangered | EN—Endangered | VU—Vulnareble; |NT—Near Threatened | R—Rare | LC—Least concern | NE—Not Evaluated.