Journal of
Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2018 | 10(13):
12769–12791
A preliminary checklist of butterflies from the northern Eastern Ghats
with notes on new and significant species records including three new reports for
peninsular India
Rajkamal Goswami 1, Ovee Thorat 2, Vikram
Aditya 3 & Seena Narayanan Karimbumkara 4
1,2,3,4 Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and
the Environment, Royal Enclave, Sriramapura, Jakkur Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka
560064, India
1 rajkamalgoswami@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 ovee.thorat@atree.org,
3 vikram.aditya@atree.org, 4 seena.narayanan@atree.org
doi: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3730.10.13.12769-12791 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0355B1C9-21C8-4F00-A85F-63F001B59FB4
Editor: Sanjay
Sondhi, Titli Trust, Dehradun, India. Date
of publication: 26 November 2018 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms
# 3730 | Received 13 August 2017 | Final received 12 October 2018 | Finally
accepted 23 October 2018
Citation: Goswami, R., O. Thorat, V. Aditya & S.N. Karimbumkara (2018). A preliminary checklist of butterflies
from the northern Eastern Ghats with notes on new and significant species
records including three new reports for peninsular India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(13): 12769–12791; https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3730.10.13.12769-12791
Copyright: © Goswami et al. 2018. Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this
article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate
credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: Academy for Conservation Science and Sustainability
Studies, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru
and the Conservation Leadership Programme (CLP).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author Details: Rajkamal Goswami’s broad
research interests includes conservation science with a focus on animal community
dynamics across natural and modified ecosystems. He is currently assisting in
the coordination of a large-scale project on the mapping and inventory of
bioresources in the north-eastern region of India at
ATREE. Ovee Thorat is a PhD
student at Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru.
She uses an interdisciplinary approach to study landscape change in arid and
semi-arid grasslands in India. Her PhD research involves understanding how
development interventions have transformed the landscape of Banni grasslands. Vikram Aditya is a PhD student in
conservation science and sustainability studies at ATREE. His primary research
interests lie in community and landscape ecology. He is currently focusing on
mammal diversity and distribution patterns in tropical forest landscapes with a
focus on the northern Eastern Ghats region.Seena Narayanan Karimbumkara is a Senior Research Associate &
Assistant Museum Curator at ATREE. Her broad expertise includes insect ecology
and taxonomy. Currently her research has been focussed on the biosystematics of
scarabaeine dung beetles of the Indian Subcontinent and she has worked
extensively on the dung beetles of India across both Western Ghats and
Northeast India.
Author Contribution: Rajkamal collected data in the field, compiled the checklist and wrote
the manuscript. Ovee collected data in the field, contributed to the manuscript
and prepared the image plates. Vikram facilitated logistics during field data
collection, helped in data collection and contributed to the manuscript. Seena
helped in data collection, contributed to the manuscript and worked on the
taxonomy of the butterflies.
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the Academy for Conservation Science and
Sustainability Studies, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the
Environment, Bengaluru and the Conservation Leadership Programme (CLP) for
financial support. The authors thank all
the participants and resource persons who attended ATREE’s Certificate Course on
Conservation Science, 2015 for their support and company during the
survey. Much
thanks to Dr. Aravind Madhyastha for contributing image for the paper and Ms.
Binita Goswami for her help in confirming the identification of numerous
species from the images included in this paper.
Thanks to Sanjay Sondhi, whose comments helped to further strengthen
this paper.
Abstract: The northern Eastern Ghats is an area
with significant biodiversity value but remains poorly explored except for a
few charismatic taxa such as birds, mammals and reptiles. Very few studies have looked at the
invertebrate diversity of these hill ranges, particularly butterflies. We present the first peer-reviewed checklist
of butterflies from the northern Eastern Ghats based on a rapid and intensive
survey carried out at five sites over 16 days across the buffer area of
Papikonda National Park and Araku Valley in 2015 and 2016. We report a total of 102 species of
butterflies from six lepidopteran families.
Seventeen significant records include numerous first reports: three new
species reports for peninsular India, nine for Eastern Ghats and 14 for the
northern Eastern Ghats. This checklist
adds 17 species to the known butterfly fauna for the state of Andhra
Pradesh. It is hoped that findings from
the study will help to mobilise conservation research, action and attention for
the northern Eastern Ghats forest habitats, which are currently threatened by
large scale development, security threats due to the Naxalite insurgency and mesoscale
exploitation of forest resources.
