Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 12 September 2019 | 11(11): 14415–14433

Current status of birds in Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, China

Xi Zheng ¹, Fei Li ², Zheng Bi ³, Xing-Chao Zhang ⁴, Ji-Guo Han ⁵ & Bosco Pui Lok Chan ⁶

^1,2,6 Kadoorie Conservation China, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR, China.

^3,4,5 Yunnan Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau), 157 Laifeng Avenue, Tengchong, Yunnan Province 679100, China.

¹ zhengxi@kfbg.org,² lifei@kfbg.org, ³ 3338939005@qq.com,⁴ 13577512661@139.com, ⁵ 3049539679@qq.com,

⁶ boscokf@kfbg.org (corresponding author)

Abstract: We summarised the results of a four-year ornithological survey in the Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve and its immediate vicinity, and compiled an inventory of the present avifauna. In total, 387 bird species were recorded in Tengchong from 2014 to 2018, including 116 which were hitherto undocumented. The birds of Tengchong represented 48.9% of avifauna in Yunnan province, with a particularly rich elements of the Himalayan avifauna. This immense bird species richness suggests that Tengchong is an important site for the preservation of Asian montane forest birds. Although the current protected area system covered most of the intact forests in mid- to high-elevations, more conservation intervention should be allocated to lower elevation habitats below 2000m, which are largely outside the reserve boundaries and facing intensive development pressures.

Keywords: Conservation, eastern Himalaya, Hengduan Mountains, Kachin, new bird records, western Yunnan.

doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4440.11.11.14415-14433 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DCB58763-BCBF-4211-B3EA-291DFA75465F

Editor: Hem S. Baral, Charles Sturt University, Sydney, Australia. Date of publication: 12 September 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #4440 | Received 27 July 2018 | Final received 02 August 2019 | Finally accepted 05 August 2019

Citation: Zheng, X., F. Li, Z. Bi, X.-C. Zhang, J.-G. Han & B.P.L. Chan (2019). Current status of birds in Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14415–14433. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4440.11.11.14415-14433

Copyright: © Zheng et al. 2019. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: This study is funded by Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Xi Zheng: Conservation Officer of Kadoorie Conservation China Department at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden. Fei Li: Senior Conservation officer of Kadoorie Conservation China Department at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden. Zheng Bi: Director of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). Xing-Chao Zhang: Technical Officer of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). Ji-Guo Han: Technical Officer of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (Tengchong Bureau). Bosco Pui Lok Chan: Head of Kadoorie Conservation China Department at Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden.

Author contribution: BPLC conceived and designed the analysis. XZ performed the analysis and wrote the paper. All authors collected and contributed data.

Acknowledgements: We are grateful to the management of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, particularly the Baoshan Administrative Bureau, for permission to conduct fieldwork and logistics support. We also thank the staff and wardens of the Nature Reserve, as well as colleagues from KFBG who helped in the surveys. Many friends participated in the fieldwork, notably Dr. John Mackinnon, Dr. Yang Liu, Jack Tordoff, Yat-tung Yu and Gao-feng Liao. Richard Lewthwaite and Shashank Salvi kindly assisted in species identification. We gratefully acknowledge the records submitted by Xiang-le Zeng, Xue-wen Peng and Xiang-yu Guan.

INTRODUCTION

The Gaoligongshan Mountains (hereafter GLGS) is a massive mountain range in the southwestern corner of China. It lies at the intersection of two major biogeographic regions – the Palearctic and Indo-Malayan realms. The southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean brings plentiful rainfall, creating a perfect condition for the rich biodiversity and high endemism (Peng et al. 1980; Dumbacher et al. 2011). The unique biogeographic and geographic characteristics of GLGS support diverse avifauna, with elements from the Himalaya, southwestern China highlands (i.e., the Hengduan Mountains), and southeastern Asian ecoregions, which has been attracting early biologists and ornithologists since the 19^th Century, and continues to this date. The southern section of GLGS is part of two endemic bird areas (Yunnan Mountains and eastern Himalaya, Stattersfield et al. 1998) and an Important Bird Area (CN244, BirdLife International 2018). For details on GLGS and Tengchong, see Chan et al. (2019, this issue).

The long history of ornithological work in this region began when British zoologist John Anderson first revealed the magnificence of GLGS to the scientific community after his expeditions to Yunnan in 1868 and 1875 (Anderson 1871a,b, 1876, 1878). Many naturalists continued to survey GLGS after Anderson’s pioneering work; the most well-known is arguably the British botanist George Forrest who was commissioned by Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild to collect plant and animal specimens in western Yunnan. The extensive collections made by Forrest from 1904 to 1931 produced some important early literature on the avifauna of Yunnan (Rothschild 1926, 1927a,b,c). Modern ornithological research was primarily conducted by Chinese scientists, notably by various institutes under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Peng et al. 1980; Yang et al. 1995; Tang et al. 1996; Yang & Yang 2004). International collaborations between research institutes also contributed invaluable information for further understanding of the avifauna in GLGS (Stotz et al. 2003; Dumbacher et al. 2011).

Since 2014, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden and the Management Bureau of Tengchong section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve co-organized a systematic biodiversity survey on major wildlife groups (Chan et al. 2019, this issue). The updated biodiversity inventories from our survey provide baseline data for future research and monitoring, and more importantly, lay the foundation for effective management of the Nature Reserve.

STUDY AREA AND METHODS

Tengchong section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (hereafter TC-GLGS) is on the western slope of the southern part of GLGS. Tengchong sits at the meeting point of subtropical lowlands and subalpine uplands, with an altitude range of 930m to 3,780m, creating distinct vegetation zones along the elevation gradient. According to Xue (1995), there are four major vegetation zones in TC-GLGS with two major altitudinal transitions between 1,800–2,000 m and near 2,800m, they are: (1) monsoon moist evergreen broadleaf forest below 2,000m; (2) mid-montane moist evergreen broadleaf forest between 1,800m and 2,800m; (3) subalpine hemlock-rhododendron mixed forest between 2,700m and 3,200m; and (4) subalpine bamboo-rhododendron thickets above 2,700m. Details can be found in Chan et al. (2019, present issue)

There are six management sections in TC-GLGS (Nos. 5–10 in Fig. 1); these made up the core of our survey sites. As the lower limit of the reserve boundary is at 1,900m, representative habitats in lower elevations outside TC-GLGS were also surveyed, these include Heshun Wetland near Tengchong Town, Beihai Marsh Nature Reserve, Longchuan River protected riparian forest under the jurisdiction of TC-GLGS (Nos. 1, 3 & 4 in Fig. 1), and better-quality riparian habitats along the Longchuan and Binglang rivers. Protected forests below 2,000m in Laifengshan National Forest Park and Fanshanchu State-owned Forest were also visited (Nos. 2 & 11 in Fig. 1).

Our fieldwork covered the full altitudinal range and annual seasonal cycle. A total of 334 man-days were spent conducting ornithological survey from April 2014 to May 2018 (dates shown in Table 1). Abundance of birds were recorded using standard line transect methods (Sutherland 2006). Survey were conducted during daytime with 8x32 Leica, 8x32 Olympus and 10x42 Minox binoculars, audio playbacks were used occasionally to increase the probability of detecting elusive species (e.g., frogmouth and pheasants). Ad hoc records of nocturnal birds encountered during mammal and herpetofauna night surveys were also included in the list.

Previous studies highlighted the importance of camera trapping as a complimentary survey method to obtain reliable avian diversity estimates, which is especially useful for detecting rare, elusive and/or large-sized terrestrial species (Dinata et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2018). Camera traps were deployed extensively in TC-GLGS as part of a systematic mammal survey (Li et al. 2019, this issue). A total of 147 camera-trap stations were installed in the study area, covering elevations between 1,515–3,350 m. A good number of bird photos generated from 14,814 trap-nights were obtained and these records were also included for bird list compilation.

TC-GLGS is part of the “birdwatching golden triangle” of western Yunnan, attracting many local and foreign birdwatchers. There is much online information on the avifauna of Tengchong written by traveling birdwatchers; however, many of these records are unauthenticated without detailed notes or associated photographs. Most of these birding records are not included in our list, unless the records are significant and verified by photographs and locality data.

RESULTS

A complete bird list for Tengchong based on our four-year survey is compiled in Appendix 1. Taxonomic arrangement and IUCN Red List status followed BirdLife International (2017a); China Red List status followed Jiang et al. (2016).

