Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2021 | 13(3): 17906–17917
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4733.13.3.17906-17917
#4733 | Received 28 November 2019 | Final
received 14 October 2020 | Finally accepted 04 March 2021
An appraisal of avian species
diversity in and around Purulia Town, West Bengal, India
Swastik Mahato
1, Sudipta Mandal 2 & Dipanwita
Das 3
1 J.K. College, Purulia, Purulia,
West Bengal 723101, India.
2 Bangabasi College, 19, Rajkumar
Chakraborty Sarani, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009, India.
3 Bagnan College, Khalore,
Bagnan, Howrah, West Bengal 711303, India.
1 321swstk@gmail.com, 2 smzoology@gmail.com,
3 dipanwita.das05@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: C. Srinivasulu,
Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Date of
publication: 26 March 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Mahato,
S., S. Mandal & D. Das (2021). An appraisal
of avian species diversity in and around Purulia Town, West Bengal, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(3):17906–17917. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4733.13.3.17906-17917
Copyright: © Mahato
et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Self funded.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Swastik Mahato is a junior research fellow in the Department of Zoology, Jagannath Kishore College, Purulia, West Bengal. He is
actively involved in exploring the rich biodiversity of this region. Sudipta Mandal is a faculty of the Post
Graduate Department of Zoology, Bangabasi College,
Kolkata, West Bengal. He has about 10 years field experience in exploring
biodiversity of Eastern and North East India with special interests on Avian
and Lepidopteran diversity. Presently his works are focused on various aspects
of urban biodiversity. Dipanwita Das is presently working as Assistant
Professor in Zoology, Bagnan College, Howrah, West
Bengal. She has comprehensive knowledge on the biodiversity profile of western
part of West Bengal and presently involved in the documentation of bird and
butterfly diversity of this region.
Author contribution: SM-—field work, photographic
documentation, literature review and proof reading. SM—study design, plan of
work, literature review, manuscript writing and proof reading. DD-—literature review, statistical analysis,
manuscript writing and proof reading.
Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the
Principals of Jagannath Kishore College, Purulia; Bangabasi College, Kolkata and Bagnan
College, Howrah, West Bengal for granting necessary permissions and providing
facilities to carry out the research work. The authors would also like to
appreciate the help and support rendered by Dr. Partha Pratim Saha
and Mr. Supriya Samanta
during the study.
Abstract: Purulia, the westernmost district
of West Bengal, India is least explored with respect to the biological
diversity and relatively little information is available to date. The present study was conducted from February
2017 to January 2018 to document avifaunal diversity in Purulia Town and
surroundings. Sampling was done through
the line transect method with photographic documentation and subsequent
identification following suitable keys.
Species richness and seasonal abundance were calculated. Altogether, 115 species of birds belonging to
19 orders and 43 families were recorded during the study period. Passeriformes was the most dominant order
represented by 46 species during the study.
The Shannon-Wiener (H’) value was highest for January (1.564). A large number of migratory birds visit
Purulia every year mostly during winter and it is reflected in the present
study. Diverse foraging habit among the
birds was observed during the study period and omnivorous birds (29%) were
found in highest number followed by invertivores (26%), carnivores (25%), granivores (8%), herbivores (7%), frugivores (3%), and
nectarivores (2%). The present study is
a preliminary effort to document the avifaunal diversity of Purulia and a more
extensive systematic study should be carried out to investigate and protect the
avifaunal diversity of this region.
Keywords: Bird, feeding guild, species
diversity, species richness.
INTRODUCTION
About 10,721 species of birds are living in this
planet (Billerman et al. 2020) distributed from the
polar regions to the tropical forests and are even prominent in the highly
populated metropolitan cities.
