Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2018 | 10(10):
12376–12381
The rediscovery of Rurk’s Cat Skink Ristella
rurkii Gray, 1839 (Reptilia:
Ristellidae) with remarks on distribution and
natural history
Sumaithangi Rajagopalan
Ganesh
Chennai Snake Park, Raj Bhavan Post, Guindy, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu 600022, India
snakeranglerr@gmail.com
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3946.10.10.12376-12381 | ZooBank:
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9A443ED5-FC0E-487A-9A58-0CA1A68A44F1
Editor: Raju
Vyas, Vadodara, Gujarat,
India. Date of
publication: 26 September 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # 3946 |
Received 05 December 2017 | Final received 10 September 2018 | Finally accepted
15 September 2018
Citation: Ganesh, S.R. (2018). The rediscovery of Rurk’s
Cat Skink Ristella rurkii
Gray, 1839 (Reptilia: Ristellidae) with remarks on distribution and natural
history. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 10(10): 12376–12381; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3946.10.10.12376–12381
Copyright: © Ganesh 2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The author declares no competing interests.
Acknowledgements:
I thank the Executive Secretary, Chairman and Trustees
of the Chennai Snake Park Trust for supporting my research activities. I thank
Dr. T.S. Sridhar, Principal Secretary and Commissioner of Museums, Madras Govt.
Museum, Egmore for permitting my museum research on
material under their care. Fieldwork was organized and conducted as part of
Recent Protected Area Biodiversity Inventory Programme
instigated by the Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. Romulus Whitaker and Palni Hills Conservation Council (PHCC) are thanked for all
their help and inputs. I am very grateful to Dr. K.A.Subramanian,
Officer In Charge, ZSI Chennai for the photo voucher
deposition.
Abstract: The description of Rurk’s Cat Skink Ristella rurkii is
expanded herein based on recent field sightings and a voucher specimen. Three individuals comprising an adult male,
an adult female, and a juvenile were encountered in Kodaikanal,
Palni Hills of the southern Western Ghats. Morphological and ecological notes on the
voucher specimen and these live sightings are elaborated to enrich the current
knowledge on this little-known species.
This species is also illustrated in life herein for the first time. The current report forms the rediscovery of
this species after nearly 90 years and after a lapse of 175 years since its
original description. A
review of its past distribution records is compiled and further surveys
are recommended to revise the geographic range and conservation status of this
Data Deficient species.
Keywords: Distribution, morphology, Palni hills, scientific obscurity, Skink.
Skinks living in dense forests are hard to
document due to their cryptic appearance and elusive habits. The newly recognized skink family Ristellidae, consisting of the genera Ristella
Gray, 1839 from the Western Ghats and Lankascincus Greer, 1991 from Sri Lanka, is the only
skink family endemic to the Indian subcontinent (see Hedges 2014). The genus Ristella
is endemic to the Western Ghats of peninsular India and this group of
small-sized, leaf-litter-dwelling skinks rank as one of the most poorly-studied lizards in India (Smith 1935).
The first of the species to be described in this genus is R. rurkii, the type species of the genus. Gray (1839)
described this species based on the syntypes BMNH
1946.8.15.64-68 in the Natural History Museum, London. The original description reads thus “Ristella Rurkii (sic). Crown and back pale brown, shining; scales
6-rowed, each of four central rows with a blackish central spot, forming four
longitudinal series of spots; sides white-dotted; chin and belly white. North India, Dr. Rurk. Mus. Chatham.”
Gray (1845)
again included this species in his catalogue and stated it to be from northern
India. Jerdon
(1854) did not record or include this species in his catalogue. Günther (1864) did
not include this genus or species in his book.