In total, 387 species were recorded, representing 75 families in 20 orders. Detectability curve (Fig. 2) generated based on the survey data demonstrated the representativeness of our study. There are two species listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List, nine species listed as Vulnerable or Endangered by the China Red List. We cross-checked our checklist with relevant literature on the avifauna of the region (Peng et al. 1980; Yang et al. 1995; Tang et al. 1996; Stotz et al. 2003; Yang & Yang 2004; Dumbacher et al. 2011; Liang et al. 2015), and 116 species were previously undocumented for Tengchong, including one new record for Yunnan, significantly updated the inventory of the local avifauna. The present bird list for Tengchong represents 48.9% of avian taxa that have been documented in Yunnan province (Yang et al. 1995; Yang & Yang 2004).

The richest bird families recorded in TC-GLGS are of robins and flycatchers (Muscicapidae, 43 species, 11.1% of total) (see Fig. 3). Another notable observation is the richness of babblers. A total of 54 species of babblers were recorded during the survey period, this finding also consolidates the designation of GLGS as the center of speciation for Asian babblers (Wu et al. 2014).

Species accounts for selected species

The annotated list below gives details of significant records, including species of conservation significance and those with range extensions.

Sclater’s Monal Lophophorus sclateri

Listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List, also legally protected in China. Recorded in bamboo-rhododendron thickets above 3,000m in Datang and Qushi sections. One male was recorded at 3,160m in Qushi section on 2 May 2018 (Image 1a). Sclater’s Monal was mainly found in subalpine-alpine habitats and migrates to lower altitude in winter (Han et al. 2004; Luo et al. 2004). The inaccessibility of its preferred habitats may contribute to the low encounter rate. Previous study reported Sclater’s Monal from all sections in TC-GLGS along the mountain ridge (Han et al. 2004), but according to local interviews poaching may have decimated some subpopulations in suitable habitats.

Temminck’s Tragopan Tragopan temminckii

Legally protected in China. Regularly recorded in mid to high-altitude moist evergreen broadleaf forest by both direct observations and camera traps in Qushi, Datang and Zizhi sections. Up to three individuals recorded together by camera trap in Qushi on 21 December 2014.

Mrs Hume’s Pheasant Syrmaticus humiae

Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List, also legally protected in China. Recorded by camera traps from Datang and Qushi sections. A pair was observed crossing a quiet country road in an orchard-secondary forest mosaic at 1,700m at Dahaoping section. Birds were frequently seen by a reserve outpost at Qushi section since 2017. Interviews with local villagers suggest Mrs Hume’s Pheasant is resilient to some degree of hunting and habitat degradation, and is usually found in disturbed habitats in lower elevations outside the reserve boundary. Its distribution range in Yunnan is restricted (Han 1997) and its habits make it vulnerable to habitat loss and poaching.

Lady Amherst’s Pheasant Chrysolophus amherstiae

Legally protected in China. Camera-trapped in Datang section on 3 May 2016 and pair and singles were observed in Zizhi sections on 21 May 2015 and 21 August 2016 (Image 1b), respectively. Feathers of a male were collected in Zhengding section on 10 March 2015. Local villagers regard this species to be common in lower elevations around 2,000m and, as with Mrs Hume’s Pheasant, prefer habitat mosaic of secondary growth.

Hodgson’s Frogmouth Batrachostomus hodgsoni

Legally protected in China. One record in moist evergreen broadleaf forest in Zizhi Section on 11 May 2016. The characteristic call of this species was recorded at 23.46h at 2,330m in moist evergreen broadleaf forest, which is higher than its normal elevation range at 300m to 1,900m (Holyoak 2018), it represented the northernmost record for China and the first record for TC-GLGS.

Asian Emerald Cuckoo Chrysococcyx maculatus

Recorded in Zhengding, Dahaoping, Qushi sections and Longchuan River protected riparian forest. This species may be a breeding visitor to Tengchong and courtship behaviours were observed in Qushi (28 April 2014) and Longchuan River protected riparian forest (10 May 2016).

Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii

Winter visitor recorded regularly in Zizhi section along an open stony river (11 December 2014, Image 1c; 28 November 2015). Seven individuals recorded in Jietou section on 18 February 2018. First record for TC-GLGS.

Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus

Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. Winter visitor, a group of six individuals was spotted in Zizhi section on 12 December 2014. First record for TC-GLGS.

River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii

Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. Recorded in a reservoir 8km north of Tengchong Town on 28 November 2015, also recorded in Jietou on 20 February 2018 (Image 1d). First record for TC-GLGS.

Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis

Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List, also legally protected in China. The sighting of three high-flying birds at Qushi section over the main spine on 10 December 2014 is a first record for TC-GLGS. Noted by Liang et al. (2015) in nearby Lushui County.

Black Eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis

Legally protected in China. Regularly recorded in all sections of TC-GLGS. It is worth noting there was only one previous record from TC-GLGS (Yang et al. 1995). This forest-dependent species was historically rarely recorded in China, but are becoming regularly sighted in some provinces, despite the ongoing degradation of forest landscape outside protected areas. The apparent rarity of Black Eagle in China in the past was attributed to the species being overlooked or under-reported (Zhu et al. 2014).

Ward’s Trogon Harpactes wardi

Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. This elusive, forest-interior species is nowhere common, but audio and photographic records from Zizhi (19 May 2015), Datang (7 May 2016, 18 May 2018) and Jietou sections (8 April 2018) confirmed its presence in TC-GLGS. All records were from mid-montane moist evergreen broadleaf forest between 2,100m and 2,800m.

Yellow-rumped Honeyguide Indicator xanthonotus

Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. Recorded at Qushi (28 April 2014) and Datang sections (13 March 2015, Image 1e) near cliffs in mid-montane moist evergreen broadleaf forest at 2,100–2,200 m. New record for TC-GLGS. Though not included in the GLGS list compiled by Dumbacher et al. (2011), specimens were collected from nearby Lushui County (Yang et al. 1995).

Grey-headed Parakeet Psittacula finschii

Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List, also legally protected in China. Population and distribution range of this species has declined in China in recent decades. One and three birds were observed/photographed at Datang section on 26 June 2017 and 6 June 2018, respectively. A flock of more than 50 individuals was found feeding on pine cones along the Longchuan River at 1,350m at Dahaoping on 25 June 2017. It appears to be nomadic and visit Tengchong only in the summer months, as records are few but many villages reported the species.

Fire-tailed Myzornis Myzornis pyrrhoura

Fire-tailed Myzornis breeds in high-altitude bamboo-rhododendron forest (Liang et al. 2017) and migrate to lower elevations in winter. Birds were often seen at 3,160m at Qushi section (Image 1f). This species was also encountered twice in Zizhi section: at 2,900m on 20 May 2015 in subalpine hemlock-rhododendron mixed forest and in moist evergreen broadleaf forest at 2,480m on 25 Nov 2017. On the latter occasion, it was seen feeding on moss-covered tree trunk, aggressively chasing off a Green-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga nipalensis from the feeding site. First record for TC-GLGS.

Bar-winged Wren-babbler Spelaeornis troglodytoides
Two individuals were observed in thick undergrowth of moist evergreen broadleaf forest at 2,740m at Zizhi section on 22 November 2017.

Slender-billed Scimitar-babbler Pomatorhinus superciliaris

Recorded at 2,900m in Zizhi section on 29 September 2014 and 8 May 2017. Ten birds were seen at 2,150m in Qushi section on 16 March 2018 (Image 1g).

Yellow-throated Fulvetta Schoeniparus cinereus

Recorded at Jietou section on 11 March 2015. Stotz (2003) also recorded this species in Datang section.

Himalayan Cutia Cutia nipalensis

A party of seven was observed feeding on nectar of the tree Rhodoleia forrestii at 2,100m in Datang section on 13 March 2015 (Image 1h). The species was frequently seen at 2,150m in Qushi section.

Yunnan Nuthatch Sitta yunnanensis

Listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List. This Chinese endemic was recorded in Jietou section on 10 March 2015.

Purple Cochoa Cochoa purpurea

One sub-adult recorded in Zizhi section at 2,900m on 7 Oct 2015 in subalpine hemlock-rhododendron mixed forest. First record for TC-GLGS.

Common Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs

One individual photographed in subalpine bamboo-rhododendron thickets at 3,287m on 13 November 2016 at Qushi section, which represented the first record of this species in Yunnan (Zheng et al. 2017).

