Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2020 | 12(8): 15909–15915
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4700.12.8.15909-15915
#4700 | Received 11 November 2018 | Final
received 01 March 2020 | Finally accepted 28 April 2020
Avifaunal diversity of Tilyar Lake, Rohtak, Haryana, India
Jagjeet Singh 1, Sandeep Antil 2 , Vivek Goyal
3 & Vinay Malik 4
1,2,4 Department of Zoology, Maharshi
Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
3 Department of Zoology, Govt.
National College, Sirsa, Haryana 125055, India
1 jakharjagjeet@gmail.com,
2 sandeepantilkkc@gmail.com, 3 vivekgoyal22@gmail.com, 4
vinaymalik71@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor:
Carol Inskipp,
Bishop Auckland Co., Durham, UK. Date of publication: 26 May 2020 (online &
print)
Citation: Singh, J., S. Antil, V.
Goyal & V. Malik (2020). Avifaunal diversity of Tilyar
Lake, Rohtak, Haryana, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa
12(8): 15909–15915.
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4700.12.8.15909-15915
Copyright:
© Singh et al. 2020.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Abstract: Avian diversity of Tilyar
Lake (28.883–28.879 0N & 76.637 –76.634 0E) located on the eastern outskirts of Rohtak,
Haryana was conducted from May 2017 to April 2018. A total of 73 avian species belonging to 62
genera and 31 families under 15 orders was observed. Order Passeriformes with
21 species in 12 families dominated the avifauna whereas orders Bucerotiformes, Podicipediformes,
and Psittaciformes were poorly represented with a
single species each. Family Anatidae was the most dominant representing 13.89% (n=10)
of the total species recorded. Among the
reported species 75% (n=54) were resident while 25% (n=18) were migrant. Common Pochard Aythya
ferina assessed globally as Vulnerable, while
Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala,
Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster and Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus
are assessed as Near Threatened, whereas the rest of the species were in the
Least Concern category of the IUCN Red List 2019. The omnivorous feeding habit was shown by the
maximum number of species while frugivorous and granivorous bird species were
in the least numbers. The rich avifaunal diversity of the Tilyar Lake confirms it as a suitable habitat for both
resident and migrant bird species. Therefore, the present study suggests the need
for incorporation of appropriate protective measures for conservation of the
avian heritage of Tilyar Lake, Rohtak.
Keywords:
Anthropogenic activities, avian heritage, frugivorous, granivorous, migrant
birds.
The Indian subcontinent harbours
nearly 1,340 bird species accounting for more than 13% of the world’s avian
diversity (Chakdar et al. 2016). In Haryana, about 450 species of birds have
been reported at times (Goyal et al. 2014).
The water bodies, whether flowing or static, form an essential constituent
of different ecosystems and attract a large number of birds by fulfilling their
feeding and other needs. Haryana with
42,480ha area of wetlands (National Wetland Atlas 2010) provides a home to a
huge diversity of wildlife including birds.
Many avifaunal studies have been done on the wetland birds of Haryana
(Kumar & Gupta 2009; Gupta et al. 2010, 2012; Tak
et al. 2010; Gupta & Kaushik 2012, 2013; Goyal et al. 2014; Kaushik &
Gupta 2014; Kumar & Dhankhar 2015; Kumar et al.
2016; Kumar & Sharma 2018). Among
the wetlands of Haryana, Tilyar Lake in Rohtak
occupies a prominent position. It has
four islands with thick vegetation cover, green lawns and waterlogged land
along the Jawahar Lal Nehru canal on its western margin; all this attracts a
variety of resident and migratory birds.
The presence of water birds, a
mini zoo, boating facility, and amusement zone attracts urban people to picnic
at Tilyar Lake making it a popular tourist
destination. Despite its economic
importance, little scientific work has been done towards the assessment of its
avian diversity.
Study Area
Tilyar Lake is located between
28.883–28.879 0N & 76.637 –76.634 0E (Figure 1). The lake extends over 132 acres, and is
situated adjacent to the Jawahar Lal Nehru canal, beside the national highway
of Rohtak-Delhi on the eastern outskirts of Rohtak city in Haryana. It is only 66.1km away from the national
capital of India, New Delhi. Tilyar Lake is a perennial stagnant water body with no
outflow, having an average depth of 3m.
