Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2018 | 10(11):
12561–12565
First record of the endangered Arabian Tahr Arabitragus jayakari (Thomas, 1894) in the Hatta Mountain Conservation Area, Dubai, United Arab
Emirates
Jeruel Cabadonga Aguhob 1, Junid N.
Shah 2, Esmat Elfaki
Mohammed Elhassan 3, Aisha Almurr Al Muhery 4,
Mohamed Mustafa Eltayeb Mohamed 5, Juma Abdulla Saeed Mohammad Al Omairi 6, Hamad Hashim Mohammed Khalaf Albedwawi 7, Obaid
Mohammed Salem Mohammed Al Bedwawi 8,
Hassan Zain Alsharif 9
& Afra Mahmood Mohammad
Ali Haji 10
1–10 Natural Resource Conservation Section,
Environmental Department, PO Box 67, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
1 jcaguhob@dm.gov.ae, 2
jnshah@dm.gov.ae (corresponding author), 3 eemhassan@dm.gov.ae, 4
aamuhery@dm.gov.ae, 5 mmeltayeb@dm.gov.ae, 6 jaomairi@dm.gov.ae,
7 hhbedwawi@dm.gov.ae, 8 ombedwawi@dm.gov.ae, 9 hzalshref@dm.gov.ae,
10 amhaji@dm.gov.ae
Abstract: The Arabian Tahr
Arabitragus jayakari
is endemic to the Hajar Mountains of Oman and the
United Arab Emirates in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula and is
categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Lack of scientific research from areas of its
occurrence has been a challenge in determining its basic ecological aspects
such as current distribution range, population status, and abundance. In the present study, we report a new
distribution record for the Arabian Tahr from the Hatta Mountain Conservation Area in the Dubai Emirate
through camera trap images. A total of
442 images (44 events) were obtained using three camera traps on 564 trap
nights between March and December 2016.
About 90% of the Arabian Tahr captures were
recorded between 1100 and 1600 hr, indicating diurnal
activity. This new occurrence record of
the Arabian Tahr from this area is considered of high
significance as it will drive in more studies and
incentives towards the conservation and management of the species and the area
as a whole.
Keywords: Arabian Tahr,
Arabitragus jayakari,
Hatta Mountain Conservation Area, camera trapping,
Dubai Emirate, first record, UAE.
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4157.10.11.12561-12565 | ZooBank:
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C109A309-39C7-4F30-86D2-EA645CF70492
Editor: David Mallon,
Manchester Metropolitan University, Derbyshire, UK. Date of publication: 26
October 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms
# 4157 | Received 27 March 2018 | Final received 22 September 2018 | Finally
accepted 03 October 2018
Citation: Aguhob, J.C., J.N. Shah, E.E.M. Elhassan,
A.A.A. Muhery, M.M.E. Mohamed, J.A.S.M.A. Omairi, H.H.M.K. Albedwawi,
O.M.S.M.A. Bedwawi, H.Z. Alsharif
& A.M.M.A. Haji (2018). First record
of the endangered Arabian Tahr Arabitragus
jayakari (Thomas, 1894) in the Hatta Mountain Conservation Area, Dubai, United Arab
Emirates. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(11): 12561–12565; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4157.10.11.12561-12565
Copyright: © Aguhob et al. 2018.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any
medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the
authors and the source of publication.
Funding: Dubai Municipality (Government of
Dubai), United Arab Emirates.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: Authors are grateful to Eng. Alya Abdulrahim Abdulla Amin Alharmoudi,
Director, Environmental Department, Dubai, for all her support during the
study.
Information
on species distribution and diversity pattern is crucial for understanding the
ecological and evolutionary determinants of spatial heterogeneity in
biodiversity (Ricklefs & Schluter
1993). Spatial congruence of species
distributions has been studied in several taxa (Marquez et al. 1997;
Gómez-González et al. 2004; Oertli et al. 2005), but
remains poorly understood in certain mammalian communities, especially in
herbivores, in the Middle East region.
The ungulates of the Arabian Peninsula region, Arabian Oryx Oryx leucoryx,
Arabian Ibex Capra nubiana, and gazelles Gazella marica
& G. arabica, are generally poorly known
among local communities and the general public.
