Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2021 | 13(2): 17807–17826
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4456.13.2.17807-17826
#4456 | Received 21 June 2019 | Final
received 20 January 2021 | Finally accepted 21 January 2021
Malacofaunal inventory in
Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary, West Bengal, India
S.K. Sajan 1, Swati
Das 2, Basudev Tripathy 3
& Tulika Biswas 4
1–4 Malacology Division, Zoological
Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhawan, M Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West
Bengal 700053, India.
2 Department of Zoology, University
of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India.
1 sksajan.sajan@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 swtds4788@gmail.com, 3 tripathyb@gmail.com, 4
tulikabiswas30@gmail.com
Editor:
N.A. Aravind Madhyastha, ATREE,
Bengaluru, India. Date
of publication: 26 February 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Sajan, S.K., S. Das, B. Tripathy & T. Biswas (2021).
Malacofaunal inventory in
Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary, West Bengal, India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 13(2): 17807–17826. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4456.13.2.17807-17826
Copyright:
© Sajan et al. 2021.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: The funding for the above was through the grant-in-aid of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change, Govt. of India.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: S.K. Sajan is currently working as a
research fellow at the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata and pursuing his
doctoral degree from the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. He is studying
taxonomy, systematics, biogeography, and evolution with a focus on mollusca,
mainly of the land and freshwater forms.Swati
Das is currently working as a Senior Research Fellow at Zoological
Survey of India and pursuing her PhD from Madras University, Chennai. Her
research topic is on the ecology of Indian Horseshoe Crabs. Her research
interests include ornithology, herpetology, wildlife biology, conservation
biology and wildlife photography. Basudev
Tripathy is Scientist-E at the Malacology Division of the Zoological
Survey of India, Kolkata having more than 10 years of experience on
malacological research in India. Tulika
Biswas is Scientist-B at the Malacology Division of the Zoological
Survey of India, Kolkata having interest in freshwater and land mollusca.
Author contribution: SS
& BT designed the survey, SS, SD & TB
conducted field survey and specimens collection, SS & TB examined
and identified the specimens, SS compiled the information, illustration, and
prepared the first draft of the manuscript, SD wrote Bengali abstract, BT
logistic support, manuscript editing, and all authors contributed to drafting
the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful
to: the director, Zoological Survey of India for providing necessary facilities
for the study; the staff of the Mollusca section of the Zoological Survey of
India for their help during the material examined; the subject editor and
anonymous reviewers for their constrictive comments and suggestions in
improving the manuscript; and S. Das and Kamalika Bhattacharyya, scholars, ZSI
for their help in Bengali translation of the abstract. SKS and SD were supported through research
fellowship from ZSI.
Abstract: The knowledge on the floral and faunal composition of
protected areas (PAs) is crucial for formulating suitable conservation
plan. In this paper, inventory and
species richness of non-marine molluscs of Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary has
been made and is for the first time from any PA of West Bengal. A total of 276 specimens belonging to 22
species (10 species of land snails and 12 species of freshwater) of non-marine
molluscs (land and freshwater) were collected and examined from this
sanctuary. The malacofaunal inventory
comprises of nine genera under seven families among land snails and 12 genera
& seven families from both gastropods & bivalves under the freshwater
forms. As far as species richness is
concerned, the family Ariophantidae was found to be dominant among land forms
whereas species of the families Thiaridae and Unionidae were dominant among
freshwater forms.
Keywords:
CKBS, freshwater, Mollusca, snails.
INTRODUCTION
The phylum Mollusca is the most diverse and ubiquitous
component of ecosystem; and the second largest group of invertebrate in terms
of species diversity (Lydeard et al. 2004).
Molluscs are considered environmental indicators in terms of
spatio-temporal changes in a particular ecosystem or landscape (Elder &
Collins 1991; Lewis & Magnuson 2000; Chlyeh et al. 2006; Thom et al.
2017). They play a crucial role in the
food chain and serve as a source of calcium for various vertebrates and
invertebrates, embryonic development, eggshell formation, and osmoregulation
process (Graveland et al. 1994; Graveland & van der Wal 1996; Hotopp 2002). Being a highly diverse group in all possible
habitats (marine, freshwater and terrestrial) and their ecological importance
through the ecological services which they provide, study on the diversity and
distribution need better understanding for ecosystem functioning.
India has 5,227 species of molluscs (6.15% of the
global faunal diversity), of which 3,870 species are marine, 1,140 species are
land-living, and 217 freshwater species, have been recorded from the Indian
territory (Ramakrishnan et al. 2010; Reid et al. 2013; Mukhopadhyay et aI.
2017; Aravind & Páll-Gergely 2018; Sajan et al. 2019a,b, 2020; Annon 2020;
Páll-Gergely et al. 2020a,b; Sajan & Tripathy 2020). The animal diversity of West Bengal State,
however, has been published in 1992 by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)
which also covered malacofauna. Most of
the records in this study were of aquatic snails and terrestrial species from
outside protected areas (PAs) (Mitra & Dey 1992; Thakur et al. 1992). There is no documentation of malacofaunal
diversity from any of the PAs of West Bengal State till date. Thus, the present study is first of its kind
in providing some baseline information on malacofaunal diversity of Chintamoni
Kar Bird Sanctuary, a PA situated in the suburban area of Kolkata City in West
Bengal.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary (CKBS) is situated
in South 24 Parganas District of West Bengal (22.700N & 88.666E) in the
proximity of the urbanised city of Kolkata.
It is also known as Narendrapur Wildlife Sanctuary and locally known by
the name ‘Kayaler Bagan’. The sanctuary
is spread over in an area of 0.7km2 and managed by the West Bengal
Forest Department and under the jurisdiction of Sunderban Biosphere Reserve
Range. Being surrounded by temporary and
permanent small waterbodies as well as terrestrial vegetation, this sanctuary
harbours diverse invertebrates, insects, mollusca, reptiles, birds, and small
mammals (Chowdhury & Chowdhury 2006; Banerjee & Talapatra 2015; Mitra
et al. 2018). In 1982, the area was
proposed as a bird sanctuary by the Government of West Bengal, which later was
renamed as Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary (CKBS) in 2005.
Sampling methods and Sorting
Field collections of molluscan fauna were carried out
from July to November 2017 during monsoon, post monsoon, and winter. Direct search method was used to collect live
specimens and dead shells of both land and freshwater molluscs from their
natural habitats, viz.: vegetation, near water bodies, pool, inside
rotten/decaying logs, on mosses, old walls, leaf litter, bushes, under the rock
surface, and bamboo thickets. Dead
shells and live specimens encountered were photographed in the field (Nikon
D7000 DSLR camera with 105mm macro lens) and were hand-picked for
collection. The collected materials were
thoroughly cleaned in the field itself with freshwater including the live ones,
preserved in 70% ethanol, labelled, and brought to ZSI laboratory for
identification. After completion of
preservation and identification with labelling, the same were deposited in the
National Zoological Collection of Malacology Division of ZSI.
Identification and nomenclature
All the specimens were examined and identified to
species level based on the morphological shell characters and standard keys as
provide by Blanford & Godwin-Austen (1908); Gude (1914, 1921); Preston
(1915), and Mitra et al. 2004 (2005).
The nomenclature follows as suggested by Bouchet et al. (2017) for
subfamily, family, and higher level systematics.
