Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2018 | 10(9): 12218–12225
New records of termites (Blattodea: Termitidae: Syntermitinae) from
Colombia
Olga Patricia Pinzón 1 & Daniel Castro 2
1 Laboratorio de Sanidad Forestal,
Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 5E 15-82 - Sede Venado
de Oro, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
2 Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones
Científicas SINCHI, Avenida Vásquez Cobo Calles 15 y 16, Leticia, Amazonas,
Colombia
1 opatriciap@udistrital.edu.co, 2 danielkaz80@gmail.com
(corresponding author)
Abstract: Eight species of
termite from the Amazon and Orinoquia regions, belonging to four genera of the
subfamily Syntermitinae, are recorded for the first time in Colombia. The species are Cornitermes cumulans
(Kollar, 1832), Cornitermes pilosus Holmgren, 1906, Cornitermes
ovatus Emerson, 1952, Cornitermes snyderi Emerson, 1952, Mapinguaritermes
peruanus (Holmgren, 1906), Rhynchotermes amazonensis Constantini
& Cancello, 2016, Rhynchotermes perarmatus (Snyder, 1925), and Uncitermes
teevani (Emerson, 1925). Diagnostic
characteristics and geographic distributions for the recorded species are
provided, with detailed photographs of the soldier caste. The diversity and distribution of indigenous
termite species in Colombia are documented.
Keywords: Amazon, Colombian
Llanos, Cornitermes, Mapinguaritermes, neotropical, Orinoco, Rhynchotermes,
savannas, termites, Uncitermes.
Resumen: Ocho especies de termitas
de las regiones de la Amazonía y Orinoquía, pertenecientes a cuatro géneros de la subfamilia
Syntermitinae, son registradas por primera vez para Colombia. Las especies son: Cornitermes cumulans
(Kollar, 1832), Cornitermes pilosus Holmgren, 1906, Cornitermes
ovatus Emerson, 1952, Cornitermes snyderi Emerson, 1952, Mapinguaritermes
peruanus (Holmgren, 1906), Rhynchotermes amazonensis Constantini
& Cancello, 2016, Rhynchotermes perarmatus (Snyder,1925), and Uncitermes
teevani (Emerson, 1925). El presente
estudio provee los caracteres diagnósticos y la distribución geográfica de las
ocho especies estudiadas con fotografías detalladas del soldado. Este trabajo contribuye a documentar la
diversidad y la distribución de especies de termitas nativas de Colombia.
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3909.10.912218-12225
|
ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B09CCC44-484F-40CA-901F-1A983869E745
Editor: Maria Celina
Godoy, National University of the Northeast, Corrientes, Argentina. Date of publication: 26 August 2018
(online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms
# 3909 | Received 22 November 2017 | Final received 02 August 2018 | Finally
accepted 05 August 2018
Citation: Pinzón, O.P. & D. Castro (2018).
New records of termites
(Blattodea: Termitidae: Syntermitinae) from Colombia. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 10(9): 12218–12225; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3909.10.9.12218-12225
Copyright: © Pinzón & Castro
2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any
medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the
authors and the source of publication.
Funding: Colciencias, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de
Caldas and Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Colciencias (Contract 415 2013),
Universidad “Francisco Jose de Caldas” and Instituto Amazònico de
Investigaciones Cientificas Sinchi for sponsoring field trips. Special thanks to Dr. Clara P. Peña-Venegas
for her support in the field trips and logistics in the Amazon region. Biologist Walter Garcia acquired, and edited
photographs included in this manuscript.
Claudia Garcia, Camila Bautista, Walter Garcia, Adriana Ramos, Loren
Baquero, Leonardo Malagòn, Ana Maria Hernandez, Sergio Angel and John Diaz for
participating in the field trips in the Orinoco. Forest Engineers Jeffer Vega and Alejandra
Beltran for their help in the preliminary sorting and genus identification.
Termites are insects of ecological importance in the dynamics of
ecosystems that contribute to the biological processes of organic matter
decomposition and mineralisation (Lewis 2009).