Keywords: Andhra Pradesh, Araku Valley,
checklist, Lepidoptera, northern Eastern Ghats, Papikonda National Park.
INTRODUCTION
The
Eastern Ghats is a 1,750km long mountain range located along the eastern edge of
the Indian peninsula. Even though
studies and inventories carried out till date indicate its high diversity
value, the Eastern Ghats remain one of the least
explored natural landscapes of India.
Its wide elevational range from almost sea level to 1,690m contains
diverse vegetation types ranging from dry-scrub and dry deciduous to
dry-evergreen, moist-deciduous and semi-evergreen that support diverse flora
and fauna.
Unlike
the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats is not a continuous mountain range. Instead they comprise of a series of patchy
and isolated hill sections which are divided into three main zones based on
their location: southern Eastern Ghats, central Eastern Ghats and northern
Eastern Ghats (Rao 2000). Owing to the
patchiness of the hills and variations in temperature, precipitation and
elevation, each zone has its own unique floral and faunal assemblages. Variable intensities of forest-related
activities such as shifting cultivation, hunting (by local communities), and
plantations (usually by the state and/or policy-driven) has further led to an
increase in the heterogeneity and diversity of the available land use and
forest habitats (Beehler et al. 1987; Rawat 1997; Ganesh et al. 2015).
Among
the three sections, the northern Eastern Ghats has the most diverse vegetation
types including some of the most dense forests. Such diversity and abundance of forests is
due to the relatively higher rainfall in the area, ranging from 900–1,700 mm
annually, (Pattanaik et al. 2009b; Sreekar et al. 2010). The presence of perennial rivers such as the
Godavari and the Mahanadi also contribute to creating conducive conditions for
high forest density and diversity. In
comparison, the central and the southern Eastern Ghats landscapes are drier
with sparser vegetation due to lower elevation, lesser rainfall and higher
annual temperatures.
Recent
studies have shown that the northern Eastern Ghats region, owing to its
proximity to the eastern Himalayan, the Indo-Malayan and the Western Ghats
biodiversity hotspots, acts as a mixing and transition zone for these three
distinct ecoregions. Therefore, elements
of all these three hotspots has been observed in the northern Eastern Ghats,
leading to higher diversity of plants and animals; for example, Stripe-necked
Mongoose Herpestes vitticollis, recently discovered from the northern
Eastern Ghats, was earlier recorded only from the Western Ghats (Balaji &
Satyanarayana 2016). Similarly,
birds such as the Ruby-cheeked Sunbird Chalcoparia singalensis and Pale-chinned
Blue Flycatcher Cyornis poliogenys, earlier known as ‘northeast birds’
have been recorded from the northern Eastern Ghats (Prashanth 2016). Apart from sharing biological attributes with
the proximate ‘hotspots’, the northern Eastern Ghats is home to several rare,
endemic and threatened species of flora and fauna, including reptiles such as
the Golden Gecko Calodactylodes aureus (Javed et al. 2007), Jeypore
Ground Gecko Geckoella jeyporensis (Agarwal et al. 2012), a new species
of caecilian Gegeneophis orientalis (Agarwal et al. 2013), birds like
the Yellow-throated Bulbul Pycnonotus xantholaemus (Sreekar &
Srinivasulu 2010) and the Critically Endangered Blewitt’s Owl or Forest Owlet Heteroglaux
blewetti (Azeez et al. 2008; Kumar et al. 2010).
Biodiversity
inventories and studies carried out till date has focussed on a few taxa, such
as aves (Price 1979; Ripley et al. 1986; Kumar et al. 2010), mammals (Aditya
& Ganesh 2016; Balaji & Satyanarayana 2016) and reptiles (Chettri &
Bhupathy 2010; Agarwal et al. 2013); however, the invertebrate taxa of the
Eastern Ghats, particularly the northern Eastern Ghats, remain almost
unexplored.
Among
invertebrates, butterflies (order Lepidoptera, sub-order Rhopalocera) are among
the most charismatic taxa. The beauty
and ubiquitous nature of butterflies makes it the most effective invertebrate flagship which can be used to stimulate awareness, research
and policy support for the conservation of invertebrate and overall
biodiversity (Barua et al. 2012). India
is very rich in butterfly taxa with over 1,300 species (Varshney & Smetacek
2015); however, they are not uniformly distributed and most of them (>1000
species) occur in the northeastern region (Varshney & Smetacek 2015). In recent times, there has been an exponential
growth in biodiversity documentation in India, particularly during the last
decade, owing to the rapid proliferation of digital and mobile
photography. Birds and butterflies have
received disproportional attention of the amateur naturalist and citizen
scientists in this digital age, probably owing to their ubiquitous nature
(Chandler et al. 2017). Yet, such
coverage is not uniform across the geography of the country, even for
well-surveyed taxa such as butterflies.