Approximately, 75% and 45% of total bird species around the globe are
adapted to forest habitats and human-modified habitats, respectively (BirdLife International 2018), where they play important
role in pollination, seed dispersal, pest control, and act as an indicator of a
healthy environment (Hadley et al. 2012; Ramachandra 2013). Birds play a crucial role in plant
pollination; through their faeces, they carry seeds and initialize the
distribution of plants to distant places; act as scavengers, which help in
ecological decomposition. Birds are
considered good ecological indicators as they exploit all trophic levels in a
food chain acting as herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore. They respond to the qualitative and/or
quantitative changes in the environment and usually indicate the secondary
changes in their surroundings (Morrison 1986; Koskimies
1989). Population dynamics of bird
species may indicate natural disasters like drought (Blake et al. 1994) or
anthropogenic stress like the introduction of new species in the ecosystem and
urbanization (Savidge 1984; O’Connell et al. 2000).
Habitat loss is one of the key factors responsible for
the rapid decline of the avian species population (Prasad et al. 2014). Anthropogenic activities like agriculture,
urbanization, and firewood collection have contributed to deforestation and the
simultaneous habitat degradation of the bird communities that affect the
variety and variability of bird population (Storch et al. 2003). Understanding the changes in the diversity
and abundance of the birds linked with the degradation of the natural habitats
and ecosystems could help in framing necessary conservation actions.
Avian species diversity and distribution are not
consistent with the landscape (Bibby et al. 1992). The pattern of biodiversity changes with
environmental factors, climatic conditions, topography and habitats
(Rodríguez-Estrella 2007; Jankowiski et al.
2009). Purulia is the westernmost
district of West Bengal, India, and is topographically an undulated land which
is the eastern part of Chotanagpur plateau. This district faces severe water scarcity in
summer. Plants like Palash Butea monosperma, Kusum Schleichera
oleosa, Mahua Madhuca
longifolia, Neem Azadirachta
indica, Kend Diospyros
melanoxylon, Haritaki Terminalia
chebula, Amla Phyllanthus
emblica, Karange Pongamia pinnata,
Bamboo Bambusa spp. which can tolerate
drought, flourish in this district (Das 2016; Samanta
et al. 2017). Purulia has been least
explored concerning the biological diversity and relatively little published
information is available to date (Das 2016; Samanta
et al. 2017; Das 2018). In this
circumstance, to enrich the knowledge on the biodiversity profile, an attempt
was made to update the information about birds of Purulia Town and surroundings
for the diversity and seasonal abundance.
The main objective of the study was to determine bird species diversity
and abundance to prepare a checklist of birds as well as to create awareness among
the local people of Purulia to help maintain the ecological balance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Site
The present study was carried out to document the
avifaunal diversity from February 2017 to January 2018 in and around Purulia
Town (23.33 N; 86.36 E), Purulia, West Bengal, India. Five locations, namely, Ketika,
Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University campus, Saheb Bandh, Surulia Deer Park, and Kansai river-side, situated in and
around the town were selected for the study (Fig. 1). Ketika, situated
about 2km from Purulia railway station, is a well-wooded residential area with
trees, bushes, open lands with intermittent small ponds, and ditches. Sidho-Kanho-Birsha
University campus is a vast open land with scattered bushes and trees. Saheb Bandh is a large man-made lake with
some vegetation surrounding it. Surulia Deer Park is an urban forest with a mini zoo inside
it. Kansai river-side was the area
around the bank of river Kansai flowing by the south boundary of the town.
Data collection
Each study site was visited once a month. Line transect method was employed to record
avifaunal richness and abundance (Hutto et al. 1986; Bibby et al. 1992;
Buckland et al. 2004). The field surveys
were conducted at 06.30–07.30 h, 12.00–13.00 h, and 16.30–17.30 h, and the
values were averaged to obtain representative data of a particular count
(Gibbons & Gregory 2006).
From the starting spot of any predetermined route, the
bird species or their calls were recorded along either side of the
transect. The starting point and the
direction of transects were often random.
The length of the route often varied due to topography, roads, water
body that limited access. The
opportunistic counts of birds during other times and other places were also
included to document a comprehensive checklist (Hossain & Aditya 2016).
Following visual observation or hearing a bird’s call
the presence of the birds was confirmed with the help of a binocular (Olympus 8
× 40 DPS1) and photographs were taken with digital cameras (Nikon Coolpix P520
and Canon 1200d, 55–250mm lens). Based
on the visual observations and photographs, birds were identified following
standard guidebooks (Ali 2002; Grimmett et al.