Brazil is documented as the site of greatest termite diversity in the
Neotropics (Constantino 2005), whereas Colombian termite fauna is much less
well characterised and under-represented in the literature, due to a lack of
sampling, taxonomic expertise and fewer investigative studies (Constantino
2002).
The
first list of Colombian Termitidae genera, based on material deposited in
entomological collections, was compiled in 2005 (Vargas-Niño et al. 2005), but
a species list has not yet been published.
Previous studies on termites in Colombia have focused on plantations and
crops (Galvis 1985; Gutiérrez et al. 2004; Pinzón et al. 2012; Abadía et al.
2013), while natural ecosystems that possess higher species richness have
received less attention (Morales-Castaño & Medina 2009; Casalla et al.
2016; Pinzón et al. 2017). Herein, we
report eight Termitidae species from four genera in Colombia for the first
time, thereby expanding our knowledge of termite species occurring in this
country.
Materials and
Methods
Species
of the Syntermitinae subfamily deposited in the Colección Entomológica Forestal
CEFUD “Universidad Francisco José de
Caldas” and the Colección de Artrópodos Terrestres de la Amazonia Colombiana
CATAC (Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI) were identified
to species level based on the morphology of the soldier caste using the
taxonomic keys of Emerson (1952), Rocha et al. (2012), and Constantini &
Cancello (2016).
Results and
Discussion
Four
genera and eight Termitidae species are recorded for the first time in Colombia
(Figs. 1–4 & Images 1–8). These are the Syntermitinae: Cornitermes
cumulans (Kollar, 1832), Cornitermes pilosus Holmgren, 1906, Cornitermes
ovatus Emerson, 1952, Cornitermes snyderi Emerson, 1952, Mapinguaritermes
peruanus (Holmgren, 1906), Rhynchotermes amazonensis Constantini
& Cancello, 2016, Rhynchotermes perarmatus (Snyder, 1925), and Uncitermes
teevani (Emerson, 1925).
Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar, 1832)
Specimens
examined: CEFUD
2014-602, 02.xii.2014, 7 individuals, Colombia, Meta, Puerto Gaitán, Planas
(4.179350N & 71.274390W), coll. D. Castro, id. P.
Pinzón & 7 ind. CEFUD 2014-626B,
09.xii.2014, 4 individuals, Colombia, Meta, Puerto Gaitán, Planas (4.179550N
& 71.274500W), coll. J. Vega, id. P. Pinzón.
Diagnostic
features: The head is
yellowish, the pronotum is a little lighter than the head, the length of the
head with mandibles is 3.29–4.31 mm, the width of the head is 1.85–2.62 mm and
the head is sparsely covered with bristles and numerous relatively long hairs
about half the length of the bristles.
Antennae have 15-16 articles, the labrum has distinct side angles
greater than a right angle (Image 1d) and the front margin of the pronotum is
not emarginate and does not have a shallow emargination (modified from Emerson
1952).
Distribution:
This species
has been recorded in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay (Krishna et al. 2013). This is the first record for a country in the
north of South America, although restricted to Orinoquia in Colombia.
Notes: Workers and soldiers were collected from
gallery forest during the rainy season and found only in epigeous monticules.
Cornitermes pilosus Holmgren, 1906
Specimens
examined: CEFUD
2014-617, 11.vi.2014, 20 individuals, Colombia, Meta, Puerto Gaitán, Planas
(4.179230N & 71.274620W), coll. D. Castro, id. P.
Pinzón. CEFUD 2014-170, 27.vi. 2014, 4 individuals, Colombia, Meta, Puerto
Gaitán, Planas (4.179630N & 71.273970W), coll. J.
Vega, id. P. Pinzón.
Diagnostic
features: The head has
numerous long bristles on the upper side and a dense contrasting mat of short
hairs on the upper and under sides. The
postmentum is covered with shorts hairs, the length of the head with mandibles
is 4.00–5.00 mm and the width of the head is 2.06–2.76 mm. The frontal tube is relatively short and
depressed in profile. The labrum is
rounded and bluntly pointed with lateral angles, and the margins from the base
of the median white lobe to the lateral angles are straight (Image 2D). Antennae have 15 articles, and the second,
third and fourth are approximately equal (adapted from Emerson 1952).