DISCUSSION

The vast expanse of mid-montane moist evergreen broadleaf forest protected by TC-GLGS harbours the highest bird species richness with the highest conservation value; a pattern consistent with a study conducted in the adjacent Lushui section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (Liang et al. 2015). In the nearby Hkakabo Razi region of northern Kachin State, Myanmar, Rappole et al. (2011) recorded 413 bird species at elevations ranging from 500 to 3,000 m. While our bird list of 387 species from TC-GLGS is comparable in species richness, it is obvious our current bird list lacks many species/groups typical of lower elevations; for example, the more tropical galliformes, raptors, woodpeckers and hornbills recorded from the 1,000–2,000-m hill forest belt in Rappole et al. (2011) are missing from TC-GLGS. In Tengchong, most forests below 2,200m are excluded from the current protected area network; the under-representation of lower elevation habitats undermines the potential of Tengchong to support a full community of avifauna, to the detriment of threatened species which prefer lower elevations such as Mrs Hume’s Pheasant and River Lapwing. At altitudes above 2,800m, upland species like Sclater’s Monal Lophophorus sclateri and Fire-tailed Myzornis Myzornis pyrrhoura face less direct threats from anthropogenic activities due to the remoteness of their habitats and the fact that high elevation areas are also the core zone of the Reserve. Climate change, however, will likely disrupt the altitudinal zonation of montane communities. The possible range contractions induced by climate change will put high altitude species under tremendous pressure (Gasner et al. 2010; Flousek et al. 2015). The current bird species richness and populations need to be monitored closely to predict the impacts of climate change on the bird fauna of GLGS.

TC-GLGS have a long history of human habitation, the inevitable habitat degradation as well as rampant hunting in the past all contributed to the loss of some biodiversity elements. The nature reserve network is, currently, the most important approach in protecting natural forests and biodiversity in Yunnan; however, it should be noted that the existing protected area system cannot effectively preserve all sites of conservation significance. Although large areas of intact mid- to upper-montane forests are currently protected, most lowland areas are devoted to settlements and agriculture. The rapidly growing human population continues to put pressure on the low-elevation ecosystems and biodiversity.

Despite the intensity of our field surveys, some species of conservation significance were not recorded by us: Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza aureola was a winter visitor to TC-GLGS and noted as “common” by Tang et al. (1996). It has been up listed to Critically Endangered in 2017 because of the rapid decline of its global population (BirdLife International 2017b). Absence of this species during surveys may reflect its current conservation status, but may also reflect our lack of survey coverage in farmland habitat; a dedicated survey should be conducted in the future to gather more information about the status of Yellow-breasted Bunting as well as other bunting species in Tengchong, as the group as a whole is under sharp decline (Kamp et al. 2015). Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos were once observed in large numbers (Rothschild 1926), but its population dropped rapidly since the 1960s (Yang et al. 1995). Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus was reported from Tengchong by Yang et al. (1995), but has not been reported in Yunnan since the 1980s. Global population of the Red-headed Vulture has been in precipitous decline, and is listed as Critically Endangered (Birdlife International 2017c). A juvenile White-bellied Heron Ardea insignis was found in nearby Lushui County, around 20km north of Tengchong, in 2014 (Han et al. 2015), suggesting Tengchong could be a potential distribution area for this Critically Endangered species. We have organized target surveys covering suitable habitats in major river basins in Tengchong, but no White-bellied Heron was encountered despite positive feedbacks by interviews and good habitats available. The Green Peafowl Pavo muticus occurred in Tengchong before the 1980s (Cheng 1987), but has not been recorded since (Wen et al. 1995); we found no trace of the species during the survey, nor any local reports.

CONCLUSIONS

With 387 documented avian taxa in our survey, TC-GLGS has immense bird species richness, especially for a temperate region. It is an important site for the preservation of Asian montane forest birds, and an integral part of the larger eastern Himalaya region that is a center of bird endemism and evolution (Dumbacher et al. 2011; Renner & Rappole 2011).

More conservation effort should be allocated to lower elevations below 2,000m, which face intensive anthropogenic pressure for land use change, and is largely outside the reserve boundaries. The secondary forests and wetlands at lower elevations could increase landscape diversity and partially offset species loss from primary forests (Wang et al. 2016). There should be active collaboration with the local communities in developing restoration projects to connect these habitat fragments with TC-GLGS, which is in line with the Chinese government’s “Ecological Civilization” goal (Xi 2017). With support from ecological compensation project like “Mechanism of Compensation for Ecological Protection” and other restoration projects, these pockets of low-elevation forests in community-owned land could provide “stepping stones” for the recovering wildlife population in the region (Hua et al. 2017).

Table 1. Bird survey sites and dates in and around Tengchong section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, China, 2014–2018.

Date	Survey areas*
24–30.iv.2014	2, 5, 7, 9
24–29.ix.2014	6, 9, 10
7–13.xii.2014	5, 6, 7, 10
10–15.iii.2015	8, 9
16–22.v.2015	7, 10
17–19.vii.2015	9, 10, 11
3–8.x.2015	5, 7, 10
14–16.x.2015	Binlang River and Longchuan River
27–29.xi.2015	Binlang River and Longchuan River
20–22.iii.2016	2, 3, 6
8–12.v.2016	2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10
24–27.xi.2016	9, 10
20–22.ii.2017	1
24–26.iv.2017	10
4–10.v.2017	7, 10
25–26.vi.2017	4
21–25.xi.2017	10
24–26.v.2018	4, 5, 6, 9, 10

Appendix 1. Birds recorded from Tengchong section of Gaoligongshan, Yunnan Province, China, 2014–2018.

Conservation Status: 1 = IUCN Red List status, 2 = China Red List status (EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient), 3 = National Key Protected Wild Animals status (I = Class I, II = Class II).

First Record: YN = First record for Yunnan, TC = First record for Tengchong;

Survey Locations: A = Heshun Wetland, B = Laifengshan National Forest Park, C = Beihai Marsh, D = Protected Riparian Forest, E = Zhengding, F = Dahaoping, G = Qushi, H = Jietou, I = Datang, J = Zizhi, K = Fanshanchu State-owned Forest, L = Other sites in Tengchong.

