Inventory of teloganodid mayflies ( Ephemeroptera : Teloganodidae ) from southern India with records of endemic taxa

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and towards India" exchanges between the Indian subcontinent on the one hand and Afrotropics including Madagascar, Oriental Southeast Asia and Palearctic North on the other (Sivaramakrishnan 2016).Teloganodidae is an ancient group of mayflies of Gondwanan origin that currently are known from throughout the Oriental region and from the southern tip of Africa (McCafferty & Wang 2000;Jacobus & McCafferty 2006) as well as from Madagascar (Oliarinony et al. 2016).Allen (1965) established the subfamily Teloganodinae within the Ephemerellidae.Teloganodinae was raised to family status by McCafferty & Wang (1997), and the composition of the family was refined by McCafferty & Wang (2000).Significant phylogenetic and biogeographic studies of teloganodid, and ephemerelloid mayflies in general, that have contributed to our current understanding of teloganodid systematics include works by McCafferty & Wang (1997, 2000), McCafferty & Benstead (2002), Jacobus & McCafferty (2006); these works have incorporated various cladistic analyses of both Afrotropical and Oriental Teloganodidae.
The recent landmark monograph on Oriental Teloganodidae by Sartori et al. (2008) distinguishes the Oriental lineages of Teloganodidae known at the time from the Afrotropical lineages and contributes to understanding patterns of distribution of the Oriental genera and species.The family currently includes the Afrotropical genera Ephemerellina Lestage, 1924, Lestagella Demoulin, 1970, Lithoglea Barnard, 1932, Manohyphella Allen, 1973and Nadinetella McCafferty & Wang, 1998, and the Oriental genera Derlethina Sartori, 2008, Dudgeodes Sartori, 2008and Teloganodes Eaton, 1882(Sartori et al. 2008) Selvakumar et al. (2014), one of these genera, Janohyphella was later on synonymised with Teloganella Ulmer, 1939 by Kluge et al. (2015).Presently, seven species belonging to four genera are reported from southern India and none from northern India (Sivaramakrishnan 2016).The present study deals with documentation, diversity and status of Teloganodidae of southern India.

Material and Methods
All materials were collected from the streams and rivers of the Western and Eastern Ghats region of India.Collecting was conducted with an aquatic D-net.In streams, the substrate was kick-sampled, allowing the current to carry organic debris, including insects, into the net.Waterfalls were sampled by scouring the rock surfaces by hand, allowing the current to carry insects into the net.Along stream margins and in ponds, vegetation was swept with the D-net.Collected specimens were preserved in 85% ethyl alcohol.Temporary mounts of some specimens were made on slides to enable detailed microscopic observations.Photographs were taken using a Leica M205A microscope.Materials were identified using published taxonomic literature and type specimens in the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Southern Regional Centre, Chennai.

Systematic account
All genera and species are presented alphabetically for convenience.This order should in no way be regarded indicating phylogeny.

I. Derlethina Sartori, 2008
Type species: Derlethina eloisae Sartori, 2008 Diagnosis: Derlethina can be easily distinguished from Teloganodes and Dudgeodes by following combination of characters: in the imaginal stages (i) shape of the hindwing; (ii) absence of crossvein in the pterostigmatic area of the forewing; and (iii) shape of the hind femur; in the larval stage (i) absence of gill V.
Distribution: India (Western Ghats) and Borneo (eastern Malaysia -Sabah and Indonesia -eastern Kalimantan).Diagnosis: Derlethina tamiraparaniae can be distinguished from D. eloisae by the following combination of characters: in the larval stage (i) gill 4 incised; (ii) outer margin of hind femora not concave; and (iii) prostheca of left mandible reduced, but with several well-developed seta-like projections.
Distribution: Known only from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka part of the Western Ghats.
Status: Endemic to the Western Ghats.Remarks: Imaginal stage is unknown.

II. Dudgeodes Sartori, 2008
Type species: Dudgeodes pescadori Sartori, 2008 Diagnosis: The genus Dudgeodes can be easily distinguished from Teloganodes by the following combination of characters: in the imaginal stage (i) outer margin of forewing regularly convex; (ii) hindwing smaller with acute costal process; (iii) tarsi of male foreleg shorter than Teloganodes; (iv) styliger plate not strongly convex; in the larval stage (i) absence of gill VI and last gill always incised (entire in Teloganodes); (ii) shape of the incisor of the right mandible; and (iii) single seta on the ventral face of the galea-lacinia (except multiple in D. ulmeri).
Distribution: From southern China, India, throughout Southeast Asia up to Sulawesi (Australasian Realm).

