Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2018 | 10(15):
12995–13001
An updated list of Odonata of southwestern
Bangladesh
M. Sajjad Hossain Tuhin 1 & M. Kawsar Khan
2
1 Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna
University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
1 tuhin.taxon@gmail.com, 2 bmbkawsar@gmail.com
(corresponding author)
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4031.10.15.12995-13001 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:40BA8EB3-3FCE-48FE-8D0A-4AA766878ADD
Editor: K.A. Subramanian, Zoological Suryve of India, Chennai, India. Date
of publication: 26 December 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms
# 4031 | Received 26 January 2018 | Final received 15 October 2018 | Finally
accepted 16 November 2018
Citation: Tuhin, M.S.H. & M.K. Khan (2018). An updated list of Odonata
of southwestern Bangladesh. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 10(15):
12995–13001; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4031.10.15.12995-13001
Copyright: © Tuhin & Khan 2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this
article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate
credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: The project was supported by The Rufford Foundation (Grant number
18697-1).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We thank Payal Barua
for her comments on the initial version of the manuscript. We are also thankful to Rupa
Saha for helping with manuscript preparation
Abstract: An odonate
survey was conducted throughout the southwestern
region of Bangladesh, concentrating on eight districts and the Sundarban, from August 2014 to August 2016. A total of 50 species under 30 genera
belonging to six families was recorded during the study period. Among these, 31 species belonged to Anisoptera and 19 to Zygoptera
suborders. Libellulidae
and Coenagrionidae were the most dominant anisopteran and zygopteran
families with 28 and 17 species, respectively.
One Zygoptera species Mortonagrion
varalli was newly added to the odonate fauna of Bangladesh.
Keywords: Damselflies, dragonflies, habitat
associations, Mortonagrion varalli, Odonata, species
richness, Sundarban.
Odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) were one of
the earliest winged insects that evolved in the Permian period (Kalkman et al. 2008) and distributed all over the world
except in Antarctica (Silsby 2001; Grimaldi & Engel 2005; Trueman
2007). Although odonates
are highly distributed in diverse ecological niches, they are sensitive to the
alteration of their habitats. Hence, odonates are considered as indicators of the status of
freshwater ecosystems (Watson et al. 1982; Brown 1991; Martin & Maynou 2016). Odonates are also extensively studied in evolutionary and
ecological research (Córdoba-Aguilar 2008).
At present, 5,740 species of odonates are
known from the world (Subramanian 2009).
Odonates are considered freshwater insects as the
females lay eggs on water or submerged plants and the larval development occurs
underwater (Hornung & Rice 2003). Unlike the larva, the adults are aerial. Their foraging and reproductive success,
however, depends heavily on the availability of freshwater resources. Hence, odonate
assemblage is higher in aquatic habitats (Oppel
2005). Odonate
diversity also varies in different climatic zones (Balzan
2012). Similar to other insect orders,
the majority of the dragonfly species inhabits tropical and subtropical climate
zones (Dumont 1991). The Indo-Malayan
region is one of the most diverse habitats of highly endangered odonates (Clausnitzer et al.
2009). Bangladesh, being located in the
Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot zone, is expected to possess high odonate diversity (Chowdhury
& Mohiuddin 2011). Along with geographic variation, seasonal
variation such as temperature, humidity, and rainfall influences species
richness of odonates.
Bangladesh has six seasons with warm and wet summer, monsoon, and autumn
from April to September. The temperature
starts to fall after September and late monsoon, winter, and spring are dry and
cold although the temperature barely drops below 10OC.
Bangladesh is a rich habitat for odonate diversity because of its geographic location and
abundance of water bodies (Chowdhury & Mohiuddin 2011).
Very few studies, however, were carried out to annotate the odonate fauna of the country. Chowdhury & Mohiuddin (2011) listed 96 species of odonates
from the eastern region while Khan (2015b) reported 76 species from the northeastern region of Bangladesh. In recent years, a few species were added to
the odonate fauna of Bangladesh and at present 108
species are known from the country (Khan 2015a, in press). The odonate survey
till date, however, focused mainly on the eastern region while surveys are
lacking in other parts of Bangladesh, especially in the southwestern
region, which has diverse freshwater resources.