Distribution:
This species
has been recorded only in Brazil (Araujo 1977; Constantino 1998; Fontes
1998). In Colombia, it was only recorded
in Puerto Gaitán, Meta.
Notes: Workers and soldiers were collected from
gallery forest during dry and rainy seasons.
Samples were obtained from dry branches and epigeous monticules.
Cornitermes ovatus Emerson, 1952
Specimens
examined: CEFUD
2014-165, 11.vi.2014, 1 individual, Colombia, Meta, Puerto Gaitán, Planas
(4.179770N & 71.273990W), coll. D. Castro, id. P.
Pinzón. CEFUD 2014-294, 27.vi.2014, 6
individuals, Colombia, Meta, Puerto Gaitán, Planas (4.158750N &
71.239130W), coll. D. Castro, id. P. Pinzón. CEFUD 2014-336,
29.vi.2014, 4 individuals, Colombia, Meta, Puerto Gaitán, Planas (4.15148°N
& 71.24068°W), coll. J. Vega, id. P. Pinzón. CEFUD 2014-572A, 21.xi.2014, 2
individuals, Colombia, Meta, Puerto Gaitán, Planas (4.179770N &
71.273990W), coll. D. Castro, id. P. Pinzón. CEFUD 2014-632,
10.xii.2014, 4 individuals, Colombia, Meta, Puerto Gaitán, Planas (4.179630N
& 71.274500W), coll. D. Castro, id. P. Pinzón. CEFUD 2014-639,
12.xii.2014, 6 individuals, Colombia, Meta, Puerto Gaitán, Planas (4.179710N
& 71.274770W), coll. J. Vega, id. P. Pinzón. CEFUD 2014-681,
20.xii.2014, 6 individuals, Colombia, Meta, Puerto Gaitán, Planas (4.158700N
& 71.239140W), coll. D. Castro, id. P. Pinzón. CEFUD 2009.6.3,
15.x.2014, 16 individuals, Colombia, Meta, Puerto López (4.255550N
& 72.568890W), coll. P. Pinzón, id. P. Pinzón.
Diagnostic
features: The head has
numerous bristles on top and a few underneath, and has a mat of contrasting
short hairs. The head is light
reddish-brown, the length of the head with mandibles is 5.08–5.30 mm and the
width of the head is 2.98–3.20 mm. The
pronotum has numerous bristles and a few short hairs (Image 3c). Antennae have 15 articles. The sides of the labrum are obtusely pointed
or rounded, and the angles at the junction of the white median lobe are
distinct (Image 3B) (adapted from Emerson 1952).
Distribution:
This species
has been previously recorded in Brazil (Krishna et al. 2013). In Colombia, it was recorded in two
localities of the Meta Department.
Notes: Workers and soldiers were collected from
gallery forests during dry and rainy seasons.
Samples were obtained from dry branches, epigeous monticules and soil.
Cornitermes snyderi Emerson, 1952
Specimens
examined: CATAC 1230,
23.vi.2017, 11 individuals, Colombia, Amazonas, Leticia, Tanimboca Natural
Reserve (4.120940S & 69.955470W), coll. D. Castro,
id. D. Castro. CATAC 1231, 23.vi.2017, 1 individual, Colombia, Amazonas,
Leticia, Tanimboca Natural Reserve (4.120940S & 69.955470W),
coll. D. Castro, id. D. Castro.
Diagnostic
features: The head is
dark yellow and subrectangular, and has numerous bristles and some shorter
hair. The length of the head and mandibles is 2.74-3.47 mm, and the width is
1.50-1.85 mm. The pronotum is yellow with a number of bristles and a few shorts
hairs on the posterior half. Antennae
have 15 articles. The labrum has
somewhat blunt lateral angles, and the margin between the lateral angles and
the base of the median white tip is slightly concave or nearly straight
(adapted from Emerson 1952).
