Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2020 | 12(11): 16607–16613
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4168.12.11.16607-16613
#4168 | Received 29 March 2020 | Final
received 23 July 2020 | Finally accepted 30 July 2020
Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) fauna of Jabalpur City, Madhya Pradesh, India
Jagat S. Flora 1,
Ashish D. Tiple 2, Ashok Sengupta 3 & Sonali
V. Padwad 4
1 46, Napier Town, Jabalpur, Madhya
Pradsh 482001, India.
2 Department of Zoology, Vidyabharti College, Seloo,
Wardha, RTM Nagpur University Nagpur, Maharashtra 442104, India.
2,4 Tropical Forest Research
Institute, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482021, India.
3 Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1 Jalahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560015, India.
1 florajagat@gmail.com, 2 ashishdtiple@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 3 ashokjbp@gmail.com, 4 sonalipadwad@yahoo.co.in
Editor: Soumyajit Chowdhury, M.U.C
Women’s College, Burdwan, India. Date of
publication: 26 August 2020 (online & print)
Citation: Flora, J.S., A.D. Tiple, A. Sengupta & S.V. Padwad
(2020). Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) fauna of Jabalpur City, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(11): 16607–16613. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4168.12.11.16607-16613
Copyright: © Flora et al. 2020. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: Thanks to Dr.
K.C. Joshi and Dr. Nitin Kulkarni, Senior Scientist,
Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur for valuable suggestions and
providing facilities.
Abstract: The present study was carried out
to reveal the butterfly species diversity in the Jabalpur City, Madhya Pradesh,
India. Study was carried out from
January 2008 to 2018. A total of 112 species were recorded, with an addition of
41 new species for Jabalpur district and one species for the state of Madhya
Pradesh. Of the total, 42 species were
very common, five were frequent common, 18 were rare, and four were very rare. Nymphalidae was dominant with 39 species, followed by Lycaenidae with 38, Pieridae with
15 species, Hesperiidae with 14, Papilionidae
with eight and Riodinidae with one species. About six species of the recorded ones come
under the protection category of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The study illustrated the value of Jabalpur
City area in hosting valuable resources for butterflies.
Keywords: Butterflies, central India,
diversity, new records.
Among insects, butterflies are
sensitive biota severely affected by the environmental variations and changes
in the forest structure as they are closely dependent on plants (Pollard
1991). Butterflies are generally regarded
as one of the best taxonomically studied groups of insects; they have been
studied systematically since the early 18th century and about 18,000
species are documented worldwide (Martinez et al. 2003). This figure is not
constant because of the continuous addition of new butterflies and also due to
ongoing disagreements between taxonomists over the status of many species.
The Indian subcontinent with a
diverse terrain, climate, and vegetation hosts about 1,504 species of
butterflies (Tiple 2011) of which peninsular India
hosts 351, and the Western Ghats 336.
Butterflies enable sustenance of ecosystem services through their role
in pollination and serving as important food chain components. Being potential pollinating agents of their
nectar plants as well as indicators of the health and quality of their host
plants (Tiple et al. 2006) and the ecosystem as a
whole, exploration of butterfly fauna thus becomes important in identifying and
preserving potential habitats under threat.
In central India the butterfly
species diversity was reported earlier by Forsayeth
(1884), Swinhoe (1886), Betham
(1890, 1891), Witt (1909), and D’Abreu (1931) who
documented a total 177 species occurring in the erstwhile Central Provinces
(now Madhya Pradesh and Vidarbha). Subsequent
monumental works and fauna volumes include several species from Madhya Pradesh
and Chhattisgarh (Evans 1932; Talbot 1939, 1947; Wynter-Blyth 1957). In the recent past, several workers have
studied butterflies from some districts and conservation areas of Madhya
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh (Singh 1977; Gupta and Shukla 1987; Chaudhury 1995;
Chandra et al. 2000 a,b, 2002; Singh & Chandra
2002; Siddiqui & Singh, 2004; Chandra 2006). Chandra et al. (2007) recorded 174 species of
butterflies belonging to 100 genera under eight families from Madhya Pradesh
and Chhattisgarh. Singh & Koshta (2008) reported 39 species of butterflies from
Jabalpur District, Madhya Pradesh.
Recently, Tiple (2012) recorded 62 species of
butterflies belonging to 47 genera and five families from TFRI Campus, Jabalpur.
The present study was started
with a view to examine the diversity of butterflies from Jabalpur City. Since there is no published checklist of
butterfly from Jabalpur city prior to this, the present work could be the
baseline for further research.