It has four small islands with high tree density out of which three are
least affected by human activities. The
lake harbours aquatic weeds supporting a large number of aquatic zooplankton. The periphery is also covered with trees and
bushes providing suitable habitat for a variety of birds.
Material and Methods
The diversity and seasonal
migration of avian fauna was studied for a period of one year at Tilyar Lake from May 2017 to April 2018. Regular weekly surveys were conducted in the
morning (from 07.00–09.00 h in winter; 05.00–07.00 h in summer) and before
sunset in the evening. The line transect
method was used to observe the birds in this open habitat with the aid of
Olympus binoculars (8X40) and birds were photographed using a Nikon D5300 DSLR
camera. Birds were identified as per
field guides of Grimmett et al. (2013). A checklist was prepared following the
nomenclature used in the IUCN Red Data List 2019.
The identified birds were then
categorized according to their residence status as Resident (R), Winter migrant
(WM), Summer migrant (SM) following Grimmett et al.
(2013). The composition of bird
community, species abundance and richness, feeding habits and relative
diversity were observed and calculated.
Feeding habits were assigned
according to observations during the study.
Birds feeding on larvae, eggs, small amphibians, fishes, crustaceans,
and small birds were placed under carnivorous feeding habit whereas, the birds
feeding on algae, tender foliage, aquatic weeds, and vegetation were categorized
as herbivorous; birds feeding on insects and moths were listed as
insectivorous, while the omnivorous habit include both carnivory and
herbivory. The frugivorous and
granivorous habits refer to fruit-eaters and grain-eaters, respectively.
Relative Diversity (RDi) denotes percentage occurrence of various families
concerning the whole bird community and is a powerful tool for the population
study related to family diversity and dominance. It was calculated following Koli (2014).
Number of species in a family
RDi = –––––––––––––––––––––––––– x
100
Total
number of species
Results
The present study revealed a
total of 73 avian species of 62 genera belonging to 31 families and 15 orders
in the studied area of Tilyar Lake, Rohtak (Table 1;
Images 1–20).
In Tilyar
Lake Passeriformes (21 species in 12 families) was the most dominant order
followed by Anseriformes (10 species in one family), Charadriiformes (10 species in three families); Pelecaniformes (eight species in two families); Gruiformes (four species in one family); Coraciiformes (three species in two families); Accipitriformes, Columbiformes
(three species each in single family each); Sulliformes
(two species in two families); Ciconiiformes, Cuculiformes, Galliformes (two
species each in single family each).
While Bucerotiformes, Psittaciformes,
and Podicipediformes were the least represented
orders with a single species each (Table 1).
Anatidae with relative diversity of
13.70% (n=10 species) was the most dominant family; followed by Ardeidae and Scolopacidae 8.22%
(n=6 species each), family Rallidae 5.48% (n=4
species) while families Accipitridae, Columbidae, Charadriidae, and Cisticollidae represented 4.11% (n=3 species each) whereas
families Ciconiidae, Alcedinidae,
Cuculidae, Phasianidae, Corvidae, Estrildidae, Motacillidae, Ploceidae, Sturnidae, Leiothrichidae, Muscicapidae, and Threskiornithidae
reported 2.74% each (n= 2 species each).
Burhinidae, Meropidae,
Upupidae, Nectariniidae, Passeridae, Pycnonotidae, Hirundinidae, Podicipedidae, Psittacidae, Phalacrocoracidae,
and Anhingidae were the least represented families
showing 1.37% each (n= 1 species each) (Table 2).
Non-passerine birds dominated
the diversity with percentage occurrence of 71.23% (n=52) as compared to
passerine birds with 28.77% (n=21). The
data on residential status revealed that out of 73 species 73.98% (n=54) were
the resident species recorded at Tilyar Lake whereas
the remaining 26.03% (n=19) showed seasonal migration; in which 24.65% (n=18) were
winter migrant while only 1.37% (n=1) was summer migrant. Anser
indicus, Spatula clypeata, Mareca
strepera, Anas crecca, Anas
acuta, Aythya farina, Tadorna ferruginea, Actitis hypoleucos, Gallinago gallinago, Tringa totanus, Tringa nebularia, Tringa ochropus, Vanellus leucurus, Fulica atra, Motacilla
alba, Motacilla flava, Luscinia
svecica, and Calidris
pugnax were spotted during the winter season from
December to March, while Hirundo smithii, the sole summer migrant was observed from
April to August.