2011). Monthly data obtained from the
one-year study was divided into four seasons: summer (March to May), monsoon
(June to August), post-monsoon (September to November), and winter (December to
February) to compare seasonal variations in avian species richness and
abundance.
Species richness and diversity were calculated using
Biodiversity Pro software (McAleece et al.
1997). The bird species diversity was
calculated using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index [H′ = ∑ pilnpi]
and Shannon diversity index [Hmax= Log10(S)]. Measurement of Shannon’s evenness index was
calculated using the following formula J = H′/ Hmax
(pi = proportion of total sample belonging to ith species, S = total number
of species in habitats (species richness) (Magurran
2004).
Migratory status and feeding habits of the enlisted
birds was determined by personal observation as well as information available
in the literature (Ali 2002; Grimmett et al. 2011;
Birdlife International 2018).
RESULTS
In the present study, 115 species of birds consisting
of 19 orders and 43 families were recorded in and around Purulia Town (Table 1;
Image 1a, b). Passeriformes was found to
be the most dominant order represented by 46 species (Fig. 2). Among the families, Anatidae
was represented by the highest of nine species (Table 1). The residential status of the recorded birds
shows that 78 species of birds were a permanent resident of Purulia, 36 bird
species were winter migrants, and only one species Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus
was a summer migrant (Table 1). Among the winter migrants, Red-Crested
Pochard Netta rufina,
Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata,
Garganey Spatula querquedula, Eurasian Wigeon
Mareca penelope,
Northern Pintail Anas acuta, Gadwall Mareca strepera,
and Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca took shelter in the Saheb Bandh, Purulia. Among the 115 species of birds, 43 species
were partly or completely dependent on water bodies.
The species richness value was highest in the winter
season (104) and in December (99); whereas, this was lowest in Monsoon (69) and
in August (61) (Table 4). The overall
avian diversity index (H′) for the town and surroundings was 3.66. The biodiversity index was also calculated
month-wise (Fig. 3) and it depicts that the Shannon-Wiener (H′) value was highest
for January (1.564) though the H′ value does not differ significantly for the
rest of the months. Shannon evenness
(J′) value was lowest in December (0.767) and highest for July (0.857).
Feeding guilds included invertivorous,
granivorous, nectarivorous, frugivorous, omnivorous,
carnivorous, and herbivorous categories (Table 1, Fig. 4). Among the invertivorous
birds, insectivorous and molluscivorous species specialized for feeding on only
insects and mollusks (Table 1, Fig. 4) were
considered. Omnivorous birds (29%) were
found in the highest number followed by invertivores (26%), carnivores (25%), granivore (8%), herbivore (7%), frugivore (3%), and
nectarivore (2%). Of all invertivores,
insectivores represented 70% in number (Fig. 4).
DISCUSSION
As evident from the present study, Purulia Town and
its surrounding places nurture a widely diversified avian group with its arid
environment, wild flora, the fragmented agricultural field, plantation, and
gardens that provides a complex landscape.
The study area is moderately rich with its avifauna with 115 species,
and when compared with previous observations in different parts of India it has
been found that the species richness at Purulia (Table 2) was lower than the
values reported for Burdwan (144) (Hossain & Aditya 2016), and the
surrounding area of western Kachchh (252) (Gajera et
al. 2013). But the avian diversity was
higher than that reported for Kolkata surroundings (48 species) (Sengupta et
al. 2014). Shannon diversity index (H′)
for the present study (3.66) was found to be higher than the Silent Valley
(3.3) and moist deciduous forest of Mukkali (3.45)
(Jayson & Mathew 2000), which indicates that Purulia Town possesses a rich
avian diversity.
The present species richness value is greater than the
richness values for Purulia Saheb bandh (24 species) reported in 2000 (Nandi et
al. 2004); Santragachi Lake of Howrah District, West
Bengal (22 species) (Roy et al. 2011); and Bakreswar
and Hinglo Reservoirs and Adra
Saheb Bandh Lake (24 species) (Khan et al. 2016). Though Purulia is an arid district, local
aquatic bodies, especially Saheb Bandh and Kansai River, support the avian
groups that dependent on aquatic habitat.
