Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2019 | 11(1): 13168–13170
The importance of trans-boundary conservation of the Asiatic Elephant Elephas maximus in Patharia
Hills Reserve Forest, northeastern India
Nazimur Rahman
Talukdar 1, Parthankar
Choudhury 2 & Rofik
Ahmed Barbhuiya 3
1,2,3 Wildlife Research and Conservation
Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Assam University,
Silchar, Assam 788011, India.
1,3 Centre for Environmental Studies, UDHAYAN,
Hailakandi, Assam 788155, India.
1 talukdar.nr89@gmail.com, 2 parthankar@rediffmail.com
(corresponding author), 3 rofikahmed5@gmail.com
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4245.11.1.13168-13170
Editor: Priya Davidar, Sigur Nature Trust, Nilgiris, India. Date of publication: 26 January
2019 (online & print)
Manuscript details: #4245 |
Received 09 May 2018 | Final received 08 November 2018 | Finally accepted 07
January 2019
Citation: Talukdar, N.R., P. Choudhury & R.A. Barbhuiya (2019).
The
importance of trans-boundary conservation of the Asiatic Elephant Elephas maximus in Patharia Hills Reserve Forest, northeastern
India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 11(1): 13168–13170; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4245.11.1.13168-13170
Copyright: Talukdar et al. 2019.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s)
and the source of publication.
Funding: This work
has been supported by the
University Grant Commission, New Delhi in the form of
UGC Non-NET Fellowship to the first author.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We would like to thank South Assam Forest
Circle, Assam, for allowing us to access the Patharia
Hills Forest Range to carry out the work.
We thank Sukhdeb Saha,
Patharia Hills Ranger, and his staffs for extending
their support during the study. We also
thank Raihan Ahmed, Research Scholar, Geography
Department, Jamia Milia Islamia, for preparing LULC map of Patharia
Hills Reserve Forest. We are grateful to
the Centre for Environmental Studies, UDHAYAN, for supporting this work.
The
4,156km international border (IB) with Bangladesh spreads across five different
states of India (West Bengal, 2217km; Meghalaya, 443km; Assam 262km; Mizoram
443km; and Tripura, 180km). The Karimganj District of
Assam has 92km IB with Bangladesh of which 41km is riverine (Jamwal 2004). The remaining 51km lies in the western part
of the district and a good portion shares the border through the Patharia Hills Reserve Forest (RF). The Patharia Hills
RF (24.62310N & 92.2500E) occupies an area of 76.47km2
and is situated on the western side of Karimganj
District of Assam and the eastern side of Sylhet
District of Bangladesh. The headquarters of Karimganj
District is located on the north of the RF and Tripura State on the south. The topography of the RF is very diverse,
ranging from hilly areas to plain lands and water bodies. Average annual rainfall (>3,000mm) and a
moderate climate support enormous flora and fauna in the area. Important plant species found in the RF are Albizia sp., Artocarpus
sp., Bombax ceiba, Canarium bengalense, Caryotaurens, Cassia fistula, Cinnamomum
tamala, Erythrina variegata, Ficus bengalensis, Gmelina arborea, Maniltoa polyandra, Neolamarckia cadamba, Sapium sp., Streblus asper, Tectona grandis, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna,
Toona ciliata, Vitex sp., and Zanthoxylum
rhetsa. Important wild fauna include eight
primate species, viz., Macaca mulatta, M. assamensis, M. arctoides, M. leonina, Nycticebus bengalensis, Trachypithecus phayrei, Trachypithecus pileatus, Hoolock hoolock, and Elephas maximus, besides many
carnivores and rodents (Talukdar & Choudhury 2017a).
The RF
is the last resort of the wild elephants of the region along with Katakal RF.
Currently, six female wild elephants are surviving in the RF and they
face many anthropogenic threats (Talukdar & Choudhury 2017b). Besides, in the absence of a male
elephant in the herd, their survival in the area in future is at stake (Talukdar & Choudhury
2017a). It was observed that after the
death of one female elephant through electrocution in August 2017 in Medli Tea Estate (Karimganj,
Assam), they are now divided into two small herds, three in each group. Though
the original herd has now been segregated into two, it has been observed that
one herd always follows the other. The sudden behavioral
changes may be due to accidental shock and an act of defense
mechanism.