Common name	Scientific name	Conservation status			First record	Survey locations
		1	2	3
Hill Partridge	Arborophila torqueola	LC	LC	-	-	G,H,I,J,L
Rufous-throated Partridge	Arborophila rufogularis	LC	LC	-	TC	D,F
Mountain Bamboo-partridge	Bambusicola fytchii	LC	LC	-	-	E,G,I,J
Sclater's Monal	Lophophorus sclateri	VU	EN	I	-	G
Temminck's Tragopan	Tragopan temminckii	LC	NT	II	-	G,I,J
Blood Pheasant	Ithaginis cruentus	LC	NT	II	TC	I
Mrs Hume's Pheasant	Syrmaticus humiae	NT	VU	I	-	F,G,I
Lady Amherst's Pheasant	Chrysolophus amherstiae	LC	NT	II	-	I,J,L
Common Pheasant	Phasianus colchicus	LC	LC	-	-	E,J,L
Silver Pheasant	Lophura nycthemera	LC	LC	II	-	E,F,H,I,J,L
Ruddy Shelduck	Tadorna ferruginea	LC	LC	-	-	A,C,J,L
Common Pochard	Aythya ferina	VU	LC	-	TC	C
Ferruginous Duck	Aythya nyroca	NT	NT	-	TC	C
Garganey	Spatula querquedula	LC	LC	-	-	C
Gadwall	Mareca strepera	LC	LC	-	TC	C
Indian Spot-billed Duck	Anas poecilorhyncha	LC	-	-	-	A,C,J,L
Mallard	Anas platyrhynchos	LC	LC	-	TC	J,L
Common Teal	Anas crecca	LC	LC	-	-	C
Little Grebe	Tachybaptus ruficollis	LC	LC	-	-	A,L
Great Crested Grebe	Podiceps cristatus	LC	LC	-	TC	L
Black-necked Grebe	Podiceps nigricollis	LC	LC	-	TC	L
Speckled Woodpigeon	Columba hodgsonii	LC	LC	-	-	G,J
Ashy Woodpigeon	Columba pulchricollis	LC	LC	-	TC	I
Oriental Turtle-dove	Streptopelia orientalis	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,F,H,I,J,L
Red Turtle-dove	Streptopelia tranquebarica	LC	LC	-	-	I
Eastern Spotted Dove	Spilopelia chinensis	LC	LC	-	-	H,I,J,L
Wedge-tailed Green-pigeon	Treron sphenurus	LC	NT	II	-	G,I,J
Hodgson's Frogmouth	Batrachostomus hodgsoni	LC	DD	II	TC	J
Grey Nightjar	Caprimulgus jotaka	LC	-	II	-	F,G,J
White-throated Needletail	Hirundapus caudacutus	LC	LC	-	-	J
Himalayan Swiftlet	Aerodramus brevirostris	LC	NT	-	-	G,I,J,K
Asian Palm-swift	Cypsiurus balasiensis	LC	LC	-	-	J,L
Pacific Swift	Apus pacificus	LC	LC	-	TC	E,G,H,J
House Swift	Apus nipalensis	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,H,L
Green-billed Malkoha	Phaenicophaeus tristis	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,F
Western Koel	Eudynamys scolopaceus	LC	LC	-	-	G,I,J
Asian Emerald Cuckoo	Chrysococcyx maculatus	LC	NT	-	-	D,E,G
Plaintive Cuckoo	Cacomantis merulinus	LC	LC	-	-	G,J
Fork-tailed Drongo-cuckoo	Surniculus dicruroides	LC	LC	-	-	D,F,J
Large Hawk-cuckoo	Hierococcyx sparverioides	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Whistling Hawk-cuckoo	Hierococcyx nisicolor	LC	LC	-	TC	D
Indian Cuckoo	Cuculus micropterus	LC	LC	-	TC	D,G,J
Common Cuckoo	Cuculus canorus	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,F,G,I,J
Oriental Cuckoo	Cuculus saturatus	LC	LC	-	-	D,G,I,J
Lesser Cuckoo	Cuculus poliocephalus	LC	LC	-	-	G,J
Ruddy-breasted Crake	Zapornia fusca	LC	NT	-	-	L
Black-tailed Crake	Zapornia bicolor	LC	LC	II	-	F,J
White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus	LC	LC	-	-	A,C,D,H,I,J
Purple Swamphen	Porphyrio porphyrio	LC	VU	-	-	C
Common Moorhen	Gallinula chloropus	LC	LC	-	-	A,C,L
Common Coot	Fulica atra	LC	LC	-	TC	J,L
Common Crane	Grus grus	LC	NT	II	TC	J,L
Black Stork	Ciconia nigra	LC	VU	I	-	J,L
Yellow Bittern	Ixobrychus sinensis	LC	LC	-	TC	C
Cinnamon Bittern	Ixobrychus cinnamomeus	LC	LC	-	-	I,L
Black-crowned Night-heron	Nycticorax nycticorax	LC	LC	-	-	L
Green-backed Heron	Butorides striata	LC	LC	-	-	A,L
Chinese Pond-heron	Ardeola bacchus	LC	LC	-	-	A,J,L
Cattle Egret	Bubulcus ibis	LC	LC	-	-	C,D,E,H,J,K,L
Grey Heron	Ardea cinerea	LC	LC	-	TC	L
Purple Heron	Ardea purpurea	LC	LC	-	TC	C
Great White Egret	Ardea alba	LC	LC	-	TC	C,D
Intermediate Egret	Ardea intermedia	LC	LC	-	TC	C,J
Little Egret	Egretta garzetta	LC	LC	-	-	C,D,I,J,L
Great Cormorant	Phalacrocorax carbo	LC	LC	-	-	A,J,L
Ibisbill	Ibidorhyncha struthersii	LC	NT	-	TC	H,J
Black-winged Stilt	Himantopus himantopus	LC	LC	-	-	L
Long-billed Plover	Charadrius placidus	LC	NT	-	-	J
Little Ringed Plover	Charadrius dubius	LC	LC	-	TC	L
Northern Lapwing	Vanellus vanellus	NT	LC	-	TC	J
River Lapwing	Vanellus duvaucelii	NT	NT	-	TC	L,H
Grey-headed Lapwing	Vanellus cinereus	LC	LC	-	-	J,L
Red-wattled Lapwing	Vanellus indicus	LC	DD	-	-	L
Greater Painted-snipe	Rostratula benghalensis	LC	LC	-	-	L
Pheasant-tailed Jacana	Hydrophasianus chirurgus	LC	NT	-	TC	C
Eurasian Woodcock	Scolopax rusticola	LC	LC	-	-	F,J
Common Snipe	Gallinago gallinago	LC	LC	-	TC	L
Red-necked Phalarope	Phalaropus lobatus	LC	LC	-	TC	L
Common Sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos	LC	LC	-	-	J,L
Green Sandpiper	Tringa ochropus	LC	LC	-	-	H,J,L
Black-headed Gull	Larus ridibundus	LC	LC	-	TC	L
Eastern Grass-owl	Tyto longimembris	LC	DD	-	TC	G,L
Collared Owlet	Glaucidium brodiei	LC	LC	II	TC	E,F,H,I,J,L
Asian Barred Owlet	Glaucidium cuculoides	LC	LC	II	TC	D,F,H,J
Collared Scops-owl	Otus lettia	LC	LC	II	-	F,G
Mountain Scops-owl	Otus spilocephalus	LC	NT	II	TC	F,I,J,L
Oriental Scops-owl	Otus sunia	LC	LC	II	TC	J
Brown Wood-owl	Strix leptogrammica	LC	NT	II	-	B,G,J
Himalayan Owl	Strix nivicolum	LC	-	II	-	F,H,J
Spot-bellied Eagle-owl	Bubo nipalensis	LC	NT	II	TC	I
Tawny Fish-owl	Ketupa flavipes	LC	EN	II	TC	I
Osprey	Pandion haliaetus	LC	NT	II	TC	J
Black-winged Kite	Elanus caeruleus	LC	NT	II	-	F,H,L
Oriental Honey-buzzard	Pernis ptilorhynchus	LC	NT	II	-	D,F,G,I,J
Jerdon's Baza	Aviceda jerdoni	LC	NT	II	TC	G
Crested Serpent-eagle	Spilornis cheela	LC	NT	II	-	D,F,H,I,J
Himalayan Griffon	Gyps himalayensis	NT	NT	II	TC	G
Mountain Hawk-eagle	Nisaetus nipalensis	LC	NT	II	-	G,J
Black Eagle	Ictinaetus malaiensis	LC	VU	II	-	E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L
Bonelli's Eagle	Aquila fasciata	LC	VU	II	TC	I
Hen Harrier	Circus cyaneus	LC	NT	II	-	J,L
Pied Harrier	Circus melanoleucos	LC	NT	II	-	C,H
Crested Goshawk	Accipiter trivirgatus	LC	NT	II	-	B,D,F,L
Besra	Accipiter virgatus	LC	LC	II	-	G,H,I
Northern Goshawk	Accipiter gentilis	LC	NT	II	TC	G
Black Kite	Milvus migrans	LC	LC	II	-	L
Grey-faced Buzzard	Butastur indicus	LC	NT	II	TC	G,J