Even today, there are many regions from where even basic information
about species occurrences are lacking.
The northern Eastern Ghats is one such region.
Apart
from being ecologically rich, the northern Eastern Ghats is also one of the
most threatened forested regions of the country owing to the presence of scarce
and highly valuable natural resources such as bauxite, iron, coal and
water. The pressure to mine these
resources, most of which overlap with dense forests, has already caused considerable
loss of forest habitat and is triggering large scale
land use change (Samata 2003; Oskarsson & Nielsen 2014). The lack of knowledge about the bare minimum
attributes of biodiversity and ecology from the region hampers the ability of
both the agencies and the civil society to take informed decisions about the
impact of these projects on the ecology and biodiversity of the region.
The
interactions of butterflies, as larvae and adults, with different sets of host
plants and their sensitivity to micro-climate, moisture, topographic and light
level changes makes them excellent ecological and environmental indicators
(Murphy et al. 1990; Kremen 1992).
Therefore, it is critical and urgent to document the butterfly diversity
of these fragile, but biologically diverse and rich regions.
Most recent
lists of butterflies from the Eastern Ghats have come from the central Eastern
Ghats (Chandra et al. 2007) and southern Eastern Ghats (Harinath et al.
2014). We found numerous errors in
identification and taxonomy of butterflies wherever they have provided images
and therefore the quality of information in these studies is questionable. Earlier, Best (1954) had compiled a list of
butterflies from Nagalapuram and Servarayan (anglicised as Shevaroy) Hills
located in the southern Eastern Ghats in the present day Tamil Nadu. The Zoological Survey of India’s Fauna of
Andhra Pradesh series reported three new distribution records from Prakasam and
Kadapa districts in 2007 (Majumdar 2007; Maulik 2007). Among the recent efforts to study the
butterflies of the Eastern Ghats, the most significant has been the Eastern
Ghats Insect Survey Project carried out by the Zoological Society of India’s
which resulted in a two volume edited report (Anonymous 1986a,b). These volumes had five chapters dedicated to
butterfly fauna, the first two being list of collections from Javadi Hills,
located in the Namakkal District of central Tamil Nadu (Khatri 1986d) and Kolli
Hills, situated in the Vellore and Tiruvannamalai districts of Tamil Nadu
(Khatri 1986a). The remaining two
chapters describe the Nymphalid and Lycaenids of Eastern Ghats (Khatri
1986b,c). An additional chapter in
volume 1 in the same report discusses some phenological and geographical
variations in the butterflies from the Eastern Ghats (Khatri 1986e). Most of these surveys, however, have been
focussed mostly in the Tamil Nadu sections of the Eastern Ghats, covering its
southern parts. Very few studies have
focussed on the butterfly fauna of the northern Eastern Ghats from Andhra
Pradesh, and thus has remained comparatively
under-explored, particularly in terms of its butterfly fauna.
In this
paper, we present the first checklist of butterflies from the northern Eastern
Ghats with notes on new and interesting records.
METHODS
Study area
The
northern Eastern Ghats is spread over an area of 16,948.35km2 in
northern Andhra Pradesh covering the districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and West
Godavari. The current study was
conducted at two sites in the northern Eastern Ghats falling within Andhra
Pradesh - the buffer area of Papikonda National Park (henceforth PNP) around Maredumilli and
Araku Valley.
PNP
(17.267–17.691 and 81.281–81.694) is located in the East and West Godavari
districts of north, coastal Andhra Pradesh and is spread over an area of
1,012km2. The dominant
vegetation types in PNP are southern tropical mixed moist
deciduous, along with some semi-evergreen and dry deciduous forest patches
(Champion & Seth 1968). The
topography is hilly and undulating with steep slopes with an elevation range of
20–850 m. Annual average precipitation
is approximately 1,309mm with temperatures ranging from 15–45 0C.