The southwestern
region of Bangladesh is administratively mainly under Khulna Division. This division consists of 10 administrative
districts and covers a large area of 22,285km2. The largest tract of mangrove forest of the
world, the Sundarban, is also situated under this
division and is distributed over three districts, namely, Khulna, Bhagerhat, and Satkhira. Many rivers, canals, ponds, and lakes occur
in this part of the country. These
freshwater resources are excellent habitats for odonates
(Khan 2015b). Biswas
et al. (1980) took the first approach to annotate the odonates
of this region; however, their study was limited to Bagerhat
District. Since this last odonatological survey in the region, there were no attempts
to study odonates.
In the present study, we conducted a broad survey in the southwestern region of Bangladesh to document odonates of the area.
Materials and
Methods
Study Site
Khulna Division lies between 21.6430N
to 24.1810N and 88.5610E to 89.9420E (Fig.
1). The study area has a tropical
climate with a mild winter from October to March, a hot and humid summer from
March to June, and a humid, warm, rainy monsoon from June to October. Temperature varies all the year round: the
temperature falls to the lowest in January and December at 12–15 0C
and reaches the highest in April–June at 41–45 0C. Daily relative humidity fluctuates between
50% and 90%, which is the lowest in the evening and highest in the
morning. The maximum precipitation is
experienced in July with 20–25 days of rain with 368mm precipitation
(Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics 2014).
We conducted fieldwork in the southwestern region of Bangladesh (concentrated on Khulna
Division) from August 2014 to August 2016.
We surveyed eight districts (namely, Khulna, Kushita,
Jessore, Bagherhat, Chuadanga, Satkhira, Magura, and Jhinaidha) and the Sundarban during the study period. We randomly selected five sites from each
district, at least 2km apart, by considering the accessibility and diversity of
the habitat. In total, we selected 45
sites across the entire study area (Fig. 1).
We did a regular survey (weekly, Bi-weekly, monthly, or bi-monthly) in
the sampling sites (n=9) under Khulna and Jessore
districts (Table 1), and one or two opportunistic surveys in the rest of the
sites (n=36). We recorded GPS quadrate
for all surveyed sites with a GPS device (Garmin GPSMAP 76CSx).
Sampling design
We surveyed the odonates
by walking opportunistically through the roadsides, canal banks, river banks, pond
sides, lakesides, open fields, forest paths, crop fields, grasslands, and urban
and semi-urban areas of the study sites from 08:00h to 17:00h. We photographed the specimens for various
identification keys such as wing venation, colour, patterns of thorax and
abdomen, and shape of the anal appendages with a Nikon-3200D camera using Nikkor 55–300 mm AF-S DX and Micro-Nikkor
105mm FX AF lenses. We collected
specimens that were difficult to identify from visual inspection and images by
using an insect sweeping net. We did not
collect any endangered odonates or sample from any
protected areas, hence no permission was required for
the collections. We identified the odonates with the help of taxonomic keys provided by Fraser
(1920, 1933, 1934, 1936), Asahina (1967), Lahiri (1987), Mitra (2002),
Subramanian (2005), and Nair (2011) and classified them according to Dijkstra et al. (2013).
Results
In total, 50 species belonging to 30
genera and six families were recorded from the study area (Table 2). Among them, 31 species (62%) belonging to 22
genera were recorded from Anisoptera suborder while
19 species (38%) comprising eight genera were reported from Zygoptera
suborder (Table 2). Libellulidae
was the most dominant family with 56% (28 species) of the total species count
(Fig. 2). Coenagrionidae
showed next highest dominance with 34% (17 species) species count, followed by Platycnemididae (4%), Protoneuridae
(2%), Gomphidae (2%), Aeshnidae
(2%), and Corduliidae (2%) (Fig.
