Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2018 | 10(5): 11599–11605
Conservation
assessment of two rare gingers (Zingiberaceae) from Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India
Pankaj Kumar 1 & Priya Singh 2
1 Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam
Road, Lam Tsuen, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong
SAR, China
2 Researchers
for Wildlife Conservation (RWC), National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK
Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560065, India
1 pkumar@kfbg.org (Corresponding author), 2 karnisar@gmail.com
Abstract: This work reports the distribution of two rare Zingiberaceae, Globba spathulata and Hemiorchis
pantlingii, in Dampa
Tiger Reserve, a protected area, located in Mizoram, northeastern
India. Both these species have a
distribution restricted to the northeastern part of
India and the adjoining countries of Bangladesh, Myanmar and northern
Thailand. In this study, we
enumerate the species, present their current global distribution and conduct a
conservation assessment for them. The study indicates presence of rare floral
species in the protected landscape, and a lack of ecological and conservation
attention to the region. A conservation assessment conducted for both species,
based on their existing global distribution and potential threats, identifies
the species as ÔVulnerableÕ.
Keywords: Chittagong Hill Tract Region, Globba
spathulata, Hemiorchis
pantlingii, Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, Lushai hills.
doi: http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3797.10.5.11599-11605
Editor: Anonymity
requested. Date
of publication: 26 April 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript
details: Ms # 3797 | Received 19 May 2017 | Final received 09 April
2018 | Finally accepted 12 April 2018
Citation: Kumar, P. & P. Singh (2018). Conservation assessment of two rare gingers (Zingiberaceae) from Dampa Tiger
Reserve, Mizoram, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 10(5): 11599–11605; http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3797.10.5.11599-11605
Copyright: © Kumar & Singh 2018. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The
authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements:
PS is grateful to Pu Liandawla, Chief Wildlife
Warden, Department of Environment and Forests, Government of Mizoram, and Laltlanhlua Zathang for
permission to work in Dampa TR and for logistic
support. PS acknowledges the role of Prof. D.W.
Macdonald and WildCRU, University of Oxford, and
Ecosystem-India, for funding, intellectual assistance, and support, throughout
this study. Nandita
HazarikaÕs role in administering and coordinating the
study is also acknowledged. PK is grateful to Dr.
Jana Leong-Škorničkov‡, Singapore Botanic
Gardens for the confirmation of species identification.
Zingiberaceae is a group of terrestrial herbaceous
plants with a wide global distribution that spans across the tropical regions
of the world, with around 1600 species represented by 52 genera (Christenhusz & Byng 2016; Govaerts
et al. 2017). This group attains
its highest diversity in the Indochinese continental region (Šckorničkova & Newman 2015). Throughout their distributional range, Zingiberaceae are important plants due to their use in
medicine, food, perfumes, or as ornamental plants. Within India, around 200 species of Zingiberaceae are found, belonging to 20 genera (Kumar et
al. 2013), popular amongst which are turmeric and ginger, used commonly in most
Indian homes.
Materials and
Methods
This work is based
on records of two rare Zingiberaceae, Globba spathulata Roxb. and Hemiorchis
pantlingii King, encountered in Dampa Tiger Reserve (TR), Mizoram, India, in April
2014. Dampa
TR is a protected area, located in the Lushai Hills
of western Mizoram, along a transitional zone with the Chittagong Hill Tract
region of Bangladesh (Fig. 1). The
core area of the reserve covers less than 500km2, and supports
tropical evergreen, tropical semi-evergreen and tropical moist deciduous
forests (Champion & Seth 1968).
Areas with past shifting cultivation regimes are dominated by
bamboo. The altitudinal gradient of
the reserve varies from 50–1,095 m.
Populations of the
species reported in this study were encountered during a reconnaissance survey
being conducted for a large ranging study on Clouded Leopards Neofelis nebulosa
within the protected area. During
the survey period, intensive foot-surveys were conducted in the northeastern part of the reserve, covering an area of
approximately 100km2.
Although the focus of the survey was to collect information on the felid
community found in the reserve, incidental information on rare species from
other taxonomic groups encountered was also documented.
We further
conducted extensive literature searches for our target species, focusing on
taxonomic descriptions, distribution, habitat preferences, and potential
threats. This yielded limited
information, indicating paucity of data for the two species. Based on the
information obtained, we used GeoCat (Geospatial
Conservation Assessment Tool; Bachman et al. 2011) to assess the extent of
occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) for the species, and generate
maps for the same. This
information, along with secondary inputs on potential conservation threats to
the species were used to conduct a conservation
assessment. Information on taxonomy and ecology of the species is also
presented in this work. Due to
rarity of the species, no voucher specimens were collected. However, detailed
photographs of the plants were taken to help ascertain their taxonomic
identities.
