Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2019 | 11(9): 14166–14186

Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India

Golusu Babu Rao ¹, Santhanakrishnan Babu ², Goldin Quadros ³ & Vijaykumar Anoop ⁴

^1,2,3,4 Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641108, India.

¹ Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.

¹ rao.3in@gmail.com, ² sanbabs@gmail.com (corresponding author), ³ goldinq@gmail.com, ⁴ pvanoop1@gmail.com

doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4007.11.9.14166-14186 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9F01AC88-6A06-492D-870D-781181C9BD0C

Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 July 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #4007 | Received 12 January 2018 | Final received 07 June 2019 | Finally accepted 18 June 2019

Citation: Rao, G.B., S. Babu, G. Quadros & V. Anoop (2019). Bird diversity in the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(9): 14166–14186. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4007.11.9.14166-14186

Copyright: © Rao et al. 2019. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: GoI-UNDP-GEF-Mangrove Cell Sindhudurg project.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Golusu Babu Rao - my passion for wildlife is observing birds and understanding their behaviour in its natural environment. I am also interested in studying habitat use patterns of birds in changing landscape. Santhanakrishnan Babu - my research focuses on ornithology, landscape ecology, and Remote Sensing & GIS. Goldin Quadros - I am interested in the benthic invertebrates from wetland ecosystems. Anoop Vijay Kumar - my research involves different taxa such as birds and mammals and I have a special interest on Environmental Impact Assessment works.

Author contribution: SB, GBR and GQ conceived and designed the manuscript. GBR and AV conducted field surveys and data collection. GBR, AV and SB led the writing of the manuscript with inputs from GQ. All the authors equally contributed in refining the manuscript drafts and approved the final version.

Acknowledgements: We thank GoI-UNDP-GEF-Mangrove Cell Sindhudurg project and PCCF(WL), Maharashtra Forest Department for the financial support and research permission to conduct this study respectively. We express our gratitude to Dr. K. Sankar and Dr. P.A. Azeez, Directors of SACON for their support and administrative help. We also express our gratitude to Mr. Amit Patil and Mr. Rajan Surve for helping in the field. We are grateful to Dr. R. Jayapal for his comments on our earlier drafts.

Abstract: The list of birds of Sindhudurg coastal district was compiled based on primary and secondary information. All observations were made along the Sindhudurg coast, i.e., from Terekhol to Vijaydurg. Wetland birds were recorded during sampling while terrestrial birds were recorded opportunistically. Besides, we also collated bird occurrence records from published literature (including grey literature and online resources) to prepare a comprehensive list of birds for Sindhudurg coast. During our study, we recorded 283 species, and 24 more species were compiled from secondary sources. Altogether, 307 species belonging to 78 families and 22 orders were recorded from the Sindhudurg coast. Order Passeriformes was dominant with 111 species. Among the 307 species, four species are endemic to the Western Ghats. Three species of vultures had been reported earlier but two were not encountered in recent years. Great Knot (EN), Woolly-necked Stork (VU) and 14 other species (NT) fall under various threat categories of IUCN. Species richness was higher in Vengurla (256) followed by Malvan (247) and Devgad talukas. Construction of homestays, unregulated tourism in coastal areas, and conversion of natural habitats to meet increasing tourism are the major threats to the coastal avifauna of the district. A high species richness of birds in Sindhudurg coast is attributed to the availability of a wide array of habitats (coastal to woodlands with different degrees of anthropogenic disturbances). Considering the high species richness of birds and livelihood dependency of humans on the coastal zones, a few estuaries namely Mochemad, Karli and Mitbav estuaries may be recognized as community/ conservation reserve to manage the ecosystem sustainably for long-term conservation of these estuaries and sub-habitats therein. Also, those sites can be perceived as Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas of IBCN as they fulfill the IBA criteria.

Keywords: Avifauna, conservation, laterite grasslands, Sindhudurg, Vengurla rocks.

Introduction

Sindhudurg District is located geographically on the southwestern side of the state of Maharashtra and recognised as one of the principal tourist destinations in the western coast of India. The increasing inflow of tourists to Sindhudurg coast and subsequent change in land use and land cover of the coastal area increase the pressure on coastal and marine biodiversity. Due to its potential for over-exploitation of coastal biodiversity, MoEF&CC and the Maharashtra Forest Department – Mangrove Cell in collaboration with UNDP and GEF have initiated the Sindhudurg project to mainstream coastal biodiversity into a production sector. As part of the program, we compiled primary and secondary bird occurrence data along the Sindhudurg coasts to signify bird diversity wealth and to identify crucial bird areas for the conservation of coastal birds.

Southwestern Maharashtra (Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg) received much attention for bird studies from both the early-time British ornithologists and post-independence workers. Studies in Sindhudurg District can broadly be grouped into three categories based on the extent of focal area and target birds, viz., Sindhudurg District as a landscape level (Vidal 1980; Gole 1994; Prasad 2006; Mahabal et al. 2011), small regions or localities level (Hume 1876; Abdulali 1940, 1942, 1983; Madsen 1988; Pande 2002a; Lainer 2003; Katdare et al. 2004a; Patil 2015) and single or small group of birds level (Katdare 2001; Pande 2001, 2002b; Pande et al. 2001; Katdare et al. 2004b; Mahabal et al. 2007; Kambale et al. 2011; Rao et al. 2015). Vidal (1880) prepared the first comprehensive checklist on the birds of the Konkan region that included Sindhudurg District. Prasad (2006) included the Sindhudurg coast in his book on birds of western Maharashtra, though he did not specifically cover their local status. Studies by Khot (2016) included Malvan and Malagaon-Bagayat from Sindhudurg District but did not cover large parts of coastal zones in the Sindhudurg District. Patil et al. (2015) published a checklist for a single wetland (Pat Lake) in the district.

Considering this information and significance of the Sindhudurg coast, we have attempted to assess the local status, habitat association, sighting frequency and taluka-wise distribution of birds from the coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District based on primary and secondary observations from this region.

Study area

Sindhudurg District (15.37–16.40 ⁰N & 73.19–74.18 ⁰E) is located geographically on southwestern Maharashtra, and it was carved out from the erstwhile Ratnagiri District in 1981. The terrain is mostly gentlly undulating, and the elevation ranges from sea level to 120m. The state of Goa borders it in the south, Ratnagiri District in the north, Kolhapur District in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west (Fig. 1). Out of eight talukas, Vengurla, Malvan, and Devgad are coastal talukas. Coastal stretches of the district hold a wide-array of natural habitats, viz., sandy intertidal mudflats, mangroves, sandy beaches, rocky shoreline, and wooded forests. The coasts of Malvan Taluka has been recognized as Malvan Marine Wildlife Sanctuary in 1987. In addition to the coastal areas, we also did a survey at Pat Lake (freshwater lake), laterite grasslands (Chipi, Tondavali, Vengurla and other small grasslands), woodland areas within this buffer (moist deciduous forests and plantations), Vengurla rocks/islands (located nearly 6km from the coast), and man-modified sites (agriculture fields, saltpan and aquaculture ponds) (Images 1 & 2).

Pat Lake: Pat Lake is a freshwater lake located amid populated Pat Parule Village in Vengurla Taluka. This shallow lake with floating vegetation and mature trees on one side makes it a suitable habitat for several water-associated birds including ducks and geese. Agricultural fields and a road surround the lake.