Himalayan Buzzard	Buteo refectus	LC	-	II	-	E,H,J,L
Red-headed Trogon	Harpactes erythrocephalus	LC	NT	-	-	I,J
Ward's Trogon	Harpactes wardi	NT	NT	-	TC	H,I,J
Common Hoopoe	Upupa epops	LC	LC	-	-	F,J
Common Kingfisher	Alcedo atthis	LC	LC	-	-	A,H,I,J,L
Crested Kingfisher	Megaceryle lugubris	LC	LC	-	-	G
White-breasted Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis	LC	LC	-	-	L
Black-capped Kingfisher	Halcyon pileata	LC	LC	-	-	I
Great Barbet	Psilopogon virens	LC	LC	-	TC	B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L
Golden-throated Barbet	Psilopogon franklinii	LC	DD	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K
Blue-throated Barbet	Psilopogon asiaticus	LC	DD	-	-	D,E,F,G,H
Yellow-rumped Honeyguide	Indicator xanthonotus	NT	NT	-	TC	G,I
Eurasian Wryneck	Jynx torquilla	LC	LC	-	TC	L
Bay Woodpecker	Blythipicus pyrrhotis	LC	LC	-	-	E,F,G,H,I,J
Greater Yellownape	Chrysophlegma flavinucha	LC	EN	-	TC	G,I,J
Grey-faced Woodpecker	Picus canus	LC	LC	-	-	J
Grey-capped Woodpecker	Picoides canicapillus	LC	LC	-	-	B,G,I,J
Crimson-breasted Woodpecker	Dryobates pernyii	LC	-	-	-	G,I,J
Rufous-bellied Woodpecker	Dendrocopos hyperythrus	LC	LC	-	TC	J
Stripe-breasted Woodpecker	Dendrocopos atratus	LC	DD	-	TC	J
Darjeeling Woodpecker	Dendrocopos darjellensis	LC	LC	-	-	I,J,L
Great Spotted Woodpecker	Dendrocopos major	LC	LC	-	-	G,I,J
Common Kestrel	Falco tinnunculus	LC	LC	II	-	H,J,L
Eurasian Hobby	Falco subbuteo	LC	LC	II	-	G
Peregrine Falcon	Falco peregrinus	LC	NT	II	TC	G,L
Grey-headed Parakeet	Psittacula finschii	NT	DD	II	-	D,I
Long-tailed Broadbill	Psarisomus dalhousiae	LC	NT	II	TC	D
Maroon Oriole	Oriolus traillii	LC	NT	-	-	D,G,I,L
Slender-billed Oriole	Oriolus tenuirostris	LC	DD	-	-	B,E
Black-headed Shrike-babbler	Pteruthius rufiventer	LC	DD	-	TC	H,I,J
White-browed Shrike-babbler	Pteruthius aeralatus	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J
Green Shrike-babbler	Pteruthius xanthochlorus	LC	NT	-	TC	D,G,I,J
Black-eared Shrike-babbler	Pteruthius melanotis	LC	DD	-	-	G,I
Chestnut-fronted Shrike-babbler	Pteruthius aenobarbus	LC	DD	-	TC	J
White-bellied Erpornis	Erpornis zantholeuca	LC	LC	-	-	D,F,G,I,J
Grey-chinned Minivet	Pericrocotus solaris	LC	LC	-	-	F,G,H,I,K,L
Short-billed Minivet	Pericrocotus brevirostris	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,F,G,I,J,L
Long-tailed Minivet	Pericrocotus ethologus	LC	LC	-	-	F,H,J
Scarlet Minivet	Pericrocotus flammeus	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,I,J
Rosy Minivet	Pericrocotus roseus	LC	LC	-	-	F
Large Cuckoo-shrike	Coracina javensis	LC	LC	-	-	B,J
Black-winged Cuckoo-shrike	Lalage melaschistos	LC	LC	-	-	D,I
Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike	Hemipus picatus	LC	DD	-	TC	D,G,H
White-throated Fantail	Rhipidura albicollis	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K
Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,G,I,J,L
Ashy Drongo	Dicrurus leucophaeus	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,I,J,L
Bronzed Drongo	Dicrurus aeneus	LC	LC	-	-	D,J,L
Hair-crested Drongo	Dicrurus hottentottus	LC	LC	-	-	G
Oriental Paradise-flycatcher	Terpsiphone affinis	LC	NT	-	-	D
Brown Shrike	Lanius cristatus	LC	LC	-	-	F,J
Burmese Shrike	Lanius collurioides	LC	NT	-	-	C
Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach	LC	LC	-	-	B,C,D,F,G,H,I,J,K,L
Grey-backed Shrike	Lanius tephronotus	LC	LC	-	-	E,G,H,I,J
Grey Treepie	Dendrocitta formosae	LC	LC	-	-	D,F,L
Yellow-billed Blue Magpie	Urocissa flavirostris	LC	LC	-	-	J
Red-billed Blue Magpie	Urocissa erythroryncha	LC	LC	-	-	D,F,G,H,I,J,L
Eurasian Jay	Garrulus glandarius	LC	LC	-	TC	B,J
Eurasian Magpie	Pica pica	LC	LC	-	-	E,G,H,J,L
Southern Nutcracker	Nucifraga hemispila	LC	LC	-	-	J
Large-billed Crow	Corvus macrorhynchos	LC	LC	-	-	C,E,G,H,I,J,L
Yellow-bellied Fairy-fantail	Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus	LC	LC	-	-	B,E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Grey-headed Canary-flycatcher	Culicicapa ceylonensis	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,F,G,H,I,J,K,L
Fire-capped Tit	Cephalopyrus flammiceps	LC	LC	-	-	E,H
Yellow-browed Tit	Sylviparus modestus	LC	LC	-	-	G,H,I,J,L
Sultan Tit	Melanochlora sultanea	LC	DD	-	TC	D
Coal Tit	Periparus ater	LC	LC	-	TC	H,J
Grey-crested Tit	Lophophanes dichrous	LC	LC	-	TC	J
Green-backed Tit	Parus monticolus	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L
Great Tit	Parus major	LC	LC	-	-	A,B,D,F,G,H,I,J,L
Yellow-cheeked Tit	Machlolophus spilonotus	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,G,I,J,L
Oriental Skylark	Alauda gulgula	LC	LC	-	-	C,E,F
Zitting Cisticola	Cisticola juncidis	LC	LC	-	-	C
Hill Prinia	Prinia superciliaris	LC	LC	-	-	D,F,G,I
Plain Prinia	Prinia inornata	LC	LC	-	-	C
Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius	LC	LC	-	TC	D,I
Pygmy Cupwing	Pnoepyga pusilla	LC	LC	-	-	E,F,G,I,J,L
Russet Grasshopper-warbler	Locustella mandelli	LC	LC	-	TC	J
Striated Grassbird	Megalurus palustris	LC	LC	-	-	C
Asian House Martin	Delichon dasypus	LC	LC	-	TC	F,G,I,J,L
Nepal House Martin	Delichon nipalense	LC	LC	-	-	G,J
Red-rumped Swallow	Cecropis daurica	LC	LC	-	-	D,F,H,L
Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,F,G,H,I,J,L
Asian Plain Martin	Riparia chinensis	LC	LC	-	TC	D,J,L
Ashy Bulbul	Hemixos flavala	LC	LC	-	TC	D
Mountain Bulbul	Ixos mcclellandii	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,I,J,K,L
Black Bulbul	Hypsipetes leucocephalus	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,G,H,I,J,K,L
Crested Finchbill	Spizixos canifrons	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,H,I,K,L
Striated Bulbul	Pycnonotus striatus	LC	LC	-	-	E,G,I,L
Brown-breasted Bulbul	Pycnonotus xanthorrhous	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Red-vented Bulbul	Pycnonotus cafer	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,G,L
Flavescent Bulbul	Pycnonotus flavescens	LC	NT	-	TC	D,F,G,H
Yellow-browed Warbler	Phylloscopus inornatus	LC	LC	-	-	B,H,J
