Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2018 | 10(5): 11595–11598
The
extinction of FaureĠs Broom Adenocarpus
faurei Maire (Leguminosae)
in Algeria
Mohamed Djamel Miara 1, Mohammed Ait Hammou
2 & Jah Skipper 3
1,2 Department of Natural and Life Sciences; Laboratory
of Agro-Biotechnology and Nutrition research in Semi-Arid Areas, University Ibn Khaldoun, Tiaret,
14000, DZ, Algeria
3 Centre for Plant Diversity & Systematics, School
of Plant Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights,
Reading RG6 6AS, UK
1 miara14130@yahoo.fr (corresponding author), 2 m_ait_hammou@hotmail.com,
3 jahskipper@gmail.com
Abstract: This study presents efforts made to re-discover the
narrow Algerian endemic Adenocarpus faurei Maire and the possible
implications of this on the conservation of the Tiaret
area in northern Algeria. Field
investigations within an expanded perimeter around known historical localities
were carried out over a period of five years. This prospecting effort yielded no
positive sightings highlighting the very probable extinction of Adenocarpus faurei,
and the lack of novel field data for many plants of high conservation priority
in Algeria.
Keywords: Adenocarpus faurei,
endemic, extinction, FaureĠs Broom, tare, threatened, Tiaret.
doi: http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3887.10.5.11595-11598
Editor: Francis Brearley, Manchester
Metropolitan University, UK. Date
of publication: 26 April 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # 3887 | Received 11
November 2017 | Final received 09 March 2018 | Finally accepted 27 March 2018
Citation: Miara, M.D., M.A. Hammou & J. Skipper (2018). The extinction of FaureĠs Broom Adenocarpus faurei Maire (Leguminosae) in Algeria. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 10(5): 11595–11598; http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3887.10.5.11595-11598
Copyright:
İ Miara et al.
2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution
by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: There is no funding agencies or organization for this work.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgments: The authors would
like to thank
Dr. Irene Teixidor (University of Reading, UK) for editing the English usage in
the manuscript. We would like to
express our gratitude to the anonymous reviewers who contributed to improve this
manuscript.
Ranking amongst the
eight richest global biodiversity hotspots (Myers et al. 2000), the
Mediterranean basin has long been recognised for its high diversity and
endemism levels (Quzel & Mdail 2003). It is estimated that around 10% of the
global vascular plant diversity can be found in this basin, despite only
representing 1.6% of the global surface area (Mdail & Quzel
1997; Vla & Benhouhou
2007). Being part of the Baetic-Riffian hotspot and home to around 3150 vascular
plant species (Greuter 1991), of which 430 taxa are
strictly endemic, 80 are rare, 31 are endangered and 22 vulnerable (Dobignard & Chatelain
2010–13), Algeria plays an important role in the conservation of
Mediterranean floral diversity.
Anthropogenic activities, however, have led to considerable recent
ecological change (Ellis & Haff 2009). Thus, this plant diversity is at great
risk as the Mediterranean figures amongst the most globally threatened biomes,
lacks sufficient protected areas and is rapidly losing habitats (Olson & Dinerstein 2002; Hoekstra et al. 2005).
Developing
countries such as Algeria, despite harbouring high levels of diversity and
endemism, often lack the required financial and technical resources to tackle
the current biodiversity crisis (Pleguezuelos et al.
2004; Lee & Jetz 2008). Therefore, accounting for the incomplete
literature on the extinction risk affecting the flora of Algeria, and in the
context of limited resources, prioritising the study and conservation of narrow
plant endemics is a logical choice as they are habitually the most threatened
and can often be used to highlight the issues affecting the wider flora and
their habitats (Caro 2010; Yahi & Benhouhou 2010).
Considering the criteria set for endemism and rarity (Yahi et al. 2012), Adenocarpus
faurei meets the requirements of a trigger
species, only known to historically occupy a territory under 10km2. The aim of this study was to look for Adenocarpus faurei
within the historically reported locality (Maire
1921; Quzel & Santa 1962–63) and investigate
its possible current presence.
Adenocarpus faurei Maire
Adenocarpus faurei was described for the first time by Dr. Ren Maire (Fig. 1), from the
valleys of Oued Sidi Khaled, southwest of the city of Tiaret
in Algeria (35.36660N & 1.30000E) in woodland and
scrub on siliceous mountains, at an altitude of around 1,100m. It is a 0.4–1.3 m tall shrub with small ciliate
leaves on the margins, short petioles and yellow flowers. This highly localized plant was later
validated and included in the work of Quzel &
Santa (1962–63) despite having themselves failed in finding the type
locality. Consequently, they relied
on the herbarium specimens collected by the great French herbalist Alphonce Faure (1865–1958).