Laterite grasslands: These grasslands were formed during the mid-tertiary period and are part of Deccan Trap floodplain (Seshadri et al. 2016). The overall habitat comprises grasses, herbs, shrubs and stunted trees interspersed with agricultural fields and habitation. Grasslands are found along the coastal areas of Sindhudurg District. Some of the meadows are extensive in size and, offer potential foraging ground for raptors (e.g., Harriers Circus sp.) and nesting ground for grassland birds (e.g., Lapwings Vanellus sp. and Larks Alaudidae). We selected Chipi, Tondavali, Vengurla and other small grasslands in these talukas for studying raptor and other grassland dependent birds.

Woodlands including plantations: Fragmented patches of moist deciduous forest and plantations (mango, coconut, cashew and Casuarina) are found in mosaics among the human settlements. The natural forests are not intact but possess dense upper-storey and mid-storey cover.

Vengurla rocks: It is a group of small rocky offshore islands located around six kilometres from the Kochara village in Vengurla Taluka. In one of the islets, breeding activities of the Greater Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii, Bridled Tern Onychopriyon anaethetus and Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii have been reported (Lainer 2003). This rocky islet is partially covered with combinations of tall grasses and short herb species. The terns exploit the bare rocky portions of the island for nesting.

Man-modified habitats: Modified wetlands such as agriculture fields (largely paddy), saltpans and aquaculture ponds are found in patches throughout the coastal areas. Saltpan is practised in Vengurla Taluka on a minor scale. Aquaculture ponds are common along upstream regions of the district. Common aquaculture taxa are prawns and crabs.

Materials and Methods

We chose seven estuaries/creeks: Achara and Karli in Malvan Taluka, Mitbav and Wadatar in Devgad Taluka, and Mochemad, Vengurla Bandar and Nivati in Vengurla Taluka for observing the coastal birds (Fig. 1). These sites were sampled once a month and thus, we visited the whole stretch of Sindhudurg coast either by bike or jeep covering diverse terrestrial habitats (moist deciduous, grasslands, agriculture fields, commercial plantations) and inland wetland habitats (Pat Lake and puddles in grasslands during the monsoon) in the area. All observations on terrestrial birds were opportunistic. Quantitative data was collected only for wetland birds, which were the focus of the project but we recorded other birds as well to make a comprehensive list of birds. Bird surveys were carried out from December 2014 to December 2016. We made observations between 05.30h and 18.00h and conducted occasional night surveys for owls Strigiformes. Besides, we also conducted four offshore surveys to Vengurla rocks for pelagic birds using fishing boats. The number of days spent at each field site and taluka is provided in (Table 1). Although we used the Nikon spotting scope 20–60x for bird observation, sufficient photographs were taken to confirm species identities. Nearly 80% of our observations were photo documented. We did not collect abundance data for the terrestrial birds; thus, we categorised all the birds into three broad categories based on the percentage of sighting such as >3% (Common), 1–3 % (uncommon) and <1% (rare). The percentage of sightings were expressed by dividing frequency of sightings of particular species by total visits. We referred Birdlife International (2019) for threat status of each species.

On the basis of our observation from December 2014 to December 2016 in the district, the distribution status of each bird species was categorized into five groups.

Resident: Occurs in the district throughout the year.

Winter Migrant: Species occur only during winter (September to May).

Passage Migrant: Species occurs in the study area for refueling their energy during onward and return migration.

Vagrant: Species is either not resident/not regular breeding or wintering migrant but has a few stray records.

Monsoon Migrant: Species occurs only during the monsoon.

Results

We collated 307 species belonging to 78 families, and 22 orders for the coastal areas of Sindhudurg District (Table 2) and 283 species recorded during our survey, and 24 more species compiled from the published literature. During this study, species richness was the highest in Vengurla Taluka (256 species) followed by Malvan Taluka (247), and Devgad Taluka (213) (Table 2). Order Passeriformes (111 species) had the highest species representation followed by Charadriiformes (63), Accipitriformes (20) and Pelecaniformes (15) and one species each represented in Procellariiformes and Gaviiformes (Fig. 2). Out of 283 species, 175 (~62%) and 108 (~38%) were resident and migratory birds respectively. Among 108 migrants, 93 winter migrants, 13 passage migrants, one monsoon migrant and one vagrant were recorded.

Sindhudurg coast used to support three Critically Endangered species namely Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus, White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis, and Indian Vulture G. indicus, one Endangered Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris, and Vulnerable Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus but during our study we could not record any vultures (Table 2 & Image 3). The vulture population has crashed all over the country. Besides, 14 more species fall under the Near Threatened category of IUCN. Grey-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus priocephalus, Malabar Grey Hornbill Ocyceros griseus, Crimson-backed Sunbird Leptocoma minima, and Vigor’s Sunbird Aethopyga vigorsii are the birds recorded from the Sindhudurg coast that are considered to be endemic to the Western Ghats. Based on the sighting percentage, 151, 114 and 18 species were common, uncommon and rare, respectively. Location and date of observation of species sighted less than <1% of total visits are given below (Image 3).

Interesting sight records

Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata: It was recorded twice: once in an aquaculture pond of Mitbav on 6 November 2016, and another on 8 November 2016 at Shiroda saltpans of Vengurla. On both occasions, the flock size was >10.

Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea: One bird was seen in an aquaculture pond at Mitbav on 6 November 2016.

Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala: A sub-adult bird was seen in a saltpan at Shiroda on 22 January 2015 (Image 3).

Amur Falcon Falco amurensis: One bird was seen in grassland at Vengurla on 20 November 2015 (Image 3).

Common Buzzard Buteo buteo: We recorded it three times: one individual each at Vijayadurg and Kochara beach on 22 October 2015, and three individuals at Kochara beach on 10 October 2016.

Masked Booby Sula dactylatra: Three sub-adults were seen resting on rocky islets close to Vengurla rocks on 7 October 2015 (Image 3).

Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus: We saw it twice: two birds on 8 October 2016 at Tambaldeg beach, and a solitary bird was observed on 11 July 2016 at Devbag beach.

Crab-plover Dromas ardeola: A bird was observed in mixed flocks of gulls at Mochemad beach on 7 November 2016 (Image 3).

Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris: Two birds were seen on mudflats of Mochemad estuary on 6 November 2016.

Ruff Philomachus pugnax: A sparse flock of 10 birds were seen at Tondavali laterite grasslands on 18 September 2015 (Image 3).

Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa: This solitary bird was seen twice at Shiroda saltpans, first on 5 January 2015 and the second on 28 March 2016.

Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica: One individual was sighted on 28 October 2016 at Mitbav aquaculture pond (Image 3).

Great Thick-knee Esacus recurvirostris: The solitary bird was observed in the intertidal mudflat of Vengurla Bandar on 26 December 2016 (Image 3).

Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum: A pair was sighted in Tondavali grasslands on 20 August 2016. Tentatively identified as Oriental Pratincole after examining the wing pattern visible in the videos we took (Video 1) (Gerald Driessens in litt. 8 August 2018).

Wilson’s Storm-petrel Oceanites oceanicus: A single bird was seen foraging actively in the open sea on 23 October 2015 between Nivati beach and Vengurla rocks

Common Tern Sterna hirundo: During our offshore surveys between Nivati beach and Vengurla rocks on 23 October 2015 four individuals were observed at Burnt Island.

Little Tern Sternula albifrons: The solitary bird was seen in Shiroda saltpans on 12 March 2015.

Brown-breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa muttui: Observed one individual in wooded areas of Karli village on 19 October 2016.