They
stay on both sides of the forest (i.e., Indian as well as Bangladesh portion)
and cross the border frequently. The elephants have broken border fences on
their corridor and use the routes as their migratory corridor. They are limited to the southern part of the
RF (Fig. 1) as habitats in other parts have been
degraded due to human encroachment.
Villagers often observe the wild elephants (Image 1) in winter but in
summer their presence is seldom witnessed.
During summer (April-July), they mostly stay within the Bangladesh
territory of the RF, however, recently it has been observed that also during
summer they use the corridor for a sojourn in Bangladesh territory and then
come back. The shifting pattern of migration may be due to the food shortage on
both sides as anthropogenic activities have increased (Talukdar
& Choudhury 2017a). In the winter season (November and December),
they prefer to stay on the Indian side in the forest patches of neighboring tea estates (Medli
TE, Putni TE, Tirmiti TE,
and Sephinjuri TE) at dusk and visit the paddy fields
in Kurti and Putni at
dawn. Villages like Mongool,
Lathitilla, Dumabaroi, Adamtila, Bhubrighat, Chambarbri, Putni
are located adjacent to the southern part of the RF and hence all these villages
are in human-elephant interaction prone areas during the summer season (Fig.
1). While discussing the issue with the
present BSF commandant of Sonatola, we were told that
they now try their best to ensure safe movement of the elephants across the border
and they have no plans to repair the areas that were previously damaged by
elephants, as these pachyderms are not creating any problem. It is our suggestion to equip the BSF staff
with the tranquilizer gun for use in incidences of retaliation.
Though
the elephants do not affect the local people directly, yet the villagers are
scared of them. Crop raiding is the
major issue that has led to the formation of a negative attitude towards
conservation of the species among victims.
After interviewing the local people, it was found that they have no
problem improving the reserve forest but need protection from crop raiding and
other damaging activities by the elephants.
It has been our observation that the majority of the people have a
positive attitude on the conservation of the elephant. Some of them also suggested that low voltage
electric fences might be helpful in minimizing negative interactions. The villagers also sought strong action
against illegal activities within the forest (Talukdar
& Choudhury in press). They strongly believe that if stern action is not taken up by the government and the forest
department, someday or other the forest may lose its identity.
Local
people have to be made more aware of co-existing, alternative livelihood and
value-added services outside the forest.
Training and capacity building of local youth on precautionary measures
for reducing elephant incidents is of utmost importance. It is the need of the hour that the reserve
forest is elevated as a wildlife sanctuary, the activities within the RF be
stopped, eviction of forest dwellers and rehabilitation into other government
lands may be done. Wildlife Trust of India and other organizations working in
the field of conservation may take initiatives to conserve the wild fauna of
the area as taken up in other conservation priority areas. A large portion of the Patharia
Hills RF has been subsumed under the territory of the neighboring
country, (i.e., Bangladesh). Thus,
initiating any conservation action for the area is comparatively difficult, as
this deserves joint initiatives of both the countries. So, in order to better protect the wildlife
and their habitats, the two countries can join hands as has been done for
biodiversity conservation in Sundarban (‘the MOU’,
Governments of India and Bangladesh 2011a,b).
It is time if conservation action is not taken up right now, the RF will
be a dense human settlement area without any trace of wildlife in the near
future.
For images/figures -- click here
References
Governments of India and Bangladesh
(2011a). MOU between India and Bangladesh on Conservation of the Sundarban. Available at: https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5141MOU+between+India+and+Bangladesh+on+Conservation+of+the+Sundarban
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Talukdar, N.R. & P. Choudhury
(in press).
Factors driving attitude, perception, and intentions of local people towards
conflict causing large Mammal: A case study of the Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximus) in
Patharia Hills Reserve Forest, North-East
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