Materials and Methods
The findings presented in the
article are based on opportunistic sampling and photo documentation was carried
out on a biweekly basis from 2008 to 2018 in and around Jabalpur City. Identification of the butterflies was
primarily made directly in the field. In
critical condition specimens were collected only with handheld aerial sweep
nets and subsequently released without harm.
Each specimen was placed in plastic bottles and carried to the
laboratory for further identification with the help of field guides
(Wynter-Blyth 1957; Kunte 2000). The species were categorized on the basis of
their abundance in Jabalpur City. The
butterflies were categorized as VC—Very common (> 100 sightings), C—Common
(51–100 sightings), FC—Frequent common (16–50 sightings), R—Rare (2–15
sightings), VR—Very rare (< 2 sightings) (Tiple 2012). The species recorded for the first time from
the Jabalpur district are marked with asterisk (*), and those which were
previously unrecorded in Madhya Pradesh are marked with #.
Study Sites
Jabalpur is one of the largest
and the most crowded cities in Madhya Pradesh and located in the centre of
India at 23.16°10’7.57’’N and 79.93°55’54.64’’E. Jabalpur City has a humid
subtropical climate having three main seasons: the wet monsoon season from June
to October, the cool dry winter from October to March, and the hot dry season
from April till the onset of the rains in the beginning of June. The temperature of the city ranges from a
minimum of 10°C to a maximum of 45°C with a relative humidity 10–15% to
60–95%. Annual precipitation is 1,386mm.
All the study sites were within
and around Jabalpur City within a radius of 20km. Butterflies were surveyed in Dumna Nature Reserve, Dhobi Reserve Forest, Lower Gaur
Reserve Forest, city gardens, Tropical Forest Research Institute (TFRI),
Airport Road, Medical College Campus, Bhedaghat, Pariyat Tank, Parashuram Kund, Madan Mahal Hills, areas adjacent to river Narmada
and Bargi dam during the monsoon and post monsoon
period (Image 1).
Results and
Discussion
During the course of study 112
species of butterflies referable to 71 genera, belonging to six families were
recorded. This study added 41 species as new records for Jabalpur District and
one species for Madhya Pradesh. The
highest number of butterflies belonged to the family Nymphalidae
(39 species) with nine new records (viz.: Athyma
selenophora, Byblia
ilithyia, Charaxes psaphon, Euploea klugii, Mycalesis visala, Phaedyma
columella, Neptis jumbah,
Ypthima sterope,
and Ypthima indica). This was followed by the Lycaenidae
with 38 species and19 new records (viz.: Acytolepis
puspa, Amblypodia anita, Anthene lycaenina, Azanus ubaldus, Chilades lajus, Everes lacturnus, Iraota timoleon, Jamides celeno, Prosotas dubiosa, Rapala manea, Spindasis ictis, Spindasis schistacea,
Tajuria cippus,
Talicada nyseus,
Tarucus balkanicus,
Tarucus callinara,
Zizeeria karsandra, Azanus gesous, and Caleta decidia). In Pieridae, 15
species with four new records were recorded (Colotis
fausta, Colotis danae, Colotis etrida, and Ixias marianne). A total of 15 hesperiid
species were recorded with five new records (Baoris
farri, Parnara naso, Sarangesa dasahara, Suastus gremius, and Udaspes
folus).
Nine species were recorded from the family Papilionidae
with two new records (Graphium doson and Papilio clytia) and Abisara
bifasciata new species recorded from the family Riodinidae (Figure 1).
Euploea klugii
was recorded for the first time from Madhya Pradesh (Image 2). Formerly, E. klugii,
a very widely distributed species was recorded only from northeastern India, Western Ghats, and Odisha.
Among the 112 species of
butterflies about 38% (43) were common, 38% (42) species were very common, 4%
(five) were frequent common, 16% (18) were rare, and 4% (four) were very rare (Papilio clytia, Byblia ilithyia, Neptis jumbah, and Iraota timoleon). The observed and identified species, their
status in and around the city of Jabalpur are listed in Table 1.
Among the 112 butterflies
recorded, six species (Pachliopta hector, Euploea core, Hypolimnas misippus, Euchrysops cnejus Ionolyce helicon, and
Baoris farri) are
protected under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Interestingly, butterflies (Neptis soma, Melanitis
phedima, Abisara
echerius) which were recorded earlier from
Jabalpur city were not seen during the present study. The probable causes of this could be the loss
of habitats due to ever-expanding urbanization along with the broader climatic
changes. As reported by Kunte (2000), an objective revision of the scheduled list
is necessary to provide appropriate and adequate legal protection to Indian
butterflies.