Although we observed Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis, Grey-headed Fish Eagle Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus, Indian Spotted Eagle A. hastata, Red-necked Falcon Falco chicquera, Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus and Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula during our study, due to a lack of good quality photographs we excluded them from the list. The foraging guild of birds species in the district was dominated by insectivores (~49%) followed by piscivores (~18%), and omnivores and nectarivores showed least contribution (1% to 3%) (Fig. 3).

Discussion

Altogether, we collated 307 species from Sindhudurg coast, which represents nearly 84% of birds recorded from the Sindhudurg District as a whole (eBird 2019). Out of these 307 species, four are endemic to the Western Ghats. A multi-observer effort of 997 and 838 eBird lists yielded 364 and 340 bird species in Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri districts respectively while the present study recorded 283 bird species from 329 field days in the coastal areas indicating the high diversity of birds in these talukas. Despite inadequate sampling effort in the Western Ghats, year-round monitoring along the Sindhudurg coast raised the total species pool. A few stretches of natural forests (for example moist deciduous forests) in the district were surveyed, but intensive sampling was not conducted. Accordingly, the total species pool compiled here is only for the coastal regions of the district and more species might be added if one samples the forest areas of the district. Among the talukas surveyed, from Vengurla Taluka, a maximum richness of birds was recorded, and availability of mosaic of habitats within the coastal areas might be attributed for this pattern. The lower diversity of birds in Devgad Taluka can be associated with the presence of laterite grasslands along the coasts and an absence of a large extent of woody vegetation in the coastal areas.

We also observed a few rare and under-recorded species of western Maharashtra, as mentioned in Prasad (2006), such as Amur Falcon, Common Buzzard, Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus, Wilson’s Storm-petrel, Masked Booby, Eurasian Oystercatcher, Great Knot, Crab-plover, Orange-breasted Green Pigeon, and Brown-breasted Flycatcher during the study along the Sindhudurg coast.

In comparison with Vidal’s (1880) observation, we did not record a few species such as the Red-headed Vulture, the Indian Vulture, the White-rumped Vulture, Sirkeer Malkoha Taccocua leschenaultii, Indian Blackbird Turdus merula simillimus, Brown Hawk Owl Ninox scutulata, Brown Wood Owl Strix leptogrammica, Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus, Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus, Blue-capped Rock Thrush Monticola cinclorhynchus, Indian Thick-knee Burhinus indicus, Grey-bellied Cuckoo Cacomantis passerinus, White-naped Woodpecker Chrysocolaptes festivus, Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus, and the White-cheeked Tern Sterna repressa, during our sampling. In addition, Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus (Abdulali 1942), Brown Skua Stercorarius antarcticus (Editors 1958), Pomarine Skua Stercorarius pomarinus (Pande 2002a), Arctic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus and Brown Noody Anous stolidus (Lainer 2003), Brown Booby Sula leucogaster (Jamalabad 2013), Blue-bearded Bee-eater Nyctyornis athertoni (Khot 2016), Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata (Avalaskar 2016), and Crimson-backed Sunbird Leptocoma minima (Shrikrishna Ramachandra Magdum pers. obs. 7.xii.2017) were reported from the Sindhudurg coast but not observed by us during the study. The vulture species had been distributed all over India but due to a recent population decline, their distribution range has shrunk to a few pockets, and this might be the reason for not encountering these species in all historical occurrence localities. Furthermore, as discussed earlier, less sampling in the northern Western Ghats might be the reason for missing a few forest dwelling species. Although we conducted coastal and offshore surveys, we did not carry out any surveys during the monsoon months because Bridled Tern is anticipated to occur in Vengurla rocks during the monsoon (Lainer 2003). In brief, less sampling in the Western Ghats and offshore, and rare nature of some species (e.g., Red-throated Diver) might be the reason for missing these birds.

Grey-headed Bulbul has been stated to occur in the Western Ghats, i.e., from Kanyakumari to Goa (Grimmett et al. 2011), but we observed this bird along the Sindhudurg coast. Prasad (2006) listed the Grey-headed Bulbul in Maharashtra’s bird list, but comprehensive information about their distribution and occurrences within Maharashtra is not available. We saw it repeatedly (5 times in two locations: Hadi and Karli villages) in the forested areas along the Malvan and Vengurla coasts, and hence we speculate that the distribution range of this species in Maharashtra might be much more widespread than predicted. A survey of the Grey-headed Bulbul’s population in abutting districts may be attempted to define the distribution range of this Near-threatened and endemic species of the Western Ghats. Vidal (1880) also had observed a few forest dwelling species, viz., Indian Scimitar Babbler, Blue-capped Rock Thrush, and Malabar Whistling Thrush in wooded habitats close to the coast.

Out of 283 species, 38% of them were migratory. Sindhudurg coast attracts migratory species especially transcontinental migratory birds like waders. Almost 68% of resident birds occur throughout the year in the district. The high richness of resident birds in Sindhudurg is attributed to the availability of the mosaic of habitats. It has also been observed in other studies that variation in bird populations among sites in different seasons and the same has been attributed to environmentally dependent factors such as the change in local and regional habitat conditions (Ericia et al. 2005).

Unregulated tourism and associated developments, sand mining, stray dogs and conversion of laterite grasslands are the major threats to the coastal avifauna in the district. Mochemad (95 species; 10,000 gulls of six species), Karli (117 species; 5,000 gulls of six species), Mitbav (103 species; 2,000 gulls of six species) estuaries, and grasslands such as Tondavali and Chipi (a breeding ground for lapwings, larks; alternative foraging ground for wintering shorebirds; foraging ground for wintering raptors) in Sindhudurg coast support a greater richness of terrestrial and wetland birds. Considering the high species richness of birds and livelihood dependency of humans on the coastal zones, a few estuaries namely Mochemad, Karli and Mitbav estuaries may be recognized as community reserve or conservation reserve to manage the ecosystem sustainably for long-term conservation of these estuaries and sub-habitats therein. Also, these three sites can be perceived as Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas of BirdLife International as they fulfill the IBA criteria.

Table 1. Site and taluka wise sampling effort in Sindhudurg District.

	Taluka	Site	Number of days visited between December 2014- December 2016					Total effort
			Mar–May	Jun–Aug	Sep–Nov	Dec–Feb	Sub total
1	Devgad	Vijaydurg	2	2	5	5	14	85
2		Phanse	1	1	1	2	5
3		Kunkeshwar	1	2	2	1	6
4		Mithmumbri	2	1	1	2	6
5		Wadatar	7	5	6	9	27
6		Mitbav	7	6	5	9	27
7	Malvan	Achara	7	5	5	10	27	87
8		Tondavali grassland	1	2	6	2	11
9		Rock Garden	8	4	4	8	24
10		Tarkarli	7	5	5	8	25
11	Vengurla	Karli	7	5	5	8	25	157
12		Chipi grassland	2	3	3	3	11
13		Nivati	8	5	5	8	26
14		Pat Lake	3	3	2	4	12
15		Vengurla Bandar	7	5	5	10	27
16		Mochemad	8	5	5	9	27
17		Shiroda saltpans	7	5	5	8	25
18		Vengurla rocks	-	-	4	-	4
		Total	85	64	74	106	329	329

Table 2. Birds from three coastal talukas of Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra

	Common name	Scientific name	Observers	Status	Occurrence	Talukas			Habitats used
						Vengurla	Malvan	Devgad
	Galliformes/ Phasianidae
1	Indian Peafowl	Pavo cristatus	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	GS
2	Grey Junglefowl	Gallus sonneratii	P	R	U	+	+	-	WD
3	Red Spurfowl	Galloperdix spadicea	P, V	R	U	+	+	-	WD
4	Grey Francolin	Francolinus pondicerianus	P	R	C	+	+	+	GS,WD
5	Common Quail	Coturnix coturnix	P	W	U	+	-	-	GS,WD
6	Jungle Bush Quail	Perdicula asiatica	P, V, K	R	U	+	-	+	GS,WD
	Charadriiformes/ Turnicidae
7	Barred Buttonquail	Turnix suscitator	P, V, K	R	U	-	+	-	GS
	Anseriformes/ Anatidae
8	Lesser Whistling-duck	Dendrocygna javanica	P, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	FW, AQ, SAL
9	Cotton Pygmy-goose	Nettapus coromandelianus	P	R/LM	C	+	-	-	FW
10	Indian Spot-billed Duck	Anas poecilorhyncha	P	R/LM	C	+	-	-	FW
11	Northern Pintail	Anas acuta	P	W	U	+	-	-	FW
12	Garganey	Spatula querquedula	P	W	U	+	-	-	FW, AQ, SAL
13	Common Teal	Anas crecca	P	W	U	+	-	+	FW, AQ, SAL, MG
14	Gadwall	Anas strepera	P	W	U	+	-	+	FW, AQ, SAL, MG
15	Northern Shoveler	Anas clypeata	P	W	R	+	+	+	FW, AQ, SAL
16	Ruddy Shelduck	Tadorna ferruginea	P	W	R	-	-	+	FW, AQ
	Podicipediformes/ Podicipedidae
17	Little Grebe	Tachybaptus ruficollis	P, V, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	FW, SAL
	Phoenicopteriformes/ Phoenicopteridae
18	Greater Flamingo	Phoenicopterus roseus**	A	Unknown	Unknown	-	+	-	INMDF
	Ciconiiformes/ Ciconiidae
19	Painted Stork	Mycteria leucocephala	P	W	R	+	-	-	AQ
20	Asian Openbill	Anastomus oscitans	P	W	C	+	+	+	FW, MG, AG
21	Woolly-necked Stork	Ciconia episcopus	P	R/LM	C	+	-	-	SBH, AQ, SAL
	Pelecaniformes/ Threskiornithidae
22	Black-headed Ibis	Threskiornis melanocephalus	P	R/LM	C	+	+	+	FW, AG, MG, AQ, SAL
23	Glossy Ibis	Plegadis falcinellus	P	W	U	+	-	-	FW, AG, AQ
24	Red-naped Ibis	Pseudibis papillosa	P	R/LM	U	+	-	-	FW, AG, AQ
	Pelecaniformes/ Ardeidae
25	Cinnamon Bittern	Ixobrychus cinnamomeus	P, V	R/LM	U	-	+	-	GS, MG
26	Yellow Bittern	Ixobrychus sinensis	P	R/LM	U	+	-	-	MG, VGR
27	Cattle Egret	Bubulcus ibis	P, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	FW, MG, AQ, SAL, RSH, SBH, GS, AG
28	Little Egret	Egretta garzetta	P, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	FW, MG, AQ, SAL, AG, RSH
29	Intermediate Egret	Mesophoyx intermedia	P, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	FW, MG, AQ, SAL, AG
30	Great Egret	Casmerodius albus	P, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	FW, MG, AQ, SAL, AG, RSH
31	Western Reef Egret	Egretta gularis	P, A, K, L	W	C	+	+	+	FW, MG, AQ, SAL, RSH, SBH
32	Grey Heron	Ardea cinerea	P, A, K	W	C	+	+	+	FW, MG, AQ, SAL, INMDF
33	Purple Heron	Ardea purpurea	P, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	FW, MG, AQ, SAL
34	Indian Pond Heron	Ardeola grayii	P, K, L	R/LM	C	+	+	+	FW, MG, AQ, SAL, AG, RSH, INMDF
35	Striated Heron	Butorides striata	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	FW, MG, RSH, SAL, AQ
36	Black-crowned Night Heron	Nycticorax nycticorax	P, V, K	R	U	+	+	-	FW
	Suliformes/ Anhingidae
37	Darter	Anhinga melanogaster	P	W	U	+	+	-	MG, AQ
	Suliformes/ Phalacrocoracidae
38	Little Cormorant	Phalacrocorax niger	P, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	FW, MG, AQ, SAL
39	Indian Cormorant	Phalacrocorax fuscicollis	P	W	U	+	+	+	FW, MG, AQ, SAL
	Suliformes/ Sulidae
40	Masked Booby	Sula dactylatra	P	V	R	+	+	-	VGR
41	Brown Booby	Sula leucogaster**	J	Unknown	Unknown	+	-	-	OFSH
	Falconiformes/ Falconidae
42	Common Kestrel	Falco tinnunculus	P, H, V, L, PKT, K	W	C	+	+	+	GS, VGR
43	Peregrine Falcon	Falco peregrinus calidus	P, V, A, L	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, PL
44	Amur Falcon	Falco amurensis	P	PM	R	+	-	-	GS
45	Eurasian Hobby	Falco subbuteo	P	W	U	+	-	-	GS
	Accipitriformes/ Pandionidae
46	Osprey	Pandion haliaetus	P, V, A, L	W	C	+	+	+	GS, SBH,MG, INMDF, AQ, SAL, VGR
	Accipitriformes/ Accipitridae
47	Red-headed Vulture	Sarcogyps calvus**	V	Unknown	Unknown	-	+	-	WD
48	White-rumped Vulture	Gyps bengalensis**	V, KM	Unknown	Unknown	+	+	+	WD
49	Indian Vulture	Gyps indicus**	V	Unknown	Unknown	+	+	+	WD
50	Black Kite	Milvus migrans	P, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	GS, SBH, RSH, MG, INMDF, AQ, SAL, WD
51	Brahminy Kite	Haliastur Indus	P, L, K	R	C	+	+	+	GS, SBH, RSH, MG, INMDF, AQ, SAL, WD
52	Black-winged Kite	Elanus caeruleus	P	R	C	+	+	+	GS, AQ, WD, AG
53	White-bellied Sea Eagle	Haliaeetus leucogaster	P, H, A, PKT, PA, KMP, L, KT	R	C	+	+	+	GS, SBH, RSH, INMDF, AQ, SAL, MG, WD, VGR
54	Crested Serpent Eagle	Spilornis cheela	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	GS, AQ, MG, WD
55	Eurasian Marsh Harrier	Circus aeruginosus	P, V, L	W	C	+	+	+	FW, GS, MG
56	Pallid Harrier	Circus macrourus	P	W	U	+	+	+	GS
57	Montagu's Harrier	Circus pygargus	P	W	U	+	+	+	GS
58	Shikra	Accipiter badius	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	GS, PL, AG, WD
59	Besra	Accipiter virgatus	P	R	U	+	+	-	GS, WD
60	Oriental Honey-buzzard	Pernis ptilorhynchus	P	R	C	+	+	+	GS, PL, MG, VGR, WD
61	White-eyed Buzzard	Butastur teesa	P, K	R	U	+	+	+	GS, WD
62	Common Buzzard	Buteo buteo	P	PM	R	+	-	+	GS, WD
63	Bonelli's Eagle	Aquila fasciata	P	R	U	-	+	+	GS, WD
64	Booted Eagle	Hieraaetus pennatus	P	W	C	+	+	+	GS, SBH, MG
65	Crested Hawk Eagle	Nisaetus cirrhatus	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	GS, SBH, MG ,PL, WD
	Strigiformes/ Tytonidae
66	Barn Owl	Tyto alba	P	R	C	+	+	+	GS, WD
	Strigiformes/ Strigidae
67	Indian Scops Owl	Otus bakkamoena	P, V, K	R	U	+	+	-	GS, WD
68	Brown Hawk Owl	Ninox scutulata**	V	Unknown	Unknown	-	+	-	GS, WD
69	Brown Wood Owl	Strix leptogrammica**	V	Unknown	Unknown	-	-	+	WD
70	Jungle Owlet	Glaucidium radiatum	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	GS, WD
71	Spotted Owlet	Athene brama	P, V	R	C	+	+	+	GS, WD
72	Brown Fish Owl	Ketupa zeylonensis	P	R	U	-	+	-	FW, GS
	Caprimulgiformes/ Caprimulgidae
73	Jungle Nightjar	Caprimulgus indicus	P, V	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
74	Indian Nightjar	Caprimulgus asiaticus	P, V	R	U	+	+	+	WD, GS
75	Savanna Nightjar	Caprimulgus affinis	P, V	R	U	-	+	-	WD, GS
	Gruiformes/ Rallidae
76	Slaty-legged Crake	Rallina eurizonoides	P	W	U	-	+	-	FW
77	Slaty-breasted Rail	Gallirallus striatus	P, V	R	U	+	+	-	MG
78	White-breasted Waterhen	Amaurornis phoenicurus	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	FW, MG, AQ, AG
79	Common Moorhen	Gallinula chloropus	P	R/LM	U	+	-	-	FW, SAL
80	Eurasian Coot	Fulica atra	P	R/LM	U	+	-	-	FW, SAL
