Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2019 | 11(8): 13992–14009

A checklist of mammals of Tamil Nadu, India

Manokaran Kamalakannan ¹ & Paingamadathil Ommer Nameer ²

¹ Mammal & Osteology section, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700053, India.

² Centre for Wildlife Studies, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala 680656, India.

¹ kamalakannanm1@gmail.com, ² nameer.po@kau.in (corresponding author)

doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4705.11.8.13992-14009 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F3525FB1-FE83-4504-8017-175E189F78DD

Editor: H.N. Kumara, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore, India. Date of publication: 26 June 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #4705 | Received 17 November 2018 | Final received 02 June 2019 | Finally accepted 11 June 2019

Citation: Kamalakannan, M. & P.O. Nameer (2019). A checklist of mammals of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(8): 13992–14009; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4705.11.8.13992-14009

Copyright: © Kamalakannan & Nameer 2019. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: None.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Dr. M. Kamalakannan is specialized in mammal taxonomy; he is currently working as Senior Zoological Assistant at the Mammal & Osteology Section of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India. His research interests lie on the taxonomic studies of mammal components housed in the National Zoological Collections, ZSI. He also specialized in identification of confiscated materials of mammals. He holds a PhD in Zoology for working on the tricho-taxonomy of Indian mammals. Dr. P.O. Nameer is Professor and Head of Centre for Wildlife Studies, KAU. His research interests include the taxonomy, biogeography and ecology of vertebrates except fishes.

Author contribution: Both the authors contributed equally in compiling the information, designed and prepared the manuscript.

Acknowledgements: MK is grateful to Dr. Kailash Chandra, director of the Zoological Survey of India, for all the necessary facilities and encouragements. PON, thank the Dean, College of Forestry for encouragement and support.

Abstract: A checklist of mammals of Tamil Nadu State is presented in this paper. Accepted English names, scientific binomen, prevalent vernacular names in Tamil, IUCN conservation status, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act schedules, the appendices in the CITES, endemism, the distribution of species in India, the Western Ghats & plains of Tamil Nadu, and the complete bibliography pertaining to the 132 species of mammals of Tamil Nadu are given.

Keywords: CITES, Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, Tamil name, vernacular name, Western Ghats.

Abbreviations: IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: categories (CR - Critically Endangered; EN - Endangered; VU - Vulnerable; NT - Near Threatened; LC - Least Concern; NA - Not Assessed); END - Endemism; IWPA - Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (Schedule I, II, III, IV, and V); CITES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Appendix I, II and III); TN - Tamil Nadu; KL - Kerala: AP - Andhra Pradesh; WG - Western Ghats; PI - Peninsular India

Tamil abstract: தமிழ்நாட்டில் காணப்படும் பாலூட்டி விலங்கினங்களின் பட்டியல் இப்பிரதியில் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இவ்விலங்குகளின் சரியான ஆங்கில பெயர், அறிவியல் பெயர், வழக்கமான தமிழ் பெயர், சிறப்பின தன்மை, பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கத்தின் செம்பட்டியல் (IUCN Red List), இந்திய வனவிலங்கு (பாதுகாப்பு) சட்ட அட்டவணை மற்றும் அருகிய இன காட்டு விலங்குகள் மற்றும் தாவரங்களின் பன்னாட்டு வர்த்தகம் பற்றிய மாநாடு பட்டியல் (CITES) ஆகியவை குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. மேலும், இவ்விலங்குகள் இந்தியாவின் மற்ற மாநிலங்களில் காணப்படுதல் மற்றும் தமிழக மேற்குத் தொடர்ச்சி மலைகள் மற்றும் அதன் சமவெளிகளில் காணப்படுதல் ஆகியவையும் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. தமிழ்நாட்டில் காணப்படும் மொத்தம் 132 பாலூட்டி இனங்களின் முழு அறிவியல் குறிப்புகள் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

Introduction

Taxonomic accounts on the mammals of Tamil Nadu were carried out along with other Indian mammals by many authors, viz., Jerdon (1867), Blanford (1888-1891), Pocock (1939, 1941), Bates & Harrison (1997), Nameer (2000), and systematic review done by Ellerman & Morrison-Scott (1951), Prater (1971), Corbet & Hill (1992), Menon (2003, 2014), and Johnsingh & Manjrekar (2013, 2015). Notably, the Mammal Survey of India of Bombay Natural History Society conducted the systematic mammal survey in different regions of India including Tamil Nadu from 1912 to 1923 and the results were published by Thomas (1914–1924), Wroughton (1913–1921), Ryley (1913–1914), Hinton (1918–1923), and Lindsay (1926). Sathasivam (1996, 1998) published regional checklists of mammals together for Tamil Nadu and Kerala states where he listed 168 species; however, he did not mention any separate list for Tamil Nadu State alone. Moreover, after 1998, no updated checklist of mammals is available for Tamil Nadu State despite many taxonomic and biogeographic revisions (Bates & Harrison 1997; Agrawal 2000; Johnsingh 2001; Nameer et al. 2001; Molur et al. 2005; Sridhar et al. 2008; Molur & Singh 2009), new records on smaller mammals (Pradhan et al. 1997; Vanitharani et al. 2003, 2005; Vanitharani 2006), molecular phylogeny studies on primates (Karanth et al. 2008; Nag et al. 2011), and on the genus Hemitragus (Ropiquet & Hassanin 2005) in Tamil Nadu and its neighbouring states. Therefore, we provide the updated checklist along with the distribution and conservation status of mammalian species of Tamil Nadu State based on the recorded evidence.

Methods

The taxonomic arrangement of the species was primarily based on Wilson & Reeder (2005) and further updated using Wilson & Mittermeier (2009) and nomenclature of the species as per the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The distribution of species in India (outside of Tamil Nadu State), and the current conservation status as per the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, mammal species listed in the different schedules of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and the appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) are also provided.

Results and Discussion

As Sathasivam (1996, 1998) provided a combined regional checklist of mammals for Tamil Nadu and Kerala, determining the mammal species only for Tamil Nadu is not possible from these checklists. Of the 168 species of mammals (136 terrestrial and 32 marine) provided by Sathasivam (1996, 1998), there are 29 species neither found in Tamil Nadu nor in Kerala, and 12 species found only in Kerala, but not in Tamil Nadu (Table 1). The nomenclatures of 11 species (Table 2) have been changed as per Wilson & Reeder (2005) and ICZN. Two species, namely Sahyadri Forest Rat Rattus satarae and Lenis Woolly Bat Kerivoula lenis (Vanitharani et al. 2003; Molur et al. 2005) have been included in the present checklist (Table 4), which were not listed in the earlier checklist. The current checklist also has additional details such as the updated nomenclature of species and their systematic account, prevalent vernacular names in Tamil, conservation status as per IUCN, IWPA and CITES, endemism, the distribution of species in India and the Western Ghats and plains of Tamil Nadu, and the complete bibliography for all species. 

A total of 132 (108 terrestrial and 24 marine) species of mammals belonging to 12 orders and 37 families are listed in the present checklist (Table 4). Of the 108 terrestrial mammal species, 32 species are found only in the Western Ghats region of Tamil Nadu and remaining species are found both in the Western Ghats and the plains of Tamil Nadu. The order Chiroptera represents a maximum number of species (35 species) followed by Rodentia (28 species) and these two taxa jointly account for 47 percent of the total mammalian fauna in Tamil Nadu (Fig. 1; Table 3). A total of 32 species of marine mammals including Platanista gangetica Ganges River Dolphin have been reported from Indian waters so far (Kumaran 2002, 2012; Nameer 2016), of which, 24 species are distributed in Tamil Nadu State along the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. Out of 51 known endemic species of mammals in India (Johnsingh & Nameer 2015), 22 species are found in the Tamil Nadu, and 14 of which are endemic to the Western Ghats. Elvira Rat Cremnomys elvira, a Critically Endangered species found in Tamil Nadu State until now is known only from its type locality of Kurumbapatti, Salem District, in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu. The genera namely Anathana, Latidens, and Nilgiritragus are monotypic and found only in the Tamil Nadu and its neighbouring states across the Western Ghats. The Nilgiri Tahr Nilgiritragus hylocrius, the only wild goat endemic to the southern Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, was accorded the status of State Animal of Tamil Nadu (Gazette Notification of the Government of Tamil Nadu, 1988).

The checklist of mammals of any particular region needs to be periodically updated as the number of species changes due to new discoveries, taxonomic revisions and molecular phylogeny studies (Wilson & Reeder 2005). Recently, Nameer (2015, 2016) provided a comprehensive checklist of mammals of Kerala, and the information on mammals of both Tamil Nadu (present checklist) and Kerala together will help in understating the mammal diversity of southern Western Ghats. Moreover, the present checklist would help the researchers and state forest and wildlife managers to plan conservation strategies to manage the mammals in Tamil Nadu.

Table 1. List of mammal species as mentioned by Sathasivam (1996, 1998) and their present systematic and distribution status.