Enumeration of
genus and species
Globba L., Mant. Pl.
2: 143 (1771).
TYPE: Globba marantina L.
[Lectotype: Oriental India, Herb. Linn. No. 45.1
(LINN!)]
Distribution: Globba L. was originally described from India with three
species (LinnŽ, 1771: 170). The present distribution of the genus
spans across the tropical and subtropical parts of Asia, extending to northeastern Australia, constituted by 102 species, 15
varieties and five subspecies. Of
these at least seven species are found in India (Govaerts
et al. 2017).
Globba spathulata Roxb. in Carey, Fl. Ind. 1: 83 (1820)
Mantisia spathulata (Roxb.) Schult., Mant.
1: 49 (1822).
Type: Bangladesh, Silhet, M.R. Smith s.n. (Could
not be traced).
Diversity
and description (from Roxburgh, 1820). Panicles radical, erect, oblong, and range from
20–30 cm high. They are composed of many diverging, simple, lengthening
branches with every part including the bract of a pretty light azure
colour. Bracts are oval-oblong,
concave with a larger one under each branch of the panicle, and one to each
flower. Flowers are numerous and
produced in a continued succession for several weeks on the same panicle. Perianth is superior, widening towards its three-toothed
mouth. Corolla tube is long,
slender, curved and villous. Border three-lobed; lobes nearly
equal and equally arranged, with oblong and concave shapes. Lip cuneate,
deeply two-parted but less than that found in G. subulata,
much larger than the divisions of the exterior border, deep orange yellow,
forming a pretty contrast with lively purple of every other part of the
panicle. Filament long, slender, recurved, and as in the genus; near the base, instead of an
inner border to the corolla, there is a spathulate,
diverging wing on each side. Its
specific name is taken from its shape, which readily allows distinguishing this
species from G. subulata, which greatly
resembles this species when in flower.
The anther has semilunar wing on each side. Germ one-celled, containing many ovules,
attached to three parietal receptacles.
Flowering period:
Early April
Distribution:
Eastern Himalayas to Myanmar (Govaerts et al. 2017).
Notes: Popularly G.
spathulata is also called the ÒDancing GirlÓ
flower since its yellow colored corolla resembles a skirt,
while the staminoids look like two arms. The species flowers for a short period
during the monsoon, following which the rhizhomes
become dormant and make it difficult to locate the plant.
In April 2014, the
species was photographed at an approximate elevation of 1,020m in Dampa TR in Mamit District of
Mizoram (Image 1). The species was
located in a rocky, open, high elevation area exposed to adequate sunlight.
From a perspective of its global distribution, the occurrence of this species
in Dampa TR is a first record for the district.
Specimens examined:
1456 (E00228036) (E!), 27.iv.2006, Bangladesh: Chittagong, Rangamati
District, coll. M.F. Newman & J. Škorničkov‡;
1204 (E00158133) (E!), 30.v.2001, Chittagong, Rangamati
District, Sitapahar Reserved Forest, Karnaphuli River, vertical rocks by water, coll. M.F.
Newman; 331 (E00035185) (E!), 23.v.1931, Karnaphuli
River, 50m, coll. W.J.L. Wenger; 332 (E00035184) (E!), 22.v.1931, Karnaphuli River, 50m, coll. W.J.L. Wenger; s.n. (K000815690) (K!), Chittagong, 1876, coll. J.L.
Lister; 365 (K000815691) (K!), Chittagong, 1876, coll. J.L. Lister; India: s.n. (E00035183) (E!), West Bengal, Darjeeling, coll. J.M.
Cowan.
Conservation
Assessment: Globba spathulata
is known from 11 localities (five downloaded from Zingiberaceae
Resource Centre (2018) and three from recent literature (Kress et al. 2003; Bhowmik et al. 2010; De & Reang
2016), two from Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew) herbarium and one from the current
survey). Of these, one is from West
Bengal, three from Mizoram, six from Bangladesh and one from Myanmar. Using GeoCAT
software (Bachman et al. 2011), the EOO for the species was estimated to be
118,821km2, with an estimated AOO of 32km2. Several recent publications have focused
on the rarity of G. spathulata, and the need
for ex situ conservation interventions for the species (Tandon
et al. 2007; Bhowmik et al. 2010; Bhowmik
et al. 2011). However, based on
literature and repository searches, the species in recent times has been
reported from areas beyond Mizoram, and hence its distribution may be more
widespread than presently believed.
