Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2018 | 10(13):
12726–12737
Morphological variations in marine pufferfish and porcupinefish (Teleostei: Tetraodontiformes)
from Tamil Nadu, southeastern coast of India
K. Kaleshkumar 1 ,
R. Rajaram 2
, P. Purushothaman 3 & G. Arun 4
1,2,4 DNA Barcoding & Marine Genomics
Laboratory, Department of Marine Science, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli,
Tamil Nadu 620024, India
3 Crustacean Fisheries Division, Central
Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Ernakulam
North P.O., P.B. No. 1603, Cochin, Kerala 682018, India
1 kaleshvasanth@gmail.com, 2
drrajaram69@rediffmail.com (corresponding author), 3 purushothgene@gmail.com,
4 arun.biotek@gmail.com
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4028.10.13.12726-12737
| ZooBank:
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F298E529-54E9-4E53-B9D8-1AA092C79359
Editor: Keiichi Matsuura, National Museum of Nature and Science,
Tokyo, Japan Date of publication:
26 November 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # 4028 |
Received 24 January 2018 | Final received 11 September 2018 | Finally accepted
26 October 2018
Citation: Kaleshkumar, K., R. Rajaram,
P. Purushothaman & G. Arun
(2018). Morphological variations in marine pufferfish
and porcupinefish (Teleostei:
Tetraodontiformes) from Tamil Nadu, southeastern coast of India. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 10(13): 12726–12737; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4028.10.13.12726–-12737
Copyright: © Kaleshkumar et al. 2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution
by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: This work was partly funded (man power) by University
Grants Commissions/ Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship (UGC/RGNF), New Delhi,
Government of India (F1-17.1/2016-17/RGNF-2015-17-SC-TAM-19298/ SA-III Website).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
For Tamil abstract see end of this article.
Author Details: Mr. K. Kaleshkumar is a PhD research scholar in the Department of Marine
Science, whose interest include diversity, distribution, traditional and molecular
taxonomy and nutritional evaluation of marine pufferfishes.
Currently working on distribution, molecular taxonomy and biomedical
applications of marine pufferfishes from Tamil Nadu, south-eastern coast of India. He has seven years of
experience in marine pufferfishes. Dr. R. Rajaram is an Assistant Professor in the Department
of Marine Science of Bharathidasan University and his
research interest include the ichthyotaxonomy, marine
natural products and pollution of marine organisms especially fishes. Mr. P. Purushothaman
is a PhD research scholar in crustacean fisheries division, whose interest
includes marine diversity and evolutionary relationships using novel molecular
tools. Mr. G. Arun is
currently a PhD research scholar, whose interest include
taxonomy and ecology of marine hydrozoans. He is experienced in Island
ecosystem health assessment, coral transplantation, SCUBA diving, and coastal
survey.
Author Contribution: KK & RR conceived & designed the experiments
and analyzed the data; KK performed the sample
collections; PP & GA associated the experiments; PP, GA, KK & RR wrote
the paper.
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the authorities of Bharathidasan University for the facilities provided. Authors also thank the University Grants
Commission/ Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship (UGC/RGNF), New Delhi, Government
of India, for financial assistance.
Abstract: In the present study, morphological
variations in 14 species of two families, Tetraodontidae
and Diodontidae, were examined for individuals
collected from five different centres in Tamil Nadu in the southeastern
coast of India. Twenty-seven
morphological measurements and four meristic characters were taken and used for
multivariate analyses such as discriminant function analysis (DFA) &
MANOVA. DFA revealed that the first two
functions accounted for more than 75% variation between the species. Negative allometric
values were observed on head length (HL), orbital length (OL), pupil diameter
(PD), interorbital length (IOL), pectoral-fin length
(PEL), caudal peduncle depth (CPD), dorsal to pectoral fin distance (DPFD),
caudal peduncle length (CPL) and post-pectoral-fin length (POPFL)
measurements. Also, MANOVA supported the
DFA results. Additions, allometric relationships, and meristic variations were
observed for most of these species.
Moreover, this is the first attempt to describe a greater number of
morphological features of the species belonging to the order Tetraodontiformes.
Keywords: Allometry, Diodontidae,
discriminant function analysis, MANOVA, meristics,
morphometric variation, porcupinefish, pufferfish, Tetradontidae, trash
fish.
INTRODUCTION
Geographic variation in morphometry has been used
to discriminate local forms of fish for over a century (Cadrin
2000). Phenotypic diversities exist in
morphological variations within and among populations (Jeffares
et al. 2015) and they may be one of the ways to determine the origin of
divergence and speciation (Kerschbaumer et al. 2014).
Morphometric analysis reveals the differences in body shape between different
individuals to discriminate populations of the same species (Hirsch et al.
2013), which can help for the conservation of biodiversity, management of
fishery resources, and identification & discrimination of species.
Both pufferfish and porcupinefish
belong to the order Tetraodontiformes. Tetraodontidae, the
family to which pufferfish belong to which includes
27 genera with 184 species, and which is considered the most important family
in this orderthat 27 (Matsuura 2015). Porcupinefish of
the family Diodontidae includes 19 species of six
genera (Nelson et al. 2016). Some
members of the pufferfish and porcupinefish
have commercial value in the food industry and in the aquarium trade (Fiedler
1991). The indeterminate consistency of body and loose skin are the great
taxonomic features in genera such as Arothron,
Chelonodon, Lagocephalus,
Takifugu, and Torquigener. Many species have not been studied
taxonomically in detail by using morphological and meristic characters to
classify them into appropriate groups (Randall 1985). The detailed counts and measurements were
provided for freshwater pufferfish of Tetraodon by Dekkers
(1975), marine pufferfish of Canthigaster
by Allen & Randall (1977), Lagocephalus by
Matsuura (2010) & Matsuura et al. (2011), and Torquigener
by Hardy (1982a,b, 1983a,b, 1984a,b).
Despite the value and availability of genetic, physiological, behavioral, and ecological data for such studies,
systematic ichthyologists continue to depend heavily on morphology for
taxonomic characters. Commonly, fish are
classified based on the shapes, sizes, pigmentation patterns, disposition of
fins, and other external features (Strauss & Bond 1990). Pufferfish have
been fatally consumed mainly in Japan, China, and Taiwancausing
death (Bragdeeswaran & Therasa
2010; Arakawa et al. 2010; Monaliza & Samsur 2011). A few
members of pufferfish are considered as serious
hazards to consumers since they contain strong marine toxins that can be lethal
to humans. Therefore, misidentification
of the species is a major issue in the trade market and clear identifications
of pufferfish are a prime need
to solve this problem.