About
200km north of PNP lies the Araku Valley (18.209–18.4420 and 82.700–83.115), a
small hill station spread over an area of 36km2,
in the western part of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh close to the
border with Odisha. The elevation ranges
from 930m in the Valley to 1,690m at Jindhagada Peak and is composed of a
mosaic of semi-evergreen forests, coffee and pepper plantations and shifting
cultivation plots, called ‘podu’ locally. The vegetation around the Valley is composed
of moist deciduous forests with semi-evergreen patches with patches of degraded
forest and scrubs (Champion & Seth 1968).
Survey sites
We opportunistically
surveyed an area of approximately 100km2 in the buffer area of PNP
around Maredumilli between 21 July and 29 July 2015, and once again between 27
August and 29 August in 2016 (Table 1) at three specific localities—Jalatarangini,
Kutravada and Maredumilli. Jalatarangini
is located along the Rajahmundry-Jagdalpur highway (SH 41) at an elevation of
460m and forms the northeastern border of PNP.
The habitat type is dense moist deciduous forest interspersed with teak
and coffee plantations. Kutravada is
located about 7km northeast of Jalatarangini, at an elevation of 450m on the
Maredumilli-Gurtedu Road. The locality
is situated close to the Kutravada Village and is composed of moist deciduous
forest and shifting cultivation plots, some of which has been planted with
teak. Both of these localities are along
the Pamuleru River, which forms the main drainage of PNP and is the second
largest river within PNP after the Godavari.
The third locality is close to Maredumilli Village surrounded by old
teak plantations and secondary growth moist deciduous forests about 7km
southeast of Maredumilli Village. It is
located at an elevation of 400m along the Rajahmundry-Jagdalpur State Highway
41.
In Araku
Valley we surveyed two localities: Sunkarametta and Bisupuram from 30 July to 2
August 2015. Both are located close to
the Visakhapatnam-Jeypore highway (Image 1).
Sunkarametta is located about 15km from Araku at an elevation of 1,200m
and is surrounded by coffee plantations interspersed with degraded moist
deciduous forest patches. Bisupuram
Village is located about 5km east of Sunkarametta at an elevation of 1,100m and
is close to the Katiki waterfalls. The
habitat is degraded moist deciduous forest interspersed with podus.
Data Collection
Intensive non-invasive butterfly
surveys were carried out in the above mentioned six
locations. The period of our survey
coincided with the retreating south-west monsoons when
the butterfly activity is known to peak. Owing to paucity of funds and limited
time available, we decided to focus on the peak period for butterfly activity.
All possible habitat types in the
survey areas were scanned for butterflies from 06.00hr to 18.00hr. Even though
butterfly activity peaks during the late morning and noon, we surveyed during
early mornings as well as late afternoons and evenings to include crepuscular
species. The species
which were difficult to identify in the field were photographed with
good quality cameras and later identified to species level wherever
possible. We handled only those specimens which were found to be injured or dead.
Species
were identified using Evans (1932), Wynter-Blyth (1957), and Kehimkar (2008,
2016). To confirm the various new
records presented in this paper, ranging from the northern Eastern Ghats to
peninsular India, we checked the known distribution of the species in question
from three authoritative books by Evans (1932), Wynter-Blyth (1957), and
Varshney & Smetacek (2015) . To further verify the new records for Eastern
Ghats, we reviewed the published literature, namely, Best (1954), Khatri
(1986a,b,c,d), Majumdar (2007), and Maulik
(2007); while Majumdar (2007) and Maulik
(2007) were scanned to cross-verify the new records for Andhra Pradesh. To check the unpublished photographic
records, we scanned two expert-curated online portals- Butterflies of India
(https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org) and India Biodiversity Portal (IBP,
http://indiabiodiversity.org/). Both
these portals allow users to access butterfly observations with information on
the location and date of the records.
Finally,
a checklist was prepared on the butterflies recorded from this region in which
the species were arranged according to sub-families under each family. The names were listed alphabetically under
each sub- family according to their genus and species.
Table 1. Table showing the survey sites,
localities, dates and number of days surveyed.
Sites |
Localities |
Survey dates |
No of days surveyed |
Buffer area of Papikonda National Park |
Jalatarangini |
21–29 July 2015, and 27–29 August 2016 |
12 |
Kutravada |
|||
Maredumilli |
|||
Araku Valley |
Sunkarametta |
30 July–2 August 2015 |
4 |
Bisupuram |
|||
Total Survey effort (in days) |
16 |
RESULTS
We
recorded a total of 102 species across six families. Nymphalidae was the most species-rich family
with 38 species while only one species was recorded for Riodinidae (Table 2).