81	Purple Swamphen	Porphyrio porphyrio	P, V	R/LM	C	+	+	-	FW
	Charadriiformes/ Jacanidae
82	Pheasant-tailed Jacana	Hydrophasianus chirurgus	P, K	R/LM	C	+	+	-	FW
83	Bronze-winged Jacana	Metopidius indicus	P	R/LM	C	+	-	-	FW
	Charadriiformes/Haematopodidae
84	Eurasian Oystercatcher	Haematopus ostralegus	P	PM	R	-	+	+	SBH
	Charadriiformes/Recurvirostridae
85	Black-Winged Stilt	Himantopus himantopus	P, V	R	C	+	+	+	AQ, SAL
	Charadriiformes/Dromadidae
86	Crab-plover	Dromas ardeola	P	PM	R	+	-	-	SBH
	Charadriiformes/ Charadriidae
87	Little Ringed Plover	Charadrius dubius	P, V, K	W	C	+	+	+	AQ, SAL, SBH, GS
88	Kentish Plover	Charadrius alexandrinus	P, V	W	C	+	+	+	SBH,INMDF, MG, AQ
89	Lesser Sand Plover	Charadrius mongolus	P, V	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF, MG, AQ, SAL, GS, RSH
90	Greater Sand Plover	Charadrius leschenaultii	P	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF, MG, AQ
91	Pacific Golden Plover	Pluvialis fulva	P	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF, MG, AQ, SAL, GS, AG, RSH
92	Grey Plover	Pluvialis squatarola	P, V	W	U	+	+	+	SBH, AQ, SAL, INMDF
93	Yellow-wattled Lapwing	Vanellus malabaricus	P, V	R/LM	C	+	+	+	GS, AG
94	Red-wattled Lapwing	Vanellus indicus	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	MG, AQ, SAL, GS, AG,FW
	Charadriiformes/ Rostratulidae
95	Greater Painted-snipe	Rostratula benghalensis	P	R	U	+	-	-	GS, AQ
	Charadriiformes/ Scolopacidae
96	Ruff	Philomachus pugnax	P	PM	R	-	+	-	GS
97	Common Snipe	Gallinago gallinago	P, K	W	C	+	+	+	GS, AG, AQ
98	Black-tailed Godwit	Limosa limosa	P	PM	R	+	-		SAL
99	Bar-tailed Godwit	Limosa lapponica	P	PM	R	-	-	+	AQ, INMDF
100	Whimbrel	Numenius phaeopus	P, V	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF, MG, AQ, SAL, GS
101	Eurasian Curlew	Numenius arquata	P	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF, MG, AQ, GS
102	Common Redshank	Tringa totanus	P, K	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF, MG, AQ, SAL
103	Common Greenshank	Tringa nebularia	P	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF, MG, AQ, SAL, AG
104	Marsh Sandpiper	Tringa stagnatilis	P	W	U	+	+	+	AQ, SAL
105	Green Sandpiper	Tringa ochropus	P	W	U	+	+	+	AQ, SAL, GS, AG
106	Wood Sandpiper	Tringa glareola	P, K	W	C	+	+	+	AQ, SAL, GS, FW, AG
107	Terek Sandpiper	Xenus cinereus	P	W	C	+	+	+	SAT, SBH, INMDF, MG
108	Common Sandpiper	Actitis hypoleucos	P, A, PA, L, K	W	C	+	+	+	AQ, SAL, SBH, INMDF, MG, RSH, FW, GS, AG
109	Ruddy Turnstone	Arenaria interpres	P, V, A, G, KMP, PA, L	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, RSH, GS
110	Little Stint	Calidris minuta	P	W	C	+	+	+	AQ, SAL, SBH, INMDF, RSH, GS
111	Temminck's Stint	Calidris temminckii	P	W	C	+	+	+	AQ, SAL
112	Sanderling	Calidris alba	P, V	W	U	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF
113	Curlew Sandpiper	Calidris ferruginea	P, V	W	U	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF, AQ, SAL, RSH
114	Great Knot	Calidris tenuirostris	P	PM	R	+	-	-	INMDF, SBH
115	Broad-billed Sandpiper	Limicola falcinellus	P	W	U	+	+	+	SAT, SBH, INMDF
116	Dunlin	Calidris alpina	P	W	U	+	+	+	AQ, SAL, INMDF, SBH
	Charadriiformes/ Glareolidae
117	Small Pratincole	Glareola lacteal	P	R/LM	U	+	-	-	ASL, SBH
118	Oriental Pratincole	Glareola maldivarum	P	W	R	-	+	-	GS
	Charadriiformes/ Burhinidae
119	Great Thick-knee	Esacus recurvirostris	P	R/LM	R	+	-	-	FW, INMDF
120	Indian Thick-knee	Burhinus indicus**	V	Unknown	Unknown	-	+	-	FW, GS
	Charadriiformes/ Laridae
121	Pallas's Gull	Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus	P	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, OFSH, INMDF
122	Heuglin's Gull	Larus heuglini	P, V, L	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, OFSH, RSH, INMDF
123	Steppe Gull	Larus barabensis	P	W	U	+	+	+	SBH, OFSH, INMDF
124	Slender-billed Gull	Chroicocephalus genei	P	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, OFSH, INMDF
125	Brown-headed Gull	Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus	P, V, A, L	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, OFSH, INMDF, RSH
126	Black-headed Gull	Chroicocephalus ridibundus	P, G, L	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, OFSH, INMDF, RSH
127	Gull-billed Tern	Gelochelidon nilotica	P	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF
128	Lesser Crested Tern	Thalasseus bengalensis	P, V, A, L,VK, KMP, KD	W	C	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF, VGR
129	Greater Crested Tern	Thalasseus bergii	P, V, A, M, VK, PA, KMP, L	R	C	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF, VGR
130	Caspian Tern	Hydroprogne caspia	P, A, L	W	U	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF
131	Sandwich Tern	Thalasseus sandvicensis	P, G, L	W	U	+	+	+	SBH, INMDF
132	River Tern	Sterna aurantia	P, PA	R/LM	U	+	-	-	FW
133	Little Tern	Sternula albifrons	P, A, G	R/LM	R	+	+	-	FW, SAL
134	Roseate Tern	Sterna dougallii	P, H, A, VK, PA, KMP, L	R/LM	U	+	-	-	VGR
135	Common Tern	Sterna hirundo	P, PA, L	W	R	-	+	-	OFSH
136	Whiskered Tern	Chlidonias hybrida	P	W	U	+	+	+	AQ, SAL, INMDF, SBH
137	White-cheeked Tern	Sterna repressa**	V, M, PA, L	Unknown	Unknown	+	+	-	OFSH
138	Sooty Tern	Onychoprion fuscatus	P, A, M, PA, L	PM	U	+	-	+	OFSH
139	Bridled Tern	Onychoprion anaethetus**	V, A, M, VK, PA, KMP, L	Unknown	Unknown	+	-	-	VGR, OFSH
140	Brown Noddy	Anous stolidus**	L	Unknown	Unknown	+	-	-	OFSH
	Charadriiformes/ Stercorariidae
141	Brown Skua	Stercorarius antarcticus**	ED	Unknown	Unknown	-	+	-	OFSH
142	Arctic Skua	Stercorarius parasiticus**	L	Unknown	Unknown	+	-	-	OFSH
143	Pomarine Skua	Stercorarius pomarinus**	PA	Unknown	Unknown	+	-	-	OFSH
	Procellariiformes/ Oceanitidae
144	Wilson's Storm-petrel	Oceanites oceanicus	P	PM	R	+	-	-	OFSH
	Gaviiformes/ Gaviidae
145	Red-throated Diver	Gavia stellata**	AV	Unknown	Unknown	-	-	+	OFSH
	Columbiformes/ Columbidae
146	Common Pigeon	Columba livia	P, H, V, A, PKT, PA, KMP, L MP, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS, VGR
147	Laughing Dove	Stigmatopelia senegalensis	P	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
148	Spotted Dove	Stigmatopelia chinensis	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
149	Red Collared Dove	Streptopelia tranquebarica	P, K	R/LM	U	+	+	+	WD, GS
150	Emerald Dove	Chalcophaps indica	P	R	C	+	+	+	WD
151	Oriental Turtle Dove	Streptopelia orientalis	P, L	R	U	+	+	+	WD, GS
152	Eurasian Collared Dove	Streptopelia decaocto	P	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
153	Grey-fronted Green Pigeon	Treron affinis	P	R/LM	U	+	+	-	WD