Among the different fish products, fresh and dried pufferfish
are an important source of animal protein in Tamil Nadu. The preservation process starts when it is
harvested and becomes complete when it reaches the consumer’s table. According to Immaculate et al. (2015),
paralysis resulting from ingestion of pufferfish was
reported from southeastern Asia. This kind of study, however, has not been
carried out on the Indian species. The
improper handling and misidentification of this species can be adverse to human
health. Recently, increasing
availability and utilization of pufferfish in Tamil
Nadu coast has caused health problems to the consumers. The current study deals with understanding
the morphological variations of pufferfish and porcupinefish.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
description
The specimens of pufferfish and porcupinefish were collected from five major fish landing
centres such as Royapuram (Station I) (13.1240N
& 80.2970E), Cuddalore (Station II)
(11.7160N & 79.7750E), Nagapattinam
(Station III) (10.7550N & 79.8490E), Mandapam (Station IV) (9.2760N & 79.1510E),
and Kanyakumari (Station V) (8.07810N
& 77.5510E) located along the Tamil Nadu coast of southeastern India (Fig. 1). The specimens were caught
by large fishing boats and small fibre boats with gill nets and trawl nets gear;
trawl nets were the main method for collecting pufferfish
and porcupinefish.
Sample collection and
preservation
The sample collections were carried out for a period of two years from
August 2014 to July 2016 by regular visits to the landing centres at monthly
intervals. Fourteen species belonging to
the families Tetraodontidae and Diodontidae
were collected from trash items at all fish landing centres (Image 1). Collected specimens were transported to the
laboratory in fresh conditions and stored at -20oC until further
analysis. The collected specimens were
then thawed at room temperature and weighed.
The specimens were identified to species level by referring to standard
fishery identification manuals and publications (Fraser-Brunner 1943; Allen
& Randall 1977; Leis 1978, 1984; Fischer & Bianchi 1984; Hardy 1982a,
b, 1983a, b, 1984a, b; Smith 1958, 1986; Smith & Heemstra
1986; Matsuura 1994, 2002, 2010, 2014; Matsuura et al. 2011; Allen &
Erdmann 2012; Randall et al. 2012).
Morphometric features
Morphological measurements were made months after fixation in 10%
formalin and were taken to the nearest 0.1mm with a dial caliper. In this study, 10 specimens were taken from
each species for morphometric and meristic analyses (Table 1). Methods for morphological measurements and
fin-ray counts primarily followed Dekkers (1975) and Hubbs & Lagler (1958) with
some additional measurements (Fig. 2): standard length (SL), snout length
(SNL), mouth gape length (MGL), head length (HL), orbital length (OL), pupil
diameter (PD), interorbital length (IOL), pre-nasal
length (PRNL), inter nasal length (INL), dorsal-fin base length (DFBL),
dorsal-fin length (DFL), pectoral-fin base length (PFBL), pectoral-fin length
(PEL), anal-fin base length (AFBL), anal-fin length (AFL), pre-dorsal-fin
length (PRDFL), pre-pectoral fin length (PRPFL), pre-anal fin length (PRAFL),
post-dorsal-fin length (PODFL), post-pectoral-fin length (POPFL), post-anal-fin
length (POAFL), caudal peduncle length (CPL), caudal peduncle depth (CPD),
snout to anus distance (SNAD), dorsal to pectoral fin distance (DPFD), dorsal
to anus distance (DAD), and depth of body
(LDB).
Data analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software
(SAS 2014). The allometric
relationship of all the characters with standard length was estimated using
linear regression model and the significance of the allometric
coefficient (b) was fixed (b=1: isometry, b>1:
negative allometry, b<1: positive allometry).
For multivariate analysis, to remove the effect of size from the data,
all the morphometric measurements were transformed to size-independent shape
variables using an allometric method as suggested by Reist (1985).
Mtrans = logM
- β (log SL - log SL mean)
where Mtrans
is the truss measurement after transformation, M is the original truss
measurement, SL is the overall mean standard length of a species, and β is the
slope regressions of the log M against log SL.
Correlation coefficients were observed between each pair of variables
before and after the size effect removal;, the values
of which were expected to decrease ,
after the size effect removal (Murta
2000). Multivariate analysis used in
this study consisted of discriminant function analysis (DFA). DFA was run to test the effectiveness of
variables in predicting different groups of species (Tomovic
& Dzukic 2003; Loy et al. 2007). Finally, multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA) was performed to see the significant differences between the
species.
RESULTS
Morphometric data is provided for the 11 species from six genera (Arothron, Lagocephalus,
Takifugu, Canthigaster,
Torquigener & Chelonodon)
of Tetraodontidae and three species from three genera
(Chilomycterus, Diodon
& Cyclichthys) of Diodontidae
in Table 1 & Image 1. The meristic
differences for all the species of both the families are represented in Table
2. The relationship between all morphometric characters and SL has been
described and represented in Table 3a, b.
Morphometric data of Arothron & Lagocephalus
In the present study, four species of Arothron,
A. hispidus, A. immaculatus,
A. reticularis & A. stellatus,
and three species of Lagocephalus, L. guentheri, L. sceleratus
& L. lunaris, were investigated by
multivariate analyses and exhibited species variation. The results of DFA indicate that the first
two components cumulatively explained 85.4% of the total morphometric
variation. Some of the morphometric
variables (HL, OL, PD, PD, IOL, PEL, CPD & SNAD) loaded heavily on DF,
which explained 67.7% of the entire differences and few variables from DF2
(DPFD, CPL, POPFL & PRAFL) with 17.7% (Table 4 & Fig. 3). Additionally, MANOVA analysis also supported
and followed the taxonomic status of these species (Table 5). Lower morphometric differences were observed
between A. hispidus & A. stellatus and high differences were noticed in A. reticularis to other species of Arothron
group; L. sceleratus & L. lunaris showed less variation in Lagocephalus
group (Fig. 3).
Morphometric variations of Tetraodontidae
& Diodontidae The first two DF
showed a cumulative value (77.7%) of the total morphological variations on the
family of Tetraodontidae (Table 6). Moreover, all the loadings on DF1 (50.0 %) showed
negative allometry.
DF2 described 27.7% of the total variance with negative allometric growth and the characters MGL, HL, PRAFL, PRNL,
CPD, SNAD, DPFD, DAD & DB were loaded heavily.