2). Libellulidae
was the best represented anisopteran family with 28
species whereas Coenagrionidae was the most abundant zygopteran family with 17 species (Fig. 2).
A maximum of 47 species was recorded from
Khulna District followed by Kushita (36), Jessore (32), Bagherhat (32), Chuadanga (27), Satkhira (24), Magura (22), and Jhinaidha (22)
districts. A total of 25 species was
recorded from the Sundarban mangrove area. Thirteen species were commonly found in all
districts of the study area (Table 2).
Three species, Agriocnemis pygmaea, Ischnura senegalensis, and Diplacodes
trivialis, were recorded from all 45 study sites. Mortonagrion varalli
was recorded for the first time from Bangladesh from a single female collected
from the Khulna University campus (22.8000N and 89.5350E).
Discussion
We updated the checklist of the southwestern region of Bangladesh, which now consists 50
species or 47% of the known odonate fauna of the
country. One species of damselfly, Mortonagrion varalli,
is a first record to the country.
Another rare dragonfly Epophthalmia vittata was recorded during the opportunistic
survey. Similar to previous studies (Koparde et al. 2014; Khan 2015b), the current study also
suggests opportunistic survey as important for observing odonates.
Among the six recorded
families, species recorded from Aeshnidae, Corduliidae, and Gomphidae are
lower in numbers in comparison to other families. A single species belonging to each of these
families was sighted from the study area.
In Bangladesh, only one species is known from Corduliidae
family. On the other hand, Aeshnidae and Gomphidae represent
six species each. Hence, the lower
species number recorded from these families is a representation of the fewer
known species of the families in Bangladesh.
The present study recorded three species from Platycnemididae
family of which Pseudocopera ciliata was frequently sighted in different study
sites. All anisopteran
species excluding Lathrecista asiatica and Bradinopyga
geminata were frequently observed. Similarly, all Coenagrionidae
species except mortonagrion species were frequently
recorded.
Species diversity varies with change in
habitat and microclimate. Some of the
species were found only in distinct habitats whereas others adapted to broader
landscapes were found in diverse habitats (Corbet
1999). Agriocnemis
femina, Agriocnemis
kalinga, Agrioscemis
pygmaea, Agriocnemis
lecteola, Agriocnemis pieris, and Diplacodes
trivialis were found restricted to grassland
habitats. Ischnura
senegalensis, Pseudagrion
microcephalum, and Pseudagrion
rubriceps were observed mainly in water
bodies. On the other hand, Epophthalmia vittata,
Lathrecista asiatica,
and Gynacantha subinterrupta
were found only at the higher canopy of certain places. These observations provide evidence of habitat
diversification and specialization of different species.
In the present study, 25 odonate species were recorded from the Sundarban
mangrove forest. Due to high salinity
and lack of freshwater, Sundarban is not well known
for its odonate diversity. Previously, 26 species were recorded from the
Indian part of the Sundarban region (Mitra & Mitra 2009). Among those, 17 species were also recorded in
the current study from the Bangladeshi part of the Sundarban
region. Also, eight species, which were
unknown from the Sundarban region before, were
recorded in the present study.
Water salinity is high in the southwestern region in comparison to the other areas of
Bangladesh. Salinity is even higher in
the mangrove areas and varies between 5ppt and 25ppt (Joshi & Ghose 2003). Pure,
non-polluted water is important for odonate breeding
(Carchini et al. 2005) and saline water has a
negative influence on the odonate diversity (Needham
& Westfall 1955). Hence, the lower odonate diversity in the southwestern
region of Bangladesh (50 species in comparison to 96 species in the eastern
region) can be a result of water salinity.
The southwestern region also lacks the
diversity of freshwater resources like waterfalls, streams, and tropical forest
that are present in the eastern region.
In conclusion, we recorded 50 species of odonates in the current survey and updated the checklist of
the southwestern region of Bangladesh. The present study is the first documentation
of the odonate diversity in the Sundarban
region of Bangladesh. Regional
checklists are important to understand the diversity and conservation needs of
a species and our study will fulfill that demand for
the odonates of the region. Further long-term studies are required to
understand the biology, population structure, threats, and conservation action
needs of the odonates of this region.