The species richness value for the avian species was highest in winter,
which is due to the presence of a large number of migratory birds especially in
local water bodies like Saheb Bandh.
The resultant data reveals the functional roles and
resource utilization patterns in the local ecosystem of the town. The availability of food resources is
directly dependent on the precipitation rate and as an arid district of West
Bengal, Purulia is severely deprived of water.
Therefore, scarcity of water acts as a limiting factor for the survival
of avian groups and a lesser number of granivores,
herbivores, frugivores, and nectarivores throughout the year justifies the fact
(Fig. 4). Interestingly, omnivores were
highest in number followed by insectivores which might also be due to extreme
weather conditions (Fig. 4). There are
evidence about the influence of landscape on local species richness (Gaston
2000; Lawton 2000; Daube et al. 2003; Hossain & Aditya 2016).
As urbanization and developmental activities may
destroy or degrade the natural habitats of birds therefore, there are urgent
needs for the conservation of local habitats, including wetlands and water
bodies. Successful conservation of birds
would require continuous monitoring by government authorities and awareness
among local people.
Table 1. Checklist of birds found in Purulia Town and
surroundings with their seasonal occurrence, residential status, species
abundance (Pi value), and feeding habits.
|
|
Scientific
name |
Common
name |
Seasonal
occurrence# |
Status^ |
Pi
value* |
Feeding
habit$ |
|
ORDER
1 : Accipitriformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Accipitridae |
||||||
|
1 |
Accipiter
badius (Gmelin, 1788) |
Shikra |
ALL |
R |
0.00173 |
C |
|
2 |
Milvus
migrans
(Boddaert,1783) |
Black Kite |
ALL |
R |
0.00479 |
C |
|
3 |
Pernis ptilorhynchus (Temminck, 1821) |
Oriental
Honey Buzzard |
S, W |
R |
0.00005 |
C |
|
4 |
Circus
aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Western
Marsh Harrier |
W |
WM |
0.00002 |
C |
|
ORDER
2 : Anseriformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Anatidae |
||||||
|
5 |
Dendrocygna javanica (Horsfield, 1821) |
Lesser
Whistling Duck |
ALL |
R |
0.12926 |
G |
|
6 |
Netta rufina (Pallas, 1773) |
Red-Crested
Pochard |
S, PM, W |
WM |
0.01085 |
G |
|
7 |
Nettapus coromandelianus (Gmelin, 1789) |
Cotton
Pygmy Goose |
ALL |
WM |
0.00191 |
H |
|
8 |
Anas
clypeata
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
Northern Shoveler |
S, PM, W |
WM |
0.00511 |
O |
|
9 |
Spatula
querquedula (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Garganey |
S, W |
|
0.00041 |
O |
|
10 |
Mareca penelope (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Eurasian
Wigeon |
PM |
WM |
0.00002 |
H |
|
11 |
Anas
acuta (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Northern
Pintail |
S, PM, W |
WM |
0.00702 |
H |
|
12 |
Mareca strepera (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Gadwall |
S, PM, W |
WM |
0.00629 |
H |
|
13 |
Aythya nyroca (Güldenstädt,
1770) |
Ferruginous
Duck |
W |
|
0.00010 |
O |
|
ORDER
3: Apodiformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Apodidae |
||||||
|
14 |
Cypsiurus balasiensis (J.E. Gray, 1829) |
Asian Palm
Swift |
ALL |
R |
0.01229 |
I |
|
15 |
Apus
affinis
(JE Gray, 1830) |