Acronyms and abbreviations
Art(s).—Article(s) (of the Code) | Code—International
Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) | fig.—figure (in cited
publications) | figs—figures (in cited publication) | Fig.—Figure (in this
publication) | Figs—Figures (in this publication) | leg.—legit (i.e., the
collector) | NZSI—National Zoological Collection of the Zoological Survey of
India | p(p).—page(s) | pl(s).—plate(s) | Reg. No.—Registration Number |
sic!—sic erat scriptum (thus as it was erroneously written) | spm.—specimen |
spms—specimens | ZSI—Zoological Survey of India.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 22 species of land and freshwater molluscs
were recorded from CKBS. Of these, 10
species were of land snails belonging to nine genera and seven families;
whereas 10 species of gastropods and two bivalves belonging to 12 genera and
seven families have been identified as freshwater forms. The family Ariophantidae (n=3) was found to
be the maximum, in terms of species composition among land snails, whereas in
freshwater forms, Thiaridae (n=3) and Unionidae (n=2) were the dominant family
inside the sanctuary. Macrochlamys
indica Godwin-Austen, 1883, Ariophanta interrupta (Benson, 1834), Indosuccinea
semiserica (Gould, 1846), and Cryptaustenia bensoni (Pfeiffer, 1848)
were abundantly encountered during the field surveys. Noteworthy to mention here that, the worst
invasive alien species Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) was also
recorded from the sanctuary, the source for which could be from the urban
Kolkata City. Among freshwater mollusc
species, Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1833), Filopaludina
bengalensis (Lamarck, 1822), Idiopoma dissimilis (Müller, 1774), and
Radix rufescens (J.E. Gray in G.B. Sowerby I, 1822) were most common
species. The riverine species Brotia
costula (Rafinesque, 1833) and Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1816 ) were also
recorded, although there is no connectivity to rivers or estuaries to this PA,
but the source of their dispersal could be during monsoon, when the area gets
flooded and remains temporary swampy wetland for few months.
Systematics accounts of land and freshwater molluscs
Class Gastropoda Cuvier,
1795
Order Stylommatophora A.
Schmidt, 1855
Superfamily Helicarionoidea
Bourguignat, 1877
Family Ariophantidae
Godwin-Austen, 1883
Subfamily Ariophantinae
Godwin-Austen, 1883
Genus Ariophanta
Des Moulins, 1829
Ariophanta Des Moulins, 1829: p. 235, pl.
1, figs 1–5. (Subgenus).
Type species. Helix laevipes Müller, 1774 [accepted as Ariophanta
laevipes (Müller, 1774)]; subsequent designation.
Distribution. Southern and southeastern Asia.
Ariophanta interrupta (Benson, 1834)
(Image 1A, 3C)
Helix interrupta Benson, 1834 (1832–1834): p.
461; Benson, 1834: p. 90; Pfeiffer, 1847: p. 63; Reeve, 1853 [1854]; p. 329,
pl. 171, fig. 1159; Pfeiffer, 1859: p. 62; Hanley & Theobald, 1876
(1870–1876): p. 13, pl. 27, fig. 3.
Helix himalana — Lea, 1834: p. 55, pl. 19,
fig. 66.
Helix himalayana (sic!) — Benson, 1834: p. 91;
Benson, 1834 (1832–1834): p. 461; Pfeiffer, 1847: p. 63; Reeve, 1852 [1854]: p.
126, pl. 75, fig. 389; Brown, 1866: p. 19.
Nanina interrupta — Gray, 1855: p. 84; Pfeiffer,
1855: p. 84.
Ariophanta himalayana (sic!) — Pfeiffer, 1855: pp.
144–145.
Nanina (Ariophanta)
himalayana (sic!) — Beck, 1838: p. 5; Blanford, 1863: p. 85.
Nanina (Ariophanta) himalajana
(sic!) — Albers, 1850: p. 62.
Nanina (Ariophanta) interrupta
— Beck, 1838: p. 5; Blanford, 1863: p. 85; Nevill, 1878: p. 19.
Ariophanta (Ariophanta)
interrupta — Ray, 1948: pp. 109–110.
Ariophanta interrupta race. sacra — Annandale,
1912: pp. 33–34, figs 1, 2. (unavailable name Code, 1999: Art. 1.3.4, Art 10.2,
Art. 45.5; and treats race. sacra as a synonym of interrupta)
Ariophanta interrupta — Godwin-Austen, 1880: p. 154,
pl. 10, figs 1, 1a; Godwin-Austen, 1898: p. 130, pl. 34, fig. 2; Blanford,
1899: p. 283; Blanford, 1901: p. 244; Blanford & Godwin-Austen, 1908: p.
31; Annandale, 1912: pp. 33–34, figs 1, 2; Subba Rao, Thakur & Mitra, 1989:
p. 254, 266–267, fig. 5A; Mitra & Dey, 1992: p. 45; Mitra, Dey &
Ramakrishna, 2004: p. 228, figs C49–50; Mitra, Dey & Ramakrishna, 2005: p.
240; Ramakrishna, Mitra & Dey, 2010: p. 238; Raheem et al., 2014: p. 92,
figs 56F, 57A–C; Biswas et al., 2015: p. 23, text fig.; Tripathy, Sajan &
Mukhopadhyay, 2018: p. 786, fig. C; Sajan et al., 2018b: p. 145, pl. 2, fig. J;
Mukhopadhyay et al., 2020: pp. 356, 360. pl. 15, fig. A.
Type locality. “near Sicrigali and the river
Jellinghy (tributary of the Ganges; Godwin-Austen, 1880: p. 154), one of the
mouths of the Ganges (small village in Sahibganj District, Jharkhand; 25.249028
& 87.708635)”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30172/7,
22.vii.2017, 40 spms., India, West Bengal, South 24 Parganas District, CKBS,
leg. T. Biswas & S. Das; Reg. No. NZSI M.33307/9, 01 spm., 2.ix.2017, CKBS;
Reg. No. NZSI M.33314/9, 8 spms., 24.ix.2017, CKBS, leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India (Western Ghats, Andhra
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Uttarakhand) and Bangladesh.
Remarks. Most common snail found in
CKBS, however, Blanford (1863: p. 85) indicated the error in type locality as
“I have but little doubt that N. Himalayana, Lea, is N. interrupta,
Bens., the Himalayan locality being probably an error”.
Subfamily Macrochlamydinae
Godwin-Austen, 1883
Genus Macrochlamys
Gray, 1847
Macrochlamys Gray 1847: p. 169 — Benson,
1832: p. 76 (unavailable).
Type species. Helix vitrinoides
Deshayes, 1831 [accepted as Macrochlamys vitrinoides (Deshayes, 1831)],
type by monotype.
Distribution. Southern and southeastern Asia.
Macrochlamys petrosa (Hutton, 1834)
(Image 1B, 3A)
Helix petrosa Hutton, 1834: p. 83; Pfeiffer,
1847: p. 56; Benson, 1848: p. 163.
Macrochlamys petrosa — Godwin-Austen, 1883:
p. 96; Rensch, 1955: p. 170; Mitra & Dey, 1992: p. 47; Subba Rao et al.,
1995: p. 76; pl. 19, figs 1–2; Ramakrishna & Mitra, 2002: p. 43; Patil
& Talmale, 2005: p. 1913; Ramakrishna, Mitra & Dey, 2010: p. 280; Patil
& Talmale, 2012: pp. 254, 285; Sajan et al., 2019b: p. 809.
Type locality. “dead, in dry ravines, and on
the banks of the Ganges; living specimens at Tara, in the range of rocky hills
near Mirzapúr (Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh)”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.34454/10, 2.ix.2017,
7 spms., CKBS; Reg. No. NZSI M.34455/10, 24.ix.2017, 5 spms., CKBS, leg. S.K.