Research context and objectives
Adenocarpus faurei benefits from legal protection in Algeria
(Decree 93-285 of November 21, 1993) and appears in reference literature. It is mentioned in the Flora of Algeria
(Quzel & Santa 1962–63) as very rare
strict endemic species and has been included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species as Endangered (Walter et al. 1998). Adenocarpus
faurei
, however, has not been seen or reported since 1926, when it was first
described. The few studies carried
out in the Tiaret region after 1962 (e.g., Dahmani 1997) do not report any sighting. Our previous floristic research
conducted on the flora and vegetation of the Tiaret
region, which started in 2009 (Miara 2011, 2017; Miara et al. 2012), did not record the taxon in any of our
sampled plots either. The lack of
apparent information validating the existence of the only known historical
population and the current conservation challenges that the Tiaret
region is facing reinforced the relevance of this study. Since the independence of Algeria in
1962, the valley of Oued Sidi
Khaled that was wooded in many areas,
has since been heavily urbanised.
The lack of coherence and regulations in many parts of Algeria regarding
building new property has led to the destruction of many natural and forested
areas (Louni 1994). Added to this, the potential extinction
of this narrow endemic would represent an irreplaceable loss for our biological
heritage, and thus further justified field prospecting in view of proposing
measures to save it from the verge of extinction if not too late. Thus, the aim of this study was to find
this plant in the wild, despite the unfavourable circumstances.
Study area
Adenocarpus faurei was originally reported in the northern
part of Tiaret region (Fig. 2). This region is part of the Tiareti-Tlemcenien Atlasic
District (O3) that contains 94 endemic species, of which 41 are strict Algerian,
46 Algerio-Moroccan and seven Algerio-Tunisian
endemics (Meddour 2010). This mountainous
region is largely covered by forest and pre-forest groups of Green Oak (Quercus ilex L.) and Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis
Mill. S.l.), and includes several local
endemic plants (Miara 2016). Some of these endemics have a very
restricted distribution, such as Otocarpus virgatus Durieu (Miara et al. 2014).
These plantsĠ populations remain relatively unknown since their
description by French botanists during colonial times. Among them, Adenocarpus
faurei is described and reported only in the Sidi Khaled Valley at Tiaret. This very localized area (less than 10km2) on the
heights of the city of Tiaret is now surrounded by
buildings and other urban infrastructure.
Research methodology
The study site was
defined over an area of 20km2 around the approximate point where the
plant was described comprised of 1km2 grid units to cover all the
forest area of the mounts of Tiaret (Massif of Guezoul). In
each of the grid units, a systematic sampling method according to Gounot (1969) was followed; this method allows to
completely scan the perimeter of investigation in
order to find the target species.
Urban regions were not explored, except for those closest to the
description site. The research was
executed by regular field trips throughout the year, intensified during the
flowering period of the plant (June-July) during five successive years
(2012–2017).
Results and
Discussion
This survey was not
successful in finding Adenocarpus faurei.
Since the region remains highly influenced by human activities, with the
extension of habitations, intensive grazing and pollution being of major
concern the observed threats reinforces the hypothesis of possible extinction
for this plant,. This research therefore highlighted
the high probable extinction of Adenocarpus
faurei.
According to IUCN (2012), a taxon is presumed extinct when comprehensive
studies in known and/or presumed habitat are conducted at appropriate times and
throughout its historical range and did not record the presence of a single
individual. Our study conforms to
all these conditions, qualifying this taxon as presumed extinct.
According to IUCN
data (Walter et al. 1998), Algeria has no extinct taxa but rather 141 threatened
taxa (31 endangered, 22 vulnerable, 80 rare and 8 indeterminate). This does not necessarily mean that
plants are better protected in Algeria compared to other neighbouring or
Mediterranean countries, rather, it seems that the lack of floristic research
since independence in 1962 has limited our ability to accurately determine the
conservation status of our flora.
In Morocco, one species is reported extinct (Trifolium
acutiflorum Murb.) and
in Egypt, two taxa are considered extinct (Fagonia
taeckholmiana Hadidi
and Tephrosia kassasi
Boulos).
The countries of Mediterranean Europe have more data on extinct taxa
(Turkey: 10 taxa, France: 7 taxa, Greece: 6 taxa, Italy: 2 taxa, Spain: 2
taxa).
The extinction of Adenocarpus
faurei and its consequences
The extinction of Adenocarpus faurei
represents a great loss for biodiversity and especially that of Algeria. This plant, which has great biological
and patrimonial value for the country, could have benefited from in situ and ex
situ conservation programs. The
defining characteristics of narrow endemics combined with the challenges they
face in the Mediterranean region renders them particularly vulnerable. Research on these endemic, rare and
localized plants is deficient and their conservation status, or even their
existence, is not well known. In
Algeria and the neighbouring countries of northern Africa, several similar
species may be extinct in areas that are poorly protected or even neglected by
responsible authorities.
Conclusion
The most likely
extinction factor for Adenocarpus faurei Maire is the human
activities primarily related to urbanisation such as increased building and
cultivated surfaces. These results
present a reminder for the need for novel and up-to-date field data when
generating conservation assessments of the rare and endemic plants of Algeria
and elsewhere. The protection of
their natural habitats remains a priority.
These natural habitats, however, are still poorly known and studies to
determine IPAs (Important Plant Areas) in Algeria are to be carried out.
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