	Name of the species as mentioned by Sathasivam (1996, 1998)	Present systematic and distribution status	References
	ORDER PRIMATES Family Cercopithecidae
1.	Semnopithecus entellus Common or Hanuman Langur	Semnopithecus entellus split into seven species in India, of which two species (S. hypoleucos and S. priam) are known from TN	Karanth et al. (2008); Nag et al. (2011)
	ORDER RODENTIA Family Sciuridae
2.	Funambulus layardi Layard's Striped Squirrel	Restricted to Sri Lanka	Molur et al. (2005)
	Family Muridae
3.	Mus dunni Dunn’s Mouse	Synonyms of Mus terricolor; it is difficult to define, as it is often confused with Mus booduga	Musser & Carleton (2005)
4.	Rattus norvegicus Brown Rat or Norway Rat	Not native to India	Ruedas (2016)
5.	Rattus ranjiniae	Distribution records from KL, not from TN	Molur et al. (2005)
	ORDER EULIPOTYPHLA Family Soricidae
6.	Suncus montanus	Suncus montanus is restricted to Sri Lanka; the species found in TN is Suncus niger	Molur & Singh (2009)
7.	Suncus stoliczkanus Anderson's Shrew	No distribution either in TN or KL	Molur et al. (2005)
8.	Suncus etruscus Indian Pygmy Shrew	Distribution records from KL, not from TN	Molur et al. (2005)
9.	Crocidura horsfieldi Horsfield's Shrew	No distribution either in TN or KL	Molur et al. (2005)
	ORDER CHIROPTERA Family Rhinopomatidae
10.	Rhinopoma hardwickii Lesser Mouse-tailed Bat	No distribution records from TN	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
11.	Rhinopoma microphyllum Greater Mouse-tailed Bat	Doubtful record	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
12.	Rhinopoma muscatellum Small Mouse-tailed Bat	No distribution either in TN or KL	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
	Family Emballonuridae
13.	Taphozous saccolaimus Pouch-bearing Bat	Distribution records from KL, not from TN	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
14.	Taphozous theobaldi Theobald's Tomb Bat	Distribution records from KL, not from TN	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
	Family Rhinolophidae
15.	Rhinolophus affinis Intermediate Horseshoe Bat	No exact locality	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
16.	Rhinolophus luctus Great Eastern or Woolly Horseshoe Bat or Large Leaf-Bat	Distribution records from KL, not from TN	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
17.	Rhinolophus pusillus Least Horseshoe Bat	Distribution records from KL, not from TN	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
18.	Rhinolophus beddomei Lesser Woolly Horeshoe Bat	Distribution records from KL, not from TN	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
	Family Hipposideridae
19.	Hipposideros galeritus Cantor's Leaf-nosed Bat or Fawn Leaf-nosed Bat	No distribution records from TN	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
20.	Hipposideros lankadiva Kelaart's Leaf-nosed Bat	No distribution either in TN or KL	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
21.	Hipposideros hypophyllus Kolar Leaf-nosed Bat	No distribution either in TN or KL	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
	Family Molossidae
22.	Otomops wroughtoni Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat	No distribution either in TN or KL	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
	Family Vespertilionidae
23.	Tylonycteris pachypus Bamboo Bat or Flat-headed Bat	Distribution records from KL, not from TN	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
24.	Myotis hasseltii Van Hasselt's Bat	No distribution either in TN or KL	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
25.	Kerivoula hardwickii Hardwicke's Forest Bat	No distribution either in TN or KL	Bates & Harrison (1997); Molur et al. (2002)
	ORDER CARNIVORA Family Canidae
26.	Canis lupus Indian Gray Wolf	Known only from historic records	Prater (1971)
	Family Mustelidae
27.	Lutra lutra Common or Eurasian Otter	Known only from historic records	Jerdon 1867; Blanford 1888–1891; Pocock 1941; Prater 1971
	Family Viverridae
28.	Viverra civettina Malabar Civet	Known only from historic records from KL. However, recent studies have ruled out the distribution from KL and TN.	Nandini & Mudappa (2010)
	Family Herpestidae
29.	Herpestes javanicus Small Asian Mongoose	No distribution either in TN or KL	Patou et al. (2009)
	Family Felidae
30.	Prionailurus viverrinus Fishing Cat	Known only from historic records and recent studies ruled out its presence from southern India.	Mukherjee et al. (2012); Janardhanan et al. (2014)
	ORDER ARTIODACTYLA Family Bovidae
31.	Boselaphus tragocamelus Nilgai	Known only from historic records	Prater (1971); Sankar and Johnsingh (2015)
	Order CETACEA Family Delphinidae
32.	Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser's Dolphin	No records from India	Sathasivam (2000)
33.	Orcaella brevirostris Irrawady Dolphin	No distribution either in TN or KL; there was a record of one live animal stranded on the Chennai coast after cyclone	Sathasivam (2000)
34.	Feresa attenuata Pygmy Killer Whale	Distribution records from KL, not from TN	Nameer (2015)
35.	Mesoplodon ginkgodens Gingko-toothed Beaked or Japanese Beaked Whale	Distribution records from KL, not from TN	Nameer (2015)
	Family Ziphiidae
36.	Mesoplodon pacificus Longman's Beaked Whale	No records from India	Sathasivam (2000)
37.	Mesoplodon densirostris Blainville's Beaked Whale	No records either from TN or KL	Sathasivam (2000)
38.	Hyperoodon planifrons Southern Bottlenose Whale	No records either from TN or KL	Sathasivam (2000)
39.	Tursiops truncatus Bottlenose Dolphin or Bottle-nosed Dolphin	The species reported from India is Tursiops aduncus not T. truncatus	Wang et al. (2014)
40.	Delphinus delphis Common Dolphin	The species reported from India is Delphinus capensis not D. delphis	Jayasankar et al. (2008)
	Family Balaenidae
41.	Balaena glacialis Black or Northern Right Whale	No records either from TN or KL	Sathasivam (2000)

Table 2. Mammal species as mentioned by Sathasivam (1996, 1998) and their current nomenclature as per Wilson & Reeder (2005) and ICZN.

	Name of the species as mentioned by Sathasivam (1996, 1998)	Current nomenclature as per Wilson & Reeder (2005) and ICZN
1.	Cremnomys blanfordi Blanfords' Rat or White-tailed Wood Rat	Madromys blanfordi Blanford’s Rat
2.	Paraechinus micropus Pale or Indian Hedgehog	Paraechinus nudiventris Bare-bellied Hedgehog
3.	Pipistrellus affinis Chocolate Bat	Falsistrellus affinis Chocolate Pipistrelle
4.	Pipistrellus dormeri Dormer's Bat	Scotozous dormeri Dormer's Pipistrelle
5.	Tadarida plicata Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat	Chaerephon plicatus Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat
6.	Ursus ursinus Sloth Bear	Melursus ursinus Sloth Bear
7.	Martes flavigula Nilgiri Marten or Nilgiri Yellow-throated Marten	Martes gwatkinsii Nilgiri Marten
8.	Moschiola meminna Indian Mouse-Deer or Chevrotain	Moschiola indica Indian Chevrotain
9.	Cervus unicolor Sambar	Rusa unicolor Sambar
10.	Hemitragus hylocrius Nilgiri Tahr	Nilgiritragus hylocrius Nilgiri Tahr
11.	Kogia simus Dwarf Sperm Whale	Kogia sima Dwarf Sperm Whale

Table 3. A total number of mammalian species of Tamil Nadu in different orders of class Mammalia and their conservation status as per the IUCN, IWPA and CITES.

Order of class Mammalia	No. of species
Chiroptera	35
Rodentia	28
Cetacea	23
Carnivora	21
Artiodactyla	9
Primates	6
Eulipotyphla	5
Lagomorpha	1
Scandentia	1
Pholidota	1
Proboscidea	1
Sirenia	1
IUCN Red List Threatened Species (2019)
Critically Endangered	1
Endangered	14
Vulnerable	17
Near Threatened	8
Least Concern	82
Data Deficient	9
Not Assessed	1
Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
Schedule I	22
Schedule II	38
Schedule III	5
Schedule IV	2
Schedule V	25
CITES (2017)
Appendix I	21
Appendix II	25
Appendix III	11

Table 4. Checklist of mammals of Tamil Nadu.