Bivariate plot of DF1 and DF2 scores revealed the separation of Lagocephalus & Canthigaster
and close relationship between Arothron,
Takifugu, Torquigener & Chelonodon (Fig.
4). Also, significant results were
observed in MANOVA too (Table 7 & Fig. 4).
Two DF were extracted from the family Diodontidae,
exhibiting 95% of the total morphological variation. Probably all the characters show negative allometry and a few characters were noticed heavy loading
on DF1 & DF2 (SNL, INL, DFBL, AFBL, POPFL, POAFL, LCPL, CPD & SNAD)
(Table 8). Finally, the morphometric
characters are showed the ability to discriminate the species in families of Tetraodontidae & Diodontidae.
The detailed discriminate function was represented in Table 9 & Fig. 5.
Table 1. Morphometric
characters of marine Pufferfish & Porcupinefish from southeastern
India.
|
Pufferfish |
Porcupinefish |
||||||||||||
Code |
A. immaculatus |
A. reticularis |
A. hispidus |
A. stellatus |
L. guentheri |
L. sceleratus |
L. lunaris |
T. oblongus |
T. brevipinnis |
C. patoca |
C. solandri |
D. holocanthus |
C. orbicularis |
C. reticulatus |
SL |
14.81±5.49 |
11.38±8.79 |
17.71±4.88 |
25.65±5.18 |
19.34±1.57 |
10.85±1.56 |
10.68±1.96 |
16.57±4.94 |
8.15±2.10 |
12.57±3.04 |
7.68±2.79 |
13.57±1.60 |
14.00±2.29 |
31.00±9.66 |
SNL |
2.10±0.69 |
2.03±1.53 |
3.09±0.85 |
3.34±0.80 |
3.18±2.11 |
1.67±0.47 |
1.65±0.65 |
2.19±0.57 |
1.33±0.48 |
2.16±0.56 |
1.28±0.61 |
1.47±0.35 |
1.33±0.21 |
5.23±1.79 |
MGL |
1.79±0.60 |
1.88±0.81 |
1.58±0.57 |
3.46±0.68 |
1.99±0.98 |
1.05±0.34 |
1.05±0.47 |
1.85±0.62 |
0.51±0.18 |
1.79±0.51 |
0.52±0.22 |
1.30±0.70 |
1.73±0.81 |
3.37±1.10 |
HL |
4.57±2.03 |
4.25±2.50 |
4.88±1.34 |
9.92±2.29 |
4.96±2.11 |
2.49±0.38 |
2.45±0.52 |
4.31±1.64 |
1.89±0.63 |
4.40±1.21 |
1.80±0.80 |
4.30±0.61 |
4.40±0.70 |
9.03±2.59 |
OL |
1.07±0.37 |
0.97±0.22 |
0.88±0.32 |
2.02±0.46 |
1.90±0.55 |
1.44±0.40 |
1.43±0.54 |
0.97±0.19 |
0.89±0.40 |
1.09±0.30 |
0.88±0.51 |
1.37±0.45 |
1.17±0.25 |
2.17±0.81 |
PD |
0.83±0.25 |
0.75±0.18 |
0.71±0.30 |
1.14±0.33 |
1.11±0.36 |
1.14±0.41 |
1.18±0.54 |
0.76±0.10 |
0.61±0.25 |
0.84±0.13 |
0.60±0.32 |
0.87±0.21 |
0.77±0.06 |
1.30±0.53 |
IOL |
2.55±1.02 |
2.40±1.74 |
2.42±0.67 |
4.59±1.35 |
2.75±1.50 |
1.60±0.58 |
1.53±0.79 |
3.17±1.24 |
1.42±0.54 |
2.32±0.48 |
1.34±0.64 |
3.13±0.21 |
3.50±0.72 |
4.80±1.39 |
PRNL |
1.73±0.65 |
1.48±0.82 |
2.11±0.78 |
3.02±0.69 |
2.06±1.50 |
1.38±0.46 |
1.35±0.65 |
1.70±0.77 |
3.59±1.02 |
2.08±0.49 |
3.34±1.38 |
1.33±0.21 |
1.43±0.35 |
3.87±1.03 |
INL |
1.37±0.54 |
1.25±0.77 |
1.27±0.58 |
2.16±0.55 |
2.09±1.00 |
1.05±0.43 |
1.08±0.64 |
1.65±0.71 |
0.74±0.21 |
1.64±0.47 |
0.74±0.27 |
1.77±0.71 |
1.40±0.46 |
2.93±1.07 |
DFBL |
1.23±0.64 |
1.22±0.88 |
1.20±0.57 |
2.78±0.93 |
1.95±1.22 |
1.12±0.52 |
1.13±0.75 |
1.69±0.65 |
0.51±0.18 |
1.05±0.22 |
0.50±0.21 |
1.37±0.40 |
1.17±0.15 |
3.37±1.31 |
DFL |
2.42±0.85 |
1.35±1.23 |
2.73±0.64 |
3.54±0.90 |
2.98±1.76 |
1.97±0.65 |
1.90±0.88 |
2.86±0.87 |
1.58±0.44 |
1.62±0.51 |
1.50±0.57 |
2.03±0.23 |
2.07±0.29 |
4.90±1.85 |
PFBL |
1.61±0.83 |
1.45±0.89 |
1.64±0.72 |
3.29±0.78 |
1.80±1.00 |
1.36±0.52 |
1.33±0.74 |
1.48±0.58 |
0.72±0.23 |
1.15±0.38 |
0.72±0.29 |
1.87±0.23 |
1.93±0.31 |
3.37±0.76 |
PEL |
2.12±0.71 |
1.52±1.12 |
2.16±0.66 |
3.13±0.66 |
3.24±1.41 |
2.48±0.69 |
2.35±0.94 |
2.61±0.58 |
1.35±0.69 |
1.71±0.51 |
1.32±0.81 |
2.40±0.50 |
2.67±0.68 |
4.27±1.70 |
AFBL |
0.99±0.58 |
1.12±0.84 |
1.16±0.68 |
2.18±0.49 |
1.70±0.80 |