Little
Swift |
ALL |
R |
0.01775 |
I |
|
ORDER
4 : Bucerotiformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Upupidae |
||||||
|
16 |
Upupa epops (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Common
Hoopoe |
ALL |
R |
0.00049 |
I |
|
Family:
Bucerotidae |
||||||
|
17 |
Ocyceros birostris (Scopoli, 1786) |
Indian Grey
Hornbill |
W |
R |
0.00002 |
F |
|
ORDER
5 : Charadriiformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Charadriidae |
||||||
|
18 |
Charadrius dubius (Scopoli,
1786) |
Little
Ringed Plover |
M, PM, W |
R |
0.00215 |
IV |
|
19 |
Vanellus
indicus (Boddaert,
1783) |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
S, W |
R |
0.00044 |
IV |
|
20 |
Vanellus malabaricus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Yellow-wattled Lapwing |
ALL |
R |
0.00367 |
IV |
|
Family:
Jacanidae |
||||||
|
21 |
Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scopoli, 1786) |
Pheasant-tailed
Jacana |
ALL |
R |
0.00338 |
IV |
|
22 |
Metopidius
indicus (Latham, 1790) |
Bronze-winged
Jacana |
ALL |
R |
0.00605 |
O |
|
Family:
Scolopacidae |
||||||
|
23 |
Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Common
Sandpiper |
W |
WM |
0.00018 |
C |
|
24 |
Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Common
Snipe |
S, W |
WM |
0.00128 |
O |
|
25 |
Calidris temminckii (Leisler,
1812) |
Temmnick’s
Stint |
W |
WM |
0.00175 |
IV |
|
Family:
Laridae |
||||||
|
26 |
Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789) |
Gull-billed
Tern |
PM,W |
WM |
0.00167 |
I |
|
ORDER
6 : Ciconiiformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Ciconiidae |
||||||
|
27 |
Anastomus oscitans (Boddaert, 1783) |
Asian
Openbill-Stork |
ALL |
R |
0.01043 |
M |
|
28 |
Leptoptilos javanicus (Horsfield, 1821) |
Lesser
Adjutant |
S, M, W |
R |
0.00023 |
C |
|
ORDER
7 : Columbiformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Columbidae |
||||||
|
29 |
Columba
livia (Gmelin, 1789) |
Rock Pigeon |
ALL |
R |
0.04163 |
G |
|
30 |
Spilopelia chinensis (Scopoli, 1768) |
Spotted
Dove |
ALL |
R |
0.01801 |
G |
|
31 |
Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky, 1838) |
Eurasian
Collared-Dove |
ALL |
WM |
0.01599 |
G |
|
32 |
Streptopelia tranquebarica (Hermann,
1804) |
Red Turtle
Dove |
PM, W |
R |
0.00026 |
H |
|
33 |
Treron phoenicopterus (Latham,
1790) |
Yellow-footed
Green Pigeon |
ALL |
R |
0.00532 |
F |
|
ORDER
8 : Coraciiformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Alcedinidae |
||||||
|
34 |
Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Small blue
Kingfisher |
ALL |
R |
0.00461 |
C |
|
35 |
Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Pied
Kingfisher |
ALL |
R |
0.00086 |
C |
|
36 |
Halcyon
smyrnensis (Linnaeus,
1758) |
White-throated
Kingfisher |
ALL |
R |
0.00469 |
C |
|
Family:
Coraciidae |
||||||
|
37 |
Coracias benghalensis (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Indian
Roller |
ALL |
R |
0.00364 |
C |
|
Family:
Meropidae |
||||||
|
38 |
Merops orientalis (Latham,
1802) |
Green
Bee-eater |
S, PM, W |
R |
0.03565 |
I |
|
Family:
Campephagidae |
||||||
|
39 |
Coracina macei (Lesson, 1830) |
Large Cuckooshrike |
PM, W |
R |
0.00018 |
I |
|
ORDER
9 : Cuculiformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Cuculidae |
||||||
|
40 |
Centropus sinensis (Stephens,