154	Yellow-footed Green Pigeon	Treron phoenicopterus	P, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	WD
155	Orange-breasted Green Pigeon	Treron bicinctus	P	PM	U	+	+	-	WD
	Psittaciformes/ Psittaculidae
156	Vernal Hanging Parrot	Loriculus vernalis	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD
157	Rose-ringed Parakeet	Psittacula krameri	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, PL
158	Plum-headed Parakeet	Psittacula cyanocephala	P, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	WD, PL
	Cuculiformes/ Cuculidae
159	Grey-bellied Cuckoo	Cacomantis passerinus**	V	Unknown	Unknown	+	+	-	WD, GS
160	Jacobin Cuckoo	Clamator jacobinus	P	W	U	+	+	+	WD
161	Common Hawk Cuckoo	Hierococcyx varius	P, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	WD
162	Banded Bay Cuckoo	Cacomantis sonneratii	P, V	R/LM	C	+	+	-	WD
163	Eurasian Cuckoo	Cuculus canorus	P	PM	U	-	+	+	WD
164	Lesser Cuckoo	Cuculus poliocephalus	P	PM	U	-	+	-	WD, GS
165	Asian Koel	Eudynamys scolopaceus	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, MG, GS
166	Southern Coucal	Centropus sinensis parroti	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, MG, GS
167	Blue-faced Malkoha	Rhopodytes viridirostris	P, V	R	U	+	+	+	WD, MG
168	Sirkeer Malkoha	Taccocua leschenaultii**	V	Unknown	Unknown	-	+	-	WD
	Caprimulgiformes/ Hemiprocnidae
169	Crested Treeswift	Hemiprocne coronate	P, V	R	C	-	-	+	GS
	Caprimulgiformes/ Apodidae
170	Asian Palm Swift	Cypsiurus balasiensis	P, V, A	R	C	+	+	+	WD, FW
171	Indian Swiftlet	Collocalia unicolor	P, V, A, L, MB, PKT	R	U	+	-	-	VGR
172	Little Swift	Apus affinis	P, L	R	C	+	+	+	WD, FW, VGR
	Coraciiformes/ Coraciidae
173	Indian Roller	Coracias benghalensis	P, V, K	R/LM	C	+	+	+	GS, WD, AG, FW
174	Eurasian Roller	Coracias garrulus	P	W	U	+	+	+	GS, WD
	Coraciiformes/ Alcedinidae
175	Common Kingfisher	Alcedo atthis	P	R	C	+	+	+	FW, INMDF, MG, AQ, SAL
176	Stork-billed Kingfisher	Pelargopsis capensis	P, V, K	R/LM	U	+	+	+	FW, MG
177	White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	MG, FW, INMDF, SBH, AQ, SAL, GS
178	Black-capped Kingfisher	Halcyon pileata	P, V	W	U	+	+	+	MG, INMDF
179	Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher	Ceyx erithaca	P	MM	U	-	+	-	MG
180	Pied Kingfisher	Ceryle rudis	P, K	R/LM	U	+	+	+	FW, MG, AQ, SAL
	Coraciiformes/ Meropidae
181	Green Bee-eater	Merops orientalis	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	FW, WD, GS, AQ, SAL
182	Chestnut-headed Bee-eater	Merops leschenaultia	P	W	C	+	+	+	FW, WD, GS
183	Blue-tailed Bee-eater	Merops philippinus	P, V	W	U	-	+	-	GS, WD
184	Blue-bearded Bee-eater	Nyctyornis athertoni**	K	Unknown	Unknown	-	+	-	WD
	Bucerotiformes/ Upupidae
185	Common Hoopoe	Upupa epops	P, V, L, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
	Bucerotiformes/ Bucerotidae
186	Malabar Grey Hornbill	Ocyceros griseus	P	R	U	-	+	-	WD
187	Malabar Pied Hornbill	Anthracoceros coronatus	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, PL, GS, MG
188	Indian Grey Hornbill	Ocyceros birostris	P, K	R/LM	U	+	+	+	WD
	Piciformes/ Megalaimidae
189	Brown-headed Barbet	Megalaima zeylanica	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD
190	Coppersmith Barbet	Megalaima haemacephala	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD
191	White-cheeked Barbet	Megalaima viridis	P	R	U	+	+	-	WD
	Piciformes/ Picidae
192	Rufous Woodpecker	Micropternus brachyurus	P	R	U	-	-	+	WD, PL
193	Lesser Goldenback	Dinopium benghalense	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, PL
194	Greater Goldenback	Chrysocolaptes lucidus	P	R	U	+	-	-	WD, PL
195	Yellow-crowned Woodpecker	Dendrocopos mahrattensis	P, V, K	R	U	-	+	-	WD
196	White-naped Woodpecker	Chrysocolaptes festivus**	V	Unknown	Unknown	-	-	+	WD
	Passeriformes/ Pittidae
197	Indian Pitta	Pitta brachyura	P, V	W	U	-	+	+	WD
	Passeriformes/ Artamidae
198	Ashy Woodswallow	Artamus fuscus	P	R	C	+	+	+	WD
	Passeriformes/ Vangidae
199	Common Woodshrike	Tephrodornis pondicerianus	P, V	R	C	+	+	+	PL, WD
200	Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike	Hemipus picatus	P	R	U	+	-	-	WD
	Passeriformes/ Aegithinidae
201	Common Iora	Aegithina tiphia	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	PL, WD
	Passeriformes/ Campephagidae
202	Black-headed Cuckooshrike	Coracina melanoptera	P, V, L	R/LM	C	+	+	+	WD
203	Small Minivet	Pericrocotus cinnamomeus	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	PL, WD
204	Orange Minivet	Pericrocotus flammeus	P, K	R	U	-	+	-	WD
205	Large Cuckooshrike	Coracina macei	P	R	U	-	+	-	WD
	Passeriformes/ Laniidae
206	Brown Shrike	Lanius cristatus	P	W	U	+	-	-	WD, GS
207	Long-tailed Shrike	Lanius schach	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
208	Bay-backed Shrike	Lanius vittatus	P, K	R	U	+	+	+	WD, GS
	Passeriformes/ Dicruridae
209	Black Drongo	Dicrurus macrocercus	P, L, K	R	C	+	+	+	FW, WD, GS, MG
210	Ashy Drongo	Dicrurus leucophaeus	P	W	C	+	+	+	WD
211	White-bellied Drongo	Dicrurus caerulescens	P	R/LM	U	+	+	+	WD
212	Greater Racket-tailed Drongo	Dicrurus paradiseus	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD
213	Bronzed Drongo	Dicrurus aeneus	P	R	U	+	-	-	WD
	Passeriformes/ Oriolidae
214	Indian Golden Oriole	Oriolus kundoo	P, K	W	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
215	Black-hooded Oriole	Oriolus xanthornus	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
	Passeriformes/ Rhipiduridae
216	White-browed Fantail	Rhipidura aureola	P	R	C	+	+	+	WD, PL, MG
217	White-spotted Fantail	Rhipidura albicollis albogularis	P, V, K	R	U	-	+	+	WD, PL, MG
	Passeriformes/ Monarchidae
218	Black-naped Monarch	Hypothymis azurea	P	R	U	+	+	-	WD
219	Asian Paradise-flycatcher	Terpsiphone paradisi	P, V, K	R/LM	U	+	+	+	WD
	Passeriformes/ Corvidae
220	Rufous Treepie	Dendrocitta vagabunda	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
221	House Crow	Corvus splendens	P, L, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, SBH, RSH, MG
222	Indian Jungle Crow	Corvus culminatus	P, PKT, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, SBH, RSH, MG
	Passeriformes/ Paridae
223	Great Tit	Parus major	P	R	U	+	+	+	WD
224	Indian Yellow Tit	Parus aplonotus	P	R	C	+	+	-	WD
	Passeriformes/ Hirundinidae
225	Dusky Crag Martin	Ptyonoprogne concolor	P	R	C	-	+	+	WD
226	Eurasian Crag Martin	Ptyonoprogne rupestris	P	W	U	+	+	+	WD
227	Wire-tailed Swallow	Hirundo smithii	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS, AQ, SAL, FW
228	Red-rumped Swallow	Cecropis daurica	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS, AQ, SAL, FW
229	Barn Swallow	Hirundo rustica	P	W	U	+	-	-	FW