0.98±0.51 |
1.03±0.79 |
1.71±0.38 |
0.69±0.42 |
0.97±0.32 |
0.54±0.22 |
1.50±0.66 |
1.17±0.40 |
2.53±0.55 |
AFL |
2.09±0.90 |
1.32±0.93 |
2.12±0.72 |
3.34±0.82 |
3.29±1.80 |
1.43±0.49 |
1.45±0.72 |
2.69±0.50 |
1.17±0.54 |
1.60±0.41 |
1.14±0.65 |
2.07±0.31 |
2.03±0.25 |
4.37±1.87 |
PRDFL |
21.32±5.57 |
6.98±0.98 |
13.33±3.62 |
17.42±2.62 |
13.29±6.99 |
8.49±1.59 |
8.45±2.19 |
12.51±2.85 |
5.14±2.96 |
10.82±2.17 |
5.78±3.03 |
11.00±0.95 |
11.50±1.35 |
21.20±5.94 |
PRPFL |
4.78±1.15 |
5.40±1.21 |
6.47±1.92 |
6.84±2.33 |
6.53±4.41 |
4.61±0.82 |
4.60±1.22 |
5.90±1.36 |
3.08±0.63 |
5.35±1.62 |
2.96±0.82 |
5.47±0.55 |
5.47±0.55 |
10.43±4.83 |
PRAFL |
10.45±3.45 |
7.31±2.04 |
14.46±3.59 |
17.95±3.59 |
13.26±7.63 |
7.89±1.57 |
8.00±2.35 |
12.86±3.04 |
5.38±2.29 |
10.98±2.43 |
5.76±2.68 |
12.07±0.97 |
12.80±1.75 |
21.53±4.80 |
PODFL |
4.84±2.21 |
3.73±3.40 |
4.15±1.43 |
12.77±3.49 |
6.64±4.03 |
4.36±1.12 |
4.28±1.63 |
5.75±3.69 |
2.71±0.79 |
3.22±0.71 |
2.54±1.03 |
2.97±0.21 |
3.23±0.67 |
11.83±5.40 |
POPFL |
10.21±4.06 |
5.260±7.75 |
12.61±4.55 |
22.99±4.53 |
13.03±6.98 |
8.55±2.10 |
8.50±2.92 |
13.55±4.20 |
5.37±1.40 |
9.94±2.24 |
5.04±1.87 |
8.50±0.89 |
8.50±0.89 |
23.30±5.48 |
POAFL |
3.81±2.05 |
2.65±3.03 |
3.66±1.21 |
8.29±3.15 |
6.03±3.34 |
4.13±1.09 |
4.15±1.65 |
6.97±2.32 |
3.57±1.16 |
3.95±0.70 |
3.40±1.54 |
2.67±0.71 |
2.30±0.46 |
9.17±4.01 |
CPL |
3.38±1.06 |
1.81±2.21 |
3.25±1.34 |
6.52±1.63 |
5.67±2.85 |
3.47±0.66 |
3.53±0.99 |
2.76±0.91 |
1.65±0.59 |
3.28±0.55 |
1.56±0.76 |
2.63±0.68 |
2.23±0.15 |
6.97±2.40 |
CPD |
2.28±0.91 |
2.30±1.47 |
2.32±0.90 |
4.72±1.37 |
1.76±0.72 |
1.01±0.43 |
1.05±0.64 |
2.30±0.80 |
0.72±0.24 |
1.98±0.43 |
0.68±0.29 |
1.43±0.85 |
1.10±0.30 |
3.83±1.10 |
SNAD |
11.41±2.31 |
7.729±2.39 |
14.63±1.92 |
21.91±2.84 |
12.24±6.27 |
7.08±1.46 |
7.10±2.02 |
12.49±4.02 |
6.04±1.14 |
10.24±2.03 |
5.64±1.52 |
11.20±0.80 |
11.63±1.10 |
21.93±4.72 |
DPFD |
6.34±2.59 |
5.0±4.05 |
7.19±1.80 |
12.84±3.72 |
7.29±4.41 |
4.49±0.93 |
4.48±1.28 |
7.77±2.10 |
3.85±0.68 |
6.41±1.26 |
3.70±0.90 |
6.93±0.83 |
7.20±1.06 |
14.43±4.71 |
DAD |
4.18±2.34 |
3.85±3.77 |
4.92±1.16 |
9.84±2.79 |
4.40±1.93 |
1.51±0.62 |
1.58±0.92 |
4.30±1.75 |
1.52±0.47 |
3.96±0.84 |
1.42±0.60 |
3.27±0.50 |
3.53±0.64 |
8.80±2.61 |
DB |
5.40±2.72 |
5.02±3.15 |
6.41±0.92 |
11.92±2.55 |
5.53±2.60 |
3.06±0.97 |
3.08±1.35 |
5.30±2.06 |
2.11±0.54 |
4.94±0.85 |
1.98±0.72 |
4.93±0.25 |
5.37±0.99 |
11.07±3.20 |
Table 2. Meristic
difference of marine Pufferfish & Porcupinefish from southeastern
India.
Species |
Meristic characters |
|||
PFR |
DFR |
CFR |
AFR |
|
Pufferfish (Family: Tetradontidae) |
||||
Arothron immaculatus |
21–22 |
13–14 |
14–15 |
12–13 |
A. reticularis |
14–15 |
10–11 |
10–11 |
10–11 |
A. hispidus |
16 |
11 |
9 |
8 |
A. stellatus |
20 |
12 |
9 |
11 |
Lagocephalus guentheri |
21–22 |
13–14 |
14–15 |
12–13 |
L. sceleratus |
15–16 |
10 |
11–12 |
12 |
L. lunaris |
15–16 |
10 |
11–12 |
12 |
Takifugu oblongus |
16–17 |
12 |
12 |
11–12 |
Torquigenerbrevipinnis |
17–18 |
9–10 |
7–8 |
7–8 |
Chelonodon patoca |
15–16 |
10–11 |
10–11 |
10 |
Canthigaster solandri |
17–18 |
9–10 |
7–9 |
7–9 |
Porcupinefish (Family: Diodontidae) |
||||
Diodon holocanthus |
21–22 |
9–11 |
8–9 |
13–14 |
Cyclichthys orbicularis |
21–22 |
10 |
9–10 |
12 |
Chilomycterus reticulates |
19–20 |
12–13 |
11 |
10–11 |
Table 3a. The relationship between all
the characters and standard length of Tetradontidae
from southeastern India, P<0.01.