Four of the
reported collections from Bangladesh were made from around river Karnaphuli (Chittagong Hill Tracts), where the Kaptai hydroelectric power dam was set up in 1962. In 2001 and 2006, two subsequent
collections of the same species were made, from the rocky banks of River Karnaphuli, although the exact location of the collection
is unknown. River Karnaphuli is now
known to be heavily polluted (Islam et al. 2016), hence rendering a
serious threat to any flora growing along its banks. Plants at the two
localities at Lunglei and Kolasib
districts face threats due to frequent landslides, forest fires, deforestation,
shifting cultivation, and habitat degradation due to presence of road building
activities (De & Reang 2016). The newly discovered population of this
species in this publication, from Dampa TR, although
relatively secure because of its location in a protected area, may still be
susceptible to threats imposed by intrusive management practices such as
habitat modification through controlled burning to facilitate growth of grasses
for wild ungulates.
The existing
information on the species accounts for less than 20 mature individuals in the
wild. However, recognizing that this may be an outcome of limited survey
effort, we speculate the number of mature individuals at all sites collectively
to be more than 20 but less than 500.
Further, based on our existing knowledge of the species, we also predict
a decline in population size due to habitat degradation. Hence, based on IUCN
Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2014), we assess this species as Vulnerable under
categories [VU C2a(i); D1],
Hemiorchis Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42: 108 (1873)
TYPE: Hemiorchis burmanica
Kurz. [Type: Myanmar, Tenasserim,
Martaban, Pegu, Shittang
Valley, Kurz (K!)]
Diversity and
Distribution: Hemiorchis was originally
described in 1873 from Tenasserimin in Myanmar, with
enumeration of a single species Hemiorchis burmanica (Kurz, 1873). Today this genus comprises three species
distributed from the central Himalaya to Myanmar and Thailand (Larsen & Triboun 2000; Govaerts et al.
2017). These species include H.
pantlingii King with a distribution in eastern
Nepal, northeastern India, Bangladesh and Myanmar; H.
rhodorrhachis K. Schum
distributed in India, Bangladesh (Srivastava & Ghoshal 2005), Myanmar and northern Thailand (Larsen & Triboun 2000); and H. burmanica
Kurz restricted to Myanmar (Govaerts
et al. 2017).
Hemiorchis pantlingii King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.
(Calcutta) 5: 163 (1896)
Type: India,
Sikkim, Mungpoo, 1,000–1,500 m, 1891, R. Pantling s.n. (K!).
Description
(from King & Pantling 1895–1896). Herbaceous, rhizome 30 to 45 cm long,
branching, sparsely clothed with short fibres. Leafy stems which are distinct
from the flowering ones and produced post flowering, 38–50 cm long; leaves
are ovate-lanceolate, tapering to each end, sheathing
at the base, 15–35 cm inch long and 5–11 cm broad. Flowering stem
stout, 1.3–20 cm long, leafless, but with 4 to 6 blunt spathaceous bracts.
Flowers spicate. Calyx tubular,
pubescent, membraneous, with three short sub-equal
sub-acute lobes shorter than the corolla-tube. Corolla in two whorls of
three each with the outer whorl pinkish, with a dorsal ovate segment and two
lateral shorter and narrower segments, all sub-acute. Inner whorl is yellowish, shorter than
the outer, the two lateral segments broad, obovate,
emarginated, the middle lobe rhomboidal, concave with a central thick ridge
from base to apex; at the base a transverse recurved
process, and at the side of the base two purple divergent fleshy process (staminodes). Fertile stamen incurved, shorter than the inner whorl of the
corolla; the filament thick and fleshy; anther broadly elliptic, emarginated at
the base and apex, 2-celled with longitudinal lateral dehiscence. Ovary
inferior, obliquely and narrowly ellipsoid, striate, one celled; three
placentas; stigma projecting slightly above the apex of the anther, minute,
cup-shaped. Capsule
fusiform, 3cm long, 8- to 10-ribbed, pubescent, crowned by the withered
segments of the perianth. Seeds
broadly ovoid, 0.6cm long, with a short white fleshy aril. All plants
were in a stage of flowering, with fleshy looking stems measuring 15–20
cm tall. The plants bore no leaves
at the time of photographing them.
The outer whorls of the corolla had a shade of pink while the inner ones
had a shade between cream and yellow.
Flowering period:
Early April
Distribution:
Bangladesh, Nepal, India and Myanmar.
Notes:
Hemiorchis pantlingii
was described originally by King (1895), based on a specimen collected by Robert
Pantling from Sikkim.
Thereafter, the plant was rediscovered in Sikkim (Lucksom
2001), followed by more recent reports from Garo
Hills in Meghalaya (Singh et al. 2012) and Borail
Wildlife Sanctuary in Cachar Hills, Assam (Barbhuiya et al. 2012).