Wynter-Blyth (1957) had
identified two seasons as peaks, March–April and October for butterfly
abundance in India. The abundance of
diverse species was positively affected by approaching summer, high relative
humidity and more rainfall. In the
present investigation most butterfly species were observed from the monsoon
(hot/wet season) to early winter (cool/wet season) months but subsequently
declined in early summer (March). Among
the 112 species of butterflies, Papilio demoleus, Pachliopta
aristolochiae, Catopsilia
pomona, Eurema
hecabe, Danaus chrysippus,
Tirumala limniace, Acraea violae, Euploea
core, Junonia lemonias,
Catochrysops strabo,
and Chilades putli
were found throughout the year (January–December), whereas the remaining 101
species of butterflies were prominently observed only after June–July till the
beginning of summer (April–May).
Increasing species abundance from beginning of monsoon (June–July) till
the early winter (August–November) and decline in species abundance from late
winter (January–February) up to the end of summer have also been reported by Tiple et al. (2007) and Tiple
(2012) in similar climatic conditions in this region of central India. They further demonstrated that most species were noticeably absent in the
disturbed and human-impacted sites (gardens, plantations, and grasslands) and
there was no occurrence of unique species in moderately disturbed areas
comparable to those of less-disturbed wild areas. Jabalpur City is always disturbed and
stressed by human actions, which may be the reasons for overall reduction of unique
species from human-disturbed sites as compared to the other sites. The cause of this decline might be
non-availability of nectar and larval host plants, scarcity of water, and
cutting of grasslands (Tiple et al. 2007).
We are rapidly losing greenery in
the name of development. There has also
been an alarming rise in industrial and automobile pollution in Indian
cities. With the shrinking of greenery
and increase in pollution, butterflies, birds and all our wildlife are fast
disappearing. The net result is a
complete imbalance of the ecosystem and extinction of many species. In spite of the fast growth, Indian cities
still have diverse serene habitats such as the traffic island gardens in the
middle of busy roads, parks or urban forest areas with mixed deciduous and
non-deciduous trees and scrubland serving as ideal habitats for various types
of insects, especially butterflies.
The findings of the present study
underline the importance of the city as a preferred habitat for
butterflies. If the landscaping and
maintenance of gardens are carefully planned, the diversity of butterflies may
increase in Jabalpur City providing a rich ground for butterfly conservation as
well as for research. This study will
also add to our future attempts in understanding the complex nature of
mutualistic interaction between butterflies and flowering plants that is
essential for continuity of ecosystem services.
The present list of butterfly species is not conclusive and exhaustive
and future exploration will be continued to update this checklist.
Table1. List of butterflies
recorded from Jabalpur city together with common name and status. [*: new record in Jabalpur district; #: new
record for Madhya Pradesh state; abundance acronyms: VC—Very common (> 100
sightings) | C—Common (51–100 sightings) | FC—Frequent common (16–50 sightings)
| R—Rare (2–15 sightings) | VR—Very rare (< 2 sightings)]
|
|
Scientific name |
Common name |
Status |
|
|
Family Papilionidae |
|
|
|
1 |
Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Tailed Jay |
C |
|
2 |
Graphium doson (C. & R. Felder, 1864)* |
Common Jay |
R |
|
3 |
Graphium nomius (Esper, 1799) |
Spot Swordtail |
C |
|
4 |
Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fabricius,
1775) |
Common Rose |
C |
|
5 |
Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Crimson Rose |