Characters |
A. hispidus |
A. immaculatus |
A. reticulatus |
A. stellatus |
L. guentheri |
L. sceleratus |
||||||||||||
b |
a |
r2 |
b |
a |
r2 |
b |
a |
r2 |
b |
a |
r2 |
b |
a |
r2 |
b |
a |
r2 |
|
SNL |
0.97 |
0.20 |
0.96 |
0.80 |
0.22 |
0.87 |
1.40 |
0.06 |
0.89 |
1.20 |
0.07 |
0.96 |
1.00 |
0.15 |
0.91 |
1.20 |
0.74 |
0.58 |
MGL |
1.20 |
0.05 |
0.91 |
1.00 |
0.12 |
0.94 |
5.50 |
0.50 |
0.88 |
0.90 |
0.25 |
0.95 |
1.00 |
0.11 |
0.91 |
2.10 |
0.61 |
0.82 |
HL |
0.94 |
0.33 |
0.96 |
0.90 |
0.37 |
0.90 |
0.80 |
0.55 |
0.99 |
1.10 |
0.27 |
0.95 |
0.74 |
0.61 |
0.84 |
0.90 |
0.27 |
0.85 |
OL |
1.30 |
0.01 |
0.86 |
0.70 |
0.14 |
0.53 |
0.40 |
0.37 |
0.82 |
1.10 |
0.05 |
0.91 |
0.50 |
0.45 |
0.94 |
1.70 |
0.02 |
0.86 |
PD |
1.50 |
0.01 |
0.81 |
0.80 |
0.10 |
0.84 |
0.40 |
0.27 |
0.80 |
1.10 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
0.50 |
0.27 |
0.78 |
1.50 |
0.03 |
0.56 |
IOL |
1.00 |
0.15 |
0.97 |
1.00 |
0.15 |
0.90 |
0.90 |
0.25 |
0.98 |
1.40 |
0.04 |
0.87 |
1.00 |
0.15 |
0.93 |
2.60 |
0.00 |
0.91 |
PRNL |
1.40 |
0.03 |
0.94 |
1.00 |
0.10 |
0.79 |
0.80 |
0.22 |
0.94 |
1.10 |
0.07 |
0.93 |
1.20 |
0.05 |
0.93 |
2.20 |
0.01 |
0.86 |
INL |
1.80 |
0.01 |
0.89 |
1.20 |
0.05 |
0.79 |
0.90 |
0.14 |
0.91 |
1.20 |
0.03 |
0.91 |
0.72 |
0.25 |
0.91 |
2.40 |
0.00 |
0.71 |
DFBL |
1.90 |
0.00 |
0.92 |
1.10 |
0.06 |
0.60 |
0.60 |
0.30 |
0.34 |
1.60 |
0.01 |
0.96 |
1.60 |
0.07 |
0.95 |
2.80 |
0.00 |
0.71 |
DFL |
0.80 |
0.27 |
0.96 |
1.00 |
0.15 |
0.88 |
0.70 |
0.30 |
0.33 |
1.10 |
0.08 |
0.87 |
0.91 |
0.20 |
0.35 |
2.20 |
0.01 |
0.87 |
PFBL |
1.80 |
0.01 |
0.87 |
1.40 |
0.04 |
0.93 |
0.80 |
0.18 |
0.98 |
1.10 |
0.07 |
0.09 |
1.03 |
0.09 |
0.94 |
2.60 |
0.00 |
0.70 |
PEL |
1.00 |
0.11 |
0.94 |
0.70 |
0.33 |
0.66 |
0.90 |
0.33 |
0.96 |
1.00 |
0.10 |
0.97 |
0.69 |
0.45 |
0.91 |
1.90 |
0.03 |
0.86 |
AFBL |
2.61 |
0.00 |
0.94 |
1.40 |
0.02 |
0.50 |
0.90 |
0.12 |
0.78 |
1.10 |
0.06 |
0.95 |
0.85 |
0.15 |
0.94 |
3.30 |
0.00 |
0.80 |
AFL |
1.00 |
0.10 |
0.95 |
1.20 |
0.07 |
0.82 |
1.00 |
0.12 |
0.98 |
1.20 |
0.06 |
0.94 |
0.94 |
0.20 |
0.91 |
1.90 |
0.01 |
0.84 |
PRDFL |
0.95 |
0.22 |
0.98 |
1.30 |
0.37 |
0.30 |
1.30 |
0.25 |
0.48 |
0.70 |
0.55 |
0.95 |
0.85 |
0.90 |
0.95 |
1.90 |
0.55 |
0.88 |
PRPFL |
1.10 |
0.27 |
0.92 |
0.70 |
0.74 |
0.96 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.40 |
1.60 |
0.03 |
0.98 |
1.14 |
0.22 |
0.97 |
1.00 |
0.41 |
0.88 |
PRAFL |
0.88 |
1.14 |
0.99 |
0.80 |
0.74 |
0.96 |
4.40 |
0.45 |
0.46 |
0.10 |
0.74 |
0.98 |
1.00 |
0.61 |
0.98 |
1.20 |
0.45 |
0.84 |
PODFL |
1.30 |
0.09 |
0.96 |
1.10 |
0.22 |
0.89 |
1.10 |
0.27 |
0.57 |
1.30 |
0.15 |
0.98 |
1.04 |
0.31 |
0.89 |
1.70 |
0.07 |
0.90 |
POPFL |
1.30 |
0.27 |
0.99 |
1.00 |
0.61 |
0.99 |
1.30 |
0.20 |
0.07 |
0.10 |
0.90 |
0.98 |
1.03 |
0.64 |
0.96 |
1.50 |
0.20 |
0.90 |
POAFL |
1.20 |
0.09 |
0.94 |
1.30 |
0.11 |
0.85 |
1.00 |
0.22 |
0.50 |
1.90 |
0.02 |
0.99 |
0.89 |
0.42 |
0.84 |
1.60 |
0.08 |
0.95 |
CPL |
1.50 |
0.03 |
0.96 |
0.80 |
0.41 |
0.98 |
1.20 |
0.10 |
0.94 |
1.10 |
0.15 |
0.96 |
0.92 |
0.37 |
0.83 |
1.00 |
0.30 |
0.95 |
CPD |
1.20 |
0.06 |
0.96 |
1.00 |
0.14 |
0.97 |
0.90 |
0.27 |
0.90 |
1.40 |
0.05 |
0.97 |
0.71 |
0.25 |
0.62 |
2.60 |
0.00 |
0.82 |
SNAD |
0.42 |
0.25 |
0.94 |
0.40 |
0.33 |
0.85 |
0.50 |
0.45 |
0.95 |
0.60 |
0.41 |
0.98 |
0.93 |
0.79 |
0.95 |
1.30 |
0.27 |
0.93 |
DPFD |
0.82 |
2.61 |
0.91 |
0.80 |
0.74 |
0.83 |
0.90 |
0.50 |
0.89 |
1.40 |
0.14 |
0.98 |
0.95 |
0.50 |
0.95 |
1.30 |
0.27 |
0.92 |
DAD |
0.80 |
0.50 |
0.96 |
1.10 |
0.18 |
0.93 |
1.10 |
0.25 |
0.98 |
1.40 |
0.09 |
0.93 |
0.81 |
0.43 |
0.83 |
2.40 |
0.00 |
0.83 |
DB |
0.40 |
1.58 |
0.97 |
1.20 |
0.20 |
0.94 |
0.90 |
0.61 |
0.99 |
1.00 |
0.41 |
0.95 |
0.79 |
0.56 |
0.80 |
2.00 |
0.03 |
0.85 |
Table 3b. The relationship between all
the characters and standard length of Tetradontidae
from southeastern India, P<0.01.
