Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6):
11770–11774
Mugger Crocodile Crocodylus
palustris Lesson, 1831 (Reptilia: Crocodilia: Crocodylidae) in
river Saberi of Godavari system in southern Odisha, India: conservation implications
Subrat Debata 1,
Swetashree Purohit 2,
Anirban Mahata 3,
Sudheer Kumar Jena 4 & Sharat Kumar Palita 5
1,2,3,4,5Department of Biodiversity and
Conservation of Natural Resources, Central University of Orissa, Koraput, Odisha 764021, India
1subrat.debata007@gmail.com, 2swetashree.purohit@gmail.com,
3anirbanmahata1608@gmail.com, 4sk88088@gmail.com, 5skpalita@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Abstract: A biodiversity survey was
conducted in Koraput District of southern Odisha between August 2014 and July 2017. During the survey, occurrence of Mugger
or Marsh Crocodile Crocodylus palustris was ascertained from five
localities in a stretch of 23km of river Saberi, a
tributary of the Godavari River system.
The area is in the Gupteswar proposed reserve
forest of Odisha, and forms a boundary with Kanger Ghat National Park of
Chhattisgarh State. The geographic
region offers possible scope for long term ecological monitoring jointly by
wildlife organizations of Odisha and Chhattisgarh in
collaboration with Central University of Orissa. For long-term conservation of the
species, activities may be initiated with annual monitoring of crocodile
populations involving local people, and creating awareness about the Schedule-I
status of crocodiles under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Keywords: Crocodylus
palustris, Koraput
District, Marsh Crocodile, Mugger, Saberi River.
doi: http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3974.10.6.11770-11774 | ZooBank:
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E1751F18-B145-43C3-8B5A-B49500050FAF
Editor: L.A.K.
Singh, Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
India. Date
of publication: 26 May 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript
details: Ms # 3974 | Received 26 October 2017 | Final received 22 January
2018 | Finally accepted 23 January 2018
Citation: Debata, S., S. Purohit,
A. Mahata, S.K. Jena & S.K. Palita
(2018). Mugger Crocodile Crocodylus palustris Lesson, 1831 (Reptilia:
Crocodilia: Crocodylidae)
in river Saberi of Godavari system in southern Odisha, India: conservation implications. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(6): 11770–11774; http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3974.10.6.11770-11774
Copyright: © Debata et al.
2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this
article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate
credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare
no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to the local people from different parts of Koraput District for their help during the field
study. Special
thanks to Himanshu Shekhar Palei for preparing the study area map. Thanks to the editor and the anonymous
reviewers for their valuable comments in improving the manuscript.
While
carrying out a biodiversity inventory in Koraput
District of southern Odisha, we recorded the presence
of Mugger or Marsh Crocodile Crocodylus palustris Lesson, 1831, from five locations along the Saberi River (Fig. 1; Table 1) of Godavari River
system. This habitat has not
received any earlier attention for monitoring or conservation, although Odisha State was the first to launch crocodile conservation
in the country. This status has
continued to exist in spite of the fact that this is part of the Godavari River
system, for which an elaborate plan for crocodile conservation was developed in
1976. While presenting the existing
scenario and findings from our survey, we feel that better conservation can be
provided to crocodiles and their associates in the Saberi
River at Gupteswar of Koraput
through collaboration of the wildlife organizations of Odisha
and Chhattisgarh with the Central University of Orissa at Koraput
to initiate long term ecological monitoring (LTEM) in this region with public
involvement and awareness.
The Mugger Crocodile in India
The
Mugger Crocodile Crocodylus palustris Lesson, 1831 is native to India, Iran, Nepal,
Pakistan and Sri Lanka (Daniel 2002; Choudhury &
de Silva 2013) and one of the three species of crocodilians occurring in India
(Daniel 2002). Unlike its other
congeners, it is more common and has a large distribution range throughout
India, except the extreme north.
