Species composition and seasonal variation of butterflies in
Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand, India
Sushant Kumar Verma
At & P.O.- Harharguttu, Near TRF Colony, Jamshedpur,
Jharkhand 831002, India
Email: vermasushant2008@gmail.com ; vermasushant2008@rediffmail.com
Date of online publication 26 May 2009
ISSN
0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: Peter Smetacek
Manuscript
details:
Ms
# o2126
Received
27 January 2009
Final
received 20 March 2009
Finally
accepted 31 April 2009
Citation:Verma,
S.K. (2009). Species composition and seasonal variation of butterflies in Dalma
Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 1(5):
295-297.
Copyright: © Sushant Kumar
Verma 2009. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Acknowledgements:The
author is grateful to Dr. A. Alim, Department of Zoology, Jamshedpur
Co-operative College, Jamshedpur, for his valuable suggestions. The author
expresses his sincere gratitude to Miss Ghazala Sabih (MCA Project Trainee,
TISCO) and Sanjay Kumar Mahato (Curator, Tata Steel Zoological Park,
Jamshedpur) for their generous help throughout the study period.
For Figures & Table -
Click here
The
Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary is located 10km from Jamshedpur in Jharkhand. It
extends over 193km2 in the thick forest of Dalma mountain range,
which rises to an elevation of 3,000ft. This wildlife sanctuary is the habitat of many wild animals. Climatic conditions in Dalma are typical of
Indian Sal (Shorea robusta) forest. Annual temperature varies from 10°C to 42°C. The hottest months are May and June. The period from November to February is comparatively
cool. The maximum rainfall is received
during the months of July and August from the South West Monsoon. The natural vegetation comprises of a
combination of Sal forest and tropical dry deciduous types.
Information
on the butterflies and their seasonal population trends have been recorded for
two years and the results are presented in this paper. Classification adopted here is based on
Ackery (1989).
Methods
The
butterfly fauna of Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary was surveyed from January 2007 to
December 2008. Sampling was conducted
at sites dominated by the most representative vegetation type of the region
i.e. tropical dry-deciduous forest. To
understand the diversity and seasonal variation, transects of 500m length and
10m width were laid at three different sites within the sanctuary. All selected sites had similar vegetation
comprised mainly of scattered trees of Shorea robusta, Buchanania
lauzen, Diospyros melanoxylon and Cleistanthus collinus along with bushes
of Lantana spp. Ttransects in
each of the selected sites were surveyed on foot, one day in every week between 0900hr and 1700hr for a period of 92
weeks. Species were identified in the
field, and where identification was not possible photographs were taken. Collection was restricted only to those specimens
that could not be identified with certainty. The trapped butterflies were brought to the laboratory and placed in a
killing bottle containing a wad of cotton soaked in ethyl acetate. After relaxing and setting they were
identified with the help of field guides (Goodden 1976; Brooks &
Knight 1985; Kunte 2000).
Each
year was divided into four seasons. These seasons were: (1) Spring - February
and March, (2) Summer - April to June, (3) Rainy season - July to September and
(4) Winter - October to January. For
each year a data matrix was constructed which recorded the species and their
abundance in each season.
Seasonal
variation in the abundance of butterflies was calculated using the
Shannon-Weiner formula (H) as given below:
N
H
= - ∑ Pi log Pi
i=1
Where
H = species diversity index
Pi
= the proportion of individuals in the ith species
N=
total number of species
i
= species 1, 2, 3... N
Results
Altogether
39 species of butterflies belonging to 4 families were recorded. Nymphalidae
dominated the list with 20 species, followed by Pieridae (9 species),
Lycaenidae (6 species) and Papilionidae (4 species) respectively (Table 1).
Fig.
1 shows the values of the index calculated by the Shannon-Weiner equation.
Maximum diversity was observed during the last weeks of winter and during
spring, while a comparatively low diversity was observed during the rainy
season and summer. The number of
butterfly species varied with the seasons (Table 1). The maximum number of butterflies was
observed during spring and at the height of winter. Species richness showed a reduction at the
end of the rainy season (September) and during the warmest part of summer
(April to May).
When
species richness by family in each season was considered (Fig. 2), Nymphalidae
and Lycaenidae attained maximum species richness during the rainy season with a
slight decrease during summer. There was
only slight seasonal variation in species richness in the case of Pieridae and
Papilionidae. Pieridae showed a slight
decrease during the rainy season, whereas Papilionidae showed an increase in
the value of species richness during summer.
Flowers
of Lantana (Verbenaceae) bushes were found to be attractive to a variety
of butterflies.
Discussion
Chandra
et al. (2007) reported 147 species of butterflies excluding Hesperiidae from
Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. The
present study area covers a much smaller area. All the same, the occurrence of
39 species does not suggest that the Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary has high
Rhopaloceran species richness. It is not
unlikely that a few butterfly species have escaped notice and will be added in
the future: such species include Evening Browns (Melanitis), Grass Blues
(Zizula, Zizina, Freyeria, etc.), the Peablue (Lampides
boeticus), the Gram Blue (Euchrysops cnejus) etc.
Of
the species recorded, most were common at suitable seasons and appeared to be
well established.
Except
for Euploea klugii (Moore) the butterflies recorded are typical of the
lepidopteran community supported by Sal and Dry Deciduous forest over most of
India, which is also present in the study area. In view of this, it is not felt that any special measures need to be
adopted with reference to the conservation of lepidopteran diversity in the
sanctuary.
Conclusion
Thirty-nine
species of butterflies were recorded from the Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary. The
butterflies recorded are typical of Sal and Dry Deciduous forest present in the
study area.
References
Ackery, P.R. (1975). A guide to the
genera and species of Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera-Papilionidae). Bulletin of
British Museum Natural History (Ent). 31(4): 73-105.
Brooks, M. & C. Knight (1985). A Complete
Pocket Guide to British Butterflies. Jonathan Cape Ltd., Italy.
Chandra, K., R.M. Sharma, A.
Singh & R. K. Singh (2007). A checklist of butterflies of
Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh States, India. Zoos’ Print Journal22(8): 2790-2798
Goodden, R. (1976) The
Illustrated Encyclopedia of Butterflies and Moths. Worldwide Butterflies
Ltd., London.
Kunte, K. (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India (India- A Lifescape). University Press,
Hyderabad.