1815) |
Greater Coucal |
W |
R |
0.00021 |
C |
|
41 |
Centropus bengalensis (Gmelin, 1788) |
Lesser Coucal |
ALL |
R |
0.00154 |
C |
|
42 |
Clamator jacobinus (Boddaert, 1783) |
Jacobin
Cuckoo |
S, M, PM |
SM |
0.00013 |
O |
|
43 |
Hierococcyx varius (Vahl,
1797) |
Common
Hawk-Cuckoo |
ALL |
R |
0.00065 |
O |
|
44 |
Eudynamys scolopaceus |
Asian Koel |
S, M, PM, W |
R |
0.00157 |
F |
|
ORDER
10: Falconiformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Falconidae |
||||||
|
45 |
Falco
tinnunculus
(Linnaeus, 1758) |
Common
Kestrel |
W |
R |
0.00005 |
C |
|
ORDER
11 : Galliformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Phasianidae |
||||||
|
46 |
Francolinus pondicerianus (Gmelin, 1789) |
Grey
Francolin |
S, PM, W |
R |
0.00123 |
G |
|
ORDER
12 : Gruiformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Rallidae |
||||||
|
47 |
Amaurornis phoenicurus (Pennant,
1769) |
White-breasted
Waterhen |
ALL |
R |
0.00341 |
O |
|
48 |
Fulica atra (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Common Coot |
ALL |
R |
0.00697 |
O |
|
49 |
Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Common
Moorhen |
ALL |
R |
0.00521 |
O |
|
50 |
Porphyrio porphyrio (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Purple Swamphen |
ALL |
R |
0.00875 |
O |
|
ORDER
13 : Passeriformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Alaudidae |
||||||
|
51 |
Eremopterix
griseus (Scopoli,
1786) |
Ashy-crowned
Sparrow-lark |
PM |
WM |
0.00026 |
O |
|
Family:
Cisticolidae |
||||||
|
52 |
Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant,
1769) |
Common
Tailorbird |
S, M, PM |
R |
0.00225 |
O |
|
53 |
Prinia socialis (Sykes,
1832) |
Ashy Prinia |
W |
R |
0.00010 |
O |
|
54 |
Cisticola
juncidis (Rafinesque,
1810) |
Zitting
Cisticola |
PM, W |
R |
0.00118 |
I |
|
Family:
Corvidae |
||||||
|
55 |
Corvus splendens (Vieillot, 1817) |
House Crow |
ALL |
R |
0.02420 |
O |
|
56 |
Dendrocitta vagabunda (Latham,
1790) |
Rufous
Treepie |
ALL |
R |
0.00797 |
O |
|
Family:
Dicruridae |
||||||
|
57 |
Dicrurus macrocercus (Vieillot, 1817) |
Black Drongo |
ALL |
R |
0.02608 |
I |
|
58 |
Dicrurus aeneus (Vieillot,
1817) |
Bronzed Drongo |
M |
R |
0.00005 |
I |
|
Family:
Estrildidae |
||||||
|
59 |
Euodice malabarica (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Indian Silverbill |
ALL |
R |
0.01814 |
O |
|
60 |
Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Scaly-breasted
Munia |
ALL |
R |
0.01473 |
G |
|
Family:
Hirundinidae |
||||||
|
61 |
Hirundo rustica (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Barn
Swallow |
S, W |
WM |
0.00133 |
I |
|
62 |
Ptyonoprogne concolor (Sykes,
1832) |
Dusky Crag
Martin |
W |
WM |
0.00078 |
I |
|
Family:
Laniidae |
||||||
|
63 |
Lanius cristatus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Brown
Shrike |
W |
WM |
0.00005 |
IV |
|
64 |
Lanius schach (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Long-tailed
Shrike |
W |
WM |
0.00013 |
IV |
|
65 |
Turdoides striata (Dumont,
1823) |
Jungle
Babbler |
ALL |
R |
0.03807 |
I |
|
66 |
Iduna caligata (Lichtenstein,
1823) |
Booted
Warbler |
W |
R |
0.00036 |
I |
|
67 |
Acrocephalus stentoreus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833) |
Clamorous
Reed Warbler |
PM, W |
R |
0.00010 |
I |
|
Family:
Motacillidae |
||||||
|
68 |