Characters |
L. lunaris |
T. oblongus |
C. solandri |
T. brevipinnis |
C. patoca |
||||||||||
b |
a |
r2 |
b |
a |
r2 |
b |
a |
r2 |
b |
a |
r2 |
b |
a |
r2 |
|
SNL |
1.40 |
0.05 |
0.91 |
0.80 |
0.20 |
0.93 |
1.30 |
0.08 |
0.75 |
1.10 |
0.11 |
0.91 |
1.30 |
0.07 |
0.90 |
MGL |
1.20 |
0.45 |
0.70 |
0.80 |
0.18 |
0.49 |
1.20 |
0.04 |
0.76 |
0.70 |
0.12 |
0.80 |
1.60 |
0.03 |
0.89 |
HL |
0.80 |
0.33 |
0.88 |
1.20 |
0.14 |
0.91 |
1.20 |
0.15 |
0.95 |
1.40 |
0.30 |
0.96 |
0.70 |
0.67 |
0.92 |
OL |
0.60 |
0.17 |
0.62 |
0.60 |
0.20 |
0.36 |
1.50 |
0.04 |
0.08 |
1.00 |
0.45 |
0.30 |
1.30 |
0.05 |
0.74 |
PD |
0.60 |
0.74 |
0.71 |
0.40 |
0.27 |
0.67 |
0.90 |
0.08 |
0.25 |
0.50 |
0.07 |
0.93 |
0.80 |
0.11 |
0.95 |
IOL |
0.50 |
0.74 |
0.78 |
1.30 |
0.07 |
0.97 |
1.30 |
0.08 |
0.90 |
0.50 |
0.25 |
0.93 |
1.30 |
0.07 |
0.93 |
PRNL |
1.20 |
0.67 |
0.97 |
1.50 |
0.02 |
0.98 |
1.00 |
0.41 |
0.90 |
0.50 |
0.61 |
0.04 |
1.30 |
0.07 |
0.94 |
INL |
0.40 |
0.15 |
0.63 |
1.30 |
0.04 |
0.95 |
0.70 |
0.15 |
0.67 |
1.10 |
0.50 |
0.44 |
1.70 |
0.02 |
0.89 |
DFBL |
0.90 |
0.14 |
0.88 |
1.40 |
0.03 |
0.93 |
1.10 |
0.05 |
0.74 |
0.80 |
0.09 |
0.20 |
1.70 |
0.01 |
0.75 |
DFL |
1.00 |
0.30 |
0.98 |
0.90 |
0.20 |
0.95 |
0.80 |
0.50 |
0.68 |
0.80 |
0.12 |
0.55 |
2.40 |
0.00 |
0.09 |
PFBL |
0.70 |
0.33 |
0.98 |
1.20 |
0.04 |
0.95 |
0.70 |
0.14 |
0.55 |
0.90 |
0.45 |
0.99 |
2.00 |
0.01 |
0.87 |
PEL |
0.70 |
0.22 |
0.85 |
0.70 |
0.33 |
0.93 |
1.90 |
0.02 |
0.08 |
0.90 |
0.14 |
0.99 |
1.80 |
0.02 |
0.89 |
AFBL |
0.70 |
0.18 |
0.89 |
0.60 |
0.27 |
0.93 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.50 |
0.33 |
0.20 |
1.40 |
0.05 |
0.90 |
AFL |
0.90 |
0.74 |
0.57 |
0.40 |
0.90 |
0.32 |
1.70 |
0.03 |
0.85 |
0.80 |
0.25 |
0.90 |
1.20 |
0.07 |
0.91 |
PRDFL |
0.80 |
0.67 |
0.93 |
0.70 |
0.61 |
0.94 |
2.20 |
0.04 |
0.52 |
0.90 |
0.22 |
0.45 |
0.70 |
0.61 |
0.77 |
PRPFL |
0.80 |
0.55 |
0.97 |
0.80 |
0.67 |
0.99 |
0.70 |
0.67 |
0.94 |
1.00 |
0.95 |
0.95 |
2.30 |
0.01 |
0.79 |
PRAFL |
0.70 |
0.06 |
0.85 |
0.80 |
0.67 |
0.96 |
1.50 |
0.20 |
0.73 |
1.00 |
0.33 |
0.94 |
0.70 |
0.67 |
0.83 |
PODFL |
1.50 |
0.50 |
0.97 |
2.10 |
0.01 |
0.90 |
1.10 |
0.25 |
0.95 |
0.70 |
0.67 |
0.90 |
1.40 |
0.50 |
0.89 |
POPFL |
1.10 |
0.06 |
0.92 |
0.10 |
0.90 |
0.93 |
1.00 |
0.61 |
0.96 |
1.00 |
0.50 |
0.90 |
0.60 |
0.82 |
0.89 |
POAFL |
1.40 |
0.12 |
0.94 |
1.10 |
0.30 |
0.98 |
1.30 |
0.20 |
0.96 |
0.50 |
0.61 |
0.53 |
0.50 |
0.94 |
0.88 |
CPL |
1.20 |
0.07 |
0.92 |
0.10 |
0.14 |
0.97 |
1.30 |
0.09 |
0.96 |
0.60 |
0.97 |
0.92 |
0.80 |
0.45 |
0.95 |
CPD |
1.20 |
0.09 |
0.95 |
1.10 |
0.09 |
0.96 |
0.50 |
0.20 |
0.14 |
0.80 |
0.25 |
0.97 |
1.30 |
0.07 |
0.86 |
SNAD |
0.70 |
0.67 |
0.84 |
0.10 |
0.74 |
0.91 |
0.60 |
0.74 |
0.91 |
0.80 |
0.82 |
0.99 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.90 |
DPFD |
0.90 |
0.67 |
0.93 |
0.80 |
0.74 |
0.93 |
0.60 |
0.99 |
0.95 |
0.80 |
0.74 |
0.84 |
0.70 |
0.82 |
0.86 |
DAD |
0.90 |
0.20 |
0.92 |
1.30 |
0.11 |
0.97 |
1.20 |
0.12 |
0.94 |
0.80 |
0.50 |
0.93 |
1.20 |
0.18 |
0.80 |
DB |
0.90 |
0.50 |
0.84 |
1.10 |
0.18 |
0.92 |
0.50 |
0.74 |
0.67 |
0.70 |
0.67 |
0.91 |
0.70 |
0.82 |
0.87 |
Table 4. Discriminant function analysis
for Arothron & Lagocephalus
— loading scores on the discriminant functions DF1 & DF2 and discriminatory
power of morphometric characters Wilks’ lambda (λ), F
value & significance.