Sajan.
Distribution. India (Jharkhand, Meghalaya,
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal).
Remarks. Similar to M. indica,
though not so commonly occurring.
Distinguished by more depressed shell and also being excavated around
the umbilicus.
Macrochlamys indica Godwin-Austen, 1883
(Image 1C, 3D)
Mocrochlamys indica Godwin-Austen, 1883: p. 97, pl.
18, figs 1–8; pl. 21, fig. 7; pl. 25, figs 9, 16; Blanford & Godwin-Austen,
1908: p. 95, fig. 43; Subba Rao & Mitra, 1979: p. 15; Subba Rao, Thakur
& Mitra, 1989: p. 272, fig. 6E; Subba Rao & Mitra, 1991: p. 55, pl. 8,
fig. 1; Mitra & Dey, 1992: p. 46; Surya Rao & Mitra, 1997: p. 26;
Mookherjee et al., 2000: p. 348; Surya Rao et al., 2004: p. 97, pl. 10, fig. 1;
Mitra, Dey & Ramakrishna, 2005: p. 255, figs 218–220; Patil & Talmale,
2005: p. 1913; Mitra, Dey & Ramakrishna, 2005: p. 237; Patil, Ramakrishna
& Mitra, 2006: p. 174; Ramakrishna, Mitra & Dey, 2010: p. 271; Patil
& Talmale, 2011: p. 27; Patil & Talmale, 2012: p. 285; Raheem et al.,
2014: p. 104, fig. 66 C–D; Biswas et al., 2015: p. 22, fig.; Budha et al.,
2015: p. 21; Phung et al., 2017: p. 74, fig. 11C; Tripathy, Sajan &
Mukhopadhayay, 2018: p. 792; Sajan et al., 2018b: p. 145; Sajan et al., 2019b:
p. 809; Tripathy, Sajan & Sidhu, 2019: p. 110; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2020:
pp. 356, 360–361, pl. 15, fig. B.
Type locality. “Calcutta (Kolkata, India)”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30053/7,
22.vii.2017, 1 spm., CKBS, leg. T. Biswas & S. Das; Reg. No. NZSI
M.33311/9, 22.vii.2017, 7 spms., CKBS, leg. S.K. Sajan; Reg. No. NZSI
M.33312/9, 2.ix.2017, 2 spms., CKBS, leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India (except the drier part of
the northwestern region), North America, Europe, Africa, and southern Asia.
Remarks. Commonest species of the genus
widely and abundantly occurring throughout the country including the Andaman
Islands, except the dry part of the north-west.
Also, considered a pest on horticultural and agricultural crops.
Superfamily Pupilloidea
W.Turton, 1831
Family Cerastidae Wenz,
1923
Genus Rhachistia Connolly,
1925
Rhachistia Connolly, 1925: p. 163.
Type species. Buliminus (Rhachis) rhodotaenia
E. von Martens, 1869 [accepted as Rhachistia rhodotaenia (E. von
Martens, 1869)], type by original designation.
Distribution. Eastern Africa, southern and
southeastern Asia, and east of Australia.
Rhachistia bengalensis (Lamarck, 1822)
(Image 1D, 3B)
Bulimus bengalensis Lamarck, 1822: p. 124; Hanley
& Theobald 1874: pl. 80, fig. 7.
Rachisellus bengalensis — Gude 1914: p. 274.
Rhachis bengalensis — Mitra & Dey 1992: p. 39;
Mookherjee et al., 2000: p. 243; Ramakrishna & Mitra, 2002: p. 47; Mitra,
Dey & Ramakrishna, 2004: p. 139, fig. C30; Patil & Talmale, 2005: p.
1913; Patil & Talmale, 2011: p. 24; Patil & Talmale, 2012: pp. 277–278.
Rachis bengalensis — Mavinkurve et al., 2004: p.
1685.
Rhachistia bengalensis — Raheem et al., 2014: pp.
69–70, fig. 39B.
Type locality. “Bengal”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30054/7,
22.vii.2017, 4 spms., CKBS, leg. T. Biswas & S. Das; Reg. No. NZSI
M.30056/10, 2.ix.2017, 1 spm., CKBS; Reg. No. NZSI M.30057/10, 24.ix.2017, 2
spms., CKBS, leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India (Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Tripura, and West Bengal) and Bangladesh.
Remarks. Only three individuals recorded
during survey.
Superfamily Trochomorphoidea
Möllendorff, 1890
Family Chronidae Thiele,
1931
Genus Kaliella
W.T.Blanford, 1863
Nanina (Kaliella) W.T.
Blanford, 1863: p. 83.
Type species. Helix barrakporensis
Pfeiffer, 1853 [accepted as Kaliella barrakporensis (Pfeiffer, 1852
[1853])], type by subsequent designation.
Distribution. Europe, Africa, southern and
southeastern Asia, and Australia.
Kaliella barrakporensis (L.Pfeiffer, 1852 [1853])
(Image 1E, 3G)
Helix barrakporensis Pfeiffer, 1852: p. 156;
Pfeiffer, 1883: p.59.
Nanina (Kaliella) barrakporensis
— Blanford, 1863: p. 83.
Kaliella barrakporensis — Godwin-Austen, 1852: p. 2,
19, pl. 1, figs 1–4; pl. 2, fig. 1; pl. 5, fig 2; Blanford & Godwin-Austen,
1908: p. 258; Dey, Barua & Mitra, 1985: p. 267; Mitra & Dey, 1992: p.
47; Surya Rao et al., 2004: p. 95, pl. 9. fig. 5; Dey, Barua & Mitra, 2003:
p. 139; Mavinkurve et al., 2004: p. 1685; Mitra, Dey & Ramakrishna, 2004
(2005): p. 211, fig. 174, text-fig. 49; Patil & Talmale, 2005: p. 1913;
Mitra, Dey & Ramakrishna, 2005: p. 236; Surya Rao, Mitra & Dey, 2007:
p. 118; Patil & Talmale, 2011: pp. 26–27; Patil & Talmale, 2012: p.
283; Raheem et al., 2014: p. 77, figs 45B–C; Budha et al., 2015: p. 19; Phung
et al., 2017: p. 86, fig. 18F; Sajan et al., 2018b: p. 145, pl. 1, fig. F;
Tripathy, Sajan & Mukhopadhayay, 2018: p. 791.
Type locality. “ad Barrakpore, Indiæ (Bacon)
(Barrackpore, West Bengal)”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30173/7,
22.vii.2017, 7 spms., CKBS, leg. T. Biswas & S.K Sajan; Reg. No. NZSI
M.33315/9, 2.ix.2017, 1 spm., CKBS; Reg. No. NZSI M34468/10, 24.ix.2017, 1
spm., CKBS, leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India (wide distribution
range), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Borneo; Europe, and
Africa.
Remarks. One of the most widely
occurring land snails in Asia and Africa.
Superfamily Achatinoidea
Swainson, 1840
Family Achatinidae
Swainson, 1840
Subfamily Achatininae
Swainson, 1840
Tribe Achatinini
Swainson, 1840
Genus Lissachatina
Bequaert, 1950
Achatina (Lissachatina) Bequaert,
1950: p. 49.
Type
species.
Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822 (accepted as Lissachatina fulica
(Bowdich, 1822)), type by original designation.
Distribution.
Worldwide
distribution.
Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822)
(Image 1F, 3H)
Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822: pl.13, fig. 3.
Helix (Cochlitoma) fulica
— Férussac, 1821: pp. 1–24. (nomen nudum)
Achatina fulica — Nevill, 1878: p. 145; Gude 1914:
p. 340; Phung et al., 2017: p. 71, fig. 10.
Achatina (Lissaehatina) fulica
fulica —Subba Rao, Thakur & Mitra, 1989: p. 26, figs 3A–B;
Mavinkurve et al., 2004: p. 1685; Patil & Talmale, 2011: p. 26; Patil &
Talmale, 2012: pp. 280–281.
Achatina fulica fulica — Subba Rao et al., 1995: p. 65,
pl. 13, figs 7–8; Dey, Barua & Mitra, 2003: p. 136.
Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica
fulica —Mookherjee et al., 2000: p. 346.
Lisachatina fulica — Raheem et al., 2014:
p. 115, figs 72C; Budha et al., 2015: p. 15; Sajan et al., 2018a: pp. 100–102;
Inkhavilay et al., 2019: p. 49, fig. 20A.
Type locality. Unknown (‘Mauritius’, see Raheem
et al., 2014: 115).
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30048/7,
22.vii.2017, 1 spm., CKBS, leg. T. Biswas & Party; Reg. No. NZSI
M.34469/10, 2.ix.2017, 2 spms., CKBS, leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India (Common throughout
including the Andaman & Nicobar Islands) wide distribution range in Asia,
Africa, North and South America, and Europe.
Remarks. One of the 100 worst invasive
alien species of the world. Recently
reported from Sagar Island (Sajan et al. 2018a). Pest on horticultural and agricultural crops.
Subfamily Subulininae
P.Fischer & Crosse, 1877
Genus Allopeas
H.B.Baker, 1935
Lamellaxis (Allopeas) Baker, 1935:
p. 84.
Type species. Bulimus gracilis Hutton, 1834 [accepted as Allopeas
gracile (Hutton, 1834)], type by original designation.
Distribution. Worldwide in distribution,
except the Antarctica.
Allopeas gracile (Hutton, 1834)
(Image 1G, 3I)
Bulimus (mithi) gracilis
Hutton, 1834: p. 84, 93.
Opeas gracile — Gude, 1914: p. 355; Subba Rao
& Mitra, 1979: p. 12; Patil & Talmale, 2005: p. 1913; Ramakrishna et.
Alfred, 2006: p. 44.
Lamellaxis gracile — Subba Rao, Thakur & Mitra
1989: p. 260, pl. 2C; Mitra & Dey, 1992: p. 43; Subba Rao et al., 1995: p.
65, pl. 13, figs 3–4; Patil & Ramakrishna, 2004: p. 156; Patil, 2008a: p.
69.
Lamellaxis (Allopeas) gracile —
Ramakrishna, Mitra & Dey, 2010: p. 180; Patil & Talmale, 2011: p. 25.
Opeas gracilis (sic!) — Mavinkurve et al.,
2004: p. 1685.
Allopeas gracile — Khanna & Sati, 2003: p.
6; Rowson et al., 2010: pp. 24–25; Budha et al., 2015: p. 15; Phung et al.,
2017: pp. 91, 93, fig. 20B; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2020: pp. 356, 361.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.34460/10,
02.ix.2017, 2 spms., CKBS; Reg. No. NZSI M.34461/10, 15.x.2017, 13 spms., CKBS,
leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India (Common throughout),
widely distributed throughout southeastern Asia
Remarks. This invasive alien species
occurs very close to human habitations, on damp walls, potted plants, and
gardens. The empty shell were collected from the soil. Pest on horticultural crops.
Superfamily Veronicelloidea
Gray, 1840
Family Veronicellidae
Gray, 1840
Genus Laevicaulis
Simroth, 1913
Vaginula (Laevicaulis) Simroth,
1913: p. 147.
Type species. Vaginula comorensis P.
Fischer, 1883 (accepted as Laevicaulis alte (Férussac, 1822)), type by
subsequent designation.
Distribution. Widely distributed in eastern
& central Africa, southern & southeastern Asia, Australasia &
Oceania, and North & South America.
Laevicaulis alte (Férussac, 1822)
(Image 1H, 3J)
Vaginulus alte Férussac, 1821: p. 14; Gude,
1914: p. 482, fig. 153; Ray, 1961: p. 275.
Laevicaulis alte — Subba Rao & Mitra, 1979: p.
10; Patil & Talmale, 2005: p. 1913; Ramakrishna, Dey & Mitra, 2010: p.
114; Patil & Talmale, 2011: p. 22; Raheem et al., 2014: p. 55, fig. 31D;
Budha et al., 2015: p. 9.
Type locality. “Pondichéry (Puducherry.
India)”
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30173/7,
02.ix.2017, 3 spms., CKBS, leg. T. Biswas & S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
Delhi, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu,
Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka, and Kerala) and throughout the
tropical parts of the World.
Remarks. Most common invasive species of
slug on the Indian plains; voracious feeder on live and decaying
vegetation. Pest on horticultural and
agricultural crops.
Superfamily Succineoidea Beck,
1837
Family Succineidae Beck,
1837
Subfamily Catinellinae
Odhner, 1950
Genus Indosuccinea
Rao, 1924
Indosuccinea Rao, 1924: p. 375.
Type species. Succinea semiserica
Gould, 1846 (accepted as Indosuccinea semiserica (Gould, 1846)), type by
original designation.
Distribution. India, Myanmar, probably in
Indo-China, and the Malay Peninsula (Rao 1924).
Indosuccinea semiserica (Gould, 1846)
(Image 1I, 3F)
Succinea semiserica Gould, 1846: p. 100; Hanley
& Theobald, 1876: p. 29, pl. 67, figs 2, 3; Gude, 1914: p. 452;
Amin-ud-din, 1921: pp. 592–600, figs 21 (3a, 3b), 26, 27.
Succinea baconi — Nevill, 1878: p. 214.
Indosuccinea semiserica — Rao, 1924: p. 374; Ramakrishna,
Mitra & Dey, 2010: p. 217; Patil & Talmale, 2012: p. 282.
Type locality. “Tavoy, in hortis”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30174/7,
2.ix.2017, 7 spms., CKBS; Reg. No. NZSI M.34451/10, 15.x.2017, 3 spms., CKBS,
leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India (Maharashtra, Manipur and
West Bengal), Bangladesh, and Myanmar.
Remarks. This species is commonly found
in forest floors.
Superfamily Gudeoconchidae
Iredale, 1944
Family Helicarionidae
Bourguignat, 1877
Subfamily Durgellinae
Godwin-Austen, 1888
Tribe Durgellini
Godwin-Austen, 1888
Genus Cryptaustenia
Cockerell, 1891
Cryptaustenia Cockerell, 1891: p. 99.
Type species. Vitrina planospira Benson, 1859 (accepted as Cryptaustenia
succina (Reeve, 1862)), type by monotypy.
Distribution. Southern and southeastern Asia.
Cryptaustenia bensoni (Pfeiffer, 1848)
(Image 1J, 3E)
Vitrina bensoni Pfeiffer, 1848: p. 107.
Austenia bensoni — Godwin-Austen, 1883:
p. 150, pl. 36, figs 6–7.
Succinea bensoni — Patil & Talmale, 2005: p.
1913.
Cryptaustenia bensoni — Blanford & Godwin-Austen,
1908: p. 187; Ramakrishna, Mitra & Dey, 2010: p. 257.
