Journal
of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4761.13.7.18853-18867
#4761 | Received 21 November 2019 | Final received 22
March 2021 | Finally accepted 08 April 2021
Flowering plants of Agumbe
region, central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India
G.S. Adithya Rao 1 &
Y.L. Krishnamurthy 2
1 Department of Applied Botany,
Kuvempu University, Jnanasahyadri, Shankaragatta, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577451,
India.
1 adithyaraosri@gmail.com, 2 murthy_ylk@yahoo.co.in
(corresponding author)
Editor: Anonymity
requested. Date of publication:
26 June 2021 (online & print)
Citation: G.S.A. Rao & Y.L. Krishnamurthy (2021). Flowering
plants of Agumbe region, central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(7): 18853–18867. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4761.13.7.18853-18867
Copyright: © Rao & Krishnamurthy 2021. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this
article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the
source of publication.
Funding: Self-funded.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: G.s. Adithya Rao is very much Interested in Plant
taxonomy and diversity assessment. Presently working in Karnataka Forest
Department as Deputy Range Forest Officer cum Surveyor and working for
compiling the Flora of Shivamogga District.
Y.L. Krishnamurthy is
Professor in Applied Botany and he has expert in Plant Biodiversity - survey,
documentation and conservation and fungal endophytes - Enhancement of plant
growth by incorporation of beneficial fungi and fungal metabolite profiling,
Exploration and characterization of lichens.
Author contributions: GSA - carried out the field work,
data collection, identification, photography, data interpretation, manuscript
writing. YLK - carried out the field
work, guided for data interpretation and manuscript writing.
Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Prof.
K. Gopalakrishna Bhat, Taxonomic research Centre, Poorna Prajna College, Udupi
for their help in the ID conformation. The gratitude extended to Karnataka
Forest Department for giving the entry to the study site. Also thankful to Mr.
H.U. Abhijit, Mr. H.U. Vishwajith and Mr. Praveena Hosagadde for their support
during the research work.
Abstract: Agumbe, the Cherrapunji of
southern India, is a bastion of rich endemic flora. In the present study of random sampling, a
total of 570 species of flowering plants were collected belonging to 370 genera
and 105 families, including a few endemic and Red Listed medicinal plants such
as Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb., Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd., Dysoxylum
malabaricum Bedd. ex C.DC., Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb., Hopea
canarensis Hole, Calophyllum apetalum Willd., Adenia hondala
(Gaertn.) W.J.de Wilde, and Myristica dactyloides Gaertn. Family Leguminosae contributes the maximum
number of species (47 species) followed by Rubiaceae (32 species) and
Asteraceae (27 species) and Genera Ficus (9 species), Diospyros
(8 species) and Syzygium (7 species) are the dominant genera. Trees (185
species) are the dominant species followed by herbs (162 species), climbers
(117 species), shrubs (62 species), grasses and sedges (19 species), epiphytes
(15 species) and parasites (10 species).
Keywords: Dipterocarpus, endemic,
Red Listed medicinal plants.
INTRODUCTION
Taxonomic studies and floristic
explorations can provide efficient and convenient information regarding the
nomenclature, distribution and ecology, utility of various plants species,
and about an ecosystem. It is estimated
that the tropical forests harbor about 70% of living organisms of the whole
world, of which roughly 20% of the total are confined as exclusively endemic
throughout the tropical forests (Myers 1988).
India is one among 18 mega
biodiversity nations harboring about 4,381endemic species of flowering plants
(Nayar, 1996; Shigwan et al. 2000; Singh et al. 2015). Among 35 global biodiversity hot spots
(Mittermeier et al. 2011) identified, India has four; including the Western
Ghats, which is the second largest endemic centers in India with 1,273 species
(Nayar et al. 2014 a,b).
The Western Ghats is one of the
two high diversity humid tropical forest tracks in India. The most outstanding feature of the Western
Ghats is the formation of tropical rain forests along the windward side facing
the Arabian Sea. The tropical climate
complimented by heavy precipitation from the south-west monsoon and favorable
edaphic factors create an ideal condition for the luxuriant growth of plant
life, which can be seen only in a few parts of the world (Gadgil 1996). The tropical forests have received much
attention in recent years because of their species richness, high standing
biomass, and greater productivity (Denslow 1987). A rainforest is a dense, wet, and tropical
evergreen ecosystem, high in its level of biodiversity. One among the tropical rainforests of the
Western Ghats is found in the Agumbe region.
According to the Karnataka State
Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre (KSNDMC), Hulikal (442m), located more than
244m below Agumbe (686m) area, has received heavy rainfall (more than 125mm) on
an average of 4.6 times a year compared to twice a year in Agumbe during the
past decade. The reason for the
variation of rainfall in Hulikal is the construction of a reservoir, which has
created an anthropogenic impact on the environment and the weather system and
that has led to heavy rainfall. There
has been a change in the temperature, humidity and soil moisture in Hulikal
after the construction of the dam (Prabhu 2011).
Agumbe, the Cherrapunji of the
south is famous for its endemic flora and medicinal plants (Sundararaghavan
1970). Hence, the present study was
conducted with the intention to report the present status of the flowering
plant diversity of this region, as there is no updated account available for this
ecologically unique and important region.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
Study area
The study area is 568ha of
tropical low-land evergreen forest of Agumbe (13.5087°N 75.0959°E) in
Shivamogga district of Karnataka, India.
Agumbe tropical rain forests are the heart of central Western Ghats with
a wide range of species composition and floral distribution. These forests are classified as tropical wet
evergreen forests of the Dipterocarpus indicus-Humboldtia brunonis-Poeciloneuron
indicum type (Pascal 1988). The mean
annual rainfall is 7,620mm (300 inches) and the average temperatures vary
between 22.2oC and 23.6oC with an annual average
temperature of 23.5oC. Agumbe lies in a hilly, wet region of
the Western Ghats with an elevation of 643m (2,250ft), canopy cover of 80–85%
and lies in a UNESCO World Heritage Site (UNESCO 2011). According to Champion & Seth’s
(1968) classification, Agumbe is an area of “southern tropical wet evergreen
forests”. The Agumbe Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCA) was
established in 1999 to protect the important medicinal plants of the
region (Figure 1).
Methods
This study was carried out in all
the climatic seasons covering Agumbe and Kundadri MPCA, Agumbe Reserve Forest
and a few parts of Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary between 2016 and 2018. The survey was conducted using random
sampling methods (Cochran 1977). Plant
specimens were collected and identified by using available regional floras
(Saldanha & Nicolson 1976; Yoganarasimhan et al. 1981; Saldanha
1984; Gamble 1998; Ramaswamy et al. 2001; Punekar & Lakshminarasimhan 2011;
Bhat 2014). Names and families of the
plants were updated using The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org) and Herbarium
JCB (Rao et al. 2012 (http://florakarnataka.ces.iisc.ac.in/hjcb2)). The herbarium specimens were deposited in the
Herbarium, Department of Applied Botany, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga,
Karnataka.
RESULTS
A total of 570 species of
flowering plants belonging to 370 genera and 105 families occur in the present
study area. Among all the flowering
plants, trees (185 species) contribute the maximum number followed by herbs
(162 species), climbers (117 species), shrubs (62 species), grasses &
sedges (19 species), epiphytes (15 species), and parasites (10 species) (Figure
2, Image 1–24). Family Leguminosae (47
species) contributes the maximum number of species followed by Rubiaceae (32
species), Asteraceae (27 species), Acanthaceae (28 species), Apocynaceae (22
species) and so on.
Genus Ficus L., contributing
9 species followed by Diospyros L. with eight species,
Syzygium R.Br. ex Gaertn. with seven species, Impatiens L.,
Solanum L. with six species each. Acacia Mart., Blumea DC.,
Dendrobium Sw., Garcinia L., Phyllanthus L. Terminalia L.
and Senna Mill., with five species each (Figure 3).