Variables |
DF1 |
DF2 |
Wilks' lambda (λ) |
F |
Sig. |
SNL |
0.27767 |
-0.3457 |
0.577 |
6.604 |
0.005 |
MGL |
0.51096 |
0.0186 |
0.718 |
3.527 |
0.000 |
HL |
0.77027 |
0.19445 |
0.452 |
10.904 |
0.000 |
OL |
-0.6579 |
0.19833 |
0.310 |
20.011 |
0.000 |
PD |
-0.6266 |
-0.0158 |
0.489 |
9.403 |
0.032 |
IOL |
0.48809 |
0.0053 |
0.781 |
2.522 |
0.000 |
PRNL |
0.26549 |
0.12757 |
0.569 |
6.822 |
0.006 |
INL |
-0.0079 |
-0.054 |
0.725 |
3.408 |
0.002 |
DFBL |
0.05109 |
0.01338 |
0.684 |
4.155 |
0.001 |
DFL |
0.03562 |
0.1024 |
0.679 |
4.262 |
0.017 |
PFBL |
0.19747 |
0.16577 |
0.758 |
2.870 |
0.001 |
PEL |
-0.7066 |
0.15675 |
0.666 |
4.515 |
0.009 |
AFBL |
-0.0343 |
0.01229 |
0.738 |
3.195 |
0.004 |
AFL |
0.10437 |
0.25586 |
0.710 |
3.679 |
0.000 |
PRDFL |
0.09368 |
0.27503 |
0.600 |
5.993 |
0.014 |
PRPFL |
-0.1662 |
-0.2831 |
0.751 |
2.984 |
0.217 |
PRAFL |
0.38933 |
0.47538 |
0.862 |
1.439 |
0.000 |
PODFL |
-0.0339 |
0.52274 |
0.518 |
8.373 |
0.000 |
POPFL |
0.15219 |
0.66339 |
0.514 |
8.494 |
0.000 |
POAFL |
-0.3403 |
0.41338 |
0.538 |
7.715 |
0.001 |
CPL |
-0.4434 |
0.54312 |
0.653 |
4.791 |
0.000 |
CPD |
0.74421 |
0.03476 |
0.577 |
6.607 |
0.000 |
SNAD |
0.72037 |
0.52557 |
0.300 |
21.015 |
0.000 |
DPFD |
0.50859 |
0.3704 |
0.295 |
21.483 |
0.000 |
DAD |
0.83338 |
0.0651 |
0.489 |
9.387 |
0.000 |
DB |
0.75468 |
0.16647 |
0.281 |
23.006 |
0.000 |
Table 5. MANOVA for Arothron & Lagocephalus from southeastern India.
|
Multivariate Tests |
||||
Value |
F |
Hypothesis df |
Error df |
Sig. |
|
Pillai's trace |
4.944 |
4.846 |
174.000 |
180.000 |
.000 |
Wilks' lambda |
.000 |
16.781 |
174.000 |
155.572 |
.000 |
Hotelling's trace |
322.406 |
43.235 |
174.000 |
140.000 |
.000 |
Roy's
largest root |
196.515 |
203.291a |
29.000 |
30.000 |
.000 |
Table 6. Discriminant function analysis
for Tetraodontidae
— loading scores on the discriminant functions DF1 & DF2 and
discriminatory power of morphometric characters Wilks’
lambda (λ), F value & significance.
Variables |
DF1 |
DF2 |
Wilks' Lambda (λ) |
F |
Sig |
SNL |
-0.1301 |
0.19393 |
0.703 |
7.170 |
0.000 |
MGL |
-0.4734 |
0.57841 |
0.773 |
4.982 |
0.000 |
HL |
-0.2756 |
0.62793 |
0.489 |
17.800 |
0.000 |
OL |
-0.1108 |
-0.5693 |
0.631 |
9.926 |
0.000 |
PD |
-0.2476 |
-0.3415 |
0.818 |
3.778 |
0.004 |
IOL |
-0.0282 |
0.486 |
0.744 |
5.851 |
0.000 |
PRNL |
0.83839 |
-0.1381 |
0.717 |
6.697 |
0.000 |
INL |
-0.1863 |
0.16984 |
0.743 |
5.889 |
0.000 |
DFBL |
-0.4264 |
0.12681 |
0.799 |
4.276 |
0.002 |
DFL |
-0.0065 |
-0.1592 |
0.720 |
6.619 |
0.000 |
PFBL |
-0.366 |
0.14915 |
0.791 |
4.482 |
0.001 |
PEL |
-0.4736 |
-0.3898 |
0.688 |
7.695 |
0.000 |
AFBL |
-0.1924 |
-0.0013 |
0.699 |
7.326 |
0.000 |
AFL |
-0.2902 |
0.04044 |
0.837 |
3.316 |
0.009 |
PRDFL |
-0.3733 |
0.23676 |
0.775 |
4.924 |
0.001 |
PRPFL |
-0.1618 |
0.09356 |
0.715 |
6.775 |
0.000 |
PRAFL |
-0.3715 |
0.4519 |
0.757 |
5.465 |
0.000 |
PODFL |
-0.2557 |
-0.1268 |
0.649 |
9.188 |
0.000 |
POPFL |
-0.3095 |
0.25291 |
0.810 |
3.978 |
0.003 |
POAFL |
0.06503 |
-0.2177 |
0.762 |
5.296 |
0.000 |
CPL |
-0.4437 |
-0.2509 |
0.888 |
2.138 |
0.069 |
CPD |
-0.3471 |
0.71149 |
0.708 |
7.027 |
0.000 |
SNAD |
-0.1138 |
0.61576 |
0.776 |
4.919 |
0.001 |
DPFD |
-0.0543 |
0.50741 |
0.614 |
10.699 |
0.000 |
DAD |
-0.1211 |
0.70674 |
0.727 |
6.370 |
0.000 |
DB |
-0.2455 |
0.6481 |
0.545 |
14.184 |
0.000 |
Table 7. MANOVA for Tetraodontidae from southeastern
India.