	English name	Species name	Authority	Tamil name (தமிழ் பெயர்)	Vernacular name	WG / Plains of TN	END	IUCN	IWPA	CITES
TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS (நில பாலூட்டிகள்)
	I. ORDER PROBOSCIDEA
	1. Family Elephantidae (elephants)
1	Asiatic Elephant (Indian Elephant)^1	Elephas maximus	Linnaeus, 1758	யானை	Yāṉai	Both		EN	I	I
	II. ORDER SCANDENTIA
	2. Family Tupaiidae (tree shrews)
2	Madras Treeshrew (Indian Tree Shrew)^2	Anathana ellioti	(Waterhouse, 1850)	சென்னை மர மூஞ்சூறு	Ceṉṉai Mara Mūñcūṟu	Both	PI	LC		II
	III. ORDER PRIMATES
	3. Family Lorisidae (lorises)
3	Gray Slender Loris (Highland Slender Loris)^3	Loris lydekkerianus	Cabrera, 1908	தேவாங்கு	Tēvāṅku	Both		LC	I	II
	4. Family Cercopithecidae (old world monkeys)
4	Bonnet Macaque (Zati)^4	Macaca radiata	(E. Geoffroy, 1812)	குரங்கு	Kuraṅku	Both	PI	LC	II	II
5	Lion-tailed Macaque (Wanderoo)^5	Macaca silenus	(Linnaeus, 1758)	சிங்க-வால் குரங்கு	Ciṅka-vāl Kuraṅku	WG	WG	EN	I	I
6	Black-footed Gray Langur (Malabar Sacred Langur)^6	Semnopithecus hypoleucos	Blyth, 1841	கருப்பு-கால் சாம்பல் நிற குரங்கு	Karuppu-kāl Cāmpal Niṟa Kuraṅku	WG	WG	VU		I
7	Tufted Gray Langur (Coromandel Sacred Langur)^7	Semnopithecus priam	Blyth, 1844	நூற்குஞ்சமுள்ள சாம்பல் நிற குரங்கு	Nūṟkuñcamuḷḷa Cāmpal Niṟa Kuraṅku	Both		NT		I
8	Nilgiri Langur (Nilgiri Leaf Monkey)^8	Semnopithecus johnii	(J. Fischer, 1829)	கருங்குரங்கு	Karuṅkuraṅku	WG	WG	VU	I	II
	IV. ORDER RODENTIA
	5. Family Sciuridae (squirrels)
9	Indian Giant Squirrel (Malabar Giant Squirrel)^9	Ratufa indica	(Erxleben, 1777)	மலபார் அணில்	Malapār Aṇil	Both	PI	LC	II	II
10	Grizzled Giant Squirrel (Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel)^10	Ratufa macroura	Pennant, 1769	நரைத்த அணில்	Naraitta Aṇil	Both		NT	I	II
11	Indian Giant Flying Squirrel (Large Brown Flying Squirrel)¹¹	Petaurista philippensis	(Elliot, 1839)	இந்திய பறக்கும் அணில்	Intiya Paṟakkum Aṇil	Both		LC	II
12	Travancore Flying Squirrel¹²	Petinomys fuscocapillus	(Jerdon, 1847)	திருவாங்கூர் பறக்கும் அணில்	Tiruvāṅkūr Paṟakkum Aṇil	WG		NT	I
13	Indian Palm Squirrel (Three-striped Palm Squirrel)¹³	Funambulus palmarum	(Linnaeus, 1766)	மூன்று பட்டைக்கோடிட்ட அணில்	Mūṉṟu Paṭṭaikkōṭiṭṭa Aṇil	Both		LC
14	Nilgiri Palm Squirrel (Dusky Palm Squirrel)^14	Funambulus sublineatus	(Waterhouse, 1838)	மங்கிய பட்டைக்கோடிட்ட அணில்	Maṅkiya Paṭṭaikkōṭiṭṭa Aṇil	WG		VU
15	Jungle Palm Squirrel (Western Ghats Striped Squirrel)^15	Funambulus tristriatus	(Waterhouse, 1837)	ஜங்கிள் பட்டைக்கோடிட்ட அணில்	Jaṅkiḷ Paṭṭaikkōṭiṭṭa Aṇil	WG	WG	LC
	6. Family Platacanthomyidae (spiny dormouse)
16	Spiny Tree Mouse (Spiny Dormouse)^16	Platacanthomys lasiurus	Blyth, 1859	முள் மர எலி	Muḷ Mara Eli	WG	WG	VU	V
	7. Family Muridae (rats and mice)
17	Indian Gerbil (Antelope Rat)^17	Tatera indica	(Hardwicke, 1807)	இந்திய கெர்பில் எலி	Intiya Kerpil Eli	Both		LC	V
18	Lesser Bandicoot Rat (Indian Mole Rat)^18	Bandicota bengalensis	(Gray, 1835)	சிறிய பெருச்சாளி	Ciṟiya Peruccāḷi	Both		LC	V
19	Greater Bandicoot Rat (Large Bandicoot Rat)^18	Bandicota indica	(Bechstein, 1800)	பெரிய பெருச்சாளி	Periya Peruccāḷi	Both		LC	V
20	Cutch Rock Rat^19	Cremnomys cutchicus	Wroughton, 1912	கட்ச் பாறை எலி	Kaṭc Pāṟai Eli	Plains	PI	LC	V
21	Large Rock Rat (Elvira Rat)^20	Cremnomys elvira	(Ellerman, 1946)	பெரிய பாறை எலி	Periya Pāṟai Eli	Plains	TN	CR	V
22	Indian Bush Rat^18	Golunda ellioti	Gray, 1837	இந்திய புதர் எலி	Intiya Putar Eli	Both		LC	V
23	Blanford’s Rat (White-tailed Wood Rat)^21	Madromys blanfordi	(Thomas, 1881)	வெள்ளை வால் எலி	Veḷḷai Vāl Eli	Both		LC	V
24	Common Metad (Soft-furred Field Rat)^21	Millardia meltada	(Gray, 1837)	மெட்டடு எலி	Meṭṭaṭu Eli	Both		LC	V
25	Little Indian Field Mouse (Common Indian Field Mouse)^18	Mus booduga	(Gray, 1837)	இந்திய சிறிய கள சுண்டெலி	Intiya Ciṟiya Kaḷa Cuṇṭel	Both		LC	V
26	Cook’s Mouse (Ryley’s Spiny Mouse)^23	Mus cookii	Ryley, 1914	குக்கி-ன் சுண்டெலி	Kukki-ṉ Cuṇṭeli	WG		LC	V
27	Bonhote’s Mouse (Servant Mouse)^24	Mus famulus	Bonhote, 1898	வேலைக்கார சுண்டெலி	Vēlaikkāra Cuṇṭeli	WG	WG	EN	V
28	House Mouse^18	Mus musculus	Linnaeus, 1758	வீட்டு சுண்டெலி	Vīṭṭu Cuṇṭeli	Both		LC	V
29	Phillips’s Mouse (Wroughton’s Small Spiny Mouse)^25	Mus phillipsi	Wroughton, 1912	பிலிப்ஸ்-ன் சுண்டெலி	Pilips-ṉ Cuṇṭeli	Plains	PI	LC	V
30	Flat-haired Mouse (Brown Spiny Mouse)^26	Mus platythrix	Bennett, 1832	பழுப்பு முள் சுண்டெலி	Paḻuppu Muḷ Cuṇṭeli	Both	PI	LC	V
31	Elliot’s Spiny Mouse (Rock-loving Mouse)^27	Mus saxicola	Elliot, 1839	பாறை வாழ் சுண்டெலி	Pāṟai Vāḻ Cuṇṭeli	Both		LC	V
32	Common House Rat (Black Rat)^28	Rattus rattus	(Linnaeus, 1758)	வீட்டு எலி	Vīṭṭu Eli	Both		LC	V
33	Sahyadris Forest Rat^29	Rattus satarae	Hinton, 1918	ஷயாத்ரிக்கள் வன எலி	Ṣayātrikkaḷ Vaṉa Eli	WG	WG	VU	V
34	Nilgiri Long-tailed Tree Mouse (Nilgiri vandeleuria)^30	Vandeleuria nilagirica	Jerdon, 1867	நீலகிரி நீண்ட வாலுடைய மர எலி	Nīlakiri Nīṇṭa Vāluṭaiya Mara Eli	WG	WG	EN	V
35	Asiatic Long-tailed Tree Mouse (Common Vandeleuria)^18	Vandeleuria oleracea	(Bennett, 1832)	ஆசிய நீண்ட வாலுடைய மர எலி	Āciya Nīṇṭa Vāluṭaiya Mara Eli	Both		LC	V
	8. Family Hystricidae (porcupines)
36	Indian Crested Porcupine (Indian porcupine)^31	Hystrix indica	Kerr, 1792	முள்ளம்பன்றி	Muḷḷampaṉṟi	Both		LC	IV
	V. ORDER LAGOMORPHA
	9. Family Leporidae (hares)
37	Black-naped Hare (Indian Hare)^31	Lepus nigricollis	F. Cuvier, 1823	காட்டு முயல்	Kāṭṭu muyal	Both		LC	IV
	VI. ORDER EULIPOTYPHLA
	10. Family Erinaceidae (hedgehogs)
38	Bare-bellied Hedgehog (Madras Hedgehog)^32	Paraechinus nudiventris	(Horsfield, 1851)	முள்ளெலி	Muḷḷeli	Both	TN, KL & AP	LC
	11. Family Soricidae (shrews)
39	Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrew^33	Feroculus feroculus	(Kelaart, 1850)	கீலார்ட்-ன் நீண்ட விரல் மூஞ்சூறு	Kīlārṭ-ṉ Nīṇṭa Viral Mūñcūṟu	WG		EN
40	Day’s Shrew^34	Suncus dayi	(Dobson, 1888)	டே-ன் மூஞ்சூறு	Ṭē-ṉ Mūñcūṟu	WG	WG	EN
41	Nilgiri Highland Shrew^35	Suncus niger	Horsfield, 1851	நீலகிரி மேட்டு மூஞ்சூறு	Nīlakiri Mēṭṭu Mūñcūṟu	WG	WG	NA
42	Asian Musk Shrew (House Shrew)^36	Suncus murinus	(Linnaeus, 1766)	ஆசிய கஸ்தூரி மூஞ்சூறு	Āciya Kastūri Mūñcūṟu	Both		LC
	VII. ORDER CHIROPTERA
	12. Family Pteropodidae (flying foxes)
43	Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Common Short-nosed Fruit Bat)^37	Cynopterus brachyotis	(Müller, 1838)	சிறிய குறுகிய-மூக்கு பழ வெளவால்	Ciṟiya Kuṟukiya-mūkku Paḻa Veḷavāl	Both		LC	V
44	Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Short-nosed Indian Fruit Bat)^38	Cynopterus sphinx	(Vahl, 1797)	பெரிய குறுகிய-மூக்கு பழ வெளவால்	Periya Kuṟukiya-mūkku Paḻa Veḷavāl	Both		LC	V