Agumbe is the home for numerous
endemic plants to the Western Ghats such as Acronychia pedunculata (L.)
Miq, Calophyllum apetalum Willd., Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd., Dysoxylum
malabaricum Bedd. ex C.DC., Embelia ribes Burm.f., Hopea
canarensis Hole, Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb., Myristica
dactyloides Gaertn., Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm., Syzygium
gardneri Thwaites, and many were conserved in the reserve forests (RF),
Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS), and MPCAs.
Among 185 trees, Leguminosae (45
species), Moraceae (11 species), and Lauraceae (10 species) members were
dominant. Distribution wise the members
of Dipterocarpaceae, Leguminosae, Ebenaceae and Moraceae were frequent and wide
spread and Arenga wightii, Elaeocarpus tuberculatus, Garcinia gummi-gutta,
Knema attenuata, Myristica malabarica, Persea macrantha, Poeciloneuron
indicum, and Syzygium gardneri were commonly found in the
Agumbe rainforests.
The study revealed the presence
of 162 herbaceous species, in which 160 were ground flora. Among them Asteraceae emerged as the dominant
family with 27 species followed by Acanthaceae (19 species), Poaceae (17
species), Lamiaceae (11 species), and Leguminosae (11 species). Many of the herbs were used for various
medicinal and edible purposes. Some rarely seen plants like Epipogium
roseum, a saprophytic land orchid, shows its emergence for only 15 days in
a year with beautiful flowers, but vegetative phases are not seen on the
ground.
Due to the dense canopy, only a
few numbers of shrubs were observed during the present study. A total of 62 shrubs belonging to 25 families
and 52 genera were observed. Among them,
Rubiaceae and Acanthaceae emerged as
dominant families with 10 and seven individuals, respectively. Species like Ardisia solanacea, Atalantia
monophylla (respiratory disorders), Gnidia glauca (mumps), Ixora
coccinea (fever), Memecylon malabaricum (herpes), Pavetta
crassicaulis (wounds), and Thottea siliquosa (dysentry) have
medicinal importance ( Udaya 2003). Evergreen forests are also rich in
diversity of climbers and the study revealed the presence of a greater
diversity of climbers with 117 species belonging to 42 families. Among these Apocynaceae (14), Leguminosae
(13), and Convolulaceae (09) were dominant.
Most of the climbers occurred in the study area having medicinal value
and Marsdenia raziana, Adenia hondala, and Salacia malabarica are
listed under Red Listed plants (IUCN 2017). Only
15 species of epiphytes were found in the study area. The majority of the epiphytes belong to
Orchidaceae (12), followed by Apocynaceae, Gentianaceae, Gesneriaceae, and
Moraceae with one species each,
A total of 10 angiospermic
parasites were observed and they were seen on varied host plants such as Terminalia
paniculata, Terminalia tomentosa, Olea dioica, and Artocarpus hirsutus. Family Loranthaceae with eight species
emerged as the dominant family, followed by Convolvulaceae and Santalaceae with
one species each (Annexure 1).
Among 570 flowering plants, 58
were considered threatened. Some species
which are endangered need to be conserved for the future. These threatened
species fall under 34 families, where Leguminosae and Dipterocarpaceae have
five species each, followed by Lauraceae with four species and are the dominant
families (https://www.iucnredlist.org) (Annexure 2).
DISCUSSION
A comparative analysis of tree
diversity in the tropical lowland evergreen forests of Agumbe in three one
hectare plots displayed the presence of 3,202 live stems representing 125
species of trees in 92 genera and 42 families (Srinivas & Parthasarathy
2000), whereas in the current study, 195 species of trees belonging to 54
families and 137 genera were observed in all the areas of the rain forests of
Agumbe.
Species diversity and density of all woody
climbers (lianas) inventoried in three one-hectare plots in the tropical
lowland evergreen forest of Agumbe yielded a total of 1,138 lianas belonging to
40 species (Padaki & Parthasarathy
2000). In the current study, a
total of 117 species of climbers were found to occur, of which 59 species were
lianas.
A floristic survey carried out in
Agumbe MPCA by the FRLHT botanical team reported 371 plant species of which 182
are medicinal. Adenia hondala,
Celastrus paniculatus, Garcinia gummi-gutta, Myristica dactyloides, Persia
macrantha, and Vateria indica are a few threatened species recorded
from this area (Nayar & Sastry 1990).
The study also revealed the Agumbe MPCA is a genuine storehouse of
floristic diversity. The presence of pure
stands of Poeciloneuron indicum is a significant character of this
forest (Udayan 2003). But, in the
current study the whole area of Agumbe rainforest was enumerated and yielded
more momentous results than the other studies.
Bhat (2014) explored the
floristic wealth of Dakshina Kannada district, observed 1,888 species of
flowering plants belonging to 928 genera and 166 families and classified plants
according to Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) III. Among 1,273 species of flowering plants
endemic to the Western Ghats (Nayar et al. 2014a,b), 195 species and five
infra-specific categories occur in the surrounding areas of Dakshina Kannada
and Udupi districts. Whereas in our
study, we observed 570 flowering plants belonging to 370 genera and 105
families and we classified plants according to APG IV system of
classification. The present study
revealed the presence of 84 endemic species and 58 threatened plants
distributed in the Agumbe region.
Major threats that are
intimidating the diversity and distribution of flowering plants in Agumbe are
the illegal collection of non-timber forest products (NTFP) such as: fruits of Garcinia
gummi-gutta, G. indica, G. xanthochymus, Elaeocarpus tuberculatus, Diospyros
spp., Phyllanthus emblica, Myristica dactyloides, M. malabarica, Syzygium spp.,
Ficus racemosa, and Strychnos nux-vomica; leaves and bark
of Cinnamomum verum, Alstonia scholaris, Saraca asoca and many other
species for their therapeutic and marketing value. Even though the forest department is
undertaking many conservation efforts, many threatened and endemic plants need
more specific conservation plans.
Very few pockets in the Western
Ghats have a combination of high rainfall and luxuriant evergreen forests as do
the Ghats forests of Agumbe. Some rarely
seen plants like Epipogium roseum, a saprophytic land orchid and Marsdenia
raziana, Adenia hondala, and Salacia malabarica which are
listed as threatened were seen in the present study. Many of the herbs, shrubs, climbers, and
trees are used for various medicinal and edible purposes. Medicinal plants and other endemic plants
available in the Agumbe region are conserved in the Agumbe and Kundadri MPCAs,
Agumbe Reserve Forest and some parts of
the Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary. All
these rare plants should be given top priority for their conservation.
For
figures & images - - click here
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Annexure 1. Flowering plants
enumerated in Agumbe region of central Western Ghats, Karnataka.
|
Botanical name |
Family |
Habit |
1 |
Acacia auriculiformis
Benth. * |
Leguminosae |
T |
2 |
Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. |
Leguminosae |
C |
3 |
Acacia mangium
Willd. * |
Leguminosae |
T |
4 |
Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. |
Leguminosae |
C |
5 |
Acacia sinuata
(Lour.) Merr. |
Leguminosae |
C |
6 |
Acilepis ornata (Talbot) H.Rob.