|
Multivariate tTests |
||||
Value |
F |
Hypothesis df |
Error df |
Sig. |
|
Pillai's trace |
7.394 |
5.870 |
290.000 |
600.000 |
.000 |
Wilks' lambda |
.000 |
14.274 |
290.000 |
510.032 |
.000 |
Hotelling's trace |
151.242 |
25.659 |
290.000 |
492.000 |
.000 |
Roy's largest root |
44.754 |
92.595a |
29.000 |
60.000 |
.000 |
Table 8. Discriminant function analysis
for Diodontidae — loading scores on the discriminant
functions DF1 & DF2 and discriminatory power of morphometric characters Wilks’ lambda (λ), F value & significance.
Variables |
DF1 |
DF2 |
Wilks' lambda (λ) |
F |
Sig.. |
SNL |
-0.073 |
-0.483* |
0.652 |
2.942 |
0.095 |
MGL |
-.160* |
-0.155 |
0.407 |
8.026 |
0.007 |
HL |
-0.204 |
-0.340* |
0.289 |
13.506 |
0.001 |
OL |
-0.1 |
-0.331* |
0.598 |
3.690 |
0.059 |
PD |
-0.092 |
-0.275* |
0.642 |
3.063 |
0.088 |
IOL |
-.209* |
-0.109 |
0.287 |
13.637 |
0.001 |
PRNL |
-0.187 |
-0.392* |
0.705 |
2.300 |
0.146 |
INL |
-0.079 |
-0.479* |
0.354 |
10.059 |
0.003 |
DFBL |
-0.196 |
-0.509* |
0.292 |
13.320 |
0.001 |
DFL |
-0.164 |
-0.395* |
0.553 |
4.443 |
0.039 |
PFBL |
-0.194 |
-0.306* |
0.221 |
19.356 |
0.000 |
PEL |
-.194* |
-0.13 |
0.512 |
5.249 |
0.025 |
AFBL |
-0.145 |
-0.456* |
0.337 |
10.813 |
0.003 |
AFL |
-0.175 |
-0.290* |
0.478 |
6.015 |
0.017 |
PRDFL |
-0.147 |
-0.179* |
0.527 |
4.940 |
0.029 |
PRPFL |
-0.057 |
-0.366* |
0.344 |
10.487 |
0.003 |
PRAFL |
-0.183 |
-0.205* |
0.386 |
8.751 |
0.005 |
PODFL |
-0.298 |
-0.396* |
0.654 |
2.910 |
0.097 |
POPFL |
-0.195 |
-0.448* |
0.432 |
7.235 |
0.010 |
POAFL |
-0.167 |
-0.504* |
0.779 |
1.565 |
0.252 |
CPL |
-0.166 |
-0.511* |
0.473 |
6.122 |
0.016 |
CPD |
-0.362 |
-0.529* |
0.454 |
6.618 |
0.013 |
SNAD |
-0.239 |
-0.388* |
0.268 |
15.011 |
0.001 |
DPFD |
-0.273 |
-0.381* |
0.327 |
11.317 |
0.002 |
DAD |
-0.24 |
-0.356* |
0.326 |
11.356 |
0.002 |
DB |
-0.286 |
-0.323* |
0.261 |
15.605 |
0.001 |
Table 9. MANOVA for Diodontidae from southeastern
India.
|
Multivariate tTests |
||||
Value |
F |
Hypothesis df |
Error df |
Sig.. |
|
Pillai's trace |
1.670 |
1.013 |
20.000 |
4.000 |
.563 |
Wilks' lambda |
.000 |
4.447b |
20.000 |
2.000 |
.199 |
Hotelling's trace |
679.540 |
.000 |
20.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
Roy's largest root |
677.494 |
135.499c |
10.000 |
2.000 |
.007 |
DISCUSSION
In the present study, the family Tetraodontidae
(Lagocephalus guentheri,
L. sceleratus, L. lunaris,
Arothron immaculatus,
A. reticularis, A. hispidus,
A. stellatus, Chelonodon
patoca, Torquigener brevipinnis, Canthigaster solandri & Takifugu oblongus) and Diodontidae (Diodon holocanthus,
Cyclichthys orbicularis & Chilomycterus
reticulates) were classified based on phenotypic appearance, and
morphometric characters were adopted to identify the pufferfish
and porcupinefish from the Indian coast. Also, those morphometric characters showed
>70% of variation in the morphology.
Similarly, Meng & Stocker (1984), Murta (2000) & Simon et al. (2010) noticed that the
morphometric discriminant functions effectively classified individuals in fish
species. Moreover, the
same results were obtained by Mwita
(2015). Additionally, these morphometric
methods were more popular to reveal the stock differences in fisheries sectors.
The positive and negative values of allometric
functions were able to show the taxonomic importance of the intra- and
inter-species of the morphology (Meyer 1990; Mekkawy
et al. 2002). Similarly, DF results
confirmed that specific size and body shapes of various measurements are the
determining taxonomic factors in morphometric identification. DF2 relating to the shape of the head regions
of the fish separated the species of Arothron
& Lagocephalus and genera of Tetraodontidae except for Torquigener. DF1 & DF2 more clearly separated Cyclichthys from Chilomycterus. The individuals of Diodon
were not separated clearly, showing the close relationship to Chilomycterus.
Also, Torquigener showed a close
relationship to Arothron — these two members’
results led us to reinvestigate the taxonomic status with molecular studies.
Previously, body shape and colouration characters were frequently used
as distinguishing characters of these species. The present study has uncovered
some morphological variation between the two closely related families, using
multivariate techniques as reported in other marine fish (Pierce et al. 1994; Tudela 1999; Bolles & Begg 2000; Aktas et al. 2006; Mekkawy et al. 2011). This study demonstrates that Tetraodontidae from the southwestern
Indian coastal waters are different from one another in morphometric
characters. Statistical classifications
using multivariate discriminant analyses were best for identification of the
species of Tetraodontidae while morphometric
characters provided comparatively less evidence of differentiation in Diodontidae.
Overall, morphological studies have been valid methods to identify the
differences and to find out the relationship between different species and
genera of pufferfish and porcupinefish. Also, these analyses will help to produce a
better understanding of evolutionary studies with molecular markers.
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