Sichuan Leaf-warbler	Phylloscopus forresti	LC	LC	-	TC	J
Buff-barred Warbler	Phylloscopus pulcher	LC	LC	-	-	G,H,I,J
Ashy-throated Warbler	Phylloscopus maculipennis	LC	LC	-	-	B,F,G,H,I,J
Dusky Warbler	Phylloscopus fuscatus	LC	LC	-	-	J,L
Buff-throated Warbler	Phylloscopus subaffinis	LC	LC	-	-	F,I,J,L
Tickell's Leaf-warbler	Phylloscopus subaffinis	LC	LC	-	-	I
Yellow-streaked Warbler	Phylloscopus armandii	LC	LC	-	-	G
White-spectacled Warbler	Phylloscopus intermedius	LC	LC	-	TC	F,G,I,J
Grey-cheeked Warbler	Phylloscopus poliogenys	LC	LC	-	-	I,J
Grey-crowned Warbler	Phylloscopus tephrocephalus	LC	LC	-	-	G,J
Bianchi's Warbler	Phylloscopus valentini	LC	LC	-	-	H,J
Chestnut-crowned Warbler	Phylloscopus castaniceps	LC	LC	-	-	E,I,J,L
Greenish Warbler	Phylloscopus trochiloides	LC	LC	-	-	H
Large-billed Leaf-warbler	Phylloscopus magnirostris	LC	LC	-	TC	J
Blyth's Leaf-warbler	Phylloscopus reguloides	LC	LC	-	TC	B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J
White-tailed Leaf-warbler	Phylloscopus intensior	LC	LC	-	-	E,F,I,J
Grey-bellied Tesia	Tesia cyaniventer	LC	LC	-	-	G,I,J
Grey-sided Bush-warbler	Cettia brunnifrons	LC	LC	-	-	G
Chestnut-headed Tesia	Cettia castaneocoronata	LC	LC	-	TC	G,I,J
Black-faced Warbler	Abroscopus schisticeps	LC	LC	-	-	E,G,H,I,J,K
Mountain Tailorbird	Phyllergates cucullatus	LC	LC	-	-	E,G,I,J
Broad-billed Warbler	Tickellia hodgsoni	LC	LC	-	TC	G
Brownish-flanked Bush-warbler	Horornis fortipes	LC	LC	-	-	C,D,F,G,H,I,J,L
Aberrant Bush-warbler	Horornis flavolivaceus	LC	LC	-	-	G,J
Black-throated Tit	Aegithalos concinnus	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Black-browed Tit	Aegithalos bonvaloti	LC	LC	-	-	E,G,I,J
Fire-tailed Myzornis	Myzornis pyrrhoura	LC	NT	-	TC	G,J
Golden-breasted Fulvetta	Lioparus chrysotis	LC	LC	-	-	G,H
White-browed Fulvetta	Fulvetta vinipectus	LC	LC	-	-	G,H,I,J
Manipur Fulvetta	Fulvetta manipurensis	LC	-	-	TC	E,G,I,J,L
Spectacled Fulvetta	Fulvetta ruficapilla	LC	LC	-	-	I,J
Spot-breasted Parrotbill	Paradoxornis guttaticollis	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,I
Brown Parrotbill	Cholornis unicolor	LC	LC	-	TC	G,H,J,L
Fulvous Parrotbill	Suthora fulvifrons	LC	LC	-	-	G,H
Black-throated Parrotbill	Suthora nipalensis	LC	DD	-	-	E,G,J,L
Brown-winged Parrotbill	Sinosuthora brunnea	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J
White-collared Yuhina	Yuhina diademata	LC	LC	-	-	F,G,H,I,J
Striated Yuhina	Yuhina castaniceps	LC	LC	-	TC	D,I
Stripe-throated Yuhina	Yuhina gularis	LC	LC	-	-	E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Whiskered Yuhina	Yuhina flavicollis	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,I,J,K,L
Rufous-vented Yuhina	Yuhina occipitalis	LC	LC	-	-	E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Chestnut-flanked White-eye	Zosterops erythropleurus	LC	LC	-	TC	E,G
Japanese White-eye	Zosterops japonicus	LC	LC	-	-	F,G,H,J,L
Oriental White-eye	Zosterops palpebrosus	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,F,H,I,J
Bar-winged Wren-babbler	Spelaeornis troglodytoides	LC	LC	-	-	J
Grey-bellied Wren-babbler	Spelaeornis reptatus	LC	-	-	-	G
Slender-billed Scimitar-babbler	Pomatorhinus superciliaris	LC	NT	-	-	G,J
Streak-breasted Scimitar-babbler	Pomatorhinus ruficollis	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Black-streaked Scimitar-babbler	Erythrogenys gravivox	LC	-	-	-	D,F,G,H,I,J,L
Rufous-capped Babbler	Cyanoderma ruficeps	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L
Rusty-capped Fulvetta	Schoeniparus dubius	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Yellow-throated Fulvetta	Schoeniparus cinereus	LC	LC	-	-	H
Rufous-winged Fulvetta	Schoeniparus castaneceps	LC	LC	-	-	B,E,G,H,I,J,K,L
Grey-cheeked Fulvetta	Alcippe morrisonia	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Striated Laughingthrush	Grammatoptila striata	LC	LC	-	TC	I,J
Himalayan Cutia	Cutia nipalensis	LC	LC	-	-	G,I
Spotted Laughingthrush	Garrulax ocellatus	LC	NT	-	TC	L
Western Moustached Laughingthrush	Garrulax cineraceus	LC	LC	-	-	D
White-browed Laughingthrush	Garrulax sannio	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,F,G,I,J,L
Black-throated Laughingthrush	Garrulax chinensis	LC	LC	-	TC	G
Chinese Babax	Garrulax lanceolatus	LC	LC	-	-	E,I,J,K,L
White-throated Laughingthrush	Garrulax albogularis	LC	LC	-	-	J
Grey-sided Laughingthrush	Garrulax caerulatus	LC	LC	-	-	E
Scaly Laughingthrush	Trochalopteron subunicolor	LC	LC	-	-	I
Blue-winged Laughingthrush	Trochalopteron squamatum	LC	LC	-	TC	G
Black-faced Laughingthrush	Trochalopteron affine	LC	LC	-	-	G,J
Red-tailed Laughingthrush	Trochalopteron milnei	LC	LC	-	-	I,J
Chestnut-crowned Laughingthrush	Trochalopteron erythrocephalum	LC	LC	-	-	E,F,G,J,L
Beautiful Sibia	Heterophasia pulchella	LC	LC	-	-	E,G,H,I,J,L
Black-headed Sibia	Heterophasia desgodinsi	LC	-	-	-	B,D,F,G,H,I,J
Silver-eared Mesia	Leiothrix argentauris	LC	NT	-	TC	B,D,E,F,I
Red-billed Leiothrix	Leiothrix lutea	LC	LC	-	-	B,E,I,J
Red-tailed Minla	Minla ignotincta	LC	LC	-	-	B,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L
Scarlet-faced Liocichla	Liocichla ripponi	LC	NT	-	TC	B,F
Streak-throated Barwing	Sibia waldeni	LC	LC	-	-	G,H,I,J
Blue-winged Minla	Siva cyanouroptera	LC	LC	-	-	A,B,D,F,G,H,I,J
Bar-throated Minla	Chrysominla strigula	LC	LC	-	-	B,E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Rusty-fronted Barwing	Actinodura egertoni	LC	LC	-	-	E,F,G,I
Rusty-flanked Treecreeper	Certhia nipalensis	LC	LC	-	TC	G,H,J
Manipur Treecreeper	Certhia manipurensis	LC	LC	-	-	J
Bar-tailed Treecreeper	Certhia himalayana	LC	LC	-	TC	J
Hodgson's Treecreeper	Certhia hodgsoni	LC	-	-	TC	J
Chestnut-vented Nuthatch	Sitta nagaensis	LC	LC	-	-	B,E,F,G,H,I,J,L
White-tailed Nuthatch	Sitta himalayensis	LC	NT	-	-	G,H,I,J
Yunnan Nuthatch	Sitta yunnanensis	NT	VU	-	-	H
Wallcreeper	Tichodroma muraria	LC	LC	-	-	I
Northern Wren	Troglodytes troglodytes	LC	LC	-	TC	H,J
Brown Dipper	Cinclus pallasii	LC	LC	-	-	I,J