& Skvarla |
Asteraceae |
H |
7 |
Acmella oleracea
(L.) R.K.Jansen * |
Asteraceae |
H |
8 |
Acmella radicans
(Jacq.) R.K.Jansen |
Asteraceae |
H |
9 |
Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. |
Asteraceae |
H |
10 |
Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. |
Rutaceae |
T |
11 |
Actinodaphne hookeri Meisn. |
Lauraceae |
T |
12 |
Actinodaphne wightiana (Kuntze) Noltie |
Lauraceae |
T |
13 |
Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W.J.de
Wilde |
Passifloraceae |
C |
14 |
Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze |
Asteraceae |
H |
15 |
Aeginetia indica L. |
Orobancaceae |
H |
16 |
Aerides maculosa Lindl. |
Orchidaceae |
E |
17 |
Aeschynanthus perrottetii A. DC. |
Gesneriaceae |
E |
18 |
Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. |
Asteraceae |
H |
19 |
Aglaia anamallayana (Bedd.) Kosterm. |
Meliaceae |
T |
20 |
Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A.Juss.) Benth. |
Meliaceae |
T |
21 |
Aglaia lawii (Wight)
C.J.Saldanha |
Meliaceae |
T |
22 |
Agrostistachys indica Dalzell |
Euphorbiaceae |
S |
23 |
Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alston |
Simaroubaceae |
T |
24 |
Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. * |
Leguminosae |
T |
25 |
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. |
Leguminosae |
T |
26 |
Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. |
Leguminosae |
T |
27 |
Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr.
* |
Leguminosae |
T |
28 |
Allamanda cathartica L . |
Apocynaceae |
C |
29 |
Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. |
Sapindaceae |
C |
30 |
Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don |
Araceae |
H |
31 |
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. |
Zingiberaceae |
H |
32 |
Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f.) Roscoe |
Zingiberaceae |
H |
33 |
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. |
Apocynaceae |
T |
34 |
Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) Sm. |
Amaranthaceae |
H |
35 |
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. |
Amaranthaceae |
H |
36 |
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson |
Araceae |
H |
37 |
Ampelocissus indica (L.) Planch. |
Vitaceae |
C |
38 |
Anacardium occidentale L. * |
Anacardiaceae |
T |
39 |
Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. ex J.Graham |
Ancistrocladaceae |
C |
40 |
Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze |
Lamiaceae |
H |
41 |
Anodendron paniculatum A.DC. |
Apocynaceae |
C |
42 |
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.)
Wall. ex Bedd. |
Combretaceae |
T |
43 |
Antidesma montanum Blume |
Phyllanthaceae |
T |
44 |
Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. |
Polygonaceae |
C |
45 |
Aporosa cardiosperma (Gaertn.) Merr. |
Phyllanthaceae |
T |
46 |
Archidendron bigeminum (L.) I.C.Nielsen |
Leguminosae |
T |
47 |
Ardisia paniculata Roxb. |
Primulaceae |
S |
48 |
Ardisia solanacea (Poir.) Roxb. |
Primulaceae |
S |
49 |
Arenga wightii Griff. |
Arecaceae |
T |
50 |
Argyreia elliptica Arn. ex Choisy |
Convolvulaceae |
C |
51 |
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer |
Convolvulaceae |
C |
52 |
Argyreia pilosa
Wight & Arn. |
Convolvulaceae |
C |
53 |
Argyreia populifolia Choisy |
Convolvulaceae |
C |
54 |
Aristolochia ringens
Vahl |
Aristolochiaceae |
C |
55 |
Aristolochia tagala Cham. |
Aristolochiaceae |
C |
56 |
Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook.f. &
Thomson |
Annonaceae |
C |
57 |
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. |
Moraceae |
T |
58 |
Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. |
Moraceae |
T |
59 |
Arundinella pumila (Hochst.) Steud. |
Poaceae |
G |
60 |
Arundinella purpurea Hochst. ex Steud. |
Poaceae |
G |
61 |
Asparagus gonoclados Baker |
Asparagaceae |
C |
62 |
Asparagus racemosus Willd. |
Asparagaceae |
C |
63 |
Atalantia monophylla DC. |
Rutaceae |
S |
64 |
Bambusa bambos (L.)
Voss |
Poaceae |
G |
65 |
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. * |
Poaceae |
G |
66 |
Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. * |
Lecythidaceae |
T |
67 |
Bauhinia phoenicea Wight & Arn. |
Leguminosae |
C |
68 |
Bauhinia purpurea L. |
Leguminosae |
T |
69 |
Begonia crenata Dryand. |
Begoniaceae |
H |
70 |
Begonia malabarica Lam. |
Begoniaceae |
H |
71 |
Beilschmiedia dalzellii (Meisn.) Kosterm. |
Lauraceae |
T |
72 |
Biophytum sensitivum
(L.) DC. |
Oxalidaceae |
H |
73 |
Blachia andamanica subsp. denudata
(Benth.) N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab. |
Euphorbiaceae |
T |
74 |
Blumea axillaris (Lam.) DC. |
Asteraceae |
H |
75 |
Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. |
Asteraceae |
H |
76 |
Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce |
Asteraceae |
H |
77 |
Blumea oxyodonta DC. |
Asteraceae |
H |
78 |
Blumea virens DC. |
Asteraceae |
H |
79 |
Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. |
Urticaceae |
S |
80 |
Bombax ceiba L. |
Malvaceae |
T |
81 |
Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston |
Phyllanthaceae |
S |
82 |
Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.)
C.E.C.Fisch. |
Phyllanthaceae |
S |
83 |
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume |
Phyllanthaceae |
C |
84 |
Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl.
ex Willd.) Bercht. & J.Presl |
Solanaceae |
S |
85 |
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.)
Oken |
Crassulaceae |
H |
86 |
Buchanania cochinchinensis (Lour.) M.R.Almeida
|
Anacardiaceae |
T |
87 |
Bulbophyllum sterile (Lam.) Suresh |
Orchidaceae |
E |
88 |
Butea monosperma
(Lam.) Taub. |
Leguminosae |
T |
89 |
Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb. |
Leguminosae |
C |
90 |
Cajanus lineatus (Wight & Arn.)