Distribution:
This species
has been reported in Bolivia (Emerson 1952), as well as northeastern (Bandeira
& Vasconcellos 1999), central-western (da Cunha et al. 2006) and Amazon
(Constantino & Cancello 1992; Fontes 1998) regions of Brazil.
Notes: Workers and soldiers were collected from
20cm depth soil samples in a secondary forest.
Mapinguaritermes peruanus (Holmgren, 1906)
Specimens
examined: CATAC 633,
26.xi.2015, 38 individuals, Colombia, Amazonas, Leticia, Tacana River (4.1619160S
& 69.95690W), coll. C. Peña, id. D. Castro. CATAC 976, 22.viii.2017, 23 individuals,
Colombia, Amazonas, Leticia, Cerca Viva Natural Reserve (4.120750S
& 69.944690W), coll. D. Castro, id. D. Castro.
Diagnostic
features: The head
capsule is oval in the dorsal view, and the frontal tube is conical, almost
parallel with the base of the head capsule and approximately four-fifths of its
length in profile. Bristles on the head
are sparse, varying in number, but never fewer than 15. The frontal tube always has bristles, at
least until the middle of the proximal region.
Antennae have 14 articles (adapted description of Rocha et al. 2012).
Distribution:
This species
has been recorded in Peru and Brazil (Holmgren 1912; Mathews 1977) and is
distributed in the Amazon region (Rocha et al. 2012). In Colombia, two records of this species were
found 11km from the city of Leticia in the Amazonas Department, at the Natural
Reserve Cerca Viva and the Tacana River.
Notes: Workers and soldiers were collected from
primary and secondary forest in Leticia, close to the Amazon River. They were collected from soil samples in a
secondary forest, and also from anthropogenic soil (terra preta) in secondary
forests at a depth from 0 to 10 cm.
Rhynchotermes amazonensis Constantini & Cancello, 2016
Specimens
examined: CATAC 1752,
3.x.2015, 12 individuals, Colombia, Amazonas, Puerto Santander, Aduche (0.662020N
& 72.310610W), coll. C. Peña, id. D. Castro. CATAC 965,
4.ix.2015, 1 individual, Colombia, Amazonas, Leticia (4.169160S
& 69.95690W), coll. C. Peña, id. D. Castro. CATAC 1764, 20.ix.2016, 19 individuals,
Colombia, Caquetá, Florencia, Caldas (1.676380S & 75.632940W),
coll. C. Peña, id. D. Castro. CATAC 1245, 15.iii.2016, 5 individuals, Colombia,
Caquetá, Florencia, Caldas (1.676380S & 75.632940W),
coll. C. Peña, id. D. Castro.
Diagnostic
features: This species
is dimorphic. The head of major soldiers
is slightly constricted behind the antennae.
In profile, the dorsal margin of the head and the margin of the frontal
tube are concave, the length of the head to the lateral base of the mandibles
is 0.67–0.85 mm and the width of the head is 0.82–0.92 mm. Mandibles are
strongly curved, with a serrated inner margin.
The forecoxa process is subcylindrical, and antennae articles are long
(adapted from Constantini & Cancello 2016).
Distribution: This species has previously been recorded only in Brazil (Constantini
& Cancello 2016) in an Amazonian forest.
In Colombia, it was recorded in two departments of the Amazonian region:
Caquetá and Amazonas.
Notes: Workers and soldiers were collected from
soil samples in a primary forest and from anthropogenic soil samples (terra
preta) in the indigenous community of Aduche (Puerto Santander, Amazonas). They were found in soil samples taken from a
depth of 0-20 cm.
Rhynchotermes perarmatus (Snyder, 1925)
Specimens
examined: CEFUD 2103,
26.ix.2015, 1 individual, Colombia, Huila, El Agrado (2.26750N &
75.67330W), coll. S. Angel, id. P. Pinzón.
Diagnostic
features: The head is
short, pear-shaped, with a very elongated nasus that is curved downward and
gradually attenuated toward the apex, and subcylindrical. The length of the head and nasus is 2.50–2.60
mm, and the width of the head is 0.65–0.67 mm. The mandibles are larger than the head, and
clearly visible in the dorsal view when closed (adapted from Snyder 1925 and
Constantini & Cancello 2016).