It was found that 69 species are
Least Concern category of the IUCN Red List 2019—three species (Mycteria leucocephala,
Anhinga melanogaster, and Threskiornis melanocephalus) are Near Threatened and one species Aythya ferina
Vulnerable. Besides these, Painted Stork
Mycteria leucocephala
is protected under Schedule IV of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
The feeding habits of the
recorded birds showed that the maximum number of species (45 species) were
omnivorous followed by carnivorous (20 species), insectivorous (four species),
herbivorous (two species), frugivorous (one species) and granivorous (one
species). A significant number of the
omnivorous species suggested the presence of a very heterogeneous habitat in
terms of availability of food (Figure 2).
Discussion
The presence of a variety of
birds in the diverse habitats of the Tilyar Lake
suggests it an important bird habitat.
The lake islands, green lawns, and the peripheral waterlogged area
provide a heterogeneous habitat which supports a rich diversity of birds. We report an updated and extended checklist
of Tilyar Lake, Rohtak. The sighting of the additional bird species
suggests the need for further scientific studies and more field works on the
lake and adjacent area. The lake, therefore,
serves as an excellent stopover site for many migrant species as well as a
favourable roosting and nesting site for a large number of resident
species. The variety of habitats and
heterogeneous environments of Tilyar Lake attracts
and supports a good number of bird species.
It is, therefore, proposed that developmental and other anthropogenic
activities should be avoided or minimized in and around the lake area. Adequate measures should, therefore, be
adopted for the protection and conservation of the lake’s avian heritage.
Table 1. Checklist of birds recorded in Tilyar Lake, Rohtak.
|
|
Common name |
Scientific name |
Resident status |
IUCN Red List status |
Feeding habit |
|
|
Order: Accipitriformes |
||||||
|
Family: Accipitridae |
||||||
|
1 |
Shikra |
Accipiter badius
(Gmelin, 1788) |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
2 |
Black-shouldered Kite |
Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines,
1789) |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
3 |
Black Kite |
Milvus migrans
(Boddaert, 1783) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Order: Anseriformes |
||||||
|
Family: Anatidae |
||||||
|
4 |
Bar-headed Goose |
Anser indicus (Latham, 1790) |
WM |
LC |
HV |
|
|
5 |
Northern Shoveler |
Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
WM |
LC |
HV |
|
|
6 |
Indian Spot-billed Duck |
Anas poecilorhyncha
Forester,
1781 |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
7 |
Lesser Whistling-duck |
Dendrocygna javanica (Horsfield,
1821) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
8 |
Comb Duck |
Sarkidiornis melanotos
(Pennant,
1769) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
9 |
Gadwall |
Mareca strepera
Linnaeus,
1758 |
WM |
LC |
OV |
|
|
10 |
Common Teal |
Anas crecca Linnaeus, 1758 |
WM |
LC |
OV |
|
|
11 |
Northern Pintail |
Anas acuta Linnaeus, 1758 |
WM |
LC |
OV |
|
|
12 |
Common Pochard |
Aythya ferina (Linnaeus, 1758) |
WM |
VU |
OV |
|
|
13 |
Ruddy Shelduck |
Tadorna ferruginea (Pallas, 1764) |
WM |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Order: Charadriiformes |
||||||
|
Family: Scolopacidae |
||||||
|
14 |
Common Sandpiper |
Actitis hypoleucos
Linnaeus,
1758 |
WM |
LC |
OV |
|
|
15 |
Common Snipe |
Gallinago gallinago
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
WM |
LC |
OV |
|
|
16 |
Common Redshank |
Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
WM |
LC |
CV |
|
|
17 |
Common Greenshank |
Tringa nebularia (Gunner, 1767) |
WM |
LC |
CV |
|
|
18 |
Green Sandpiper |
Tringa ochropus
Linnaeus,
1758 |
WM |
LC |
CV |
|
|
19 |
Ruff |
Calidris pugnax
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
WM |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Family: Burhinidae |
||||||
|
20 |
Eurasian Thick-knee |
Burhinus oedicnemus