Maesen |
Leguminosae |
S |
91 |
Calacanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radlk. |
Acanthaceae |
S |
92 |
Calamus dransfieldii Renuka |
Arecaceae |
C |
93 |
Calamus thwaitesii Becc. |
Arecaceae |
C |
94 |
Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L. |
Lamiaceae |
T |
95 |
Calophyllum apetalum Willd. |
Clusiaceae |
T |
96 |
Calyptocarpus vialis Less. |
Asteraceae |
H |
97 |
Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex
Roem. & Schult. |
Gentianaceae |
H |
98 |
Canscora perfoliata Lam. |
Gentianaceae |
H |
99 |
Canthium rheedei DC. |
Rubiaceae |
C |
100 |
Capillipedium huegelii (Hack.) A.Camus |
Poaceae |
G |
101 |
Capparis baducca L. |
Capparaceae |
S |
102 |
Capparis moonii Wight |
Capparaceae |
C |
103 |
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. |
Rhizophoraceae |
T |
104 |
Cardiospermum halicacabum
L. |
Sapindaceae |
C |
105 |
Careya arborea
Roxb. |
Lecythidaceae |
T |
106 |
Carissa spinarum L. |
Apocynaceae |
C |
107 |
Cascabela thevetia
(L.) Lippold |
Apocynaceae |
S |
108 |
Casearia rubescens Dalzell |
Salicaceae |
T |
109 |
Casearia tomentosa Roxb. |
Salicaceae |
T |
110 |
Cassia fistula L. |
Leguminosae |
T |
111 |
Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze |
Celastraceae |
T |
112 |
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don |
Apocynaceae |
H |
113 |
Catunaregam spinosa
(Thunb.) Tirveng. |
Rubiaceae |
T |
114 |
Cayratia mollissima (Planch.) Gagnep. |
Vitaceae |
C |
115 |
Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin |
Vitaceae |
C |
116 |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. |
Celastraceae |
C |
117 |
Celtis timorensis Span. |
Cannabaceae |
T |
118 |
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. |
Apiaceae |
H |
119 |
Centipeda minima (L.) A.Braun &
Asch. |
Asteraceae |
H |
120 |
Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. |
Poaceae |
H |
121 |
Chassalia curviflora (Wall.) Thwaites |
Rubiaceae |
S |
122 |
Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P.S.Green |
Oleaceae |
T |
123 |
Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston |
Apocynaceae |
C |
124 |
Chrysophyllum flexuosum Mart. |
Sapotaceae |
T |
125 |
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. |
Poaceae |
G |
126 |
Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl |
Lauraceae |
T |
127 |
Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f.) J.Presl |
Lauraceae |
T |
128 |
Cinnamomum verum J.Presl |
Lauraceae |
T |
129 |
Cissus glyptocarpa Thwaites |
Vitaceae |
C |
130 |
Cissus javana DC. |
Vitaceae |
C |
131 |
Clausena dentata (Willd.) Roem. |
Rutaceae |
T |
132 |
Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. |
Ranunculaceae |
C |
133 |
Clerodendron infortunatum Gearth |
Lamiaceae |
S |
134 |
Clerodendrum paniculatum L. |
Lamiaceae |
S |
135 |
Clitoria ternatea L. |
Leguminosae |
C |
136 |
Coelogyne breviscapa Lindl. |
Orchidaceae |
E |
137 |
Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. |
Lamiaceae |
S |
138 |
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott |
Araceae |
H |
139 |
Combretum indicum
(L.) DeFilipps * |
Combretaceae |
C |
140 |
Combretum latifolium Blume |
Combretaceae |
C |
141 |
Commelina benghalensis L. |
Commelinaceae |
H |
142 |
Connarus wightii Hook.f. |
Connaraceae |
C |
143 |
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore |
Asteraceae |
H |
144 |
Crateva religiosa G.Forst. |
Capparaceae |
T |
145 |
Crotalaria filipes Benth. |
Leguminosae |
H |
146 |
Crotalaria pallida Aiton |
Leguminosae |
H |
147 |
Crotalaria retusa L. |
Leguminosae |
H |
148 |
Croton caudatus Geiseler |
Euphorbiaceae |
C |
149 |
Croton gibsonianus Nimmo |
Euphorbiaceae |
S |
150 |
Cryptocarya lawsonii Gamble |
Lauraceae |
T |
151 |
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. |
Hypoxidaceae |
H |
152 |
Curcuma oligantha Trimen |
Zingiberaceae |
H |
153 |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. |
Convolvulaceae |
P |
154 |
Cyanthillium cinereum
(L.) H.Rob. |
Asteraceae |
H |
155 |
Cyathocline purpurea (Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don) Kuntze |
Asteraceae |
H |
156 |
Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume |
Amaranthaceae |
H |
157 |
Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook.f.
& Thomson |
Menispermaceae |
C |
158 |
Cynarospermum asperrimum (Nees) Vollesen |
Acanthaceae |
H |
159 |
Cynodon dactylon
(L.) Pers. |
Poaceae |
G |
160 |
Cynodon radiatus
Roth |
Poaceae |
G |
161 |
Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Brand |
Boraginaceae |
H |
162 |
Cynometra iripa Kostel. |
Leguminosae |
T |
163 |
Cyperus difformis L. |
Cyperaceae |
H |
164 |
Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. |
Leguminosae |
C |
165 |
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. |
Leguminosae |
T |
166 |
Dalbergia rubiginosa Roxb. |
Leguminosae |
C |
167 |
Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. |
Leguminosae |
C |
168 |
Datura stramonium L. |
Solanaceae |
H |
169 |
Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd. |
Urticaceae |
S |
170 |
Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl. |
Orchidaceae |
E |
171 |
Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl. |
Orchidaceae |
E |
172 |
Dendrobium heyneanum Lindl. |
Orchidaceae |
E |
173 |
Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl. |
Orchidaceae |
E |
174 |
Dendrobium ovatum (L.) Kraenzl. |
Orchidaceae |
E |
175 |
Dendrocalamus strictus
(Roxb.) Nees |
Poaceae |
G |
176 |
Dendrolobium triangulare (Retz.) Schindl. |
Leguminosae |
S |
177 |
Dendrophthoe coccinea (Jack) G.Don |
Loranthaceae |
P |
178 |
Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh. |
Loranthaceae |
P |
179 |
Derris benthamii (Thwaites)
Thwaites |
Leguminosae |
C |
180 |
Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. |
Leguminosae |
H |
181 |
Desmos chinensis Lour. |
Annonaceae |
C |
182 |
Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) Engl. |
Dichapetalaceae |
S |
183 |
Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) Kuntze |
Asteraceae |
H |
184 |
Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Juss. |
Acanthaceae |
H |
185 |
Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. |
Dilleniaceae |
T |
186 |
Dimocarpus longan Lour. |
Sapindaceae |
T |
187 |
Dioscorea bulbifera L. |
Dioscoreaceae |
C |
188 |
Dioscorea oppositifolia L. |
Dioscoreaceae |
C |
189 |
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. |
Dioscoreaceae |
C |
190 |
Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern |
Ebenaceae |
T |
191 |
Diospyros candolleana Wight |
Ebenaceae |
T |
192 |
Diospyros ebenum J.Koenig ex Retz. |
Ebenaceae |
T |
193 |
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. |
Ebenaceae |
T |
194 |
Diospyros montana Roxb. |
Ebenaceae |
T |
195 |
Diospyros oocarpa Thwaites |
Ebenaceae |
T |
196 |
Diospyros paniculata Dalzell |
Ebenaceae |
T |
197 |
Diospyros saldanhae Kosterm. |
Ebenaceae |
T |
198 |
Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) Diels |
Menispermaceae |
C |
199 |
Dipteracanthus prostratus (Poir.) Nees |
Acanthaceae |
H |
200 |
Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. |
Dipterocarpaceae |
T |
201 |
Dombeya wallichii (Lindl.) K.Schum. * |
Malvaceae |
T |
202 |
Drosera burmanni Vahl |
Droseraceae |
H |
203 |
Drosera indica L. |
Droseraceae |
H |
204 |
Duabanga grandiflora (DC.) Walp. * |
Lythraceae |
T |
205 |
Duranta erecta L. |
Verbenaceae |
S |
206 |
Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex C.DC. |
Meliaceae |
T |
207 |
Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) Vollesen |
Acanthaceae |
H |
208 |
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. |
Asteraceae |
H |
209 |
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. |