230	Streak-throated Swallow	Petrochelidon fluvicola	P, V	R/LM	U	+	-	-	FW
	Passeriformes/ Alaudidae
231	Rufous-tailed Lark	Ammomanes phoenicura	P	R	U	+	+	+	GS
232	Oriental Skylark	Alauda gulgula	P	R	C	+	+	+	GS
233	Greater Short-toed Lark	Calandrella brachydactyla	P, L	W	U	+	+	-	GS
234	Malabar Lark	Galerida malabarica	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	GS
	Passeriformes/ Pycnonotidae
235	Red-vented Bulbul	Pycnonotus cafer	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS, MG, PL
236	White-browed Bulbul	Pycnonotus luteolus	P, V	R	U	+	+	+	WD, GS, MG
237	Red-whiskered Bulbul	Pycnonotus jocosus	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS, MG, PL
238	Grey-headed Bulbul	Pycnonotus priocephalus	P	R	U	+	+	-	WD
	Passeriformes/ Cisticolidae
239	Grey-breasted Prinia	Prinia hodgsonii	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
240	Ashy Prinia	Prinia socialis	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
241	Plain Prinia	Prinia inornata	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
242	Jungle Prinia	Prinia sylvatica	P	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
243	Zitting Cisticola	Cisticola juncidis	P, K	R	U	+	+	-	GS, AG
244	Common Tailorbird	Orthotomus sutorius	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS, FW, MG
	Passeriformes/ Acrocephalidae
245	Blyth's Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus dumetorum	P	W	U	+	+	+	FW
246	Booted Warbler	Iduna caligata	P	W	U	-	+	-	WD
247	Clamorous Reed Warbler	Acrocephalus stentoreus	P, V	W	U	+	+	+	WD
	Passeriformes/ Phylloscopidae
248	Greenish Warbler	Phylloscopus trochiloides	P, V	W	U	+	+	+	MG, WD
	Passeriformes/ Timaliidae
249	Indian Scimitar Babbler	Pomatorhinus horsfieldii	P, V	R	U	+	+	-	WD
250	Tawny-bellied Babbler	Dumetia hyperythra	P	R	U	-	+	-	WD
	Passeriformes/ Leiothrichidae
251	Jungle Babbler	Turdoides striata	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS, PL
252	Large Grey Babbler	Turdoides malcolmi	P	R	U	+	+	+	WD
253	Brown-cheeked Fulvetta	Alcippe poioicephala	P, V	R	U	-	+	-	WD
	Passeriformes/ Pellorneidae
254	Puff-throated Babbler	Pellorneum ruficeps	P	R	U	+	+	+	WD
	Passeriformes/ Sylviidae
255	Yellow-eyed Babbler	Chrysomma sinense	P, V	R	U	-	+	+	WD
	Passeriformes/ Zosteropidae
256	Oriental White-eye	Zosterops palpebrosus	P	R	U	-	-	+	WD
	Passeriformes/ Sturnidae
257	Brahminy Starling	Sturnia pagodarum	P, V	R/LM	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
258	Chestnut-tailed Starling	Sturnia malabarica	P	W	C	+	+	+	WD, MG, GS, PL
259	Rosy Starling	Pastor roseus	P	W	C	+	+	+	GS
260	Common Myna	Acridotheres tristis	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD,GS, MG
261	Jungle Myna	Acridotheres fuscus	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD,GS, MG
	Passeriformes/ Turdidae
262	Orange-headed Thrush	Zoothera citrina	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD
263	Indian Blackbird	Turdus merula simillimus**	V	Unknown	Unknown	-	+	+	WD
	Passeriformes/ Muscicapidae
264	Oriental Magpie Robin	Copsychus saularis	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS, FW, MG
265	Indian Robin	Saxicoloides fulicatus	P, PKT, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS, FW, MG
266	Blue Throat	Luscinia svecica	P	W	U	-	-	+	WD
267	White-rumped Shama	Copsychus malabarica	P	R	U	+	-	-	WD
268	Black Redstart	Phoenicurus ochruros	P	W	U	-	-	+	WD
269	Common Stonechat	Saxicola torquatus	P	W	C	+	+	+	GS
270	Pied Bushchat	Saxicola caprata	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	AG, GS, SAL
271	Blue Rock  Thrush	Monticola solitarius	P, H, A, L	W	C	+	+	+	RSH
272	Blue-capped Rock Thrush	Monticola cinclorhynchus**	V	Unknown	Unknown	+	-	-	WD
273	Malabar Whistling Thrush	Myophonus horsfieldii	P, V	R	U	-	-	+	WD
274	Asian Brown Flycatcher	Muscicapa dauurica	P, V, L	W	U	+	-	+	WD
275	Brown-breasted Flycatcher	Muscicapa muttui	P	W	R	+	-	-	WD
276	Tickell's Blue Flycatcher	Cyornis tickelliae	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, MG
277	Verditer Flycatcher	Eumyias thalassinus**	V	Unknown	Unknown	-	-	+	WD
	Passeriformes/ Stenostiridae
278	Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher	Culicicapa ceylonensis	P	W	U	+	-	-	WD
	Passeriformes/ Chloropseidae
279	Golden-fronted Leafbird	Chloropsis aurifrons	P	R	C	+	+	+	WD
280	Jerdon's Leafbird	Chloropsis jerdoni	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD
	Passeriformes/ Dicaeidae
281	Pale-billed Flowerpeckar	Dicaeum erythrorhynchos	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD
282	Thick-billed Flowerpecker	Dicaeum agile	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD
283	Nilgiri Flowerpecker	Dicaeum concolor	P, K	R	U	-	+	-	WD
	Passeriformes/ Nectariniidae
284	Purple-rumped Sunbird	Leptocoma zeylonica	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, PL, MG
285	Purple Sunbird	Cinnyris asiaticus	P	R	C	+	+	+	WD, PL, MG
286	Loten's Sunbird	Cinnyris lotenia	P	R	U	+	+	+	WD, PL
287	Vigor's Sunbird	Aethopyga vigorsii	P, K	R	U	-	+	-	WD
288	Crimson-backed Sunbird	Leptocoma minima**	MU	Unknown	Unknown	-	+	-	WD
	Passeriformes/ Passeridae
289	House Sparrow	Passer domesticus	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD
290	Chestnut-shouldered Petronia	Gymnoris xanthocollis	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	WD, GS
	Passeriformes/ Ploceidae
291	Baya Weaver	Ploceus philippinus	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	FW, AG, GS
	Passeriformes/ Estrildidae
292	Indian Silverbill	Euodice malabarica	P	R	C	+	+	+	AG, GS
293	Scaly-breasted Munia	Lonchura punctulata	P	R	C	+	+	+	AG, MG, GS
294	Black-headed Munia	Lonchura malacca	P	R	C	+	+	+	AG, MG, GS
295	White-rumped Munia	Lonchura striata	P, V, K	R	C	+	+	+	AG, MG, GS
	Passeriformes/ Motacillidae
296	Forest Wagtail	Dendronanthus indicus**	V	Unknown	Unknown	-	+	-	WD, GS
297	White Wagtail	Motacilla alba	P, V	W	C	+	+	+	FW, AQ, SAL
298	White-browed Wagtail	Motacilla maderaspatensis	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	AG, FW, AQ, SAL
299	Citrine Wagtail	Motacilla citreola	P	W	U	-	+	-	AG
300	Yellow Wagtail	Motacilla flava	P, K	W	U	+	+	+	AG
301	Grey Wagtail	Motacilla cinerea	P, L	W	C	+	+	+	AG, FW, AQ, SAL
302	Paddyfield Pipit	Anthus rufulus	P, K	R	C	+	+	+	AG, GS, AQ, SAL
303	Tawny Pipit	Anthus campestris	P	W	U	+	-	-	AG, GS, AQ, SAL
304	Blyth's Pipit	Anthus godlewskii	P	W	U	+	-	+	AQ, SAL
305	Tree Pipit	Anthus trivialis	P, V	W	U	+	+	+	GS
306	Richard's Pipit	Anthus richardi	P	W	U	+	+	+	GS
	Passeriformes/ Emberizidae
307	Black--headed Bunting	Emberiza melanocephala	P	W	U	-	+	+	GS