45	Lesser Dawn Bat (Common Nectar Bat)^39	Eonycteris spelaea	(Dobson, 1871)	மலர்த் தேன் வெளவால்	Malart Tēṉ Veḷavāl	WG		LC	V
46	Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat^40	Latidens salimalii	Thonglongya, 1972	சலீம் அலி-ன் பழ வெளவால்	Calīm Ali-ṉ Paḻa Veḷavāl	WG	WG	EN	I
47	Indian Flying Fox (Greater Indian Fruit Bat)^38	Pteropus giganteus	(Brünnich, 1782)	இந்திய பெரிய பழ வெளவால்	Intiya Periya Paḻa Veḷavāl	Both		LC	V	II
48	Leschenault’s Rousette (Shortridge’s Rousette)^38	Rousettus leschenaultii	(Desmarest, 1820)	லீஸ்செனால்டு-ன் ரூசெட்டே வெளவால்	Līsceṉālṭu-ṉ Rūceṭṭē Veḷavāl	Both		LC	V
	13. Family Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats)
49	Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat^41	Rhinolophus lepidus	Blyth, 1844	பிளைத்-ன் குதிரை லாட வெளவால்	Piḷait-ṉ Kutirai Lāṭa Veḷavāl	Both		LC
50	Rufous Horseshoe Bat^42	Rhinolophus rouxii	Temminck, 1835	ரூஃபஸ் குதிரை லாட வெளவால்	Rūḥpas Kutirai Lāṭa Veḷavāl	Both		LC
	14. Family Hipposideridae (old world leaf-nosed bats)
51	Dusky Leaf-nosed Bat (Bi-coloured Leaf-nosed Bat)^43	Hipposideros ater	Templeton, 1848	மங்கிய இலை மூக்கு வெளவால்	Maṅkiya Ilai Mūkku Veḷavāl	Both		LC
52	Fulvus Leaf-nosed Bat (Fulvus Roundleaf Bat)^44	Hipposideros fulvus	Gray, 1838	ஃபுல்வுஸ் இலை மூக்கு வெளவால்	Ḥpulvus Ilai Mūkku Veḷavāl	Both		LC
53	Pomona Leaf-nosed Bat (Andersen’s Leaf-nosed Bat)^45	Hipposideros pomona	K. Andersen, 1918	பொமோனா இலை மூக்கு வெளவால்	Pomōṉā Ilai Mūkku Veḷavāl	Both		LC
54	Schneider’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Schneider’s Roundleaf Bat)^46	Hipposideros speoris	(Schneider, 1800)	ஸ்னைடர-ன் இலை மூக்கு வெளவால்	Sṉaiṭara-ṉ Ilai Mūkku Veḷavāl	Both		LC
	15. Family Megadermatidae (false vampire bats)
55	Greater False Vampire Bat (Indian False Vampire Bat)^47	Megaderma lyra	É. Geoffroy, 1810	பெரிய காட்டேரி வெளவால்	Periya Kāṭṭēri Veḷavāl	Both		LC
56	Lesser False Vampire Bat (Common Asian Ghost Bat)^48	Megaderma spasma	(Linnaeus, 1758)	சிறிய காட்டேரி வெளவால்	Ciṟiya Kāṭṭēri Veḷavāl	WG		LC
	16. Family Emballonuridae (sac-winged bats)
57	Long-winged Tomb Bat^49	Taphozous longimanus	Hardwicke, 1825	நீண்ட சிறகு கல்லறை வெளவால்	Nīṇṭa Ciṟaku Kallaṟai Veḷavāl	Both		LC
58	Black-bearded Tomb Bat^50	Taphozous melanopogon	Temminck, 1841	கருப்பு-தாடி கல்லறை வெளவால்	Karuppu-tāṭi Kallaṟai Veḷavāl	Both		LC
59	Naked-rumped Tomb Bat^51	Taphozous nudiventris	Cretzschmar, 1830	திறந்த ரம்ப்டு கல்லறை வெளவால்	Iṟanta Rampṭu Kallaṟai Veḷavāl	Plains		LC
	17. Family Molossidae (free-tailed bats)
60	Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat (Wrinkle-lipped Bat)^52	Chaerephon plicatus	(Buchannan, 1800)	மடிப்பு-உதடு வாலற்ற வெளவால்	Maṭippu-utaṭu Vālaṟṟa Veḷavāl	Plains		LC
61	Egyptian Free-tailed Bat (Egyptian Nyctinome)^53	Tadarida aegyptiaca	(E. Geoffroy, 1818)	எகிப்திய வாலற்ற வெளவால்	Ekiptiya Vālaṟṟa Veḷavāl	Both		LC
	18. Family Vespertilionidae (evening bats)
62	Tickell’s Bat^54	Hesperoptenus tickelli	(Blyth, 1851)	டிக்கிள்ஸ்-ன் வெளவால்	Ṭikkiḷs-ṉ Veḷavāl	WG		LC
63	Greater Asiatic Yellow House Bat (Asiatic Greater Yellow House Bat)^55	Scotophilus heathii	(Horsfield, 1831)	ஆசிய பெரிய மஞ்சள் வீட்டு வெளவால்	Āciya Periya Mañcaḷ Vīṭṭu Veḷavāl	Both		LC
64	Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat (Lesser Asian House Bat)^55	Scotophilus kuhlii	Leach, 1821	ஆசிய சிறிய மஞ்சள் வீட்டு வெளவால்	Āciya Ciṟiya Mañcaḷ Vīṭṭu Veḷavāl	Both		LC
65	Kelaart’s Pipistrelle^56	Pipistrellus ceylonicus	(Kelaart, 1852)	கீலார்டு-ன் பீபீஸ்டுர்லே வெளவால்	Kīlārṭu-ṉ Pīpīsṭurlē Veḷavāl	Both		LC
66	Indian Pipistrelle (Little Indian Bat)^57	Pipistrellus coromandra	(Gray, 1838)	இந்திய பீபீஸ்டுர்லே வெளவால்	Intiya Pīpīsṭurlē Veḷavāl	Both		LC
67	Least Pipistrelle (Indian Pygmy Bat)^38	Pipistrellus tenuis	(Temminck, 1840)	மீச்சிறு பீபீஸ்டுர்லே வெளவால்	Mīcciṟu Pīpīsṭurlē Veḷavāl	Both		LC
68	Dormer’s Pipistrelle (Dormer’s Bat)^38	Scotozous dormeri	Dobson, 1875	டோர்மெர்-ன் பீபீஸ்டுர்லே வெளவால்	Ṭōrmer-ṉ Pīpīsṭurlē Veḷavāl	Both		LC
69	Chocolate Pipistrelle (Grizzled Pipistrelle)^58	Falsistrellus affinis	(Dobson, 1871)	சாக்லேட் பீபீஸ்டுர்லே வெளவால்	Cāklēṭ Pīpīsṭurlē Veḷavāl	WG		LC
70	Horsfield’s Myotis (Lesser Large-tooth Bat)^59	Myotis horsfieldii	(Temminck, 1840)	ஹார்ஸ்ஃபியெல்டு-ன் மீயோடிஸ் வெளவால்	Hārsḥpiyelṭu-ṉ Mīyōṭis Veḷavāl	Both		LC
71	Burmese Whiskered Myotis (Large Brown Myotis)^60	Myotis montivagus	(Dobson, 1874)	பர்மிஸ் மீசைடைய மீயோடிஸ் வெளவால்	Parmis Mīcaiṭaiya Mīyōṭis Veḷavāl	WG		LC
72	Small Long-fingered Bat (Nicobar Long-fingered Bat)^61	Miniopterus pusillus	Dobson, 1876	சிறிய நீண்ட விரலுள்ள வெளவால்	Ciṟiya Nīṇṭa Viraluḷḷa Veḷavāl	WG		LC
73	Schreibers’s Long-fingered Bat^62	Miniopterus schreibersii	(Kuhl, 1817)	ஸ்ரைபர்ஸ்-ன் நீண்ட விரலுள்ள வெளவால்	Sraipars-ṉ Nīṇṭa Viraluḷḷa Veḷavāl	Plains		NT
74	Lesser Hairy-winged Bat (Hairy-winged Bat)^63	Harpiocephalus harpia	(Temminck, 1840)	சிறிய முடியுடைய சிறகு வெளவால்	Ciṟiya Muṭiyuṭaiya Ciṟaku Veḷavāl	WG		LC
75	Round-eared Tube-nosed Bat^64	Murina cyclotis	Dobson, 1872	வட்ட-காது குழாய் மூக்கு வெளவால்	Vaṭṭa-kātu Kuḻāy Mūkku Veḷavāl	Both		LC
76	Lenis Woolly Bat^65	Kerivoula lenis	Thomas, 1916	லெனிஸ் ரோம வெளவால்	Leṉis Rōma Veḷavāl	WG		LC
77	Painted Woolly Bat (Painted Bat)^66	Kerivoula picta	(Pallas, 1767)	வர்ண ரோம வெளவால்	Varṇa Rōma Veḷavāl	WG		LC
	VIII. ORDER PHOLIDOTA
	19. Family Manidae (pangolins)
78	Indian Pangolin (Scaly Anteater)^67	Manis crassicaudata	E. Geoffroy, 1803	எறும்புண்ணி	Eṟumpuṇṇi	Both		EN	I	I
	IX. ORDER CARNIVORA
	20. Family Felidae (cats)
79	Jungle Cat (Swamp Cat)^68	Felis chaus	Schreber, 1777	காட்டு பூனை	Kāṭṭu Pūṉai	Both		LC	II	II
80	Leopard Cat^69	Prionailurus bengalensis	(Kerr, 1792)	சிறுத்தை பூனை	Ciṟuttai Pūṉai	Both		LC	I	I
81	Rusty-spotted Cat^70	Prionailurus rubiginosus	(I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831)	துருஏறிய நிற- புள்ளிகளுடைய பூனை	Turu’ēṟiya Niṟa -puḷḷikaḷuṭaiya Pūṉai	Both		VU	I	I
82	Leopard (Panther)^71	Panthera pardus	(Linnaeus, 1758)	சிறுத்தை	Ciṟuttai	Both		NT	I	I
83	Tiger (Royal Bengal Tiger )^72	Panthera tigris	(Linnaeus, 1758)	புலி	Puli	WG		EN	I	I
	21. Family Viverridae (viverrids)
84	Asian Palm Civet (Mentawai Palm Civet)^73	Paradoxurus hermaphroditus	(Pallas, 1777)	ஆசிய பாம் புனுகு பூனை	Āciya Pām Puṉuku Pūṉai	Both		LC	II	III
85	Jerdon’s Palm Civet (Brown Palm Civet)^74	Paradoxurus jerdoni	Blanford, 1885	ஜெர்ந்தோன்-ன் பாம் புனுகு பூனை	Jerntōṉ-ṉ Pām Puṉuku Pūṉai	WG	WG	LC	II	III