There is, however, a widespread impression that they are under severe
threat because of overgrazing, lack of protection, and lack of knowledge, and
that the animals are fragmented into small populations (Conservation Breeding
Specialist Group 2001). Most of the
gazelles have received little attention and their taxonomic status and
relationships are uncertain.
Arabian
Tahr is one of the two species formerly included in
the genus Hemitragus that are disjunctly distributed in the southern slopes of the
Himalaya (H. jemlahicus), and southeastern Arabia (H. jayakari). Hassanin & Douzery (1999) suggested that Tahr
was probably of Eurasian origin and most closely related to Ibex, goat, and Bharal (Pseudois). More recent research on their molecular
genetics (Ropiquet & Hassanin
2005), however, surprisingly concludes that Hemitragus
is polyphyletic and that the Arabian Tahr is
genetically most similar to the northern African Aoudad Ammotragus
lervia and more distantly related to the other Tahr species.
The
Arabian Tahr is currently classified as Endangered in
the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Insall
2008). Its historic range covered an
area of about 19,413km2 (Insall
1999). A later analysis of the range by hectads 10km x 10km grid, reported Tahr
as present in 8863km2, absent in 3653km2, and with an
uncertain presence in 6924km2 (Robinson 2005).
The
population size of Arabian Tahr is speculated to be
probably less than 2000 individuals (Munton 1978,
1985). There is no recent published
population estimate of the species, though field surveys in Oman are ongoing. Though the
population of the Tahr is assumed to be declining,
accurate census proves difficult to be formulated due to the extremely rugged
terrain of the area, low densities, and small group size. The optimum habitat of the Arabian Tahr comprises north facing slopes between 100–1800 m that
are characterized by relatively high rainfall, cool temperatures, and diverse
vegetation (Insall 1999).
The
Arabian Tahr species has been categorized as
critically endangered in the UAE (Hornby 1996).
It has been reported from mountainous areas such as Jabal
Hafeet in Abu Dhabi Emirate and from Wadi Wurayah in Fujairah Emirate,
which included local reports from its immediate vicinities (Tourenq
et al. 2009; Al Zaabi & Soorae
2015). On the other hand, a survey of Ru’us Al Jabal in Ras Al Khaimah Emirate reported
that Tahr was absent in the area, which was confirmed
as local communities also did not have any knowledge of the
species (EPAA 2006).
Previous
studies have established the presence of the Arabian Tahr
in the UAE, in Wadi Wurayah
in the Emirate of Fujairah and in Jabal Hafeet in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. There were no previous reports of the Arabian
Tahr from Hatta Mountain
Conservation Area (hereafter Hatta MCA) since no
study was conducted in the area.
It is
difficult to study this species through direct observation or other traditional
study methods as with other elusive species such as the Caracal Caracal caracal,
Arabian Sand Cat Felis margarita harrisoni, and Gordon’s Wildcat Felis
silvestris gordoni, but
such species are significant indicators of the ecological condition of the
environment.
Camera
trapping is a non-invasive method that causes minimum disturbance to the target
species. It has been widely used for
inventories, particularly of elusive mammals (Silveira
et al. 2003; Rovero & De Luca 2007; Tobler et al. 2008a,b; Ahmed et al. 2016) to study their
activity patterns and habitat use (Bowkett et al. 2008 ).
With
this background and main objective, we aimed to document the presence of the
Arabian Tahr in the Hatta
MCA of Dubai Emirate by using non-invasive camera trapping.
Methods
The Hatta Mountain Conservation Area (Hatta
MCA) in Dubai, UAE (24.7600N & 56.1110E), encompasses
an area of around 27.43km2 mainly consisting of mountainous rugged
terrain with freshwater ecosystems (Fig. 1).
Camera trapping was carried out between March and December 2016 in order
to record the baseline status of biodiversity in the Hatta
MCA (Fig. 1). Three camera traps
(Bushnell™) were deployed on the trails at three different locations selected,
based on the presence of indirect evidence (pellet groups of herbivore species)
at Hatta MCA.