Elaeagnaceae |
C |
210 |
Elaeocarpus serratus L. |
Elaeocarpaceae |
T |
211 |
Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. |
Elaeocarpaceae |
T |
212 |
Elatostema lineolatum Wight |
Urticaceae |
H |
213 |
Elephantopus scaber L. |
Asteraceae |
H |
214 |
Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser |
Loranthaceae |
P |
215 |
Embelia ribes Burm.f. |
Primulaceae |
C |
216 |
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. &
Schult.) A.DC. |
Primulaceae |
C |
217 |
Epipogium roseum (D.Don) Lindl |
Orchidaceae |
H |
218 |
Eranthemum capense L. |
Acanthaceae |
S |
219 |
Eriocaulon cinereum R.Br. |
Eriocaulaceae |
H |
220 |
Eriocaulon heterolepis Steud. |
Eriocaulaceae |
H |
221 |
Erycibe paniculata Roxb. |
Convolvulaceae |
C |
222 |
Eryngium foetidum L. |
Apiaceae |
H |
223 |
Erythrina suberosa Roxb. |
Leguminosae |
T |
224 |
Erythrina variegata L. * |
Leguminosae |
T |
225 |
Erythropalum scandens Blume |
Olacaceae |
C |
226 |
Eugenia phillyraeoides Trimen |
Myrtaceae |
S |
227 |
Eugenia roxburghii DC. |
Myrtaceae |
T |
228 |
Euonymus indicus B.Heyne ex Wall. |
Celastraceae |
T |
229 |
Euphorbia hirta L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
H |
230 |
Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch |
Euphorbiaceae |
S |
231 |
Euphorbia thymifolia L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
H |
232 |
Eurya nitida Korth. |
Pentaphylacaceae |
T |
233 |
Fagraea ceilanica Thunb. |
Gentianaceae |
E |
234 |
Falconeria insignis Royle |
Euphorbiaceae |
T |
235 |
Ficus bengalensis L. |
Moraceae |
T |
236 |
Ficus benjamina L. |
Moraceae |
T |
237 |
Ficus drupacea Thunb. |
Moraceae |
T |
238 |
Ficus microcarpa L.f. |
Moraceae |
T |
239 |
Ficus nervosa B.Heyne ex Roth |
Moraceae |
T |
240 |
Ficus racemosa L. |
Moraceae |
T |
241 |
Ficus religiosa L. |
Moraceae |
T |
242 |
Ficus tsjahela Burm. f. |
Moraceae |
T |
243 |
Ficus virens Aiton |
Moraceae |
T |
244 |
Flacourtia montana J.Graham |
Salicaceae |
T |
245 |
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton |
Leguminosae |
S |
246 |
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. |
Asteraceae |
H |
247 |
Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb. |
Clusiaceae |
T |
248 |
Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy * |
Clusiaceae |
T |
249 |
Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr. |
Clusiaceae |
T |
250 |
Garcinia talbotii Raizada ex Santapau |
Clusiaceae |
T |
251 |
Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. ex
T.Anderson |
Clusiaceae |
T |
252 |
Geissaspis cristata Wight & Arn. |
Leguminosae |
H |
253 |
Genianthus laurifolius (Roxb.) Hook.f. |
Apocynaceae |
C |
254 |
Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis |
Urticaceae |
H |
255 |
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. * |
Leguminosae |
T |
256 |
Glochidion ellipticum Wight |
Phyllanthaceae |
T |
257 |
Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A.Juss. |
Phyllanthaceae |
T |
258 |
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. |
Rutaceae |
S |
259 |
Gmelina arborea Roxb. |
Lamiaceae |
T |
260 |
Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg |
Thymelaeaceae |
S |
261 |
Gonostegia pentandra (Roxb.) Miq. |
Urticaceae |
S |
262 |
Gordonia obtusa Wall. ex Wight |
Theaceae |
T |
263 |
Gouania microcarpa DC. |
Rhamnaceae |
C |
264 |
Grewia heterotricha Mast. |
Malvaceae |
C |
265 |
Grewia tiliifolia Vahl |
Malvaceae |
T |
266 |
Grewia umbellifera Bedd. |
Malvaceae |
C |
267 |
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex
Sm. |
Apocynaceae |
C |
268 |
Gymnostachyum latifolium T.Anderson |
Acanthaceae |
H |
269 |
Gymnostachyum polyanthum Wight |
Acanthaceae |
H |
270 |
Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale |
Rubiaceae |
T |
271 |
Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. |
Sapindaceae |
T |
272 |
Helicanthes elastica (Desr.) Danser |
Loranthaceae |
P |
273 |
Helicia nilagirica Bedd. |
Proteaceae |
T |
274 |
Helicteres isora L. |
Malvaceae |
S |
275 |
Helixanthera wallichiana Danser |
Loranthaceae |
P |
276 |
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex
Schult. |
Apocynaceae |
C |
277 |
Hemigraphis latebrosa (Roth) Nees |
Acanthaceae |
H |
278 |
Heynea trijuga Roxb. ex Sims |
Meliaceae |
T |
279 |
Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff. |
Malvaceae |
C |
280 |
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. * |
Malvaceae |
S |
281 |
Hibiscus rostellatus Guill. & Perr. |
Malvaceae |
C |
282 |
Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Voss |
Amaryllidaceae |
H |
283 |
Holarrhena pubescens
Wall. ex G.Don |
Apocynaceae |
T |
284 |
Holigarna arnottiana Hook.f. |
Anacardiaceae |
T |
285 |
Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz |
Anacardiaceae |
T |
286 |
Homalium ceylanicum (Gardner) Benth. |
Salicaceae |
T |
287 |
Homonoia riparia Lour. |
Euphorbiaceae |
S |
288 |
Hopea canarensis Hole |
Dipterocarpaceae |
T |
289 |
Hopea parviflora Bedd. |
Dipterocarpaceae |
T |
290 |
Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb. |
Dipterocarpaceae |
T |
291 |
Hoya wightii Hook.f. |
Apocynaceae |
E |
292 |
Hubbardia heptaneuron Bor |
Poaceae |
G |
293 |
Hugonia mystax L. |
Linaceae |
C |
294 |
Humboldtia brunonis Wall. |
Leguminosae |
T |
295 |
Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.-Ham.) Oken |
Achariaceae |
T |
296 |
Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. |
Araliaceae |
H |
297 |
Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine |
Acanthaceae |
H |
298 |
Hymenodictyon obovatum Wall. |
Rubiaceae |
T |
299 |
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. |
Lamiaceae |
S |
300 |
Ichnocarpus frutescens
(L.) W.T.Aiton |
Apocynaceae |
C |
301 |
Impatiens acaulis Arn. |
Balsaminaceae |
H |
302 |
Impatiens balsamina L. |
Balsaminaceae |
H |
303 |
Impatiens barberi Hook.f. |
Balsaminaceae |
H |
304 |
Impatiens minor (DC.) S.M. Almeida |
Balsaminaceae |
H |
305 |
Impatiens oppositifolia L. |
Balsaminaceae |
H |
306 |
Impatiens scapiflora B.Heyne ex Roxb. |
Balsaminaceae |
H |
307 |
Ipomoea hederifolia L. |
Convolvulaceae |
C |
308 |
Ipomoea obscura
(L.) Ker Gawl. |
Convolvulaceae |
C |
309 |
Ipomoea staphylina Roem. &
Schult. |
Convolvulaceae |
C |
310 |
Isodon lophanthoides (Buch.-Ham. ex
D.Don) H.Hara |
Lamiaceae |
H |
311 |
Ixora brachiata Roxb. |
Rubiaceae |
T |
312 |
Ixora coccinea L. |
Rubiaceae |
S |
313 |
Ixora nigricans R.Br. ex Wight
& Arn. |
Rubiaceae |
S |
314 |
Jasminum coarctatum Roxb. |
Oleaceae |
C |
315 |
Jasminum flexile Vahl |
Oleaceae |
C |
316 |
Jasminum malabaricum Wight |
Oleaceae |
C |
317 |
Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews * |
Oleaceae |
S |
318 |
Justicia japonica Thunb. |
Acanthaceae |
H |
319 |
Justicia procumbens Blume |
Acanthaceae |
H |
320 |
Justicia wynaadensis B.Heyne |
Acanthaceae |
H |
321 |
Kamettia caryophyllata (Roxb.) Nicolson
& Suresh |
Apocynaceae |
C |
322 |
Knema attenuata Warb. |
Myristicaceae |
T |
323 |
Kunstleria keralensis C.N.Mohanan &
N.C.Nair |
Leguminosae |
C |
324 |
Kydia calycina Roxb. |
Malvaceae |
T |
325 |
Lagenandra toxicaria Dalzell |
Araceae |
H |
326 |
Lagerstroemia lanceolata
Wall. |
Lythraceae |
T |
327 |
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. |
Lythraceae |
T |
328 |
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. |
Anacardiaceae |
T |
329 |
Lantana camara L. |
Verbenaceae |
S |
330 |
Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew |
Urticaceae |
H |
331 |
Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale |
Vitaceae |
T |
332 |
Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. |
Vitaceae |
T |
333 |
Lepidagathis cuspidata Nees |
Acanthaceae |
H |
334 |
Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham. ex D.