Information on the
species suggests that H. pantlingii is amongst
the earliest flowering Zingiberaceae, with highly
ephemeral flowers that shed after 4-5 days. The peduncle, however, supports
several buds that continue to flower for 2–3 weeks (Singh et al. 2012).
Post flowering season, ovate to lanceolate leaves
which are 15–35 cm long and 5–11 cm wide, appear on the plant, but
are shed in late autumn, post which only the rhizome survives underground
(Hooker 1895), which was supported by us not sighting the plant between
December 2014 to March 2015. The plant may be insect pollinated, due to its
brightly colored ephemeral flowering habit.
Specimens examined:
Bhutan: 300 m, 1893, R. Pantling s.n.
(K!-Syntype); 300m, 1893, R.
Pantling s.n. (P00686502)
(P!-Syntype); 300m, 1893, R. Pantling
s.n. (U0115372) (U!-Syntype);
Sikkim, 300m, 1893, R. Pantling s.n.
(US00336050) (US!-Syntype); 300m, 1893, R. Pantling s.n. (K000640571) (K!-Syntype); 300m,
1893, R. Pantling s.n.
(BM000958128) (BM!-Syntype); 300 m, 1893, R. Pantling s.n. (E00149942) (E!-Syntype). India: Sukhne, Darj-drik, 22 April 1958, S. K. Mukerjee
4615 (BKF); West Bengal, Sivok, March 1873, J. S.
Gamble 4015B (K!); West Bengal, Chunabati, 760 m,
April 1876, J. S. Gamble 617A (K!); West Bengal, Darjeeling, Mongpoo, 300 m, 1891, R. Pantling
s.n. (BM000958129) (BM!-Islectotype); West Bengal, Darjeeling, Mongpoo,
300 m, 1891, R. Pantling s.n.(K000640570)
(K!-Lectotype); West Bengal, Darjeeling, Mongpoo, 300 m, 1891, R. Pantling
s.n. (K000640571) (K!-Isolectotype);
West Bengal, Darjeeling, Mungpoo, 300 m, 1891, R. Pantling s.n. (P00686501) (P!-Isolectotype). NEPAL, Soktim Tea
Estate, Mai Khola, 450 m, 19 AprIL
1971, J. D. A. Stainton 6795 (BM000958130) (BM!).
Conservation
Assessment: Based on historical accounts downloaded from Zingiberaceae
Resource Centre (2018), available reference (Kress et al. 2003), collections at
Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew) herbarium and recent surveys, H. pantlingii is known to occur at 22 localities, which
include two in Mizoram, two in Meghalaya, seven in Sikkim, seven in West
Bengal, one in Bangladesh, one in Myanmar and two in Nepal. The Extent of Occurrence for the species
is estimated to be 282,714 km2 and the Area of Occupancy as 52 km2
using GeoCAT software (Bachman et al. 2011). Reports of the species from Nokrek Biosphere Reserve in Meghalaya and Dampa TR in Mizoram (Image 2), although indicate its
presence in protected area landscapes; we believe the species may still be
threatened by anthropogenic induced disturbances such as habitat management and
naturally occurring fires. Habitat degradation is also a major threat in the
Himalayan regions of Sikkim and West Bengal due to rapid influx of people into
the region (CEPF 2005). We estimate less than 500 mature individuals for the species,
based on the fact that all locations from existing surveys do not support more
than 20 mature individuals. However, we believe the species has been poorly
surveyed for in the wild with possibilities of discovering new localities harboring it. There is an inferred decline in the
population size of the species due to habitat degradation. Based on IUCN
Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2014) this species can hence be assessed as
Vulnerable [VU C2a(i); D1].
Conservation
Implication
With 86% of its
geographical area under forest cover, Mizoram supports
the largest forested area for any state in India (State of Forest Report
2017). This region is also a part
of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot (Myers et al. 2000) and is located
within the Eastern Himalayan Endemic Bird Area (Stattersfield
et al. 1998). Despite its
ecological significance and vast forest cover, it has been poorly surveyed for
biodiversity, as evinced by the range extensions for G. spathulata
and H. pantlingii reported in this study.
The state supports
a small network of protected areas which in times of increasing anthropogenic
pressures and changing land-use patterns, urgently requires inventorying
biodiversity in order to make appropriate conservation decisions. Also, with
large areas being converted to oil-palm monocultures (Mandal
& Raman 2016), it is important to extend the coverage of protection within
the state while ensuring that habitat management practices in protected areas
do not compromise survival of rare native floral species.
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