86	Small Indian Civet (Oriental Civet)^75	Viverricula indica	(E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)	இந்திய சிறிய புனுகு பூனை	Intiya Ciṟiya Puṉuku Pūṉai	Both		LC	II	III
	22. Family Herpestidae (mongooses)
87	Grey Mongoose (Common Mongoose)^76	Herpestes edwardsii	(É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818)	சாம்பல் நிற கீரிப்பிள்ளை	Cāmpal Niṟa Kīrippiḷḷai	Both		LC	II	III
88	Indian Brown Mongoose (Brown Mongoose)^77	Herpestes fuscus	Waterhouse, 1838	பழுப்பு நிற கீரிப்பிள்ளை	Paḻuppu Niṟa Kīrippiḷḷai	WG		VU	II	III
89	Ruddy Mongoose^78	Herpestes smithii	Gray, 1837	சிவந்த கீரிப்பிள்ளை	Civanta Kīrippiḷḷai	Both		LC	II	III
90	Stripe-necked Mongoose (Striped-necked Mongoose)^77	Herpestes vitticollis	Bennett, 1835	கழுத்து- கோடிட்ட கீரிப்பிள்ளை	Kaḻuttu- Kōṭiṭṭa Kīrippiḷḷai	WG		LC	II	III
	23. Family Hyaenidae (hyaenas)
91	Striped Hyena (Hyena)^79	Hyaena hyaena	(Linnaeus, 1758)	கழுதைப்புலி	Kaḻutaippuli	Both		NT	III	III
	24. Family Canidae (dogs)
92	Golden Jackal (Jackal )^80	Canis aureus	Linnaeus, 1758	நரி	Nari	Both		LC	II	III
93	Dhole (Wild Dog)^81	Cuon alpinus	(Pallas, 1811)	செந்நாய்	Cennāy	WG		EN	II	II
94	Bengal Fox (Indian Fox)^82	Vulpes bengalensis	(Shaw, 1800)	குள்ள நரி	Kuḷḷa Nari	Both		LC	II	III
	25. Family Ursidae (bears)
95	Sloth Bear (Labiated Bear)^83	Melursus ursinus	(Shaw, 1791)	கரடி	Karaṭi	Both		VU	I	I
	26. Family Mustelidae (badgers, martens, otters)
96	Oriental Small-clawed Otter (Asian Small-clawed Otter)^84	Aonyx cinerea	(Illiger, 1815)	சிறிய நகங்களுடைய நீர்நாய்	Ciṟiya Nakaṅkaḷuṭaiya Nīrnāy	Both		VU	I	II
97	Smooth-coated Otter (Indian Smooth-coated Otter)^85	Lutrogale perspicillata	(I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826)	மென்மையான- சரும நீர்நாய்	Meṉmaiyāṉa- Caruma Nīrnāy	Both		VU	II	II
98	Nilgiri Marten^86	Martes gwatkinsii	Horsfield, 1851	நீலகிரி கீரி	Nīlakiri Kīri	WG	WG	VU	II	III
99	Honey Badger (Ratel )^87	Mellivora capensis	(Schreber, 1776)	தேன்வளைக்கரடி	Tēṉvaḷaikkaraṭi	Both		LC	I
	X. ORDER ARTIODACTYLA
	27. Family Suidae (pigs)
100	Wild Boar (Wild Pig)^88	Sus scrofa	Linnaeus, 1758	காட்டுப்பன்றி	Kāṭṭuppaṉṟi	Both		LC	III
	28. Family Tragulidae (mouse deer)
101	Indian Chevrotain (Mouse Deer)^89	Moschiola indica	Gray, 1852	சருகு மான்	Caruku Māṉ	Both		LC	I
	29. Family Cervidae (deer)
102	Chital (Spotted Deer)^90	Axis axis	(Erxleben, 1777)	புள்ளி மான்	Puḷḷi Māṉ	Both		LC	III
103	Indian Muntjac (Barking Deer)^91	Muntiacus muntjak	(Zimmermann, 1780)	குரைக்கும் மான்	Kuraikkum Māṉ			LC	III
104	Sambar (Sambar Deer)^92	Rusa unicolor	(Kerr, 1792)	கடா மான்	Kaṭā Māṉ	Both		VU	III
	30. Family Bovidae (bovids)
105	Blackbuck (Indian Antelope)^93	Antilope cervicapra	(Linnaeus, 1758)	கலைமான்	Kalaimāṉ	Both		NT	I
106	Gaur (Indian Bison)^94	Bos gaurus	C.H.Smith, 1827	காட்டு எருமை	Kāṭṭu Erumai	WG		VU	I	I
107	Four-horned Antelope (Chousingha)^95	Tetracerus quadricornis	(de Blainville, 1816)	நான்கு கொம்பு மான்	Nāṉku Kompu Māṉ	Both		VU	I
108	Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiri ibex)^96	Nilgiritragus hylocrius	(Ogilby, 1838)	வரையாடு	Varaiyāṭu	WG	WG	EN	I
MARINE MAMMALS (கடல் பாலூட்டிகள்)
	XI. ORDER SIRENIA
	31. Family Dugongidae (Dugongs)
109	Dugong (Sea Cow)^97	Dugong dugon	(Muller, 1776)	கடல் பசு	Kaṭal Pacu			VU	I	I
	XII. ORDER CETACEA
	32. Family Delphinidae (marine dolphins)
110	Long-beaked Common Dolphin^98	Delphinus capensis	Gray, 1828	நீண்ட மூக்கு டால்பின்	Nīṇṭa Mūkku Ṭālpiṉ			DD	II	II
111	Short-finned Pilot Whale^99	Globicephala macrorhynchus	Gray, 1846	குறுகிய துடுப்புடைய பைலட் திமிங்கிலம்	Kuṟukiya Tuṭuppuṭaiya Pailaṭ Timiṅkilam			DD	II	II
112	Risso’s Dolphin^100	Grampus griseus	(G Cuvier, 1812)	ரிஸ்ஸோ -ன் டால்பின்	Ris’sō -Ṉ Ṭālpiṉ			LC	II	II
113	Killer Whale^101	Orcinus orca	(Linnaeus, 1758)	கொலைகார திமிங்கிலம்	Kolaikāra Timiṅkilam			DD	II	II
114	Melon-headed Whale^102	Peponocephala electra	(Gray, 1846)	மெலன் தலை திமிங்கலம்	Melaṉ-Talai Timiṅkalam			LC	II	II
115	False Killer Whale^103	Pseudorca crassidens	(Owen, 1846)	தவறான கொலைகார திமிங்கிலம்	Tavaṟāṉa Kolaikāra Timiṅkilam			DD	II	II
116	Indo-Pacific Hump-back Dolphin^104	Sousa chinensis	(Osbeck, 1765)	இந்தோ-பசிபிக் கூன்முதுகு டால்பின்	Intō-Pacipik Kūṉmutuku Timiṅkalam Ṭālpiṉ			NT	II	I
117	Pantropical Spotted Dolphin^105	Stenella attenuata	(Gray, 1846)	வெப்பமண்டல புள்ளிகளுடைய டால்பின்	Veppamaṇṭala Puḷḷikaḷuṭaiya Ṭālpiṉ			LC	II	II
118	Striped Dolphin^106	Stenella coeruleoalba	(Meyen, 1833)	வரிகளுடைய டால்பின்	Varikaḷuṭaiya Ṭālpiṉ			LC	II	II
119	Spinner Dolphin^107	Stenella longirostris	(Gray, 1828)	ஸ்பின்னர் டால்பின்	Spiṉṉar Ṭālpiṉ			DD	II	II
120	Rough-toothed Dolphin^108	Steno bredanensis	(G. Cuvier in Lesson, 1828)	கரடுமுரடு பற்களுடைய டால்ஃபின்	Karaṭumuraṭu Paṟkaḷuṭaiya Ṭālḥpiṉ			LC	II	II
121	Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin^109	Tursiops aduncus	(Ehrenberg, 1833)	இந்தோ-பசிபிக் பாட்டில் மூக்குடைய டால்பின்	Intō-Pacipik Pāṭṭil Mūkkuṭaiya Ṭālpiṉ			DD	II	II
	33. Family Phocoenidae (porpoises)
122	Finless Porpoise^110	Neophocaena phocaenoides	(G Cuvier, 1829)	துடுப்பற்ற கடல் பன்றி	Tuṭuppaṟṟa Kaṭal paṉṟi			VU	I	I
	34. Family Physeteridae (sperm whales)
123	Sperm Whale^111	Physeter macrocephalus	Linnaeus, 1758	விந்து வடிவான திமிங்கிலம்	Vintu Vaṭivāṉa timiṅkilam			VU	II	I
	35. Family Kogiidae (pygmy and dwarf sperm whales)
124	Pygmy Sperm Whale^112	Kogia breviceps	(Blainville, 1838)	விந்து வடிவான சிறிய திமிங்கிலம்	Vintu Vaṭivāṉa Ciṟiya timiṅkilam			DD	II	II
125	Dwarf Sperm Whale^113	Kogia sima	(Owen, 1866)	விந்து வடிவான குள்ள திமிங்கிலம்	Vintu Vaṭivāṉa Kuḷḷa timiṅkilam			DD	II	II
	36. Family Ziphiidae (beaked whales)
126	Cuvier’s Beaked Whale^114	Ziphius cavirostris	G. Cuvier, 1823	குவியரி-ன் அலகு திமிங்கிலம்	Kuviyariṉ pīc timiṅkilam			LC	II	II
	37. Family Balaenopteridae (rorquals)
127	Minke Whale^115	Balaenoptera acutorostrata	Lacépède, 1804	மின்கே திமிங்கிலம்	Miṉkē Timiṅkilam			LC	II	I
128	Sei Whale^116	Balaenoptera borealis	Lesson, 1828	சீய் திமிங்கலம்	Cīy Timiṅkalam			EN	II	I
129	Bryde’s Whale^117	Balaenoptera edeni	Anderson, 1879	பிரைட்-ன் திமிங்கிலம்	Piraiṭ-Ṉ Timiṅkilam			DD	II	I
130	Blue Whale^118	Balaenoptera musculus	(Linnaeus, 1758)	நீல திமிங்கிலம்	Nīla Timiṅkilam			EN	II	I
131	Fin Whale^119	Balaenoptera physalus	(Linnaeus, 1758)	துடுப்பு திமிங்கலம்	Tuṭuppu Timiṅkalam			EN	II	I
132	Humpback Whale^120	Megaptera novaeangliae	(Borowski, 1781)	கூன்முதுகு திமிங்கலம்	Kūṉmutuku			LC	II	I