Observers: ** Species compiled from published literature, P—Present study, H—Hume 1876, V—Vidal 1880, 1883, A—Adbulali 1940, 1942, 1983, ED—Editors 1958, M—Madsen 1988, G—Gole 1994, VK—Katdare 2001, PKT—Pande et al. 2001, PA—Pande 2002a,b, L—Lainer 2003, KMP—Katdare et al. 2004a, MP—Mahabal & Pande 2006, KD—Kasambe & Deshmukh 2011, KM—Kamble et al. 2011, J—Jamalabad 2013, K—Khot 2016, AV—Avalaskar 2016, MU—Shrikrishna Ramachandra Magdum pers. obs. 2017.

Status: R—Resident, W—Winter migrant, PM—Passage migrant, MM—Monsoon migrant, V—Vagrant.

Occurrence: Common—percentage of sighting >3%, uncommon—percentage of sighting 1–3 %, rare—percentage of sighting <1%, Unknown—species compiled from literature.

Habitats: GS—Grasslands, WD—Woodlands, FW—Fresh water habitat, AQ—Aquaculture Pond, SAL—Saltpan, INMDF—Intertidal sandy mudflats, MG—Mangroves, SBH—Sandy beach, RSH—Rocky shore, VGR—Vengurla Rocks, OFSH—Offshore waters, AG—Agriculture lands.

For figures & images – click here

References

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Abdulali, H. (1942). The Terns and Edible-nest Swifts at Vengurla, West Coast, India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 43(3): 446–451.

Abdulali, H. (1983). Pigeons (Columba livia) nesting on the ground- some more bird notes from the Vengurla Rocks. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 80(1): 215–217.

Avalaskar, A. (2016). First photographic record of the Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata from India. Indian Birds 11(4): 101–102.

BirdLife International (2019). In: IUCN 2017. 2017 Red List of Threatened species. Downloaded on 3 February 2019.

Editors (1958). Occurrence of the Great Skua (Catharacta skua lonnbergi Mathews) at Malwan, Ratnagiri Coast (Bombay). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 55(2): 356–357.

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Ebird (2019). Downloaded on 29 May 2019. https://ebird.org/region/IN-MH-SI?yr=all

Gole, P. (1994). Birds of the west coast. Newsletter for Birdwatchers 34(1): 3–5.

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Hume, A.O. (1876). The Laccadives and the west coast. Stray Feathers 4(4–6): 413–483.

Jamalabad, A. (2013). A record of a Brown Booby Sula leucogaster off the Nivati coast, Maharashtra, India. Indian Birds 8(3): 70.

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Kasambe, R. & V. Deshmukh (2011). Ring recoveries of Lesser Crested Tern Thalasseus bengalensis along the Maharashtra coast, India. Indian Birds 7(3): 88–89.

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Mahabal, A., S. Pande, R.M. Sharma & N.S. Pednekar (2007). Status survey of Indian Edible-nest Swiftlet Collocalia unicolor (Jerdon), in the Western Ghats, West Coast and Islands in Arabian Sea, India, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 47pp.

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