Muggers prefer freshwater habitats from rivers to lakes, reservoirs,
hill streams and village ponds, although they are also found in coastal
saltwater lagoons (Choudhury & de Silva
2013). As much of its
distributional range falls outside protected areas, the species is highly
vulnerable to loss and degradation of habitat from agricultural expansion, dam
construction, industrial development, decline in prey abundance due to
overfishing, and water pollution (Choudhury & de
Silva 2013). Collection of eggs,
poaching for body parts and persecution are other factors responsible for
population declines throughout the distribution range (Santiapillai
& de Silva 2001; Bhatt et al. 2012; Vyas 2012,
2017; Choudhury & de Silva 2013). This species is categorized as ÔVulnerableÕ
in the IUCN Red list of Threatened Species (Choudhury
& de Silva 2013), falls under ÔAppendix-IÕ of CITES (CITES 2017) and is
protected under Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
The Mugger Crocodile in Odisha
Once
occurring widely in Odisha, restocked Muggers are now
found in a few river systems of Similipal Wildlife
Sanctuary (Sagar & Singh 1993), Mahanadi River in
Satkosia Wildlife Sanctuary (Dutta
et al. 2009) and perhaps in Ghodahada Reservoir
adjoining the Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary. These sites are monitored during an
annual crocodile census by the state forest department, Odisha. In 2017, Odisha
State reported 218 individual muggers of which 77 were reported from Similipal, 86 in Satkosia, and 55
in Ghodahada Reservoir (Odisha
Wildlife Organisation 2017).
Besides these three localities, reports on occurrence of mugger in other
parts of Odisha are very scarce and are just
presence/absence-type.
Crocodilians of Godavari River system
The
river Godavari originates in the Western Ghats and flows eastward along the
Indian peninsula to join the Bay of Bengal sea. Historically, Godavari system used to
have all the three species of Indian crocodilians, and conservation programmes
were initiated with the constitution of three sanctuaries in 1978 in Andhra
Pradesh. Manjira Sanctuary was constituted for Mugger
Crocodile Crocodylus palustris;
the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary in the deltas was
notified for reintroduction of Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus
porosus, and the Papikonda
Gorge Sanctuary was created for possible reintroduction of Gharial
Gavialis gangeticus
(Singh 1984; Srinivas et al. 1999).
On the
eastern side of Godavari system are two major tributaries, Indravati
and Saberi, and a minor tributary- Sileru. Gharials were reported till 1960s in Indravati
(Ranjitsinh & Singh 2002) and information existed
of their occurrence in Sileru-Saberi till 1970s
(Singh & Bustard 1982). While
reporting on the status of crocodilians in the undivided state of Madhya
Pradesh, Rao (1999) mentioned the presence of mugger
crocodile in Indravati River in the district of Bastar, which is now in the state of Chhattisgarh.
Study Area
River Saberi
River Saberi (Fig. 1), also called Sabari
and Kolab, originates in Sinkaram
Hill ranges of Odisha from the western slopes of
Eastern Ghats at 1,370m, and is one of the main tributaries of the Godavari
River system (Anonymous 2016).
River Saberi and the Kolab
Reservoir on it assume significance in southern Odisha
because of Upper Kolab Hydroelectricity Project, the
Phase-I of which was completed in 1993.
River Saberi is the major distributary of Kolab
Reservoir, and forms 200km long border with Chhattisgarh State. On the western side of the river exists Kanger Ghat National Park of
Chhattisgarh State and on the eastern side exists proposed Gupteswar
Reserve Forest in Odisha.
Observations
Our
report is based on direct sighting (Images 1 & 2), spoor marks (Image 3)
and interviews with local people.
More specifically, on 28 December 2014, while discussing local
biodiversity with the villagers of Siribeda Village
of Koraput, we were told about occurrence of Mugger
in the adjoining Saberi River, where local people
witnessed Mugger yearlings. On the
next day we sighted two Muggers basking along the bank on the opposite
side. Subsequently, moving
downstream, about 10km south from the first location on 11 November 2015, we
observed spoor marks at two locations separated by a distance of around 3km
along the muddy bank of the Saberi River (Image
3). The spoor
marks were identified by following the description given by Singh
(2000). Furthermore, during another
occasion on 13 March 2016 near Badudi Pahad, occurrence of mugger was reported
by the local villagers. This
site lies further south downstream at about 4km from the site where spoor marks
were recorded. On 12 January 2017,
we saw and photographed one adult Mugger with an approximate length of 3.3m
(11ft) long from snout to tail tip near Kenduguda
Village (Image 1) situated along the upstream at about 2km from Siribeda Village.