¹ North-eastern and southern India, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Oliver 1978)

² South of Ganges river, eastern, central, south-western and southern parts of peninsular India (Chakraborty 2005)

³ Eastern Ghats to Mangalore, Karnataka and Malabar Coast from Goa to Trivandrum, Kerala (Roonwal & Mohnot 1977)

⁴ Southern India, Goa, Gujarat and Maharashtra (Roonwal & Mohnot 1977)

⁵ Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Roonwal & Mohnot 1977)

⁶ Southern India and Maharashtra (Roonwal & Mohnot 1977; Karanth et al. 2008; Nag et al. 2011)

⁷ Southern India (Roonwal & Mohnot 1977; Karanth et al. 2008; Nag et al. 2011)

⁸ Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (restricted to Western Ghats) (Roonwal & Mohnot 1977; Karanth et al. 2008; Nag et al. 2011)

⁹ Southern, eastern and central India and Gujarat and Maharashtra (Ellerman 1961; Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Molur et al. 2005)

¹⁰ Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Ellerman 1961; Molur et al. 2005)

¹¹ Southern India, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Goa, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and West Bengal (Ellerman 1961; Molur et al. 2005; Sridhar et al. 2008)

¹² Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Ashraf et al. 1993; Molur et al. 2005; Sridhar et al. 2008)

¹³ Southern India, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan (Ellerman 1961; Molur et al. 2005)

¹⁴ Western Ghats (south of Kodagu) in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Ellerman 1961; Molur et al. 2005; Sridhar et al. 2008)

¹⁵ Western Ghats in Karnataka, Kerala, Goa, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Molur et al. 2005; Sridhar et al. 2008)

¹⁶ Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Prabhakar 1997; Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Molur et al. 2005)

¹⁷ Throughout India except North-eastern India, high altitudes of Himalaya and Sikkim (Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005)

¹⁸ Almost throughout the country (Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005)

¹⁹ Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu (Molur et al. 2005; Molur & Nameer 2016)

²⁰ Tamil Nadu (Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005)

²¹ Southern India, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and West Bengal (Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Molur et al. 2005)

²² Throughout the country except North-eastern India (Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005)

²³ Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal (Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005)

²⁴ Kerala and Tamil Nadu (fragmented locations of Western Ghats) (Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005)

²⁵ Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu (Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005)

²⁶ Southern India, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and West Bengal (Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005)

²⁷ Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Uttarakhand and West Bengal (Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005)

²⁸ Almost throughout the country (Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005)

²⁹ Western Ghats in Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Musser & Carleton 2005; Molur et al. 2005)

³⁰ Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Agarwal 2000; Molur et al. 2005)

³¹ Almost throughout the country (Ellerman 1961)

³² Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Johnsingh 2001; Molur et al. 2005)

³³ Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Pradhan et al. 1997; Molur et al. 2005)

³⁴ Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Pradhan & Kurup 2001; Molur et al. 2005)

³⁵ Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Shanker & Sukumar 1998; Molur et al. 2005; Molur & Singh 2009)

³⁶ Almost throughout the country (Molur et al. 2005)

³⁷ Southern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997)

³⁸ Almost throughout the country (Bates & Harrison 1997)

³⁹ North-eastern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand (Vanitharani et al. 2005)

⁴⁰ Tamil Nadu (Vanitharani et al. 2005)

⁴¹ Throughout the country except Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh (Das 1986)

⁴² Southern and North-eastern India, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Sikkim, Uttarakhand and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁴³ Southern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya and Odisha (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁴⁴ Throughout country except high Himalaya and North-eastern India (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁴⁵ Southern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁴⁶ Southern India, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁴⁷ Throughout country except high Himalaya and deserts (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁴⁸ Southern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Assam, Goa, Maharashtra, Meghalaya Mizoram and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁴⁹ Southern India, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁵⁰ Southern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Rajasthan (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁵¹ Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁵² Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁵³ Southern India, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁵⁴ Southern India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Assam, Goa, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁵⁵ Throughout country except high Himalaya and Jammu & Kashmir (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁵⁶ Southern India, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁵⁷ Throughout country except Rajasthan (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁵⁸ Almost throughout the country (scattered population) (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁵⁹ Andaman & Nicobar Is., Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁶⁰ Southern India and Maharashtra (Vanitharani 2006)

⁶¹ Andaman & Nicobar Is., Karnataka and Tamil Nadu (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁶² Arunachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁶³ Assam, Kerala, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁶⁴ Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal (Vanitharani et al. 2005)

⁶⁵ Known from Tamil Nadu and West Bengal (Vanitharani et al. 2003)

⁶⁶ Southern India, Assam, Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Sikkim and West Bengal (Bates & Harrison 1997)

⁶⁷ Widely distributed from the plains and lower hills south of the Himalayas to Southern India (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951)

⁶⁸ Throughout the country except the high Himalayas (Mudappa 1998)

⁶⁹ Throughout the country except desert parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan, and parts of Deccan Plateau (Mudappa 1998)

⁷⁰ Scattered pockets in the peninsular India upto Rajasthan, and also recorded from Uttar Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir (Mudappa 1998; Johnsingh 2001)

⁷¹ Throughout country except extreme high altitudes, hot and cold deserts (Pocock 1939, 1941)

⁷² Throughout country in the suitable isolated pockets except Jammu & Kashmir and North-western India (Pocock 1939, 1941)

⁷³ Throughout the country except arid parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat and Jammu & Kashmir and high Himalayas (Mudappa 1998)

⁷⁴ Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Mudappa 1998)

⁷⁵ Throughout the country in suitable habitats except high Himalayas in Jammu & Kashmir (Mudappa 1998)

⁷⁶ Throughout the country in suitable habitats (Mudappa 1998)

⁷⁷ Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Mudappa 1998; Sridhar et al. 2008)

⁷⁸ Southern and central India, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Mudappa 1998)

⁷⁹ South to the Nilgiri hills, west to Gujarat, north to lowland of Jammu & Kashmir and Kumaon, east to West Bengal (Johnsingh 2001)

⁸⁰ Throughout the country (Pocock 1939, 1941)

⁸¹ South of river Ganges peninsula from Coorg and Nilgiri hills, and from northwards Jammu & Kashmir to North-eastern India (Pocock 1939, 1941)

⁸² Throughout the country except high Himalayas and North-eastern India (Pocock 1939, 1941)

⁸³ Throughout country in suitable habitats except Jammu & Kashmir, high Himalayas and arid parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Pocock 1939, 1941)

⁸⁴ Southern India, Himalayan terai to north-eastern states and Sundarbans in West Bengal (Mudappa 1998)

⁸⁵ Throughout the country except high regions of Himalayas, and arid regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Mudappa 1998)

⁸⁶ Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Mudappa 1998)

⁸⁷ Throughout the country except high Himalayas and North-eastern India (Mudappa 1998)

⁸⁸ Throughout the country except the high Himalayas and desert areas of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951)

⁸⁹ From Tamil Nadu to Madhya Pradesh (Groves & Meijaard 2005)

⁹⁰ Peninsular India, northwards Kumaon and Sikkim including Andaman & Nicobar Is. and West Bengal (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951)

⁹¹ Throughout the country except high Himalayas of Jammu & Kashmir and desert region of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951)

⁹² Throughout the country except high Himalayas of Jammu & Kashmir and arid regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951)

⁹³ Punjab south to Tamil Nadu and east to Bihar, and Gujarat and Rajasthan (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951)

⁹⁴ Southern and North-eastern India, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951)

⁹⁵ From the sub-Himalayan foothills to peninsular India, Gujarat, Maharashtra and North and western parts of Tamil Nadu (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott 1951)

⁹⁶ Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Ropique & Hassanin 2005)

⁹⁷ Reported from Andaman & Nicobar Is., Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay and Gulf of Kachchh (Silas & Fernando 1985; Sathasivam 2000)

⁹⁸ Reported from east and west coasts of India in Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Odisha (Pillai & Kasinathan 1988; Sathasivam 2000)

⁹⁹ Reported from Bay of Bengal and Hooghly River mouth, Serampur, West Bengal also from Gulf of Mannar and off Maharashtra in the west coast (Alagarswami et al. 1973)

¹⁰⁰ Reported from Kerala, Tamil Nadu and around Andaman & Nicobar Is. and Lakshadweep Is. (Rajagopalan et al. 1984)

¹⁰¹ Reported from east coast (off Tamil Nadu), west coast (off Gujarat) and around Andaman & Nicobar Is. and Lakshadweep Is. (Sathasivam 2004)