Distribution:
This species
has been recorded in Panama, Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Ecuador and
Belize (Snyder 1925; Snyder 1949; Becker 1953; Araujo 1977). In Colombia, the species was found in a dry
forest region of the Huila Department.
Notes: Constantino (1998) reported that this species is distributed from Belize
to Ecuador, but there is no published evidence of any report for Colombia. Only a single soldier was collected.
Uncitermes teevani (Emerson, 1925)
Specimens
examined: CEFUD
2014-1119, 16.xi.2014, 10 individuals, Colombia, Vichada, Puerto Carreño,
(6.076660N, 67.750000W), coll. P. Pinzón, id. P. Pinzón.
CEFUD 2015-747, 2.ii.2015, 20 individuals, Colombia, Casanare, Villanueva,
Refocosta (4.642770N & 72.922220W), coll. P. Pinzón,
id. P. Pinzón. CEFUD 2015-863, 30.i.2015, 28 individuals, Colombia, Casanare,
Villanueva, Refocosta (4.635660N & 72.908050W), coll.
P. Pinzón, id. P. Pinzón. CEFUD 2015-2202, 12.v.2015, 20 individuals, Colombia,
Casanare, Villanueva, Refocosta (4.666270N & 72.923020W),
coll. P. Pinzón, id. P. Pinzón.
Diagnostic
features: Soldiers of this species have a rounded
head capsule (in the dorsal view), and the head has a few sparse bristles. The frontal tube is conical and glabrous, and
the same length as the base of the head capsule, and forms an almost 450
angle with the base of the head (in profile).
Antennae have 15 articles. The
enteric valve of workers has major ridges that are slightly dilated at the apex
(Image 8C), and all are decorated with curved spines (Rocha et al. 2012).
Distribution:
This species
is restricted to tropical regions of South America. It has been recorded in Bolivia, Brazil,
French Guyana, Guyana, Venezuela and Ecuador (Snyder 1949; Constantino 1998;
Davies 2002; Carrijo et al. 2016). In Colombia, these first records were
restricted to the Colombian Orinoquia.
Notes: Workers and soldiers were collected from
gallery forest during dry and rainy seasons.
Discussion
Termite
genera and species records from the Orinoco and Amazon regions of Colombia,
where most of our records are from, are mainly the result of studies focusing
on economically important agricultural and forest species (Sánchez 2011;
Sterling et al. 2011; Lores & Pinzón 2011; Pinzón et al. 2012), and samples
from these regions are scarce in Colombian collections (Vargas-Niño et al.
2005; Morales-Castaño & Medina 2009).
Termite diversity in riparian forests in these regions is poorly
studied, despite the presence of ecologically important species (Decaëns et al.
2006; Pinzón et al. 2017).
The
records presented in the present work expand the known distribution of Cornitermes,
extending from Panama to northern Argentina.
Two species of this genus have been previously listed in Colombia
(Krishna et al. 2013), and the present study expands this to six records. By contrast, the genus Rhynchotermes is
known to be restricted to the north of South America (Constantini &
Cancello 2016), and we herein add two new records, R. perarmatus from a
region of dry forest and R. amazonensis from a tropical humid
forest. Thus, three species are now
known to occur in Colombia, including the previous record of R. bulbinasus Scheffrahn
in the northern savannas (Scheffrahn 2010).
The genera Uncitermes and Mapinguaritermes were previously
known to occur in geographical regions sharing ecological similarities, such as
the Brazilian northeast and Venezuelan Orinoco Llanos (Rocha et al. 2012;
Carrijo et al. 2016). Herein, we enlarge
their known distribution to include the Colombian Oriental Llanos. To conclude, the new records of eight species
expand the known geographical distribution of termite genera, and species
previously known to occur in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador,
Guyana, Venezuela and Peru (Krishna et al. 2013) have now been identified in
Colombia for the first time.
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