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Table 1. A list of locations in the southwestern region of Bangladesh surveyed during the study
period
|
Species |
Khu |
Jes |
Sat |
Bag |
Mag |
Jhi |
Kus |
Chu |
Sun |
Suborder: Anisoptera |
||||||||||
Family: Aeshnidae
(1) |
||||||||||
1 |
Gynacantha subinterrupta Rambur, 1842 |
√ |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Macromiidae
(1) |
||||||||||
2 |
Epophthalmia vittata Burmeister, 1839 |
|
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Gomphidae
(1) |
||||||||||
3 |
Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur,
1842) |
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
Family: Libellulidae
(28) |
||||||||||
4 |
Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, 1842 |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
5 |
Aethriamanta brevipennis (Rambur,
1842) |
√ |
|
|
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Brachydiplax chalybea Brauer, 1868 |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
7 |
Brachydiplax farinosa Krüger, 1902 |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
8 |
Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
9 |
Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius,
1793) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
10 |
Bradinopyga geminata (Rambur,
1842) |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1773) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
12 |
Diplacodes nebulosa
(Fabricius, 1793) |
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
|
13 |
Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur,
1842) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
14 |
Lathrecista asiatica (Fabricius,
1798) |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
Macrodiplax cora (Brauer, 1867) |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√ |
16 |
Neurothemis fulvia (Drury, 1773) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
17 |
Neurothemis tullia (Drury, 1773) |
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
|
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
18 |
Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891) |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer,
1865) |
√ |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
Orthetrum pruinosum (Burmeister,
1839) |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
√ |
|
|
21 |
Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1773) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
22 |
Pantala flavescens (Fabricius,
1798) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
|
√ |
|
√ |
23 |
Potamarcha congener (Rambur,
1842) |
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
24 |
Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur,
1842) |
√ |
|
|
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
25 |
Rhyothemis variegata (Linnaeus, 1763) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
26 |
Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius,
1798) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
|
27 |
Tramea basilaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√ |
28 |
Trithemis festiva (Rambur,
1842) |
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
29 |
Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
30 |
Urothemis signata (Rambur,
1842) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
31 |
Zyxomma petiolatum (Rambur, 1842) |
√ |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Suborder: Zygoptera |
||||||||||
Family: Coenagrionidae
(16) |
||||||||||
32 |
Agriocnemis femina (Brauer,
1868) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
33 |
Agriocnemis kalinga Nair & Subramanian, 2014 |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
√ |
|
|
34 |
Agriocnemis lacteola Selys, 1877 |
√ |
|
|
|
|
√ |
√ |
|
|
35 |
Agriocnemis pieris Laidlaw, 1919 |
√ |
|
|
|
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
36 |
Agriocnemis pygmaea (Rambur,
1842) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
37 |
Ceriagrion cerinorubellum (Brauer,
1865) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
38 |
Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabricius,
1798) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
39 |
Ceriagrion olivaceum Laidlaw, 1914 |
√ |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
√ |
|
40 |
Amphiallagma parvum (Selys, 1876) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
√ |
|
41 |
Ischnura aurora (Brauer,
1865) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
42 |
Ischnura rufostigma Selys, 1876 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
√ |
√ |
|
43 |
Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur,
1842) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
44 |
Mortonagrion aborense (Laidlaw, 1914) |
√ |
|
|
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
45 |
Mortonagrion varalli Fraser, 1920 * |
√ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46 |
Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur,
1842) |
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
47 |
Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys, 1876 |
√ |
|
|
|
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
|
Family: Platycnemididae
(3) |
||||||||||
48 |
Copera marginipes (Rambur,
1842) |
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
|
|
√ |
|
|
49 |
Onychargia atrocyana Sélys, 1865 |
√ |
√ |
|
√ |
|
√ |
√ |
|
|
50 |
Pseudocopera ciliata (Selys, 1863) |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |
√ |