Anthus rufulus (Vieillot, 1818) |
Paddyfield
Pipit |
ALL |
R |
0.00642 |
I |
|
69 |
Anthus hodgsoni (Richmond,
1907) |
Olive-backed
Pipit |
PM, W |
WM |
0.00097 |
O |
|
70 |
Anthus trivialis (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Tree Pipit |
PM |
|
0.00018 |
O |
|
71 |
Motacilla
alba (Linnaeus, 1758) |
White
Wagtail |
ALL |
WM |
0.00571 |
C |
|
72 |
Motacilla cinerea (Tunstall,
1771) |
Grey
Wagtail |
S,W |
WM |
0.00149 |
I |
|
73 |
Motacilla citreola (Pallas,
1776) |
Citrine
Wagtail |
S, PM,W |
WM |
0.00217 |
C |
|
74 |
Motacilla
flava (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Yellow
Wagtail |
S, W |
WM |
0.00212 |
O |
|
Family:
Muscicapidae |
||||||
|
75 |
Copsychus saularis (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Oriental
Magpie Rrobin |
ALL |
R |
0.00791 |
I |
|
76 |
Ficedula albicilla (Pallas,
1811) |
Taiga
Flycatcher |
W |
WM |
0.00021 |
I |
|
77 |
Saxicoloides fulicatus (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Indian
Robin |
ALL |
R |
0.00333 |
O |
|
78 |
Saxicola maurus (Pallas, 1773) |
Siberian
Stonechat |
W |
WM |
0.00026 |
I |
|
79 |
Phoenicurus ochruros (S.G. Gmelin, 1774) |
Black
Redstart |
W |
WM |
0.00002 |
O |
|
80 |
Eumyias thalassinus (Swainson, 1838) |
Verditer
Flycatcher |
W |
WM |
0.00002 |
O |
|
81 |
Luscinia svecica (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Blue Throat |
PM, W |
WM |
0.00178 |
O |
|
Family:
Nectariniidae |
||||||
|
82 |
Cinnyris asiaticus (Latham,
1790) |
Purple
Sunbird |
ALL |
R |
0.00228 |
N |
|
83 |
Leptocoma zeylonica (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Purple-rumped Sunbird |
ALL |
R |
0.00333 |
N |
|
Family:
Oriolidae |
||||||
|
84 |
Oriolus kundoo (Sykes, 1832) |
Indian
Golden Oriole |
ALL |
R |
0.00440 |
O |
|
85 |
Oriolus xanthornus (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Black-hooded
Oriole |
ALL |
R |
0.00506 |
O |
|
Family:
Passeridae |
||||||
|
86 |
Passer
domesticus (Linnaeus,
1758) |
House
Sparrow |
ALL |
R |
0.00797 |
G |
|
87 |
Gymnoris xanthocollis (Burton,
1838) |
Chestnut
Shouldered Petronia |
PM |
R |
0.00002 |
H |
|
Family:
Ploceidae |
||||||
|
88 |
Ploceus philippinus (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Baya
Weaver |
ALL |
R |
0.01324 |
G |
|
Family:
Pycnonotidae |
||||||
|
89 |
Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766) |
Red-vented
Bulbul |
S, M, PM |
R |
0.00749 |
O |
|
Family:
Phylloscopidae |
||||||
|
90 |
Phylloscopus trochiloides (Sundevall, 1837) |
Greenish
Warbler |
S, M |
WM |
0.00031 |
IV |
|
Family:
Sturnidae |
||||||
|
91 |
Acridotheres ginginianus (Latham,
1790) |
Bank Myna |
ALL |
R |
0.09439 |
O |
|
92 |
Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Common Myna |
ALL |
R |
0.07866 |
O |
|
93 |
Gracupica
contra (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Asian Pied
Starling |
ALL |
R |
0.04719 |
O |
|
94 |
Sturnia malabarica (Gmelin, 1789) |
Chestnut-tailed
Starling |
ALL |
R |
0.00749 |
O |
|
95 |
Sturnia pagodarum (Gmelin, 1789) |
Brahminy
Starling |
ALL |
R |
0.00773 |
O |
|
Family:
Chloropseidae |
||||||
|
96 |
Chloropsis jerdoni (Blyth,
1844) |
Jordan's
Leafbird |
PM, W |
R |
0.00073 |
O |
|
ORDER
14 : Pelecaniformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Ardeidae |
||||||
|
97 |
Ardea