Theobald (1868) included this species in his catalogue and mentioned
that it is from northern India. Beddome (1870, 1871) and Stoliczka
(1871) described further congeners and noted that these lizards occur in the
Western Ghats rainforests, with a speculation about the provenance of the
‘North Indian’ R. rurkii. Günther (1875)
remarked that R.H. Beddome’s material from ‘Toracada Valley’ (now Thorakadavu
near Aliyar in Anaimalai)
fully agrees with R. rurkii. Theobald (1876) remarked that the genus Ristella was restricted to the Western Ghats. Boulenger (1887)
categorically dissociated R. rurkii from
northern India and mentioned its distribution as Anaimalai
(also see Boulenger 1890).
In the 20th century, Roux
(1928) collected R. rurkii from Palni Hills. Smith
(1935) compiled the then present information on this species and stated that
its purported type locality ‘North India’ is incorrect, as it is endemic to the
Western Ghats. Further books on Indian
lizards such as Daniel (2002) and Das (2002) could not shed light on this
species (but see Sharma 2002). Pyron et al. (2013), however, discussed the phylogeny of Squamata in general including the relationship of Ristella rurkii and
Lankascincus fallax. Even more basic information on this species,
however, such as its morphology, distribution, and natural history still stands
unknown. Of late, current compilations
on Indian lizards customarily list this species (e.g., Venugopal
2010; Aengals et al. 2018). For a long time, the only published
information adding extra information and reporting a subsequent collection of
this species is that of Roux (1928).
Then Ganesh & Asokan (2010) reported on a
preserved specimen in the collection of the Madras Government Museum in
India. My sighting of this little-known
species during fieldwork and direct examination of a voucher specimen provide
an opportunity to contribute this paper.
This article herein communicates its rediscovery, illustrate this taxon
in life for the first time, and furnish natural history notes based on my field
observations.
Materials and
Methods
Field observations on live lizards as well
as data from the voucher specimen form the basis of this work. Morphological and morphometric details were
scored from the preserved voucher specimen using standard vernier
slide callipers (L.C. 0.5mm). Magnifying
hand lens (5X zoom) was used for scale counting. I follow Smith (1935) for morphological
terminology and definitions. Individuals
sighted in the field were examined alive in situ. No animals were collected for preservation
and deposition in a museum owing to survey rules and stipulations of the Tamil
Nadu Forest Department. During field
surveys, live individuals sighted were examined long enough to establish
unambiguous species-identification but were not examined to the extent of the
preserved specimen. To alleviate stress,
fewer measurements were scored from live animals in situ, that too, only to the
nearest mm. Photographs of the subject
and habitat were taken using high-resolution digital cameras (Canon Powershot SX130 IS).
Much of the scalation (except scale rows that
were scored directly) and colouration notes of live animals were scored from
such photographs, after bigger magnifications and zoom in a computer. Such voucher photographs were numbered as
ZSI/SRC/R/PV-2018 and were deposited in the Zoological Survey of India,
Chennai, a national repository of the Government of India. Some of these are also reproduced here in
this article. Geo-coordinates (in
decimal degrees to two decimal places) and elevation (in meters above mean sea
level) were sourced from Google Earth software.
Rodgers & Panwar (1988) was used for ecoregional classification and Champion & Seth (1968)
was referred for habitat type classification.
Higher taxonomic nomenclature follows Hedges (2014).
Taxonomy
Ristella rurkii Gray,
1839
Ateuchosaurus travancoricus Beddome,
1870 (part)
Ristella travancorica — Beddome,
1871 (part)
Ristella malabarica Stoliczka,
1871
Ristella rurki — Roux, 1928; Smith, 1935
(Images 1 & 2; Table 1)
Material examined: MAD
1932 housed in Madras Government Museum, India, collected by Frederick Henry
Gravely from Kodaikanal, Palni
Hills (see Ganesh & Asokan 2010).
Description
Habitus: Body slender and elongate; head
and neck of more or less same width; neck fairly long; forelimbs small, with
four fingers; trunk slightly wider, supple, and elongate; hindlimbs
larger than forelimbs, with five toes; tail thick and robust but incomplete,
broken part missing.