¹⁰² Reported from Bay of Bengal in Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Is. and Tamil Nadu (Leatherwood et al. 1991; Sathasivam 2000)

¹⁰³ Reported from east and west coasts and Andaman & Nicobar Is., Andhra Pradesh, Lakshadweep Is. and Tamil Nadu (Thiagarajan et al. 1984)

¹⁰⁴ Reported from east and west coasts of Andaman & Nicobar Is., mouth of Ganges, Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean (Arumugam et al. 1992; Muralidharan 2013)

¹⁰⁵ Reported from Bay of Bengal off West Bengal (Sundarbans) and Tamil Nadu (Sathasivam 2000)

¹⁰⁶ Reported from east coast of Southern India (Alling 1986; Kumaran 2003)

¹⁰⁷ Reported from east and west coasts of India in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Lakshadweep Is., Kerala, Maharashtra and Karnataka (Pillai et al. 1989; Sathasivam 2004)

¹⁰⁸ Reported from Bay of Bengal in Andaman & Nicobar Is. and Tamil Nadu (Sathasivam 2004)

¹⁰⁹ Reported from east and west coasts of India in Maharashtra to Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Afsal et al. 2008)

¹¹⁰ Reported from east and west coasts of India, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Lakshadweep Is., Tamil Nadu and Hooghli estuary in West Bengal (Ganapathy 1992; Kumaran & Subramanian 1993)

¹¹¹ Reported from Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal in Andaman & Nicobar Is., Lakshadweep Is., Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Moses 1947; James & Soundararajan 1979)

¹¹² Reported from east coast and west coasts of India in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Is. and Kerala (Sathasivam 2004; Velayutham et al. 2010)

¹¹³ Reported from east and west coasts of India in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala (De Silva 1987; Sathasivam 2000)

¹¹⁴ Reported from coast of Tamil Nadu and Lakshadweep Is. (Sathasivam 2000)

¹¹⁵ Reported from east and west coasts of India in Gujarat, Odisha and Tamil Nadu (Kasinathan 2002; Sathasivam 2004)

¹¹⁶ Reported from east and west coasts of India in Gujarat, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Pillai et al. 1995; Balasubramanian 2000)

¹¹⁷ Reported from east and west coasts of India in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Leatherwood 1984; Sathasivam 2002)

¹¹⁸ Reported from east and west coasts and washed ashore in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Moses 1947; Marichamy et al. 1984)

¹¹⁹ Reported from east and west coasts of India and washed ashore in Southern India, Gujarat, Goa, Maharashtra and Odisha (Nammalwar et al. 1983; Sathasivam 2000)

¹²⁰ Reported from Gulf of Mannar and off west coast of India (Sathasivam 2002)

For figure – click here

References

Afsal, V.V., K.S.S.M. Yousuf, B. Anoop, A.K. Anoop, P. Kannan, M. Rajagopalan & E. Vivekanandan (2008). A note on cetacean distribution in the Indian EEZ and contiguous seas during 2003–07. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 10(3): 209–216.

Agrawal, V.C. (2000). Taxonomic studies on Indian Muridae and Hystricidae (Mammalia: Rodentia). Records of the Zoological Survey of India 180: 177pp.

Alagarswami, K., P. Bensam, M.E. Rajapandian & F.A. Bastian (1973). Mass stranding of Pilot Whales in the Gulf of Mannar. Indian Journal of Fisheries 20: 269–279.

Anonymous (2010). The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (as amended up to 2006). Wildlife Trust of India, New Delhi. Published by Natraj Publishers, Dehra Dun. 236pp.

Arumugam, G., S. Rajapackiam & T.S. Balasubramanian (1992). On the landing of Hump-back Dolphin Sousa chinensis at Tuticorin. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical & Extension Series 115: 19p.

Ashraf, N.V.K., A. Kumar & A.J.T. Johnsingh (1993). Two endemic viverrids of the Western Ghats, India. Oryx 27: 109–114.

Balasubramanian, T.S. (2000). On a Sei Whale, Balaenoptera borealis stranded at Vellapatti along the Gulf of Mannar coast. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical & Extension Series 163: 13–14.

Bates, P.J.J. & D.L. Harrison (1997). Bats of the Indian Subcontinent. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks, England, UK.

Blanford, W.T. (1888–1891). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. Part I & II. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court Fleet Street, London, 617pp.

CITES (2017). (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Appendices I, II & III (valid from 4 April 2017). 21pp.

Chakraborty, R. (2005). An account of Madras Tree Shrew (Anathana ellioti (Waterhouse)), an Indian endemic species. Rat-a-Tattle RILSCINSA Newsletter 5(1): 3–5.

Corbet, G.B. & J.E. Hill (1992). Mammals of the Indo-Malayan Region: a Systematic Review. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Das, P.K. (1986). Studies on the taxonomy and geographical distribution of the species of bats obtained by the Silent Valley (Kerala, India) expedition, 1980. Records of the zoological Survey of India 84(1–4): 259–276.

De Silva, P.H.D.H. (1987). Cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) recorded off Sri Lanka, India, from the Arabian Sea and Gulf, Gulf of Aden and from the Red Sea. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 84(3): 505-525.

Ellerman, J.R. (1961). Rodentia. The fauna of India including Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon. Mammalia, Manager of Publications, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, USA.

Ellerman, J.R. & T.C.S. Morrison-Scott (1951). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals, 1758–1946. British Museum of Natural History, London, 810pp.

Hinton, M.A.C. (1918–1923). Scientific results from the mammal survey # XVII, XVIII, XXXIV & XXXVI. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 26(1): 59–88, 26(4): 933–940, 28(4): 1056–1066, & 29(1): 77–83.

IUCN (2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-1. < https://www.iucnredlist.org>

Ganapathy, A. (1992). On a porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides stranded along Palk Bay coast, near Thondi, Tamilnadu. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical & Extension Series 117: 17p.

Gazette Notification (1988). Government of Tamil Nadu. G.O. No. 746, dated 25.06.1988.

Groves, C.P. & E. Meijaard (2005). Interspecific variation in Moschiola, The Indian Chevrotain. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 12: 413–421.

James, P.S.B.R. & R. Soundararajan (1979). On a Sperm Whale Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus stranded at Krusadai Island in the Gulf of Mannar, with an up-to-date list and diagnostic features of whales stranded along the Indian coast. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 21: 17-40.

Jayasankar, P., B. Anoop, E. Vivekanandan, M. Rajagopalan, K.M.M. Yousuf, P. Reynold, P.K. Krishnakumar, P.L. Kumaran, V.V. Afsal & A.A. Krishnan (2008). Molecular identification of delphinids and finless porpoise (Cetacea) from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Zootaxa 1853: 57–67.

Jerdon, T.C. (1867). The Mammals of India. British Museum of Natural History publications, 335pp.

Johnsingh, A.J.T. (2001). The Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve: A global heritage of biological diversity. Current Science 80(3): 378–388.

Johnsingh, A.J.T. & N. Manjrekar (2013 & 2015). Mammals of South Asia, Vol. 1 & 2. University Press (India) Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad. 614+lxviii & 739+lxxv.

Johnsingh, A.J.T. and P.O. Nameer. (2015). Introduction: In (pages xxxiii-lxiv). Mammals of South Asia, (Eds.) Johnsingh, A.J.T. & N. Manjrekar. Vol.2. University Press (India) Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, 739+lxxv.

Kasinathan, C. (2002). On a minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata caught at Pudupattinam near Thondi along Palk Bay. Marine Fisheries Information Service, Technical and Extension Series 173: 8p.

Karanth, P.K., L. Singh, R. Collura & C.B. Stewart (2008). Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of langurs and leaf monkeys of south Asia (Primates: Colobinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 683–694.

Kumaran, P.L. (2002). Marine mammal research in India - a review and critique of the methods. Current Science 83(10): 1210–1220.

Kumaran, P.L. (2003). First confirmed record of striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1883) from India. Journal of Marine Biological Association of India 45: 115–120.

Kumarran, R.P. (2012). Cetaceans and cetacean research in India. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 12(2): 159–172.

Kumaran, P.L. & A.N. Subramanian (1993). First record of an endangered Finless Porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides from Porto Novo, southeast coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 35: 207–209.

Leatherwood, S. (1984). Further notes on cetaceans of Sri Lanka. Paper No.SC/36/06 presented to the International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee, pp.1–12.

Leatherwood, S., D. McDonald, W.P. Prematunga, P. Girton, A. Ilangakoon & D. McBrearty (1991). Records of the ‘blackfish’ (Killer, False Killer, Pilot, Pygmy Killer and Melon-headed Whales) in the Indian Ocean, 1772-1986. In:Cetaceans and Cetacean Research in the Indian Ocean Sanctuary, Marine Mammal Technical Report No.3, eds. Leatherwood, S. & Donovan, G.P. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, 287pp.

Lindsay, H.M. (1926). Bombay Natural History Society’s Mammal Survey of India: Report 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, & 45. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 31(1): 40–48, 31(2): 379–382, 31(2): 383–403, 31(2): 403–407, 31(3): 591–597, 31(3): 597–606, & 31(3): 606–612.

Marichamy, R., M.E. Rajapandian & A. Srinivasan (1984). The stranding of rorqual whale Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus) in the Gulf of Mannar. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 26: 168–170.

Menon, V. (2003). A Field Guide to Indian Mammals. Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Limited, 201pp.

Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals - A Field Guide. Hachette Book Publishing Indian Pvt. Ltd., 528pp.