Black-collared Starling	Gracupica nigricollis	LC	LC	-	-	C,H
Chestnut-tailed Starling	Sturnia malabarica	LC	LC	-	-	L
White-cheeked Starling	Spodiopsar cineraceus	LC	LC	-	TC	A
Collared Myna	Acridotheres albocinctus	LC	LC	-	-	A
Crested Myna	Acridotheres cristatellus	LC	LC	-	-	A,C,E
Long-tailed Thrush	Zoothera dixoni	LC	LC	-	TC	I
Himalayan Forest Thrush	Zoothera salimalii	LC	LC	-	TC	G,H
Dark-sided Thrush	Zoothera marginata	LC	LC	-	TC	L
Scaly Thrush	Zoothera dauma	LC	LC	-	-	F,G
Purple Cochoa	Cochoa purpurea	LC	LC	-	TC	J
Eurasian Blackbird	Turdus merula	LC	LC	-	TC	D,E,H,L
Grey-winged Blackbird	Turdus boulboul	LC	LC	-	TC	L
Black-breasted Thrush	Turdus dissimilis	LC	NT	-	-	B,D,H,K
Eyebrowed Thrush	Turdus obscurus	LC	LC	-	-	F,I,L
Chestnut Thrush	Turdus rubrocanus	LC	LC	-	TC	G
Oriental Magpie-robin	Copsychus saularis	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,G,H,J,L
Dark-sided Flycatcher	Muscicapa sibirica	LC	LC	-	-	F,G,I,J
Ferruginous Flycatcher	Muscicapa ferruginea	LC	LC	-	-	G,I,J,K
Brown-breasted Flycatcher	Muscicapa muttui	LC	LC	-	TC	B
Rufous-bellied Niltava	Niltava sundara	LC	LC	-	-	G,I,J
Small Niltava	Niltava macgrigoriae	LC	LC	-	TC	G,J
Large Vivid Niltava	Niltava oatesi	LC	LC	-	TC	I
Fujian Niltava	Niltava davidi	LC	LC	-	TC	G,J
Large Niltava	Niltava grandis	LC	LC	-	-	B,I
Verditer Flycatcher	Eumyias thalassinus	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,I,J
Pale Blue-flycatcher	Cyornis unicolor	LC	LC	-	-	I,J
Hill Blue-flycatcher	Cyornis banyumas	LC	LC	-	-	D,G
Lesser Shortwing	Brachypteryx leucophris	LC	LC	-	-	I,J
Himalayan Shortwing	Brachypteryx cruralis	LC	LC	-	-	B,G,J
Indian Blue Robin	Larvivora brunnea	LC	LC	-	-	B
Siberian Rubythroat	Calliope calliope	LC	LC	-	-	F,I
White-tailed Blue Robin	Myiomela leucura	LC	LC	-	-	E,J
Himalayan Bush-robin	Tarsiger rufilatus	LC	-	-	TC	B,G,H,I,J,L
White-browed Bush-robin	Tarsiger indicus	LC	LC	-	TC	F,I
Golden Bush-robin	Tarsiger chrysaeus	LC	LC	-	-	G,H,J
Little Forktail	Enicurus scouleri	LC	LC	-	-	G,H,I,J
Slaty-backed Forktail	Enicurus schistaceus	LC	LC	-	-	D,I,J,L
White-crowned Forktail	Enicurus leschenaulti	LC	-	-	TC	D,E,H,I
Spotted Forktail	Enicurus maculatus	LC	LC	-	-	D,G,I,J,L
Blue Whistling-thrush	Myophonus caeruleus	LC	LC	-	-	D,G,H,I,J,K
Slaty-backed Flycatcher	Ficedula erithacus	LC	LC	-	-	G,H,I,J
Slaty-blue Flycatcher	Ficedula tricolor	LC	LC	-	TC	B,F,J
Snowy-browed Flycatcher	Ficedula hyperythra	LC	LC	-	-	E,G,J
Pygmy Blue-flycatcher	Ficedula hodgsoni	LC	LC	-	-	G,J
Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher	Ficedula strophiata	LC	LC	-	-	G,H,J
Sapphire Flycatcher	Ficedula sapphira	LC	LC	-	-	J
Little Pied Flycatcher	Ficedula westermanni	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,F,G,I,J,L
Red-throated Flycatcher	Ficedula albicilla	LC	LC	-	-	F,G,I
Blue-fronted Redstart	Phoenicurus frontalis	LC	LC	-	-	B,E,G,H,I,J,L
White-capped Water-redstart	Phoenicurus leucocephalus	LC	LC	-	-	D,G,H,I,J,L
Plumbeous Water-redstart	Phoenicurus fuliginosus	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,G,H,I,J,K
Daurian Redstart	Phoenicurus auroreus	LC	LC	-	-	B,F,H,I,L
Hodgson's Redstart	Phoenicurus hodgsoni	LC	LC	-	-	L
Chestnut-bellied Rock-thrush	Monticola rufiventris	LC	LC	-	-	F,H,I,J
Blue Rock-thrush	Monticola solitarius	LC	LC	-	-	J
Grey Bushchat	Saxicola ferreus	LC	LC	-	-	B,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Pied Bushchat	Saxicola caprata	LC	LC	-	-	D,H
Common Stonechat	Saxicola torquatus	LC	LC	-	-	C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Goldcrest	Regulus regulus	LC	LC	-	TC	F,I
Orange-bellied Leafbird	Chloropsis hardwickii	LC	LC	-	-	D,F,G,H,I
Blue-winged Leafbird	Chloropsis moluccensis	LC	LC	-	TC	D
Yellow-bellied Flowerpecker	Dicaeum melanozanthum	LC	LC	-	-	E,G,I,J
Plain Flowerpecker	Dicaeum minullum	LC	LC	-	-	E,L
Fire-breasted Flowerpecker	Dicaeum ignipectus	LC	LC	-	-	D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L
Streaked Spiderhunter	Arachnothera magna	LC	LC	-	-	B
Fire-tailed Sunbird	Aethopyga ignicauda	LC	LC	-	-	E,G,H,I,J,L
Black-throated Sunbird	Aethopyga saturata	LC	LC	-	-	D,F
Green-tailed Sunbird	Aethopyga nipalensis	LC	LC	-	-	B,F,G,H,I,J,L
Gould's Sunbird	Aethopyga gouldiae	LC	LC	-	-	E,F,G,H,I,J,L
Alpine Accentor	Prunella collaris	LC	LC	-	TC	G
Maroon-backed Accentor	Prunella immaculata	LC	LC	-	-	L
Rufous-breasted Accentor	Prunella strophiata	LC	LC	-	TC	G,H,L
White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata	LC	LC	-	TC	H
Scaly-breasted Munia	Lonchura punctulata	LC	LC	-	-	E
Russet Sparrow	Passer cinnamomeus	LC	LC	-	-	C,D,E,G,H,I,J,K,L
Eurasian Tree Sparrow	Passer montanus	LC	LC	-	-	H,J,L
Olive-backed Pipit	Anthus hodgsoni	LC	LC	-	-	F,H,I,J
Rosy Pipit	Anthus roseatus	LC	LC	-	-	C
Paddyfield Pipit	Anthus rufulus	LC	LC	-	-	L
Grey Wagtail	Motacilla cinerea	LC	LC	-	-	E,F,I,J,L
Citrine Wagtail	Motacilla citreola	LC	LC	-	-	A,C
Eastern Yellow Wagtail	Motacilla tschutschensis	LC	LC	-	-	C,J
White Wagtail	Motacilla alba	LC	LC	-	-	B,C,D,E,F,G,I,J,K,L
Common Chaffinch	Fringilla coelebs	LC	LC	-	YN	G
Brambling	Fringilla montifringilla	LC	LC	-	TC	H,I,J
Spot-winged Grosbeak	Mycerobas melanozanthos	LC	LC	-	-	J
Common Rosefinch	Carpodacus erythrinus	LC	LC	-	-	G,J
Scarlet Finch	Carpodacus sipahi	LC	LC	-	-	H
Vinaceous Rosefinch	Carpodacus vinaceus	LC	LC	-	TC	G
Crimson-browed Finch	Carpodacus subhimachalus	LC	LC	-	TC	G
Brown Bullfinch	Pyrrhula nipalensis	LC	LC	-	-	F,H,J
Grey-headed Bullfinch	Pyrrhula erythaca	LC	LC	-	TC	G
Gold-naped Finch	Pyrrhoplectes epauletta	LC	LC	-	TC	E
Dark-breasted Rosefinch	Procarduelis nipalensis	LC	LC	-	TC	J,L
Plain Mountain-finch	Leucosticte nemoricola	LC	LC	-	TC	G
Black-headed Greenfinch	Chloris ambigua	LC	LC	-	-	C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J
Red Crossbill	Loxia curvirostra	LC	LC	-	TC	B,F,G,J
Tibetan Siskin	Spinus thibetanus	LC	NT	-	TC	L
Yellow-throated Bunting	Emberiza elegans	LC	LC	-	-	H,K
Little Bunting	Emberiza pusilla	LC	LC	-	-	E,F,H,I,J,L