Measurements (in mm): Snout-vent length
44.5, tail length 40+? (tail cut), head length 7.7,
head width 5.8, head depth 5.2, body width 6.3, axilla-groin distance 33.4,
distance from snout to fore-limb contained 14.5, humeral length 5.0, radius
ulna length 4.2; femoral length 6.3; tibial length
4.3.
Scalation: Midbody scale rows 26; scales smooth or with feeble traces
of keels, glossy; vertebral and paravertebral series of scales hexagonal,
imbricate; dorsal and ventral scales slightly larger than lateral scales on
trunk; parietals larger than interparietal, in
contact with each other beyond interparietal; prefrontals two, distinctly separate, not in contact with
each other; frontonasal one, in contact with frontal;
supralabials seven; infralabials
seven to eight; supraoculars five; supranasals absent; nuchals absent; loreals
two on each side of head; mid-dorsal scales between parietals and sacral scale
50; mid-ventral scales between mental and preanal
scale 52; lower eyelid scaly; nasal scale pierced by nostril; fourth toe subdigitals 10; tympanum visibly larger than naris, but
smaller than a lateral body scale; preanals two, not
much larger than surrounding scales; subcaudals not
much larger than other scales on tail.
Colouration in preservation: Overall light
fawn brown throughout; scale borders slightly darker; scales lustrous and
glossy; digital claw grooves darker; eye greyish-brown.
Colouration in life (based on live,
uncollected conspecifics; n=3): Dorsum dark chocolaty-brown from snout tip to
tail tip; dorsal trunk of same ground colour, with obscure blackish dots, atop
each scale, resembling stripes, 4–6 series in number on trunk; sides of head
lighter brown, supralabial, infralabial,
and loreal regions with whitish spots; sides of head
(temporal), lateral trunk and tail with a distinct wide black wash finely
dotted with white speckles; venter yellow in adults (dirty pinkish white in
juvenile); mental and gular region white; subcaudals grey-brown in adults (ashy white in juvenile);
iris brownish-grey with a black circular pupil.
Variation (n=3, one juvenile): Live
individuals agreeing in morphology with the preserved specimen; snout-vent
length 40mm, 45mm (juvenile 30mm); full, original tail length 90mm (juvenile
55mm); axilla-groin distance 32mm, 37mm (juvenile 22mm). Midbody scale rows
26; other scalation features (counted on
high-resolution photographs) – supralabials seven to
eight; infralabials eight; supraoculars
five; loreals two on each side of head; mid-ventrals 50–53; fourth toe subdigitals
nine to 10; preanals two (Table 1).
Field
observations: In
January 2015, during herpetological surveys in the Palni
Hills of the southern Western Ghats, this species was sighted in some
localities in and around the Kodaikanal Wildlife
Sanctuary. From 60 man
hours of survey, a total of three sightings of this species were
obtained. A juvenile was sighted within
dense grass clumps on open hill slopes at 16:35hr in Mannavanaur
(10.220N & 77.360E; 1,900m). One adult female was sighted under a fallen
log at 12:25hr in Mathikettan Shola (10.180N
& 77.420E; 2,050m). An
adult male was sighted at 14:20hrs under a rock in Berijam
(10.180N & 77.390E; 2,100m). Two near-term eggs were visible when seen
through the venter of the female.
Sightings of gravid females and hatchlings indicate that January falls
within the breeding season of Ristella rurkii, at least in the Palni
hills region (Image 3).
Discussions
In a broader
sense knowledge on the genus Ristella itself
is rather scanty (see Boulenger 1887, 1890; Smith
1935; Venugopal 2010). While R. rurkii
Gray, 1839 is the first congener to be described (in
fact, the type species of this genus), other congeners were described between
1870 and 1887, largely based on materials collected by R.H. Beddome
from various parts of southern Western Ghats (Boulenger
1890; Smith 1935). Even in the original
description of taxa such as R. travancorica (Beddome, 1870) the type series is reported to be composed
of many specimens from localities as far afield as Travancore, Wayanad, and Anaimalais. Same holds true for R. beddomii
Boulenger, 1887 and R. guentheri
Boulenger, 1887 for which the locations were
broadly given as southwestern India (see Boulenger 1887).