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
Family: Charadriidae |
||||||
|
21 |
White-tailed Lapwing |
Vanellus leucurus (Lichtenstein, 1823) |
WM |
LC |
CV |
|
|
22 |
Yellow-wattled
Lapwing |
Vanellus malabaricus
(Boddaert, 1783) |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
23 |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
Vanellus indicus (Boddaert,
1783) |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
Order: Ciconiiformes |
||||||
|
Family: Ciconiidae |
||||||
|
24 |
Asian Openbill |
Anastomus oscitans
(Boddaert, 1783) |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
25 |
Painted Stork |
Mycteria leucocephala
(Pennant,
1769) |
R |
NT |
CV |
|
|
Order: Columbiformes |
||||||
|
Family: Columbidae |
||||||
|
26 |
Rock Dove |
Columba livia Gmelin, 1789 |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
27 |
Eurasian Collared Dove |
Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky,
1838) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
28 |
Laughing dove |
Spilopelia senegalensis (Linnaeus, 1766) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Order:Coraciiformes |
||||||
|
Family: Alcedinidae |
||||||
|
29 |
White-breasted kingfisher |
Halcyon smyrnensis
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
30 |
Pied kingfisher |
Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Family: Meropidae |
||||||
|
31 |
Green bee-eater |
Merops orientalis
Latham,
1801 |
R |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Order:Bucerotiformes |
||||||
|
Family: Upupidae |
||||||
|
32 |
Common Hoopoe |
Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758 |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Order: Cuculiformes |
||||||
|
Family: Cuculidae |
||||||
|
33 |
Greater Coucal |
Centropus sinensis
(Stephens,
1815) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
34 |
Asian Koel |
Eudynamys scolopacea
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Order: Galliformes |
||||||
|
Family: Phasianidae |
||||||
|
35 |
Indian Peafowl |
Pavo cristatus
Linnaeus,
1758 |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
36 |
Grey Francolin |
Francolinus pondicerianus
(Gmelin, 1789) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Order: Gruiformes |
||||||
|
Family: Rallidae |
||||||
|
37 |
Common Coot |
Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 |
WM |
LC |
OV |
|
|
38 |
Common Moorhen |
Gallinula chloropus
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
39 |
Purple Swamphen |
Porphyrio porphyrio
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
40 |
White-breasted Waterhen |
Amaurornis phoenicurus
(Pennant,
1769) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Order: Passeriformes |
||||||
|
Family: Cisticolidae |
||||||
|
41 |
Ashy Prinia |
Prinia socialis |
R |
LC |
IV |
|
|
42 |
Plain Prinia |
Prinia inornata Sykes, 1832 |
R |
LC |
IV |
|
|
43 |
Common Tailorbird |
Orthotomus sutorius
(Pennant,
1769) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Family: Corvidae |
||||||
|
44 |
House Crow |
Corvus splendens
Vieillot, 1817 |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
45 |
Large- billedCrow |
Corvus macrorhynchos
Wagler, 1827 |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Family: Estrildidae |
|
|||||
|
46 |
Red Avadavat |
Amandava amandava
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
47 |
Indian Silverbill |
Lonchura malabarica
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Family: Motacillidae |
|
|||||
|
48 |
White Wagtail |
Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758 |
WM |
LC |
OV |
|
|
49 |
Western Yellow Wagtail |
Motacilla flava Linnaeus, 1758 |
WM |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Family: Nectariniidae |
||||||
|
50 |
Purple Sunbird |
Nectarinia asiatica
(Latham,
1790) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Family: Passeridae |
||||||
|
51 |
House Sparrow |
Passer domesticus
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
GV |
|
|
Family: Ploceidae |
||||||
|
52 |
Baya Weaver |
Ploceus philippinus
(Linnaeus,
1766) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