alba (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Great White
Egret |
ALL |
R |
0.00086 |
C |
|
98 |
Ardea
intermedia (Wagler,
1827) |
Intermediate
Egret |
S, W |
R |
0.00010 |
C |
|
99 |
Ardea purpurea (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Purple
Heron |
S, PM, W |
R |
0.00028 |
C |
|
100 |
Ardeola grayii (Sykes, 1832) |
Indian Pond
Heron |
ALL |
R |
0.01208 |
C |
|
101 |
Bubulcus
ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Cattle
Egret |
ALL |
R |
0.00975 |
C |
|
102 |
Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Little
Egret |
ALL |
R |
0.01491 |
C |
|
103 |
Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Black-crowned
Night Heron |
ALL |
R |
0.00576 |
C |
|
Family:
Threskiornithidae |
||||||
|
104 |
Pseudibis papillosa (Temminck, 1824) |
Red-Naped Ibis |
ALL |
WM |
0.01030 |
C |
|
105 |
Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham,
1790) |
Black-headed
Ibis |
ALL |
WM |
0.00870 |
I |
|
ORDER
15 : Piciformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Picidae |
||||||
|
106 |
Dinopium benghalense (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Black-rumped Flameback Woodpecker |
ALL |
R |
0.00099 |
I |
|
Family:
Megalaimidae |
||||||
|
107 |
Psilopogon haemacephalus
(Statius Muller, 1776) |
Coppersmith
Barbet |
S, PM, W |
R |
0.00401 |
F |
|
ORDER
16 : Podicipediformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Podicipedidae |
||||||
|
108 |
Tachybaptus ruficollis (Pallas,
1764) |
Little
Grebe |
ALL |
R |
0.00388 |
C |
|
ORDER
17 : Psittaciformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Psittaculidae |
||||||
|
109 |
Psittacula eupatria (Linnaeus,
1766) |
Alexandrine
Parakeet |
ALL |
R |
0.02168 |
H |
|
110 |
Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) |
Rose-ringed
Parakeet |
ALL |
R |
0.02003 |
H |
|
ORDER
18: Strigiformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Strigidae |
||||||
|
111 |
Athene
brama (Temminck, 1821) |
Spotted
Owlet |
ALL |
R |
0.00361 |
C |
|
112 |
Bubo
bengalensis (Franklin,
1831) |
Indian
Eagle-owl |
S |
R |
0.00002 |
C |
|
113 |
Tyto
alba (Scopoli,
1769) |
Barn Owl |
ALL |
R |
0.00152 |
C |
|
ORDER
19: Suliformes |
||||||
|
Family:
Phalacrocoracidae |
||||||
|
114 |
Phalacrocorax
carbo (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Great
Cormorant |
S |
R |
0.00002 |
C |
|
115 |
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis (Stephens,
1826) |
Indian
Cormorant |
ALL |
R |
0.01224 |
C |
# PM—Pre
Monsoon | M—Monsoon | W—Winter | S—Summer
^R—Resident | WM—Winter migrant | SM—Summer Migrant
* Pi value— species abundance/total
abundance in the community
$ O—Omnivorous
| C—Carnivorous | I—Insectivorous | IV—Invertivorous | M—Molluscivorous
| H—Herbivorous | G—Granivorous | N—Nectarivorous |
F—Frugivorous
Table 2. Species richness values (both month-wise and
season-wise) of the birds recorded in the present study.
|
Seasons |
Months |
Species Richness Values |
|
|
Month wise |
Season wise |
||
|
Summer |
Mar |
81 |
85 |
|
Apr |
69 |
||
|
May |
67 |
||
|
Monsoon |
Jun |
62 |
69 |
|
Jul |
58 |
||
|
Aug |
61 |
||
|
Post-monsoon |
Sep |
63 |
86 |
|
Oct |
66 |
||
|
Nov |
82 |
||
|
Winter |
Dec |
99 |
104 |
|
Jan |
96 |
||
|
Feb |
85 |
||
For
figures & images - - click here
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