Images taken using remotely triggered camera traps were used to
ascertain the presence of different species in the area. Camera traps were mounted on rocks as it was difficult to mount them with tripods due to
the ruggedness of the terrain and unpredictability of weather conditions in the
area. The camera trap locations were
recorded by a handheld (eTrexTM) GPS
receiver unit and ancillary information such as date, time, and temperature was
recorded. Data analyses were done in MS
Excel 2013 and Oriana (V 4.01). Image capture rates (R) were calculated as
number of independent photographic events (N) divided by the number of camera
nights deployed (T) as follows:
R = N/T
x 100
Results and
Discussion
A total
of 442 images of the Arabian Tahr (44 events) were
obtained from 564 trap nights during the study period with a rate of 7.8
capture events per 100 trapping nights.
The first retrieved image of the Arabian Tahr
was taken on 07 May 2016 at 1409hr, marking it as the first photographic record
of the Arabian Tahr from the Hatta
MCA (Image 1). The last image capture
was recorded on 03 December 2016.
Individuals were captured six times on 07 May 2016 on camera trap no. 2. Furthermore, camera trap no. 2 captured
individuals at 14 different times, while camera trap no. 3 captured individuals
at two different times. Camera trap no.
1 was unfortunately stolen, hence the absence of data.
In
terms of the timing of images, about 90% of the captures were recorded between
1100 and 1600 hr, indicating a diurnal activity
pattern. The remaining (10%) images were
captured from 1600 to 1100 hr. We assume
this activity pattern may be a result of the least human disturbance during the
hottest hours of the day. The frequency
of the Arabian Tahr recorded in camera traps along
24-hour cycles is given in the circular plot (Fig. 2).
During
the course of the study, the temperature stamped on the images ranged between
21 and 45°C with an average of 39.38±0.22°C (mean ± SE) between May and December
2016, which indicates that Arabian Tahr prefers
medium to high temperature for its activities.
The images show that the majority of individuals (34.52%) were
photographed while walking, followed by resting, standing, and rubbing (Fig.
3).
Comparing
the general body conditions such as build, size, and horns, we were able to
record nine to 12 individuals through the camera trap images (Image 2). This population of the Arabian Tahr seems to be the largest in the UAE as compared to the
two other populations recorded in the country.
At Jabal Hafeet, a
maximum of six individuals was recorded (Al Zaabi
& Soorae 2015), while in Wadi
Wurayah its presence has been documented without
any estimate of the population (Tourenq et al. 2009)
and there have been no records since 2012 (Al Bustan
Zoological Centre and Environmental Agency – Abu Dhabi 2017). These two locations where the Arabian Tahr are recorded in UAE are not connected to the
population found in Hatta MCA as these areas are not
linked by any corridors.
The
confirmed presence of this secretive animal in the Hatta
MCA is highly significant as it will a) add to the knowledge base of the extent
of the Tahr’s range not just in the UAE but also in
the whole Hajjar Mountain range, b) help in
formulating an effective management plan for the conservation of this rare and
charismatic species in the area as establishing spatial distribution of species
is critical for designing appropriate conservation strategies, and c)
strengthen the significance on the establishment of a protected area in species
conservation.
With
the confirmation of the Tahr population in the Hatta MCA, further studies can provide a better
understanding of the different ecological characteristics and threats faced by
the species in the area. The data
generated will be valuable in all levels of the decision-making process and in
ensuring the continued survival of this species in not only the national
context but also in a transboundary, multinational
management framework.
References
Ahmed, S., R. Zaabi,
P. Soorae, J.N. Shah, E. Al Hammadi,
R. Pusey & S. Al Dhaheri (2016). Rediscovering the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni) after
a gap of 10 years using camera traps in the western region of Abu Dhabi,
United Arab Emirates. European Journal of Wildlife
Research 62(5): 627–631.
Al Bustan
Zoological Centre and Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (2017). National Forum for the Arabian Tahr: 1st Strategic Framework for the UAE. Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Al Zaabi, R.M.
& P. Soorae (2015). Camera Trapping results from Jabel Hafit, Abu Dhabi, United
Arab Emirates. Wildlife Middle East 7(2): 6.