Don |
Acanthaceae |
H |
335 |
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link |
Lamiaceae |
H |
336 |
Leucas biflora (Vahl) Sm. |
Lamiaceae |
H |
337 |
Leucas marrubioides Desf. |
Lamiaceae |
H |
338 |
Leucas stelligera Wall. ex Benth. |
Lamiaceae |
H |
339 |
Ligustrum perrottetii A.DC. |
Oleaceae |
S |
340 |
Limnophila indica (L.) Druce |
Plantaginaceae |
H |
341 |
Limnophila repens (Benth.) Benth. |
Plantaginaceae |
H |
342 |
Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell |
Linderniaceae |
H |
343 |
Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell. |
Linderniaceae |
H |
344 |
Lindernia pusilla (Willd.) Bold. |
Linderniaceae |
H |
345 |
Litsea floribunda Gamble |
Lauraceae |
T |
346 |
Litsea ghatica Saldanha |
Lauraceae |
S |
347 |
Litsea laevigata Gamble |
Lauraceae |
T |
348 |
Lobelia alsinoides Lam. |
Companulaceae |
H |
349 |
Loeseneriella ovata (Lam.) M.R.Almeida |
Celastraceae |
C |
350 |
Lophopetalum wightianum Arn. |
Celastraceae |
T |
351 |
Loranthus globosus Roxb. |
Loranthaceae |
P |
352 |
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell |
Onagraceae |
H |
353 |
Luvunga sarmentosa Kurz |
Rutaceae |
C |
354 |
Lycianthes laevis (Dunal) Bitter |
Solanaceae |
S |
355 |
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Müll.Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
T |
356 |
Mackenziea integrifolia (Dalzell) Bremek. |
Acanthaceae |
S |
357 |
Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) H.J.Lam |
Sapotaceae |
T |
358 |
Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. DC. |
Primulaceae |
S |
359 |
Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex
Pierre |
Magnoliaceae |
T |
360 |
Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju &
Welzen |
Euphorbiaceae |
T |
361 |
Mallotus philippensis
(Lam.) Müll.Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
T |
362 |
Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz |
Euphorbiaceae |
T |
363 |
Mangifera indica L. |
Anacardiaceae |
T |
364 |
Margaritaria indica (Dalzell) Airy Shaw |
Phyllanthaceae |
T |
365 |
Marsdenia raziana Yogan. & Subr. |
Apocynaceae |
C |
366 |
Mastixia arborea (Wight) C.B.Clarke |
Cornaceae |
T |
367 |
Maytenus rothiana (Walp.)
Lobreau-Callen |
Celastraceae |
S |
368 |
Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small |
Plantaginaceae |
H |
369 |
Memecylon malabaricum (C.B.Clarke) Cogn. |
Melastomataceae |
S |
370 |
Memecylon talbotianum Brandis |
Melastomataceae |
T |
371 |
Memecylon terminale Dalzell |
Melastomataceae |
S |
372 |
Memecylon umbellatum Burm. f. |
Melastomataceae |
T |
373 |
Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f. |
Convolvulaceae |
C |
374 |
Mesua ferrea L. |
Calophyllaceae |
T |
375 |
Mikania micrantha
Kunth |
Asteraceae |
C |
376 |
Mimosa pudica L. |
Leguminosae |
H |
377 |
Mimusops elengi L. |
Sapotaceae |
T |
378 |
Mirabilis jalapa L. * |
Nyctaginaceae |
H |
379 |
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. |
Rubiaceae |
T |
380 |
Moullava spicata (Dalzell) Nicolson |
Leguminosae |
C |
381 |
Mucuna monosperma Wight |
Leguminosae |
C |
382 |
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem. |
Cucurbitaceae |
C |
383 |
Munronia pinnata (Wall.) W.Theob. |
Meliaceae |
H |
384 |
Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Brenan |
Commelinaceae |
H |
385 |
Mussaenda glabrata (Hook.f.) Hutch.
ex Gamble |
Rubiaceae |
C |
386 |
Mussaenda laxa (Hook.f.) Hutch.
ex Gamble |
Rubiaceae |
C |
387 |
Myristica dactyloides Gaertn. |
Myristicaceae |
T |
388 |
Myristica malabarica Lam |
Myristicaceae |
T |
389 |
Naravelia zeylanica
(L.) DC. |
Menispermaceae |
C |
390 |
Naregamia alata Wight & Arn. |
Meliaceae |
H |
391 |
Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser * |
Rubiaceae |
T |
392 |
Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek. |
Acanthaceae |
S |
393 |
Nilgirianthus heyneanus (Nees) Bremek. |
Acanthaceae |
H |
394 |
Nilgirianthus lupulinus (Nees) Bremek. |
Acanthaceae |
S |
395 |
Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J.Graham) Mabb. |
Icacinaceae |
T |
396 |
Nothopegia beddomei Gamble |
Anacardiaceae |
T |
397 |
Nothopegia racemosa (Dalzell)
Ramamoorthy |
Anacardiaceae |
T |
398 |
Oberonia brunoniana Wight |
Orchidaceae |
E |
399 |
Oberonia falconeri Hook.f. |
Orchidaceae |
E |
400 |
Ochlandra scriptoria (Dennst.)
C.E.C.Fisch. |
Poaceae |
G |
401 |
Ocimum basilicum L. |
Lamiaceae |
H |
402 |
Oldenlandia auricularia (L.) K.Schum. |
Rubiaceae |
H |
403 |
Oldenlandia corymbosa L. |
Rubiaceae |
H |
404 |
Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. |
Rubiaceae |
H |
405 |
Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. |
Rubiaceae |
H |
406 |
Olea dioica Roxb. |
Oleaceae |
T |
407 |
Ophiorrhiza mungos L. |
Rubiaceae |
H |
408 |
Oplismenus compositus (L.) P.Beauv. |
Poaceae |
G |
409 |
Osbeckia cupularis D. Don ex Wight
& Arn. |
Melastomataceae |
S |
410 |
Osbeckia parvifolia Arn. |
Melastomataceae |
H |
411 |
Osyris lanceolata Hochst. &
Steud. |
Santalaceae |
S |
412 |
Oxalis corniculata L. |
Oxalidaceae |
H |
413 |
Oxyceros rugulosus (Thwaites)
Tirveng. |
Rubiaceae |
C |
414 |
Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) K.Schum. |
Bignoniaceae |
T |
415 |
Pandanus furcatus Roxb. |
Pandanaceae |
S |
416 |
Paracroton pendulus subsp.
zeylanicus (Thwaites) N.P.Balakr. & Chakrab. |
Euphorbiaceae |
T |
417 |
Paramignya monophylla Wight |
Rutaceae |
C |
418 |
Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb. |
Apocynaceae |
C |
419 |
Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek. |
Rubiaceae |
S |
420 |
Pavetta hispidula Wight & Arn. |
Rubiaceae |
S |
421 |
Pavetta indica L. |
Rubiaceae |
S |
422 |
Pavonia odorata
Willd. |
Malvaceae |
H |
423 |
Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. |
Lauraceae |
T |
424 |
Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross |
Polygonaceae |
H |
425 |
Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M.Gómez |
Polygonaceae |
H |
426 |
Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet |
Acanthaceae |
H |
427 |
Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott |
Araceae |
C |
428 |
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. &
Thonn. |
Phyllanthaceae |
H |
429 |
Phyllanthus emblica L. |
Phyllanthaceae |
T |
430 |
Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. |
Phyllanthaceae |
S |
431 |
Phyllanthus urinaria L. |
Phyllanthaceae |
H |
432 |
Phyllocephalum scabridum (DC.) K.Kirkman |
Asteraceae |
H |
433 |
Physalis minima L. |
Solanaceae |
H |
434 |
Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. |
Urticaceae |
H |
435 |
Pimpinella heyneana (DC.) Benth. |
Apiaceae |
H |
436 |
Pinanga dicksonii (Roxb.) Blume |
Arecaceae |
S |
437 |
Piper hookeri Miq. |
Piperaceae |
C |
438 |
Piper hymenophyllum (Miq.) Wight |
Piperaceae |
C |
439 |
Piper umbellatum L. |
Piperaceae |
H |
440 |
Pittosporum dasycaulon Miq. |
Pittosporaceae |
T |
441 |
Plectranthus mollis (Aiton) Spreng. |
Lamiaceae |
H |
442 |
Plumbago zeylanica L. |
Plumbaginaceae |
H |
443 |
Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd. |
Calophyllaceae |
T |
444 |
Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntze |
Lamiaceae |
H |
445 |
Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigrahi) Press |
Lamiaceae |
H |
446 |
Pogostemon paniculatus (Willd.) Benth. |
Lamiaceae |
H |
447 |
Polyalthia fragrans (Dalzell) Benth.