On the same day, we further saw and photographed two more adult Muggers
with approximate size of 3m (10ft) and 3.3m long from snout to tail tip near Siribeda village (Image 2). All the recorded localities are situated
within a stretch of around 23km within the Gupteswar
proposed reserve forest and characterized by perennial and slow flowing river
with wider river bed along with sandy and muddy banks. The surrounding forest cover of the
localities broadly falls under moist deciduous type (Champion & Seth
1968). Detailed description of all
the recorded localities is given in Table 1.
Table 1. Information on occurrence,
habitat characteristic and threats to Mugger Crocodile Crocodylus
palustris in the Saberi
River, Godavari system in Koraput District of
southern Odisha, India. Observation numbers in the
Table refer to Figure 1. All the recorded localities are situated within moist
deciduous forest.
Number of Observations |
Observation 1 |
Observation 2 |
Observation 3 |
Observation 4 |
Observation 5 |
Geographic location and elevation |
18.868450N & 82.168920E, |
18.852050N & 82.167520E, 450m |
18.785840N & 82.158680E, 421m |
18.770060N & 82.132060E, 399m |
18.739470N & 82.138440E, 366m |
Habitat character |
Stagnant, 100m wide river, sandy bank |
Stagnant, 150m wide, sandy bank |
Slow flow, 200m wide river, muddy bank |
Slow flow, 200m wide river, muddy bank |
Slow flow, 200m wide river, sandy bank |
Name of the location |
Kenduguda Village |
Siribeda Village |
Gupteswar Reserve Forest |
Gupteswar Reserve Forest |
Badudi Pahad |
Distance (km) of location w.r.t. nearest observation upstream |
0 |
3 |
8 |
3 |
9 |
Date of data record |
12 January 2017 |
29 December 2014 12 January 2017 |
11 November 2015 |
11 November 2015 |
13 March 2016 |
Type of data |
Direct sighting (Image 1) |
Direct sighting (Image 2) |
Spoor mark (Image 3) |
Spoor mark |
Reported by local people |
Number of Muggers linked to data |
1 |
2 |
- |
- |
- |
Nature of threat |
Hunting for body parts |
Hunting for body parts |
- |
- |
- |
Discussion and
suggestions
The
observation of three crocodiles on one single day, 12 January 2017 (Table 1),
all in the size range 3-3.3 m, leads to infer that at least three adult Mugger
crocodiles are present in a stretch of 23km of the river Saberi. Since the local people reported about
sighting of juvenile crocodiles, the muggers may be breeding in the Saberi at present.
The habitat characteristics of the recorded localities coincide with the
general habitat preference of the species in much of its distribution range (Choudhury & de Silva 2013).
The
water quality describing dissolved oxygen, total hardness, free CO2,
pH, biological oxygen demand, Organic carbon, potash, phosphate, nitrate of
this region is within a favourable range for the growth and development of
aquatic organisms (Anonymous 2016) including fishes. Some of the common fishes occurring in
the river are Rohu (Labeo
rohita), Catla (Catla catla) and
Striped Murrel (Channa
striatus) (Sharat Kumar
Palita July, 2017 pers. obs.).
During
our studies we did not come across any evidence of occurrence of Mugger in
upper Kolab although Singh (1999) and Dutta et al. (2009) earlier mentioned about its occurrence
in Kolab Reservoir and recommended for further
verification. The stretch of river
where the Muggers have been recorded in this study is protected with statutory
provisions under law on either bank by the states of Odisha
and Chhattisgarh; however, because of difficulty in access to the study area
and its remoteness, biodiversity studies appear to have recently started with
those of Debata et al. (2015), Debata
& Palita (2017), and Purohit
et al. (2017).
The Poraja, Kondh, Gadaba, Bhotada, Bhumiya, Savara, and Saura communities of Koraput very
often rely on ethno-biological practices (Palita et
al. 2016). Our informal discussion
with the local people revealed that Muggers are being killed for different body
parts. They use the skin and other
body parts of Muggers with a belief of curing different ailments such as burn
injury and impotency. With
involvement of these people in crocodile monitoring and raising their awareness
for conservation along with easier access to modern medicinal practices, local
extinction of Muggers can be prevented.
Furthermore, as there are two forested habitats surround Saberi it is recommended to initiate long term ecological
monitoring (LTEM) of biodiversity as done for the Chambal River (Sharma &
Singh 2018). LTEM can be taken up
jointly by the wildlife organisations of Odisha and
Chhattisgarh and the Central University of Orissa. It is expected that the collaboration
will produce reliable information for formulating effective conservation
planning (IUCN/SSC 2008).
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