Type locality. “In the Botanical Garden of
Calcutta”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30236/8,
2.ix.2017, 09 spms., CKBS, leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India (Andhra Pradesh, Odisha
(Eastern Ghats), and West Bengal) and Myanmar.
Remarks. This species is found on trunk,
bark and on leaves; few shells collected from the forest floor.
Superfamily Ampullarioidea
Gray, 1824
Family Ampullariidae
Gray, 1824
Subfamily Ampullariinae
Gray, 1824
Genus Pila Röding,
1798
Pila Röding, 1798: p. 145.
Type species. Helix ampullacea
Linnaeus, 1758 (accepted as Pila ampullacea (Linnaeus, 1758)), type by
subsequent designation.
Distribution. Asia and Africa.
Pila globosa (Swainson, 1822)
(Image 2A)
Ampullaria globosa Swainson, 1822: pl. 119.
Ampullaria globosa var. minor — Nevill,
1877: p. 4.
Ampullaria globosa var. incrassatula —
Nevill, 1877: p. 4.
Pila globosa — Preston, 1915: p. 97;
Prashad, 1917: pp. 231–232, text fig. 1; Sewell, 1934: p. 56; Subba Rao, 1989:
p. 58, figs 80–82; Patil & Ramakrishna, 2004: p. 146; Patil & Talmale,
2005: p. 1913; Patil, 2005: p. 440; Patil, Ramakrishna & Mitra, 2006: pp.
165–166; Ramakrishna et. Alfred, 2006: p. 43; Patil, 2006: p. 12; Ramakrishna &
Dey, 2007: p. 98; Nasemann et al., 2007: p. 75, pl. 19, fig. 6, pl. 20, fig. 4;
Patil, 2008b: p. 358; Raghunathan & Punithavelu, 2009: p. 149; Patil &
Talmale, 2011: p. 6; Patil & Talmale, 2012: p. 257; Punithavelu &
Raghunathan, 2013: p. 23; Cowie, 2015: p. 37; Basu et al., 2018: p. 12049;
Tripathy, Sajan & Chandra, 2019: p. 14; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2020: pp. 355,
357, pl. 15, fig. H.
Type locality. “Rivers of India”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.20234/8,
22.vii.2017, 8 spms., CKBS; Reg. No. NZSI M.30180/7, 22.vii.2017, 8 spms.,
CKBS, leg. T. Biswas & Party; Reg. No. NZSI M.34452/10, 15.ix.2017, 1 spm.,
CKBS, leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India (Assam, Bihar, Odisha,
Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal).
Remarks. One of the most common
freshwater snail of India. Tripathy et al. (2020: p. 11, figs 8, 14) treated Ampullaria
globosa var. minor as a junior synonym of P. globosa.
Superfamily Cerithioidea
J. Fleming, 1822
Family Thiaridae Gill, 1871
(1823)
Subfamily Thiarinae Gill,
1871 (1823)
Genus Melanoides Olivier,
1804
Melanoides Olivier, 1804: p. 40.
Type species. Melanoides fasciolata Olivier,
1804 [accepted as Nerita tuberculata O.F. Müller, 1774]
Distribution. Africa, Central Asia, South and
Southeast Asia, Malay-Archipelago, Philippines and various Pacific Islands.
Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774)
(Image 2B)
Nerita tuberculata Müller, 1774: pp. 191–192.
Melania pyramis — Benson, 1836: p. 354.
Tiara (Striatella) tuberculata
— Preston, 1915: pp. 15–16.
Melanoides (Melanoides)
peddamunigalensis — Ray & Ray Chowdhuri, 1969: p. 48, figs 12–17.
Melanoides (Melanoides)
tuberculata — Starmuehlner, 1976: p. 591; Subba Rao, 1989: pp.
103–104, figs 183–184.
Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculate
(sic!) — Agrawal, 1995: p. 34.
Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculatus
(sic!) — Patil & Talmale, 2005: p. 1913; Ramakrishna et. Alfred, 2006: p.
44.
Thiara (Melanoides) tuberculata
— Surya Rao, Mitra & Manna, 2004: pp. 41–42; Patil & Ramakrishna, 2004:
pp. 147–148; Patil, 2005: pp. 441–442; Patil, Ramakrishna & Mitra, 2006:
pp. 167–168; Patil, 2006: p. 14; Punithavelu & Raghunathan, 2007: p. 87;
Patil, 2008a: p. 65; Raghunathan & Punithavelu, 2009: p. 149; Punithavelu
& Raghunathan, 2013: p. 26.
Thiara tuberculata — Ramakrishna, Siddiqui &
Sahu, 2006: p. 28.
Melanoides tuberculata — Ramakrishna & Dey, 2007: p.
161; Nasemann et al., 2007: pp. 70–71, pl. 18, figs 4, 5, pl. 20, fig. 5;
Patil, 2008b: p. 358; Patil, 2008c: p. 118; Patil, 2009: p. 279; Patil &
Talmale, 2011: pp. 8–9; Patil & Talmale, 2012: p. 261; Surya Rao,
Venkitesan & Rao, 2013: p. 86; Biswas et al., 2015: p. 20; Tripathy, Sajan
& Mukhopadhayay, 2018: p. 794; Basu et al., 2018: p. 12049; Tripathy, Sajan
& Chandra, 2019: p. 14; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2020: pp. 355, 357.
Type locality. “In littore Curomandel (On the
shore Curomandel) [Coromandel Coast, Tamil Nadu, India]”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30045/7,
22.vii.2017, 3 spms., India, West Bengal, South 24 Parganas District, Chintamoni
Kar Bird Sanctuary, leg. T. Biswas and Party; Reg. No. NZSI M.34462/10,
2.ix.2017, 5 spms., India, West Bengal, South 24 Parganas District, Chintamoni
Kar Bird Sanctuary, leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India: Widely distributed
throughout India except Kashmir; Elsewhere: North and South Africa, eastern
Mediterranean, southern China, Malay Archipelago, North Australia, Pacific
Island.
Remarks. This species has a global
distribution.
Genus Mieniplotia
Low & Tan, 2014
Mieniplotia Low & Tan, 2014: pp. 15–17.
Type species. Buccinum scabrum Müller,
1774 [accepted as Mieniplotia scabra (Müller, 1774)], type by original
designation.
Distribution. South and Southeast Asia, east
coast of South Africa to Fiji.
Mieniplotia scabra (Müller, 1774)
(Image 2C)
Buccinum scabrum Müller 1774: p. 136.
Tiara (Plotia) scabra —
Preston, 1915: p. 35–36.
Thiara (Thiara) scabra — Pace,
1973: p. 52; Subba Rao, 1989: p. 96; Patil & Ramakrishna, 2004: pp.
146–147; Patil & Talmale, 2005: p. 1913; Patil, 2005: p. 441; Patil, Ramakrishna
& Mitra, 2006: p. 167; Patil, 2006: p. 13; Ramakrishna & Dey, 2007: p.
153; Nasemann et al., 2007: pp. 69–70, pl. 17, fig. 8; Punithavelu &
Raghunathan, 2007: p. 87, pl. 4, fig. 3; Patil, 2008a: p. 65; Raghunathan &
Punithavelu, 2009: p. 149; Patil & Talmale, 2011: p. 8; Patil &
Talmale, 2012: p. 260; Punithavelu & Raghunathan, 2013: p. 25.
Thiara scabra — Brandt, 1974: p. 163;
Neubert, 1998: pp. 350–351.; Surya Rao, Venkitesan & Rao, 2013: p. 85.