& Hook. f. |
Annonaceae |
T |
448 |
Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldkamp |
Poaceae |
G |
449 |
Premna coriacea C.B.Clarke |
Lamiaceae |
C |
450 |
Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq. |
Rosaceae |
T |
451 |
Pseuderanthemum malabaricum Gamble |
Acanthaceae |
S |
452 |
Psychotria dalzellii Hook.f. |
Rubiaceae |
S |
453 |
Psychotria flavida Talbot |
Rubiaceae |
S |
454 |
Psychotria nigra (Gaertn.) Alston |
Rubiaceae |
S |
455 |
Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn. |
Rubiaceae |
T |
456 |
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. |
Leguminosae |
T |
457 |
Pterospermum diversifolium
Blume |
Sterculiaceae |
T |
458 |
Rapanea wightiana (Wall. ex A. DC.)
Mez |
Primulaceae |
S |
459 |
Rhynchospora wightiana (Nees) Steud. |
Cyperaceae |
H |
460 |
Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume |
Orchidaceae |
E |
461 |
Rotala rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex
Roxb.) Koehne |
Lythraceae |
H |
462 |
Rubus fockei Gandhi |
Rosaceae |
C |
463 |
Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees |
Acanthaceae |
H |
464 |
Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase |
Poaceae |
G |
465 |
Salacia malabarica Gamble |
Celastraceae |
C |
466 |
Salacia oblonga Wall. |
Celastraceae |
C |
467 |
Santalum album L. |
Santalaceae |
T |
468 |
Sapindus trifoliatus
L. |
Sapindaceae |
T |
469 |
Saprosma glomeratum (Gardner) Bedd. |
Rubiaceae |
S |
470 |
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. |
Leguminosae |
T |
471 |
Sarcostigma kleinii Wight & Arn. |
Icacinaceae |
C |
472 |
Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms |
Araliaceae |
C |
473 |
Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arn.)
Harms |
Araliaceae |
C |
474 |
Schefflera wallichiana (Wight & Arn.)
Harms |
Araliaceae |
C |
475 |
Schleichera oleosa
(Lour.) Merr. |
Sapindaceae |
T |
476 |
Senecio bombayensis N.P.Balakr. |
Asteraceae |
H |
477 |
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. * |
Leguminosae |
T |
478 |
Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby |
Leguminosae |
H |
479 |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link |
Leguminosae |
H |
480 |
Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. |
Leguminosae |
H |
481 |
Senna tora (L.)
Roxb. |
Leguminosae |
H |
482 |
Sida rhombifolia
L. |
Malvaceae |
H |
483 |
Smilax zeylanica
L. |
Smilacaceae |
C |
484 |
Smythea bombaiensis (Dalzell)
S.P.Banerjee & P.K.Mukh |
Rhamnaceae |
C |
485 |
Solanum americanum
Mill. |
Solanaceae |
H |
486 |
Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal |
Solanaceae |
S |
487 |
Solanum torvum Sw. |
Solanaceae |
H |
488 |
Solanum viarum
Dunal |
Solanaceae |
H |
489 |
Solanum violaceum Ortega |
Solanaceae |
H |
490 |
Solanum virginianum L. |
Solanaceae |
H |
491 |
Sonchus oleraceus
(L.) L. |
Asteraceae |
H |
492 |
Sonerila rheedei Wall. |
Melastomataceae |
H |
493 |
Spathodea campanulata
P.Beauv. * |
Bignoniaceae |
T |
494 |
Spermacoce articularis
L.f. |
Rubiaceae |
H |
495 |
Spermacoce exilis (L.O.Williams)
C.D.Adams ex W.C.Burger & C.M.Taylor |
Rubiaceae |
H |
496 |
Spermacoce hispida L. |
Rubiaceae |
H |
497 |
Spermacoce ocymoides
Burm.f. |
Rubiaceae |
H |
498 |
Sphaeranthus indicus L. |
Asteraceae |
H |
499 |
Sphagneticola trilobata
(L.) Pruski |
Asteraceae |
H |
500 |
Stachytarpheta indica (L.)
Vahl |
Verbenaceae |
H |
501 |
Staurogyne zeylanica Kuntze |
Acanthaceae |
H |
502 |
Stephania japonica
(Thunb.) Miers |
Menispermaceae |
C |
503 |
Sterculia guttata Roxb. ex G.Don |
Malvaceae |
T |
504 |
Stereospermum tetragonum
DC. |
Bignoniaceae |
T |
505 |
Streblus asper Lour. |
Moraceae |
T |
506 |
Strychnos colubrina L. |
Loganiaceae |
C |
507 |
Strychnos nux-vomica L. |
Loganiaceae |
T |
508 |
Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore |
Symplocaceae |
T |
509 |
Symplocos racemosa Roxb. |
Symplocaceae |
T |
510 |
Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston |
Myrtaceae |
T |
511 |
Syzygium cumini (L.)
Skeels |
Myrtaceae |
T |
512 |
Syzygium gardneri Thwaites |
Myrtaceae |
T |
513 |
Syzygium hemisphericum (Wight) Alston |
Myrtaceae |
T |
514 |
Syzygium jambos (L.)
Alston * |
Myrtaceae |
T |
515 |
Syzygium laetum (Buch.-Ham.) Gandhi |
Myrtaceae |
T |
516 |
Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. |
Myrtaceae |
T |
517 |
Tabernaemontana alternifolia L. |
Apocynaceae |
T |
518 |
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem.
& Schult. |
Apocynaceae |
S |
519 |
Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi |
Leguminosae |
H |
520 |
Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng.
& Sastre |
Rubiaceae |
T |
521 |
Taxillus ferrugineus (Jack) Bân |
Loranthaceae |
P |
522 |
Tectona grandis
L.f. * |
Verbenaceae |
T |
523 |
Terminalia bellirica
(Gaertn.) Roxb. |
Combretaceae |
T |
524 |
Terminalia catappa L.
* |
Combretaceae |
T |
525 |
Terminalia chebula Retz. |
Combretaceae |
T |
526 |
Terminalia paniculata Roth |
Combretaceae |
T |
527 |
Terminalia tomentosa
Wight & Arn. |
Combretaceae |
T |
528 |
Tetrastigma gamblei B.V.Shetty &
P.Singh |
Vitaceae |
C |
529 |
Tetrastigma sulcatum (P. Lawson) Gamble |
Vitaceae |
C |
530 |
Thelepaepale ixiocephala (Benth.) Bremek. |
Acanthaceae |
S |
531 |
Themeda tremula (Nees ex Steud.)
Hack. |
Poaceae |
G |
532 |
Themeda triandra Forssk. |
Poaceae |
G |
533 |
Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell |
Malvaceae |
H |
534 |
Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou |
Aristolochiaceae |
S |
535 |
Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims |
Acanthaceae |
H |
536 |
Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. |
Acanthaceae |
H |
537 |
Thunbergia grandiflora
(Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb. * |
Acanthaceae |
C |
538 |
Thunbergia mysorensis (Wight) T.Anderson |
Acanthaceae |
C |
539 |
Tinospora malabarica (Lam.) Hook. f.