Precise locations when mentioned, such as Sirumalai
for R. guentheri, were later on postulated to
be incorrect (see Ganesh & Arumugam 2016). Thus, a broad taxonomic revision of Ristella spp. is direly needed. Related congener Lankascincus
Greer, 1991 of Sri Lanka was also found to contain greater diversity than
initially realised (see Batuwita & Pethiyagoda 2007 and references therein).
Ristella rurkii has
remained one of the most poorly known lizards in the entire Indian peninsula
(Smith 1935; Venugopal 2010). Since R. rurkii
is the senior most congener nomenclaturally, and has
been first associated and later dissociated from another nomen,
R. travancorica (Beddome,
1870), I believe the taxonomic stability of R. rurkii
is not questionable. Its morphological
uniqueness in being the only smooth-scaled Ristella
(see Boulenger 1890; Roux 1928; Smith 1935) also sets
it apart from other more cryptic congeners.
Other more recently described lizards from the Western Ghats such as Eutropis gansi Das,
1991 and Calotes aurantolabium
Krishnan, 2008 are also equally unknown (Venugopal
2010). Despite being long-known
from as early as 1839, however, R. rurkii has
remained obscure to science for as long as 175 years. The mishap with its type locality (Gray 1839; Smith 1935) perhaps evaded or disoriented
subsequent attempts of finding this species.
The sole published information reporting a subsequent collection was
that of Roux (1928), who reported collecting four
examples of this species, two each from Kukkal and Poomparai in Kodaikanal during
March and June 1927. There is still a
whopping 90 years, nearly a century-long gap between the last previous report of
this species (Roux 1928) and the current rediscovery. The present examination (also see Ganesh
& Asokan 2010) of this unique smooth-scaled
congener stemming from a previously known, verified locality (Roux 1928),
clearly backs up the veracity of this finding.
Till now, this species has been regarded
as Data Deficient (Srinivasulu et al. 2014). As far as current knowledge goes, it is
recommended that further targeted surveys should continue to discover more
populations of this species. Historical reports
(Smith 1935) from Travancore need a recent verification/ validation. Surveys in Travancore Hills (see Annandale
1906; Inger et al. 1984; Ishwar
et al. 2001; Chandramouli & Ganesh 2010) either
recorded other congeners or did not identify their findings of Ristella spp. up to species level. The nearby and contiguous High Wavys and Cardamom Hills harbour a very similar lizard
assemblage as of Anaiamlai-Palni massif, including endemics
such as Salea anamallayana
(Beddome, 1878) (Srinivas
et al. 2008). Ristella
populations from these massifs only reveal the presence of R. guentheri Boulenger, 1887 (Chandramouli & Ganesh 2010). Therefore, pending further reliable reports, R.
rurkii should currently be considered as endemic
to the Anaiamlai-Palni hill complex. This has got a direct bearing on its
conservation status and, therefore, further refinement of its threat status
evaluation is recommended.
Table 1. Main morphological characters
of Ristella rurkii
specimens
Characters |
MAD, 1932 |
Individual 1 |
Individual 2 |
Individual 3 |
Snout-vent length |
44.5mm |
40mm |
45mm |
30mm |
Tail length |
40+?mm |
12+?mm |
90mm |
55mm |
Axilla-groin distance |
33.4mm |
32mm |
37mm |
22mm |
Dorsal scale rows |
26 |
26 |
26 |
26 |
Mid-ventral scales |
52 |
50 |
50 |
53 |
Supralabials |
7 |
8 |
7 |
7 |
Infralabials |
7/8 |
8 |
8 |
8 |
Fourth toe subdigitals
|
10 |
9 |
10 |
10 |
Symbol +? denotes cut tail
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