Mieniplotia scabra — Low & Tan, 2014:
pp. 15–17.
Type locality. “In paludofis littoris
Coromandel Tranquebari Danorum maxime vulgare”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30051/7,
22.vii.2017, 3 spms. (1 spm., Juvenile), India, West Bengal, South 24 Parganas
District, Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary, leg. T. Biswas and S. Das.
Distribution. India: West Bengal, Bihar,
Jharkand, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Pondicherry, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu,
Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh; Elsewhere: South East Asia
Remarks. This species is inhabited to
coastal rivers, brackish water and stagnant water.
Genus Tarebia H.
Adams & A. Adams, 1854
Tarebia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854:
p. 304.
Type species. Melania granifera Lamarck, 1816 [accepted
as Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1816)], type by subsequent designation.
Distribution. South and Southeast Asia, South
China and part of the Asia Pacific Islands.
Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1816)
(Image 2D)
Melania granifera Lamarck, 1816: pl. 458, figs
4a–b; Lamarck, 1822: p. 167.
Melania celebensis — Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: p.
152, pl. 56, figs 26–29.
Thiara (Tarebia) granifera — Pace,
1973: p. 62, pl. 12, fig. 3, pl. 13, fig. 4.
Tarebia granifera — Starmuehlner, 1976: p. 569,
figs 72–75, pl. 16, figs 175–179; Ramakrishna & Dey, 2007: p. 168, figs.
113A–B; Patil & Talmale, 2011: p. 9; Patil & Talmale, 2011: pp. 8–9;
Patil & Talmale, 2012: p. 261; Surya Rao, Venkitesan & Rao, 2013: pp.
86–87; Tripathy, Sajan & Chandra, 2019: p. 14; Tripathy, Sajan & Sidhu,
2019: p. 108.
Thiara (Tarebia) granifera
— Subba Rao, 1989: p. 110, figs 212–213; Raghunathan & Punithavelu, 2009:
p. 149.
Type
locality.
“Unknown”.
Material
examined.
Reg. No. NZSI M.30046/7, 22.vii.2017, 7 spms., India, West Bengal, South 24
Parganas District, Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary, leg. T. Biswas & S. Das.
Distribution.
India:
West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar; Elsewhere: South Africa, Madagascar,
Malaysia, Philippines, Formosa and Pacific Islands.
Remarks. This species has been introduced
into U.S.
Family Pachychilidae
Fischer & Crosse, 1892
Genus Brotia H.
Adams, 1866
Brotia H. Adams 1866: p. 150.
Type species. Melania pagodula Gould, 1847 [accepted as Brotia
pagodula (Gould, 1847)], by Monotype.
Distribution. Indian subcontinent, Indo-China,
Malaysia, Malay-Archipelago and Philippines.
Brotia costula (Rafinesque, 1833)
(Image 2E)
Melania costula Rafinesque, 1833: p. 166.
Brotia costula costula — Brandt, 1974: p. 181, pl. 13
figs 37–38; Nesemann et al., 2007: pp. 72, pl. 18 fig. 1.
Brotia (Antimelania) costula
— Subba Rao, 1989: p. 108; Hatter et al., 2004: p. 4; Punithavelu &
Raghunathan, 2007: p. 87; Punithavelu & Raghunathan, 2013: p. 26.
Brotia costula —Benthem Jutting, 1956:
p. 374, fig. 76; Köhler & Glaubrecht, 2001: p. 284, fig. D, p. 295, 297,
fig. 10A–H; Köhler & Glaubrecht, 2006: pp. 159−251; Budha, 2016: p.
41, fig.; Basu et al., 2018: p. 12049.
Type locality. “Gomti River [Gomti river,
Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India]”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30047/7,
22.vii.2017, 5 spms., India, West Bengal, South 24 Parganas District,
Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary, leg. T. Biswas & S. Das.
Distribution. India: West Bengal, Assam,
Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh. Elsewhere: Bangladesh,
Nepal, Thailand, Myanmar, Lao, Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia.
Remarks. Mainly found in fast following water in streams and
river, also recorded from ponds. In
CKBS, the dead shell have been collected from small pond.
Superfamily Viviparoidea
Gray, 1847
Family Viviparidae Gray,
1847
Subfamily Bellamyinae
Rohrbach, 1937
Genus Filopaludina
Habe, 1964
Filopaludina Habe, 1964: p. 48.
Type species. Paludina bengalensis Lamarck, 1822 [accepted
as Filopaludina bengalensis (Lamarck, 1822)], type by original
designation.
Distribution. South and Southeast Asia.
Filopaludina bengalensis (Lamarck, 1822)
(Image 2F)
Paludina bengalensis Lamarck 1822: p 174.
Vivipara bengalensis — Preston, 1915: p. 83;
Annandale, 1920: p. 113; Annandale, 1921: p. 267; Ramakrishna et. Alfred, 2006:
p. 44.
Vivipara bengalensis race bengaiensis — Annandale
& Sewell, 1921: p. 270, pl. 1, figs 1–3.
Bellamya (Filopaludina)
bengalensis — Brandt, 1974: p. 20; Nasemann et al., 2007: pp. 73–74, pl.
19, figs 2–3, pl. 20, fig. 1.
Bellamya bengalensis form. typica —Subba Rao,
1898: p. 45; Patil & Ramakrishna, 2004: pp. 143–144; Patil, 2005: pp.
439–440; Patil, Ramakrishna & Mitra, 2006: p. 164; Patil, 2006: p. 11;
Patil, 2008a: p. 64; Patil, 2008c: p. 116; Patil, 2009: p. 277; Patil &
Talmale, 2011: p. 1, 5; Patil & Talmale, 2012: pp. 249, 255; Surya Rao,
Venkitesan & Rao, 2013: p. 79.
Bellamya bengalensis form bengalensis — Patil
& Talmale, 2005: p. 1913.
Bellamya bengalensis — Punithavelu & Raghunathan,
2007: p. 86, pl. 4, fig. 1; Patil, 2008b: p. 357; Raghunathan &
Punithavelu, 2009: p. 149; Punithavelu & Raghunathan, 2013: pp. 22–23; Basu
et al., 2018: p. 12049.
Filopaludina bengalensis — Mukhopadhyay, Tripathy &
Ghosh, 2017: p. 503; Tripathy, Sajan & Chandra 2019: p. 14; Tripathy, Sajan
& Sidhu, 2019: p. 108, fig. I; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2020: pp. 355–356, pl.
15, fig. F.
Type locality. “dans les rivières du Bengale”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30049/7,
22.vii.2017, 5 spms., India, West Bengal, South 24 Parganas District,
Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary, leg. T. Biswas and S. Das; Reg. No. NZSI
M.34459/10, 2.ix.2017, 24 spms., India, West Bengal, South 24 Parganas
District, Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary; Reg. No. NZSI M.34453/10, 9.x.2017, 10
spms., Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary, leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India: distributed throughout
the India.
Remarks. One of the commonest species of
South East and South Asia.
Genus Idiopoma Pilsbry,
1901
Idiopoma Pilsbry, 1901: p. 189.
Type species. Vivipara hendazensis
Pilsbry, 1901 [accepted as Idiopoma dissimilis (O. F. Müller, 1774)],
type by original designation.
Distribution. South and Southeast Asia, North
America.
Idiopoma dissimilis (Müller, 1774)
(Image 2G)
Nerita dissimilis Müller, 1774: p. 184.