Dudgeodes bharathidasani Anbalagan, 2015 (Image 2)
Diagnosis: Dudgeodes bharathidasani can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the following combination of characters: in the larval stage (i) transverse row of long and pointed setae across dorsal face; and (ii) labial palp segment 3 ca.2.7 times as long as wide.
Distribution: Known only from Kallar stream, Kerala.
Status: Endemic to the Western Ghats.
Remarks: Imaginal stage is unknown.Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus, 2014 Diagnosis: The larvae of Indoganodes can be distinguished from other genera of Teloganodidae, and from the apparently similar genus Ephemerellina (see McCafferty & Wang 1997), by the following combination of characters: (i) prosternum without bi-lobular, spinous process medially; (ii) abdominal posterolateral processes poorly developed on segments 1-5 and well developed on segments 6-9; (iii) tarsal claw hooked, bearing four small denticles medially; (iv) labrum subquadrate, approximately twice as broad as long, with short, scattered setae over entire dorsal surface; (v) superlinguae of hypopharynx moderately developed; and (vi) left mandible without medioapical setal patch.

IV. Teloganodes Eaton, 1882
Type species: Teloganodes tristis (Hagen, 1858) Diagnosis: The genus Teloganodes is easily distinguished from Dudgeodes by the following characters: in the imaginal stage, (i) forewing long and slender and pterostigmatic area with numerous crossveins reaching subcostal vein; (ii) hindwing broad with costal process rounded; (iii) tarsi of male foreleg longer than Dudgeodes; (iv) styliger plate distinctly convex; in the larval stage, (i) gills on abdominal segments II-V or II-VI; gill II with dorsal lamella entire and last gill always entire; (ii) shape of the incisor of the right mandible; and (iii) multiple seta on the ventral face of the galea-lacinia.
Distribution: Borneo, India, Philippines and Sri Lanka.

Teloganodes dentatus Navás, 1931
Diagnosis: Teloganodes dentatus can be distinguished from closely related species T. tristis by the following combination of characters: in the imaginal stage (i) darker colour of the abdomen and shape of the costal process of the hind wing; (ii) penis lobes fused for entire length except the apex "U" shaped; (iii) ventrally a groove visible that ends at the middle of the penes; and  E 11, 20.viii.2010, 6 larvae, Tamil Nadu, Salem, Yercaud, Killiyur Falls, 11.794458330N & 78.199722220E, 1,226m;coll. C. Selvakumar & K.G. Sivaramakrishnan.Diagnosis: Teloganodes sartorii can be distinguished from the apparently similar species T. kodai by the following combination of characters: in the larval stage (i) legs not similar in shape and without ornamentation; (ii) outer margin of the forefemora having a row of thick setae and two clusters of thin setae on apex; (iii) antennae long, 1.2 times head width, flagellum with 19-20 segments; and (iv) cerci with whorl of spines on every segment, spines shorter than length of corresponding segment.
Distribution: Tamil Nadu part of the Eastern Ghats.
Status: Endemic to the Eastern Ghats.
Remarks: Imaginal stage is unknown.

Discussion
Teloganodidae is Old World Gondwanan in origin.Tectonic events leading to the post-split Gondwana and subsequent northward migration of the Deccan plateau of peninsular India some 150 million years ago apparently led to this region being a cradle of evolution for the Oriental lineage of Teloganodidae, with further and subsequent diversification in Southeast Asia (Selvakumar et al. 2014).The present pattern of distribution of the family Teloganodidae, being confined to southern Africa, Madagascar, southern India and Southeast Asia, suggests that the family might have been present in Gondwana prior to any breakup of Madagascar, the Indian subcontinent and Africa (McCafferty & Benstead 2002).Totally, of the seven species reported from southern India, six of them are endemic to the Western Ghats as is the genus Indoganodes Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus, 2014 and one is endemic to the Eastern Ghats.