& Thomson |
Menispermaceae |
C |
540 |
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. |
Menispermaceae |
C |
541 |
Tolypanthus lageniferus Tiegh. |
Loranthaceae |
P |
542 |
Tragia hispida Willd. |
Euphorbiaceae |
C |
543 |
Trema orientalis
(L.) Blume |
Cannabaceae |
T |
544 |
Trias stocksii Benth. ex Hook.f. |
Orchidaceae |
E |
545 |
Trichosanthes tricuspidata
Lour. |
Cucurbitaceae |
C |
546 |
Tridax procumbens
(L.) L. |
Asteraceae |
H |
547 |
Triumfetta rhomboidea
Jacq. |
Malvaceae |
H |
548 |
Turpinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. |
Staphyleaceae |
T |
549 |
Turraea pubescens Hell. |
Meliaceae |
C |
550 |
Tylophora asthmatica (L. f.) Wight &
Arn. |
Apocynaceae |
C |
551 |
Urena lobata L. |
Malvaceae |
H |
552 |
Utricularia caerulea L. |
Lentibulariaceae |
H |
553 |
Utricularia reticulata Sm. |
Lentibulariaceae |
H |
554 |
Utricularia striatula Sm. |
Lentibulariaceae |
H |
555 |
Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Kuntze |
Apocynaceae |
C |
556 |
Vateria indica L. |
Dipterocarpaceae |
T |
557 |
Ventilago denticulata
Willd. |
Rhamnaceae |
C |
558 |
Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn. |
Rhamnaceae |
C |
559 |
Vepris bilocularis Engl. |
Rutaceae |
T |
560 |
Vincetoxicum pauciflorum (Wight & Arn.)
Kuntze |
Apocynaceae |
C |
561 |
Viscum angulatum B.Heyne ex DC. |
Santalaceae |
P |
562 |
Vitex leucoxylon L.f. |
Lamiaceae |
T |
563 |
Wendlandia thyrsoidea (Roth) Steud. |
Rubiaceae |
T |
564 |
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal * |
Solanaceae |
H |
565 |
Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. |
Apocynaceae |
T |
566 |
Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. |
Leguminosae |
T |
567 |
Xyris pauciflora Willd. |
Xyridaceae |
H |
568 |
Zingiber cernuum Dalzell |
Zingiberaceae |
H |
569 |
Ziziphus oenopolia
(L.) Mill. |
Rhamnaceae |
C |
570 |
Ziziphus rugosa Lam. |
Rhamnaceae |
T |
T—Trees | H—Herb | S—Shrub |
E—Epiphyte | C—Climber | P—Parasite | G—Grass | *—introduced to the Agumbe
region
Annexure 2. Threatened plants of
Agumbe region of central Western Ghats, Karnataka (IUCN 2017).
|
Botanical Name |
Family |
Habit |
RET status |
1 |
Actinodaphne wightiana (Kuntze) Noltie |
Lauraceae |
T |
NT |
2 |
Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W.J.de
Wilde |
Passifloraceae |
C |
EN |
3 |
Aglaia lawii (Wight)
C.J.Saldanha |
Meliaceae |
T |
R |
4 |
Ampelocissus indica (L.) Planch. |
Vitaceae |
C |
VU |
5 |
Arenga wightii Griff. |
Arecaceae |
T |
VU |
6 |
Aristolochia tagala Cham. |
Aristolochiaceae |
C |
NT |
7 |
Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. |
Moraceae |
T |
VU |
8 |
Beilschmiedia dalzellii (Meisn.) Kosterm. |
Lauraceae |
T |
NT |
9 |
Casearia rubescens Dalzell |
Salicaceae |
T |
NE |
10 |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. |
Celastraceae |
C |
NT |
11 |
Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston |
Apocynaceae |
C |
NE |
12 |
Cinnamomum malabatrum (Burm.f.) J.Presl |
Lauraceae |
T |
NE |
13 |
Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. |
Leguminosae |
C |
NE |
14 |
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. |
Leguminosae |
T |
VU |
15 |
Derris benthamii (Thwaites)
Thwaites |
Leguminosae |
C |
NT |
16 |
Diospyros candolleana Wight |
Ebenaceae |
T |
VU |
17 |
Diospyros paniculata Dalzell |
Ebenaceae |
T |
NT |
18 |
Diospyros saldanhae Kosterm. |
Ebenaceae |
T |
NE |
19 |
Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. |
Dipterocarpaceae |
T |
EN |
20 |
Drosera indica L. |
Droseraceae |
H |
LC |
21 |
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. &
Schult.) A.DC. |
Primulaceae |
C |
VU |
22 |
Epipogium roseum (D.Don) Lindl |
Orchidaceae |
H |
NE |
23 |
Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb. |
Clusiaceae |
T |
NT |
24 |
Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy |
Clusiaceae |
T |
NE |
25 |
Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr. |
Clusiaceae |
T |
NE |
26 |
Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A.Juss. |
Phyllanthaceae |
T |
NE |
27 |
Grewia heterotricha Mast. |
Malvaceae |
C |
NE |
28 |
Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz |
Anacardiaceae |
T |
NE |
29 |
Hopea canarensis Hole |
Dipterocarpaceae |
T |
EN |
30 |
Hopea parviflora Bedd. |
Dipterocarpaceae |
T |
EN |
31 |
Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabb. |
Dipterocarpaceae |
T |
EN |
32 |
Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.-Ham.) Oken |
Achariaceae |
T |
LC |
33 |
Impatiens acaulis Arn. |
Balsaminaceae |
H |
LC |
34 |
Knema attenuata Warb. |
Myristicaceae |
T |
LC |
35 |
Kunstleria keralensis C.N.Mohanan &
N.C.Nair |
Leguminosae |
C |
EN |
36 |
Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) H.J.Lam |
Sapotaceae |
T |
EN |
37 |
Marsdenia raziana Yogan. & Subr. |
Apocynaceae |
C |
R |
38 |
Memecylon malabaricum (C.B.Clarke) Cogn. |
Melastomataceae |
S |
R |
39 |
Mesua ferrea L. |
Calophyllaceae |
T |
NT |
40 |
Mimusops elengi L. |
Sapotaceae |
T |
NT |
41 |
Myristica dactyloides Gaertn. |
Myristicaceae |
T |
NT |
42 |
Myristica malabarica Lam. |
Myristicaceae |
T |
VU |
43 |
Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek |
Acanthaceae |
S |
NE |
44 |
Nothopegia beddomei Gamble |
Anacardiaceae |
T |
NT |
45 |
Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. |
Lauraceae |
T |
VU |
46 |
Pittosporum dasycaulon Miq. |
Pittosporaceae |
T |
NT |
47 |
Salacia malabarica Gamble |
Celastraceae |
C |
EN |
48 |
Salacia oblonga Wall. |
Celastraceae |
C |
VU |
49 |
Santalum album L. |
Santalaceae |
T |
VU |
50 |
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. |
Leguminosae |
T |
VU |
51 |
Smilax zeylanica
L. |
Smilacaceae |
C |
LC |
52 |
Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore |
Symplocaceae |
T |
NT |
53 |
Tabernaemontana alternifolia L. |
Apocynaceae |
T |
NE |
54 |
Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou |
Aristolochiaceae |
S |
NT |
55 |
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. |
Menispermaceae |
C |
NE |
56 |
Vateria indica L. |
Dipterocarpaceae |
T |
CR |
57 |
Vepris bilocularis Engl. |
Rutaceae |
T |
NT |
58 |
Vitex leucoxylon L.f. |
Lamiaceae |
T |
R |
CR—Critically Endangered |
EN—Endangered | VU—Vulnareble; |NT—Near Threatened | R—Rare | LC—Least concern
| NE—Not Evaluated.