Bellamya dissimilis — Subba Rao, 1989: p.
48. figs 64–67; Surya Rao, Mitra & Manna, 2004: p. 40; Patil &
Ramakrishna, 2004: p. 145; Patil & Talmale, 2005: p. 1913; Patil,
Ramakrishna & Mitra, 2006: p. 165; Ramakrishna, Siddiqui & Sahu, 2006:
p. 28; Ramakrishna, Mitra & Aravind, 2006: pp. 9–10; Ramakrishna & Dey,
2007: pp. 90–91, taxt-figs 50A-B; Punithavelu & Raghunathan, 2007: p. 86,
pl. 4, fig. 2; Patil, 2008a: p. 64; Patil, 2008b: p. 357; Patil, 2008c: pp.
116–117; Patil, 2009: p. 278; Raghunathan & Punithavelu, 2009: p. 149;
Patil & Talmale, 2011: p. 6; Punithavelu & Raghunathan, 2013: p. 23;
Surya Rao, Venkitesan & Rao, 2013: p. 82; Basu et al., 2018: p. 12049.
Idiopoma dissimilis — Brandt, 1974: pp. 36–37;
Nasemann et al., 2007: p. 74, pl. 19, figs 4, 5, pl. 20, fig. 3; Tripathy,
Sajan & Chandra, 2019: p. 14; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2020: pp. 355, 357.
Type locality. “In Museo Spengleriano”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30050/7, 22.vii.2017,
11 spms., India, West Bengal, South 24 Parganas District, Chintamoni Kar Bird
Sanctuary, leg. T. Biswas and S. Das; Reg. No. NZSI M.34465/10, 2.ix.2017, 8
spms., India, West Bengal, South 24 Parganas District, Chintamoni Kar Bird
Sanctuary; Reg. No. NZSI M.34464/10, 9.ix.2017, 5 spms., Chintamoni Kar Bird
Sanctuary, leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India: Common throughout
India; Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Malayasia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.
Remarks. It is also known as Bellamya
dissimilis; species has a wide distribution in India.
Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
Rafinesque, 1815
Family Bulinidae P.
Fischer & Crosse, 1880
Subfamily Bulininae P.
Fischer & Crosse, 1880
Genus Indoplanorbis
Annandale & Prashad, 1921
Indoplanorbis Annandale & Prashad, 1920:
p. 578.
Type species. Planorbis exustus Deshayes,
1834 [accepted as Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1833)]
Distribution. Africa, Central Asia, South and
Southeast Asia
Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes, 1833)
(Image 2H)
Planorbis exustus Deshayes (in Belanger), 1833:
pp. 417–418, pl. 1. figs 11–13; Preston, 1915: pp. 115–116.
Planorbis (Planorbis) exustus — Germain,
1921: pp. 26–41, figs 1–16, pl. 1, figs 4–9, pl. 4, figs 11, 17, 18.
Indoplanorbis exustus — Annandale, 1922: p. 160; Benthem
Jutting, 1956: p. 471; Brandt, 1974: pp. 234-–235, pl. 16, fig. 99; Subba Rao,
1989: p. 142, figs 326–327; Agrawal, 1995: p. 36; Neubert, 1998: p. 359; Surya
Rao, Mitra & Manna, 2004: p. 42; Hatter et al., 2004: p. 5; Patil &
Ramakrishna, 2004: p. 150; Patil & Talmale, 2005: p. 1913; Patil, 2005: p.
444; Patil, Ramakrishna & Mitra, 2006: pp. 169–170; Ramakrishna et. Alfred,
2006: p. 44; Ramakrishna, Siddiqui & Sahu, 2006: p. 29; Ramakrishna, Mitra
& Aravind, 2006: pp. 10–11; Punithavelu & Raghunathan, 2007: p. 88;
Nasemann et al., 2007 : p. 90, pl. 23, figs 1a–c; Ramakrishna & Dey,
2007 : p. 253–254, text figs 109A & 109B; Patil, 2008a: p. 66; Patil,
2008b: p. 359; Patil, 2008c: p. 119; Patil, 2009: p. 280; Raghunathan &
Punithavelu, 2009: p. 150; Patil & Talmale, 2011: pp. 15–17; Patil &
Talmale, 2012: p. 267; Punithavelu & Raghunathan, 2013: p. 30; Surya Rao,
Venkitesan & Rao, 2013: p. 90; Basu et al., 2018: p. 12049; Tripathy, Sajan
& Chandra, 2019: p. 14; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2020: pp. 356, 359, pl. 15,
fig. D.
Type locality. “cóte du Malabar [Malabar
Coast, India]”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.34449/10,
2.ix.2017, 6 spms., India, West Bengal, South 24 Parganas District, Chintamoni
Kar Bird Sanctuary; Reg. No. NZSI M.34450/10, 2.ix.2017, 5 spms., Chintamoni
Kar Bird Sanctuary, leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India: Widely distributed
throughout country; Elsewhere: South and South East Asia.
Remarks. Monotypic genus, found in
southern Asia, south east Arabia and Socotra Island. Common in ponds, ditches and canals with or
without vegetations.
Family Planorbidae
Rafinesque, 1815
Subfamily Planorbinae
Rafinesque, 1815
Genus Gyraulus
Charpentier, 1837
Gyraulus Charpentier, 1837: p. 21.
Type species. Planorbis hispidus Draparnaud,
1805 (= Planorbis albus O.F. Müller, 1774). [accepted as Gyraulus
albus (O. F. Müller, 1774)], type by subsequent designation.
Distribution. Cosmopolitan distribution in
all possible range countries.
Gyraulus convexiusculus (Hutton, 1849)
(Image 2I)
Planorbis convexiusculus Hutton, 1849: p. 657.
Planorbis saigonensis — Crosse & Fischer 1863: p.
362, pl. 13, fig. 7.
Planorbis (Gyraulus)
convexiusculus — Preston, 1915: pp. 118–119; Germain, 1921: pp. 118–119.
Planorbis (Gyraulus) nanus —
Germain, 1921: pp. 131–132, pl. 2, figs 10–12.
Gyraulus convexiusculus — Annandale & Prashad,
1919: pp. 52–54; Benthem Jutting, 1956: p. 463; Brandt, 1974: pp. 239–240, pl.
17, fig. 3; Subba Rao, 1989 : pp. 154–155, figs 362–364; Neubert,
1998: p. 357; Patil & Ramakrishna,
2004: p. 151; Patil & Talmale, 2005: p. 1913; Patil, 2005: p. 444; Patil,
Ramakrishna & Mitra, 2006: p. 170; Patil, 2006: p. 15; Ramakrishna &
Dey, 2007: p. 234, figs 172A & 172A;
Nasemann et al., 2007: p. 91, pl. 23,
figs 2a–c; Patil, 2008a: p. 67; Patil, 2008c: p. 119; Patil, 2009: p. 280;
Raghunathan & Punithavelu, 2009: p. 150; Patil & Talmale, 2011: p. 14;
Patil & Talmale, 2012: p. 266; Glöer & Pešić, 2012: p. 50, fig. 20a;
Punithavelu & Raghunathan, 2013: p. 31; Surya Rao, Venkitesan & Rao,
2013: p. 89; Basu et al., 2018: p. 12049; Tripathy, Sajan & Chandra, 2019:
p. 14; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2020: pp. 356, 359, pl. 15, fig. I.
Type locality. “Afganisthan”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.34466/10, 2.ix.2017, 2 spms., India,
West Bengal, South 24 Parganas District, Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary; Reg.