53 |
Black-breasted Weaver |
Ploceus benghalensis
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Family: Pycnonotidae |
||||||
|
54 |
Red-vented Bulbul |
Pycnonotus cafer
(Linnaeus,
1766) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Family: Sturnidae |
||||||
|
55 |
Common Myna |
Acridotheres tristis
(Linnaeus,
1766) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
56 |
Bank Myna |
Acridotheres ginginianus
(Latham,
1790) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Family: Leiothrichidae |
||||||
|
57 |
Common Babbler |
Turdoides caudatus
(Dumont,
1823) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
58 |
Jungle Babbler |
Turdoides striatus
(Dumont,
1823) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Family: Hirundinidae |
||||||
|
59 |
Wire-tailed Swallow |
Hirundo smithii
Leach, 1818 |
SM |
LC |
IV |
|
|
Family: Muscicapidae |
||||||
|
60 |
Bluethroat |
Luscinia svecica
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
WM |
LC |
OV |
|
|
61 |
Oriental Magpie Robin |
Copsychus saulari
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
Order: Pelecaniformes |
||||||
|
Family: Ardeidae |
||||||
|
62 |
Black-crowned Night-heron |
Nycticorax nycticorax
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
63 |
Cattle Egret |
Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
64 |
Great White Egret |
Casmerodius albus
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
65 |
Little Heron |
Butorides striatus
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
66 |
Indian Pond-heron |
Ardeola grayii
(Sykes,
1832) |
R |
LC |
OV |
|
|
67 |
Little Egret |
Egretta garzetta
(Linnaeus,
1766) |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
Family: Threskiornithidae |
||||||
|
68 |
Black-headed Ibis |
Threskiornis melanocephalus
(Latham,
1790) |
R |
NT |
CV |
|
|
69 |
Red-naped Ibis |
Pseudibis papillosa
(Temminck, 1824) |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
Order:Podicipediformes |
||||||
|
Family: Podicipedidae |
||||||
|
70 |
Little Grebe |
Tachybaptus ruficollis
(Pallas,
1764) |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
Order: Psittaciformes |
||||||
|
Family: Psittacidae |
||||||
|
71 |
Rose-ringed Parakeet |
Psittacula krameria (Scopoli,
1769) |
R |
LC |
FV |
|
|
Order:Sulliformes |
||||||
|
Family: Phalacrocoracidae |
||||||
|
72 |
Indian Cormorant |
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
Stephens,
1826 |
R |
LC |
CV |
|
|
Family: Anhingidae |
||||||
|
73 |
Oriental Darter |
Anhinga melanogaster Pennant, 1769 |
R |
NT |
CV |
|
R—Resident | SM—Summer migrant | WM—Winter migrant |
LC—Least concerned | NT—Near threatened | VU—Vulnerable | CV—Carnivorous |
HV—Herbivorous | IV—Insectivorous |
OV—Omnivorous.
Table 2. Family-wise distribution of genera and
species of birds.
|
|
Family |
No. of Genera |
No. of Species |
Relative Diversity (RDi) |
|
1 |
Accipitridae |
3 |
3 |
4.11 |
|
2 |
Anatidae |
8 |
10 |
13.70 |
|
3 |
Scolopacidae |
4 |
6 |
8.22 |
|
4 |
Burhinidae |
1 |
1 |
1.37 |
|
5 |
Charadriidae |
1 |
3 |
4.11 |
|
6 |
Ciconiidae |
2 |
2 |
2.74 |
|
7 |
Columbidae |
3 |
3 |
4.11 |
|
8 |
Alcedinidae |
2 |
2 |
2.74 |
|
9 |
Meropidae |
1 |
1 |
1.37 |
|
10 |
Upupidae |
1 |
1 |
1.37 |
|
11 |
Cuculidae |
2 |
2 |
2.74 |
|
12 |
Phasianidae |
2 |
2 |
2.74 |
|
13 |
Rallidae |
4 |
4 |
5.48 |
|
14 |
Cisticolidae |
2 |
3 |
4.11 |
|
15 |
Corvidae |
1 |
2 |
2.74 |
|
16 |
Estrildidae |
2 |
2 |
2.74 |
|
17 |
Motacillidae |
1 |
2 |
2.74 |
|
18 |
Nectariniidae |
1 |
1 |
1.37 |
|
19 |
Passeridae |
1 |
1 |
1.37 |
|
20 |
Ploceidae |
1 |
2 |
2.74 |
|
21 |
Pycnonotidae |
1 |
1 |
1.37 |
|
22 |
Sturnidae |
1 |
2 |
2.74 |
|
23 |
Leiothrichidae |
2 |
2 |
2.74 |
|
24 |
Hirundinidae |
1 |
1 |
1.37 |
|
25 |
Muscicapidae |
2 |
2 |
2.74 |
|
26 |
Ardeidae |
6 |
6 |
8.22 |
|
27 |
Threskiornithidae |
2 |
2 |
2.74 |
|
28 |
Podicipedidae |
1 |
1 |
1.37 |
|
29 |
Psittacidae |
1 |
1 |
1.37 |
|
30 |
Phalacrocoracidae |
1 |
1 |
1.37 |
|
31 |
Anhingidae |
1 |
1 |
1.37 |
|
|
Total |
62 |
73 |
100 |
For figures
& Images - - click here
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