C |
|
6 |
Papilio clytia Linnaeus, 1758* |
Common Mime |
VR |
|
7 |
Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Lime Butterfly |
VC |
|
8 |
Papilio polymnestor Cramer, [1775] |
Blue Mormon |
FC |
|
9 |
Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758 |
Common Mormon |
VC |
|
|
Family Pieridae |
|
|
|
10 |
Belenois aurota (Fabricius, 1793) |
Pioneer |
C |
|
11 |
Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius, 1775) |
Common or Lemon Emigrant |
VC |
|
12 |
Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Mottled Emigrant |
VC |
|
13 |
Cepora nerissa (Fabricius, 1775) |
Common Gull |
VC |
|
14 |
Colotis fausta (Olivier, 1804) * |
Large Salmon Arab |
R |
|
15 |
Colotis danae (Fabricius, 1775) * |
Crimson Tip |
R |
|
16 |
Colotis etrida (Boisduval, 1836) * |
Small Orange Tip |
R |
|
17 |
Delias eucharis (Drury, 1773) |
Common Jezebel |
VC |
|
18 |
Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836) |
Three-Spot Grass Yellow |
R |
|
19 |
Eurema brigitta (Stoll, [1780]) |
Small Grass Yellow |
C |
|
20 |
Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Common Grass Yellow |
VC |
|
21 |
Eurema laeta (Boisduval, 1836) |
Spotless Grass Yellow |
VC |
|
22 |
Ixias marianne
(Cramer,
[1779]) * |
White Orange Tip |
C |
|
23 |
Leptosia nina (Fabricius, 1793) |
Psyche |
C |
|
24 |
Pareronia hippie (Fabricius, 1787) |
Common Wanderer |
C |
|
|
Family Nymphalidae |
|
|
|
25 |
Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Tawny Coster |
VC |
|
26 |
Ariadne merione
(Cramer,
[1777]) |
Common Castor |
C |
|
27 |
Ariadne ariadne
(Linnaeus) |
Angled Castor |
C |
|
28 |
Athyma selenophora (Kollar, [1844]) * |
Staff Sergeant |
R |
|
29 |
Byblia ilithyia (Drury, [1773]) * |
Joker |
VR |
|
30 |
Charaxes psaphon Westwood, 1847* |
Tawny Rajah |
R |
|
31 |
Charaxes solon (Fabricius, 1793) |
Black Rajah |
C |
|
32 |
Vanessa cardui
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
Painted Lady |
C |
|
33 |
Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Plain Tiger |
VC |
|
34 |
Danaus genutia
(Cramer,
[1779]) |
Striped Tiger |
VC |
|
35 |
Euploea core (Cramer, [1780]) |
Common Indian Crow |
VC |
|
36 |
Euploea klugii Felder & Felder, 1865 *# |
Brown King Crow |
R |
|
37 |
Euthalia aconthea (Cramer, [1777]) |
Common Baron |
R |
|
38 |
Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Great Eggfly |
C |
|
39 |
Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) |
Danaid Eggfly |
C |
|
40 |
Junonia almana (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Peacock Pansy |
VC |
|
41 |
Junonia atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) |
Grey Pansy |
C |
|
42 |
Junonia hierta (Fabricius, 1798) |
Yellow Pansy |
C |
|
43 |
Junonia iphita (Cramer, [1779]) |
Chocolate Pansy |
VC |
|
44 |
Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Lemon Pansy |
VC |
|
45 |
Junonia orithya (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Blue Pansy |
VC |
|
46 |
Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Common Evening Brown |
VC |
|
47 |
Moduza procris (Cramer, [1777]) |
Commander |
C |
|
48 |
Mycalesis mineus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Dark Branded Bushbrown |
C |
|
49 |
Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius, 1775) |
Common Bushbrown |
VC |
|
50 |
Mycalesis visala Moore, [1858] * |
Long-brand Bushbrown |
R |
|
51 |
Phaedyma columella (Cramer, [1780]) * |
Short-banded Sailer |
C |
|
52 |
Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Common Sailer |
VC |
|
53 |
Neptis jumbah Moore, [1858] * |
Chestnut-Streaked Sailer |
VR |
|
54 |
Phalanta phalantha (Drury, [1773]) |
Common Leopard |
VC |
|
55 |
Charaxes agrarius (Swinhoe, 1887) |
Anomalous Nawab |
C |
|
56 |
Symphaedra nais (Forster, 1771) |
Baronet |
C |
|
57 |
Tirumala limniace (Cramer, [1775]) |
Blue Tiger |
VC |
|
58 |
Ypthima asterope (Klug, 1832) * |
Common Threering |
VC |
|
59 |
Ypthima baldus (Fabricius, 1775) |