Molur, S. & M. Singh (2009). Non-volant small mammals of the Western Ghats of Coorg District, southern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 1(12): 589–608. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2330.589-608

Molur, S. & P.O. Nameer (2016). Cremnomys cutchicus (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T5513A115072200. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T5513A22417358.en. Downloaded on 18 June 2019

Molur, S., G. Marimuthu, C. Srinivasulu, S. Mistry, A.M. Hutson, P. J. J. Bates,S. Walker, K. Padmapriya & A.R. Binupriya (2002). Status of South Asian Chiroptera: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report. Zoo Outreach Organization/CBSG-South Asia, Coimbatore, India, 320pp.

Molur, S., C. Srinivasulu, B. Srinivasulu, S. Walker, P.O. Nameer & L. Ravikumar (2005). Status of non-volant small mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P) workshop report. Zoo Outreach Organisation / CBSG-South Asia., Coimbatore, India, 618pp.

Moses, S.T. (1947). Stranding of whales on the coasts of India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 47(2): 377–379.

Mudappa, D. (1998). Use of camera-traps to survey small carnivores in the tropical rain forest of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India. Small Carnivore Conservation 18: 9–11.

Mukherjee, S., T. Adhya, P. Thatte & U. Ramakrishnan (2012). Survey of the Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett, 1833 (Carnivora: Felidae) and some aspects impacting its conservation in India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(14): 3355–3361. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3199.3355-61

Muralidharan, R. (2013). Sightings and behavioural observations of Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins Sousa chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) along Chennai coast, Bay of Bengal. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(15): 5002–5006. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3454.5002-6

Musser, G.G. & M.D. Carleton (2005). Rodentia: Myomorpha: Muroidea: Murinae, pp. 1189–1531. In: Wilson, D.E. & D.M. Reeder (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3^rd Edition, Vol. 1 & 2. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2142pp.

Nag, C.K.S., P. Pramod & P.K. Karanth (2011). Taxonomic Implications of a field study of morpho types of Hanuman Langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) in peninsular India. International Journal of Primatology; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9504-0

Nammalwar, P., S.K. Pillai & S. Sankaralingam (1983). Fin Whale washed ashore in Rameswaram Island. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical & Extension Series 48: 21p.

Nameer, P. O. (2000). Checklist of Indian Mammals. Kerala State Forest Department and Kerala Agricultural University. P 90 + xxv.

Nameer, P.O. (2015). A checklist of mammals of Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7(13): 7971–7982; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.2000.7.13.7971-7982

Nameer, P.O. (2016). Checklist of Marine Mammals of Kerala - a reply to Kumarran (2016) and the updated Checklist of Marine Mammals of Kerala. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(1): 8417–8420; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2497.8.1.8417-8420

Nameer, P.O., S. Molur & S. Walker (2001). Mammals of Western Ghats: a simplistic overview. Zoos’ Print Journal 16(11): 629–639; https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.16.11.629-39

Oliver, R.C.D. (1978). Distribution and status of the Asian elephant. Oryx 14: 379-424.

Pillai, S.K. & C. Kasinathan (1988). Report on two dolphins washed ashore near Mandapam. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical & Extension Series 88: 21p.

Pillai, S.K., A.A. Jayaprakash, C. Kasinathan & N. Ramamoorthy (1995). On the Sei Whale Balaenoptera borealis Lesson stranded along Palk Bay coast near Pamban light house. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical & Extension Series 139: 11p.

Pillai, S.K., M. Bose & R. Subramanian (1989). On the accidental catch of the Spinner Dolphin from Gulf of Mannar, Mandapam. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical & Extension Series 98: 16–17.

Pocock, R.I. (1939). The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. (Vol. 1, Primates and Carnivora, in part). Taylor and Francis Red Lion Court Fleet Street, London, 463pp.

Pocock, R.I. (1941). The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. (Vol. 2, Carnivora, in part). Taylor and Francis Red Lion Court Fleet Street, London, 503pp.

Prabhakar, A. (1997). New records of Malabar Spiny Dormouse (Platacanthomys lasiurus) in the Indira Gandhi Wildlife sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 94(1): 151–152.

Pradhan, M.S. & Kurup, G. U (2001). Mammalia. Fauna of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve In Fauna of Conservation Areas 11, pp. 311-330. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.

Pradhan, M.S., R.M. Sharma, & K. Shanker (1997). First record of Kelaart’s long-clawed shrew, Feroculus feroculus (Kelaart) from peninsular India. Mammalia, 61: 448–450.

Prater, S.H. (1971). The Book of Indian Animals. 3^rd Edition. 12^th reprint 2005. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, 324pp.

Rajagopalan, M., D.B. James, P. Devadoss, S. Srinivasarengan, V. Selvaraj, & P. Thirumilu (1984). On a record of incidental capture of Risso’s Dolphin Grampus griseus (Cuvier) off Madras. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 26: 171–174.

Roonwal, M.L. & S.M. Mohnot (1977). Primates of South Asia: ecology, sociobiology and behavior. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, 421pp.

Ropiquet, A. & A. Hassanin (2005). Molecular evidence for the polyphyly of the genus Hemitragus (Mammalia, Bovidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 154–168.

Ruedas, A.R. (2016). Rattus norvegicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T19353A22441833. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T19353A22441833.en. Downloaded on 01 June 2019.

Ryley, K.V. (1913–1914). Bombay Natural History Society’s Mammal Survey of India: Report 9, 10, 11, 12, 13& 14. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 22(2): 283–295, 22(3): 464–486, 22(3): 486–513, 22(4): 684–699, 22(4): 700–710, & 22(4): 710–725.

Sankar, K. & A.J.T. Johnsingh. (2015). Nilgai, pp. 300 to 311. In: Mammals of South Asia, (Eds.) Johnsingh, A.J.T. & N. Manjrekar. Vol.2. University Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. Hyderabad, 739+lxxv.

Sathasivam, K. (1996). A checklist of the mammals of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Blackbuck 12(3): 60–70.

Sathasivam, K. (1998).  The mammals of Tamil Nadu and Kerala- some additions and some changes. Blackbuck 14(3&4): 91–93.

Sathasivam, K. (2000). A catalogue of Indian marine mammal records. Blackbuck 16(2&3): 74pp.

Sathasivam, K. (2002). Two whale records from Tamil Nadu, Southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99: 289–90.

Sathasivam, K. (2004). Marine Mammals of India. Universities Press (India), Private Limited, Hyderguda, India, 180pp.

Silas, E.G. & B.A. Fernando (1985). The Dugong in India - is it going the way of the Dodo. Proc. Symposium on Endangered Marine Animals and Marine Parks, MBAI, Cochin, 1: 167-176.

Shanker, K. & R. Sukumar (1998). Community structure and demography of small-mammal populations in insular montane forests in southern India. Oecologia 116: 243-251.  

Sridhar, H., T.R. Shankar & D. Mudappa (2008). Mammal persistence and abundance in tropical rainforest remnants in the southern Western Ghats, India. Current Science 94(6): 748–757.

Thiagarajan, R., P. Nammalwar & K.M.S.A. Hamsa (1984). Stranding of Pseudorca crassidens at Rameswaram, Gulf of Mannar. Marine Fisheries Information Service Technical & Extension Series 55, 16p.

Thomas, O. (1914–1924). Scientific Results from Mammal Survey Part VII, VIII, IX, X, XVI, XIX, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVII, XXX, XXXI, XXXV, XXXVI, & XXXVIII. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 23(1): 23–31, 23(2): 197–205, 23(3): 413–416, 23(4): 607–613, 25(2): 119–206, 26(4): 933–940, 27(1): 33–39, 27(2): 248, 27(2):249, 27(3): 596–598, 27(4): 772, 28(1): 26–27, 28(2): 428–432, 28(4): 1067–1068, & 29(1): 84.

Vanitharani, J (2006). Noteworthy representatives of bat species in Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Journal of Theoretical and Experimental Biology 2(2): 47–59.

Vanitharani, J., A. Rajendran, P.J.J. Bates, D.L. Harrison, & M.J. Pearch (2003). A taxonomic reassessment of Kerivoula lenis Thomas, 1916 (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) including a first record from peninsular India. Acta Chiropterologica 5(1): 49–60.

Vanitharani, J., U.S.U. Malathi & K. A. Sundari (2005). New records of bats from Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India. BatNet CCINSA Newsletter 6(1): 13–14.

Velayutham, R. & S. Murugan (2010). On the Pygmy Sperm Whale Kogia breviceps (Blainville, 1838) stranded at Cuddalore Silver Beach, Tamil Nadu, Southeast Coast of India. Proenvironment Promediu. 3: 584–585.

Wang, J.Y., K.N. Riehl & S.Z. Dungan (2014). Family Delphinidae (ocean dolphins), pp. 410–527. In: Wilson, D.E. & R.A. Mittermeier (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 4 - Sea Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Wilson, D.E. & D.M. Reeder (eds.) (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3^rd Edition, Vol. 1 & 2. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, i-xxxv+1–743pp & pp.i-xvii+745–2142.

Wilson D.E. & R.A. Mittermeier (eds) (2009). Handbook of the mammals of the World, Vol 1, Carnivores, Lynx.

Wroughton, R.C. (1913–21). Bombay Natural History Society’s Mammal Survey of India: Report 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34 & 35. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 21(2): 392–410, 21(3): 820–825, 21(3): 826–844, 21(3): 844–851, 21(4): 1170–1195, 23(4): 695–720, 24(1): 79–96, 24(1): 96–110, 24(2): 309–310, 24(2): 311–316, 24(3): 468–493, 24(4): 749–758, 24(4): 758–773, 24(4): 773–782, 25(1): 63–71, 25(2): 274–278, 27(2): 314–322, 27(3): 545–549, 27(3): 549–553, & 27(3): 553–554.