Bowkett, A.E., F. Rovero & A.R. Marshall (2008). The use of camera-trap
data to model habitat use by antelope species in the Udzungwa
Mountain forests, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 46:
479–487; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00881.x
Conservation Breeding Specialist Group
(SSC/IUCN) (2001). Conservation Assessment and Management Plan for the Arabian Leopard and
Arabian Ungulates with Population and Habitat Viability Assessments (PHVA) for
the Arabian Leopard, Arabian Oryx, and Tahr Reports.
CBSG, Apple Valley, MN, USA.
EPAA (2006). Proceedings of the 7th
Conservation Workshop for the Fauna of Arabia: Final Report. Environment and
Protected Areas Authority, Sharjah, UAE.
Gómez-González, S., L.A. Cavieres, E.A. Teneb & J.
Arroyo (2004). Biogeographical analysis of species of the tribe Cytiseae
(Fabaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic
Islands. Journal of Biogeography 31: 1659–1671.
Hassanin, A. &
E.J.P Douzery (1999). Evolutionary affinities of the enigmatic Saola (Pseudoryxn nghetinhensis) in the context of the molecular
phylogeny of Bovidae. Proceedings of the
Royal Society London, Series B, Biological Sciences 266: 893–900.
Hornby, R. (1996). A Red List of mammals for the United Arab
Emirates. Tribulus 6(1):13–14.
Insall, D.H. (1999). A review of the ecology
and conservation status of the Arabian Tahr Hemitragus Jayakari,
pp129–146. In: Fisher, M., S.A. Ghazanfar
& A. Spalton (eds.). The Natural History
of Oman: A Festschrift for Michael Gallagher. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden,
Netherlands, 206pp.
Insall, D. (2008). Arabitragus
jayakari. In: IUCN 2008 Red List. Accessed 08 May
2009 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/9918.
Kovach, W.L. (2011). Oriana – Circular Statistics for Windows, ver. 4. Kovach Computing
Services, Pentraeth, Wales, U.K.
Marquez, A.L., R. Real, J.M. Vargas &
A.E. Salvo (1997). On identifying common distribution patterns and their causal factors: a
probabilistic method applied to pteridophytes in the
Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Biogeography 24:
613–631.
Munton, P.N. (1985). The ecology of the
Arabian Tahr (Hemitragus
jayakari Thomas, 1894) and a strategy for
the conservation of the species. Journal of
Oman Studies 8: 11–48.
Oertli, S., A.
Muller, D. Steiner, A. Breitenstein & S. Dorn
(2005). Cross-taxon congruence of species diversity and community
similarity among three insect taxa in a mosaic landscape. Biological Conservation 126: 195–205.
Ricklefs, R.E. & D. Schluter
(eds.) (1993). Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and
Geographical Perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 414pp.
Robinson, M. (2005). The Arabian Tahr:
a review of its biology and conservation. Caprinae:
Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Caprinae Specialist Group
October: 2–4.
Ropiquet, A. &
A. Hassanin (2005). Molecular evidence for
the polyphyly of the genus Hemitragus (Mammalia,
Bovidae). Molecular Phylogenetics
and Evolution 36(1): 154–168
Rovero, F. &
D.W. De Luca (2007). Checklist of mammals of the Udzungwa mountains of Tanzania. Mammalia 71:
47–55.
Silveira, L., A.T.A. Jacomo
& J.A.F. Diniz-Filho (2003). Camera trap, line transect census and
track surveys: a comparative evaluation. Biological
Conservation 114: 351–355.
Tobler, M.W., S.E. Carrillo-Percastegui,
R.L. Pitman, R. Mares & G. Powell (2008a). An evaluation of camera traps for
inventorying large- and medium-sized terrestrial rainforest mammals. Animal
Conservation 11(3): 169–178
Tobler, M.W., S.E. Carrillo-Percastegui,
R.L. Pitman, R. Mares & G. Powell (2008b). Further notes on the analysis of mammal
inventory data collected with camera traps. Animal
Conservation 11(3): 187–189.
Tourenq, C., A. Khassim,
M. Sawaf, M.K. Shuriqi, E.
Smart, M. Ziolkowski, M. Brook, R. Selwan & L. Perry (2009). Characterisation of the Wadi Wurayah catchment basin, the
first mountain protected area in the United Arab Emirates. International
Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 35(4): 289–311.