Common Fivering |
R |
|
60 |
Ypthima inica (Hewitson, 1865) * |
Lesser Threering |
C |
|
|
Family Riodinidae |
|
|
|
61 |
Abisara bifasciata Moore, 1877* |
Double-banded Judy |
R |
|
|
Family Lycaenidae |
|
|
|
62 |
Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield, [1828]) * |
Common Hedge Blue |
VC |
|
63 |
Amblypodia anita Hewitson, 1862* |
Leaf Blue |
C |
|
64 |
Anthene lycaenina (Felder, 1868) * |
Pointed Ciliate Blue |
C |
|
65 |
Arhopala amantes (Hewitson, 1862) |
Large Oakblue |
C |
|
66 |
Azanus jesous (Lederer 1855) * |
African Babul blue |
C |
|
67 |
Azanus ubaldus (Stoll, [1782]) * |
Bright Babul Blue |
R |
|
68 |
Castalius rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) |
Common Pierrot |
VC |
|
69 |
Catochrysops strabo (Fabricius, 1793) |
Forget-Me-Not |
VC |
|
70 |
Chilades lajus (Stoll, [1780]) * |
Lime Blue |
C |
|
71 |
Luthrodes pandava (Horsfield, [1829]) |
Plains Cupid |
VC |
|
72 |
Chilades parrhasius (Fabricius, 1793) |
Small Cupid |
R |
|
73 |
Freyeria putli (Kollar, [1844]) |
Eastern grass Jewel |
VC |
|
74 |
Virachola isocrates (Fabricius, 1793) |
Common Guava Blue |
C |
|
75 |
Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) |
Gram Blue |
VC |
|
76 |
Everes lacturnus (Godart, [1824]) * |
Indian Cupid |
C |
|
77 |
Iraota timoleon (Stoll, [1790]) * |
Silverstreak Blue |
VR |
|
78 |
Jamides bochus (Stoll, [1782]) |
Dark Cerulean |
C |
|
79 |
Jamides celeno (Cramer, [1775]) * |
Common Cerulean |
VC |
|
80 |
Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Pea Blue |
VC |
|
81 |
Leptotes plinius (Fabricius, 1793) |
Zebra Blue |
VC |
|
82 |
Prosotas dubiosa (Semper, [1879]) * |
Tailless Lineblue |
C |
|
83 |
Prosotas nora (Felder, 1860) |
Common Lineblue |
C |
|
84 |
Psuedozizeeria maha (Kollar, [1844]) |
Pale Grass Blue |
C |
|
85 |
Rapala iarbus (Fabricius, 1787) |
Common Red Flash |
C |
|
86 |
Rapala manea (Hewitson, 1863) * |
Slate Flash |
C |
|
87 |
Spindasis ictis (Hewitson, 1865) * |
Common Shot Silverline |
C |
|
88 |
Spindasis schistacea (Moore, [1881]) * |
Plumbeous Silverline |
R |
|
89 |
Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius, 1775) |
Common Silverline |
VC |
|
90 |
Tajuria cippus (Fabricius, 1798) * |
Peacock Royal |
R |
|
91 |
Talicada nyseus (Guérin- Menéville,
1843) * |
Red Pierrot |
FC |
|
92 |
Tarucus balkanicus nigra Bethune-Baker,
[1918] * |
Black-spotted Pierrot |
C |
|
93 |
Tarucus callinara Butler, 1886* |
Spotted Pierrot |
C |
|
94 |
Tarucus nara (Kollar, 1848) |
Rounded Pierrot/ Striped
Pierrot |
VC |
|
95 |
Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) * |
Dark Grass Blue |
VC |
|
96 |
Zizina otis (Fabricius, 1787) |
Lesser Grass Blue |
VC |
|
97 |
Zizula hylax (Fabricius, 1775) |
Tiny Grass Blue |
VC |
|
98 |
Caleta decidia (Hewitson 1876) * |
Angled Peirrot |
FC |
|
|
Family Hesperiidae |
|
|
|
99 |
Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius,
1775) |
Brown Awl |
VC |
|
100 |
Baoris farri (Moore, 1878) * |
Paintbrush Swift |
R |
|
101 |
Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) |
Rice Swift |
VC |
|
102 |
Caltoris kumara (Moore, 1878) |
Blank Swift |
VC |
|
103 |
Coladenia indrani (Moore, [1866]) |
Tricolour Pied Flat |
FC |
|
104 |
Hasora chromus (Cramer, [1780]) |
Common Banded Awl |
VC |
|
105 |
Parnara naso (Fabricius, 1798) * |
Straight Swift |
C |
|
106 |
Pelopidas mathias
(Fabricius, 1798) |
Small Branded Swift |
VC |
|
107 |
Sarangesa dasahara Moore, [1866] * |
Common Small Flat |
R |
|
108 |
Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793) |
Indian Skipper |
C |
|
109 |
Suastus gremius (Fabricius, 1798) * |
Indian Palm Bob |
C |
|
110 |
Telicota bambusae (Moore, 1878) |
Dark Palm Dart |
VC |
|
111 |
Telicota colon (Fabricius, 1775) |
Pale Palm Dart |
FC |
|
112 |
Udaspes folus (Cramer, [1775]) * |
Grass Demon |
C |
For
figure & images - - click here
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