No. NZSI M.34467/10, 9.ix.2017, 4 spms., Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary, leg.
S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India: Common throughout India; Elsewhere: South East Asia, South Asia, Philippines and
Japan.
Remarks. Species
has wide distribution in India.
Family Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815
Subfamily Amphipepleinae Pini, 1877
Genus Radix Montfort, 1810
Radix Montfort,
1810: p. 266.
Type species. Radix auriculatus Montfort, 1810 [accepted as Radix
auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758)], type by original designation.
Distribution. Asia,
Europe, Africa, North America.
Radix rufescens (J. E. Gray in G. B. Sowerby I, 1822)
(Image 2J)
Limnea rufescens Gray in G. B. Sowerby I, 1822: p. 44, pl. 178, fig. 1.
Limnaea acuminata Lamarck 1882: p. 160; Annandale & Rao, 1925: p.
199; Ramakrishna et. Alfred, 2006: p. 44.
Limnaea
(Pseudosuccinea) acuminata form. typica — Patil &
Ramakrishna, 2004: p. 148; Patil & Talmale, 2005: p. 1913; Patil,
Ramakrishna & Mitra, 2006: p. 168; Patil, 2006: p. 14; Patil, 2008a: p. 66;
Patil, 2008b: p. 358–359.
Limnaea
(Pseudosuccinea) acuminata form. typical (sic!) — Patil
& Talmale, 2012: pp. 262–263.
Limnaea
(Pseudosuccinea) acuminata — Agrawal, 1995: p. 35; Punithavelu
& Raghunathan, 2007: pp. 87–88; Raghunathan & Punithavelu, 2009: p.
150; Punithavelu & Raghunathan, 2013: p. 27.
Pseudosuccinea acuminate (sic!) — Basu et al., 2018: p. 12049.
Radix rufescens — Aksenova et al., 2018: p. 4; Tripathy, Sajan &
Chandra, 2019: p. 14; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2020: pp. 355, 357–358, pl. 15, fig.
E.
Type locality. “East Indies”. (from title).
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.30052/7, 22.vii.2017, 3 spms., India,
West Bengal, South 24 Parganas District, Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary, leg. T.
Biswas and S. Das; Reg. No. NZSI M.34458/10, 9.ix.2017, 9 spms., India, West
Bengal, South 24 Parganas District, Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary; Reg. No.
NZSI M.34463/10, 2.x.2017, 15 spms., Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary leg. S.K.
Sajan.
Distribution. India: Common throughout India; Elsewhere: South East Asia, South Asia, Philippines and
Japan.
Remarks. The
synonymy of Limnaea acuminata.
Class Bivalvia Linnaeus, 1758
Order Unionoida Stoliczka, 1871
Superfamily Unionoidea Rafinesque, 1820
Family Unionidae Rafinesque, 1820
Subfamily Parreysiinae Henderson, 1935
Genus Lamellidens Simpson, 1900
Lamellidens
Simpson, 1900: p. 854.
Type species. Unio marginalis Lamarck, 1819 [accepted as Lamellidens
marginalis (Lamarck, 1819)]
Distribution. South and Southeast Asia.
Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck, 1819)
(Image 2K)
Unio marginalis Lamarck, 1819: p. 79, [Encyclop. pl. 247, figs 1a–c].
Lamellidens marginalis — Simpson, 1900: p. 854; Subba Rao, 1989: p.
168, figs 404–405; Agrawal, 1995: p. 37; Patil & Ramakrishna, 2004: p. 152;
Patil & Talmale, 2005: p. 1913; Patil, 2005: p. 445; Patil, Ramakrishna
& Mitra, 2006: p. 171; Ramakrishna et. Alfred, 2006: p. 45; Ramakrishna
& Dey, 2007: pp. 288–289, figs 211A–B; Graf & Cummings, 2007: p. 310;
Nasemann et al., 2007: p. 29, pl. 8, figs 3–4; Patil, 2008a: pp. 67–68; Patil
& Talmale, 2011: pp. 18–19; Patil & Talmale, 2012: pp. 268–269; Surya
Rao, Venkitesan & Rao, 2013: pp.91–92; Basu et al., 2018: p. 12049;
Tripathy, Sajan & Chandra, 2019: p. 14; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2020: pp. 356,
360, pl. 15, fig. L.
Type locality. “au Bengale”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.34447/10, 2.ix.2017, 1 spm., India,
West Bengal, South 24 Parganas District, Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary,
leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India: Common throughout India; Elsewhere: South and
Southeast Asia.
Remarks.
One of the common mussels of India.
Genus Parreysia Conrad, 1853
Parreysia
Conrad, 1853: p. 267.
Type species. Unio multidentatus Philippi, 1847 [accepted as Parreysia corrugata
(O. F. Müller, 1774)], type by monotypy.
Distribution. South and Southeast Asia.
Parreysia favidens (Benson, 1862)
(Image 2L)
Unio favidens Benson, 1862: p. 188.
Unio pinax
— Benson, 1862: p. 192.
Unio tripartitus — Lea, 1863: p. 190.
Unio flavidens (sic!) — Reeve, 1865(1868): pl. 26, sp. 131; errata [–
read favidens].
Parreyssia favidens (sic!) — Prashad, 1919: p. 292.
Parreysia (Parreysia)
favidens — Patil, Ramakrishna & Mitra, 2006: p. 172; Ramakrishna &
Dey, 2007: p. 299, figs 220A–B; Patil, 2008a: p. 68; Patil, 2008c: p. 120;
Patil, 2009: p. 281; Patil & Talmale, 2012: p. 270.
Parreysia favidens favidens — Nasemann et al., 2007: pp. 31–32, pl. 9, figs 1–2.
Parreysia favidens — Simpson, 1900: p. 842; Preston, 1912: p. 299; Subba
Rao, 1989: p. 180, figs 466–467, 484–485; Patil & Ramakrishna, 2004: pp.
152–153; Patil & Talmale, 2005: p. 1913; Patil, 2005: p. 446; Ramakrishna
et. Alfred, 2006: p. 45; Ramakrishna & Dey, 2007: p. 299, figs 220A–B; Graf
& Cummings, 2007: p. 310; Patil & Talmale, 2011: p. 20; Tripathy, Sajan
& Chandra, 2019: p. 14; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2020: pp. 356, 360, pl. 15,
fig. K.
Type locality. “Ganges at Bhitoura, between Cawnpore and Allahabad”.
Material examined. Reg. No. NZSI M.34448/10, 2.ix.2017, 2 spms., India,
West Bengal, South 24 Parganas District, Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary,
leg. S.K. Sajan.
Distribution. India: Common throughout India; Elsewhere: Bangladesh,
Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar.
Remarks. One
of the common mussels of India.
CONCLUSION
A detailed malacological sampling was carried out for
the first time from any protected Area of West Bengal and molluscan diversity
have been reported for the first time from the CKBS. A total of 276 specimens were collected and
examined from the Chintamoni Kar Bird Sanctuary, West Bengal which reveals
presence of 22 species of land and freshwater molluscs. The malacofauna apparently remains most
diverse in relation to such a small PA.
But invasive alien species viz. Lissachatina fulica, Allopeas
gracile and L. alte which was recorded from this sanctuary is a
matter of concern, as it may impact the local biodiversity including succession
in the molluscan fauna. This
investigation will provided baseline information for the further future study
on molluscan diversity. Nevertheless,
documentation of other such least studied invertebrate from the PA will support
better biodiversity conservation for the area.
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