For figures & images – click here

REFERENCES

Anderson, J. (1871a). A report on the expedition to western Yunan via Bhamo. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, India, 458pp.

Anderson, J. (1871b). On eight new species of birds from western Yunan, China. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1871:211–215.

Anderson, J. (1876). Mandalay to Momien: A Narrative of the Two Expeditions to Western China of 1868 and 1875, Under Colonel Edward B. Sladen and Colonel Horace Browne. MacMillan & Co., London, 479pp.

Anderson, J. (1878). Anatomical and zoological researches: Comprising an account of the zoological results of the two expeditions to western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875; and a monograph of the two cetacean genera, Platanista and Orcella. B. Quaritch, London. 2 vols., xxv-l-985 pp., xi-I–84 pp.

BirdLife International (2017a). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 9.1. Downloaded on 12 October 2017. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/BirdLife_Checklist_Version_91.zip

BirdLife International (2017b). Emberiza aureola. In: IUCN 2017. 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 18 April 2018. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22720966A119335690.en

BirdLife International (2017c). Sarcogyps calvus. In: IUCN 2017. 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 04 May 2018. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22695254A118371885.en

BirdLife International (2018). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Gaoligong Shan Nature Reserve (southern section). Downloaded on 26 April 2018.

Chan, B.P.L., Z. Bi & S.Z. Duan (2019). Introduction to a four-year biodiversity survey of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve, in the footsteps of pioneering naturalists in western Yunnan, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14391–14401. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4438.11.11.14391-14401

Dinata, Y., A. Nugroho, I. Achmadhaidir & M. Linkie (2008). Camera trapping rare and threatened avifauna in west-central Sumatra. Bird Conservation International 18: 30–37.

Dumbacher, J.P., J. Miller, M.E. Flannery & X. Yang (2011). Avifauna of the Gaoligong Shan Mountains of western China: a hotspot of avian species diversity. Ornithological Monographs 70: 30–63.

Flousek, J., T. Telenský, J. Hanzelka & J. Reif (2015). Population trends of central European montane birds provide evidence for adverse impacts of climate change on high-altitude species. PLoS ONE 10: 1–14.

Gasner, M.R., J.E. Jankowski, A.L. Ciecka, K.O. Kyle & K.N. Rabenold (2010). Projecting the local impacts of climate change on a Central American montane avian community. Biological Conservation 143: 1250–1258.

Han, L. (1997). The distribution and habitat selection of the Hume’s pheasant in Yunnan Syrmaticus humiae). Chinese Biodiversity 5: 185–189. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Han, L., C. He, B. Wang, Q. We, X. Luo, X. WU & M. Wei (2015). The Discovery of White-bellied Heron in Yunnan. Sichuan Journal of Zoology: http://www.scdwzz.com.cn/newsview.aspx?newsid=1790&type=3. Accessed on 22 October 2015. (in Chinese)

Han, L., S. Huang, X. Luo & H. Yang (2004). The distribution and conservation of Sclater’s monal in Yunnan. Biodiversity Science 12: 523–527. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Hua, F., J. Xu. & D.S. Wilcove (2017). A New Opportunity to Recover Native Forests in China. Conservation Letters 11: 1–8.

Holyoak, D.T. (2018). Hodgson’s Frogmouth (Batrachostomus hodgsoni). In: del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D.A. Christie & E. de Juana (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/55149 on 17 May 2018).

Jiang, Z., J. Jiang, Y. Wang, E. Zhang, Y. Zhang, L. Li, F. Xie, B. Cai, L. Cao, G. Zheng, L. Dong, Z. Zhang, P. Ding, Z. Luo, C. Ding, Z. Ma, S. Tang, W. Cao, C. Li, H. Hu, Y. Ma, Y. Wu, Y. Wang, K. Zhou, S. Liu, Y. Chen, J. Li, Z. Feng, Y. Wang, B. Wang, X. Li, X. Song, L. Cai, C. Zang, Y. Zeng, Z. Meng, H. Fang & X. Ping (2016). Red List of China’s Vertebrates. Biodiversity Science 24: 500–551. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Kamp, J., S. Oppel, A.A. Ananin, Y.A. Durnev, S.N. Gashev, N. Holzel, A.L. Mishchenko, J. Pessa, S.M. Smirenski, E.G. Strelnikov, S. Timonen, K. Wolanska & S. Chan (2015). Global population collapse in a superabundant migratory bird and illegal trapping in China. Conservation Biology 29: 1684–1694.

Li, F., X-Y. Huang, X-C. Zhang, X-X Z, J-h Y & B.P.L. Chan (2019). Mammals of Tengchong Section of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province, China. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(11): 14402–14414. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4439.11.11.14402-14414

Liang, D., G. Gao, L. Han. & X. Luo (2017). Breeding Biology of Fire-Tailed Myzornis (Myzornis pyrrhoura) In an Alpine Environment in southwestern China. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 129: 568–575.

Liang, D., G. Gao, B. Wang, X.W. Wang, Y.X. Chan, X.R. Wu, C. Zhao, D.M. Jiang, L.X. Han & X. Luo (2015). The diversity and vertical distribution of the birds in middle Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan. Sichuan Journal of Zoology 34(6): 930–940. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Luo, X., L. Han & H. Ai (2004). Preliminary Report on the Movement and Habitat Preference of Sclater’s Monal at Mt. Gaoligongshan in Winter. Zoological Research 25: 48–52. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Peng, Y., T. Wei, L. Yang & G. Liu (1980). Investigation Reports on Vertebrates in Gaoligong Mountains, Yunnan Province, vol. 2: Birds. Sciences Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)

Rappole, J.H., T. Aung, P.C. Rasmussen & S.C. Renner (2011). Ornithological Exploration in the Southeastern Sub-Himalayan Region of Myanmar. Ornithological Monographs 70: 10–29.

Renner, S.C. & J.H. Rappole. (2011). Bird Diversity, Biogeographic Patterns, and Endemism of the Eastern Himalayas and Southeastern Sub-Himalayan Mountains. Ornithological Monographs 70: 153–166.

Rothschild, L.W. (1926). On the avifauna of Yunnan, with critical notes. Novitates Zoologicae 33: 189–343.

Rothschild, L.W. (1927a). Supplemental notes on the avifauna of Yunnan. Novitates Zoologicae 33: 395–400.

Rothschild, L.W. (1927b). Corrections and criticisms to the article on the avifauna of Yunnan. Novitates Zoologicae 33: 398–400.

Rothschild, L.W. (1927c). Supplement to the avifauna of Yunnan. Novitates Zoologicae 34: 39–45.

Sutherland, W.J. (Ed.) (2006). Ecological census techniques: a handbook, 2^nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 432pp.

Stattersfield, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long & D.C. Wege (1998). Endemic Bird Areas of the World. Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series 7. BirdLife International, Cambridge, 816pp.

Stotz, D.F., E.J. Harris, D.K. Moskovits, K. Hao, S. Yi & G.W. Adelmann (eds.) (2003). China: Yunnan, Southern Gaoligongshan. Rapid Biological Inventories, No.4. The Field Museum, Chicago, 144pp.

Tang, C., Y. Xu & L. Yang (1996). Birds of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Sciences Press, Beijing, 546pp. (in Chinese)

Wang, L., S.S. Young, W. Wang, G. Ren, W. Xiao, Y. Long, J. Li. & J. Zhu (2016). Conservation priorities of forest ecosystems with evaluations of connectivity and future threats: implications in the eastern Himalaya of China. Biological Conservation 195: 128–135.

Wen, X., X. Yang, L. Han, L. Yang & W. Wang (1995). Investigations on the current status of the distribution of Green Peafowl in China. Chinese Biodiversity 3: 46–51. (in Chinese with English abstract)

Wu, Y.J., R.K. Colwell, N.J. Han, R.Y. Zhang, W.J. Wang, Q. Quan, C.L. Zhang, G. Song, Y.H. Qu & F.M. Lei (2014). Understanding historical and current patterns of species richness of babblers along a 5000-m subtropical elevational gradient. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23: 1167–1176.

Xi, J. (2017). Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Report at 19^th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Downloaded on 11 April 2018. Available at http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/download/Xi_Jinping’s_report_at_19th_CPC_National_Congress.pdf

Xue, J.R. (ed.) (1995). Gaoligong Mountain National Nature Reserve. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 395pp. (in Chinese)

Yang, L., X. Wen, L. Han, X. Yang, W. Shi & S. Wang (1995). The Avifauna of Yunnan China, vol. 1: Non-Passerines. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming, China, 673pp. (in Chinese)

Yang, L. & X. Yang. (2004). The Avifauna of Yunnan China, vol. 2: Passeriformes. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming, China, 1056pp. (in Chinese)

Zhang, Q.W., Y.N. Gong, X.J. Song, X.C. Wang, C.T. Yang, Z.F. Shu & F.S. Zou (2018). Comparing the effectiveness of camera trapping to traditional methods for biodiversity surveys of forest birds. Biodiversity Science 26(3): 229–237.

Zheng, X., S. Li, X. Huang & F. Li (2017). Common Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs found in Tengchong, Yunnan. Chinese Journal of Zoology 52: 496. (in Chinese)

Zhu, L., X. Yang, G. Hao, Q. Huang, T. Liu, Z. Dai, Q. Wei, R.W. Lewthwaite & Y. Sun (2014). A review of the distribution of Black Eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis in mainland China. Forktail 30: 45–49.