In the following text we provide notes on known distribution records of
the new and significant butterfly records along with observation notes on their
habit, habitat and commonness in the surveyed sites. Additionally, we provided detailed
identification keys for cryptic species, particularly those which
share similar morphological features with other species.
Family: Hesperiidae
Subfamily: Coeliadinae
Bibasis sena (Moore, [1866]) (Orange-tailed Awl) (Image 2(2))
This is
the first report of this species from the Eastern Ghats. This species was encountered twice - inside a
dense forest patch near Maredumilli early in the morning at 07:23hr on 18 July
2015 while a second individual was seen along the highway in a dense forest
patch near Jalatarangini 06:39hr on 20 July 2015. So far from India, this
species has been reported from the Western Ghats, central to eastern Himalaya
and the northeast and is known to be rare throughout its range (Wynter-Blyth
1957). This species is listed within the
Part II of Schedule II list of protected animals under the Indian Wildlife
(Protection) Act (Anonymous 1972).
Hasora badra (Moore, [1858]) (Common Awl)
This is
the first record of this species from the Eastern Ghats. We observed this species nectaring near the
small sluice gate dam on Pamuleru River near Kutravada, early in the morning on
29 August 2016. Previously, it was known to be distributed in the Western Ghats and
northeastern India (Varshney & Smetacek 2015). This species was recorded from Bhitarkanika
National Park, Kendrapara District, in Odisha which is
not part of the Eastern Ghats (Kalesh et al. 2017).
Hasora sp. (An Awl sp.) (Image 2(3)
This
species was encountered frequently during our survey and we observed a total of
eight individuals during our surveys of 2015 and 2016 in the area. Six individuals were recorded between 200–400
masl whereas two individuals (one male and one female) were seen at Araku
Valley at 1,200m. The associated
habitats ranged from semi-dense forests (deciduous) to small fragments of tree
forests in coffee-plantation and meadows dominated landscape.
Earlier
we suspected this species to be Hasora leucospila Mabille, 1891 based on
the white band which extended slightly above the
tornus in the hindwing and presence of purple sheen on its forewings. Moreover, its distribution was known from
India: from the Andaman & Nicobar Islands and its recent report from Khurda
District, Odisha in the northern Eastern Ghats (V. Sarkar pers. comm. 5 May
2017).
Both
the main wing-based distinguishing character were
clearly seen in the images of seven individuals we had photographed during the
survey. In one of the images, we
observed yellow hyaline spots in space two and three of the underside of
forewings, indicating that it might be a female (Chiba 2009); however, when we
tried to run the dichotomous identification key following Chiba (2009) to
confirm species level identification, we found the presence of an apical white
spot in the forewing of all the individuals that we had photographed during our
survey. According to Chiba (2009) this
characteristic goes against the morphological traits of leucospila
species and in the absence of specimens, we couldn’t conclusively run and
complete the key. Therefore we retain
this species as an unidentified Hasora sp.
Hasora vitta (Butler, 1870) (Plain Banded Awl) (Image 2(4))
We
recorded this species from a dense forest patch late in the evening on 20 July
2015, when it was feeding on trash deposited near the highway
which passes through the PNP near Maredumilli. We also recorded this species at another
location near Jalatarangini. This
species is not common in its entire known range in India
which includes the Western Ghats and adjoining areas from Maharashtra to
Goa up to Kerala and northeast India (Evans 1932; Wynter-Blyth 1957; Varshney
& Smetacek 2015). Apart from our
record, the only other record from Eastern Ghats comes from an image of this
species by Vivek Sarkar which is uploaded on IFB
portal from Mundasaru in Kandhamal District of Odisha (Kunte 2017). So far, based on the existing reports, this
species seems to be restricted to the northern parts of Eastern Ghats.
Family: Hesperiidae
Sub family: Hesperiinae
Cupitha purreea (Moore, 1877) (Wax Dart)
(Image 2(6))
Our
record of Cupitha purreea during this survey is the first report of this
species from the Eastern Ghats. We
observed only one individual of this species from an old regenerating ‘podu’
(local name for shifting agriculture) forest with lots of lianas, close to
Pamuleru River near Maredumilli on 20 July 2015.
The
known Indian distribution of this species is along the Western Ghats from
Maharashtra to Kerala, eastern Himalaya, northeastern India and the Andaman
Islands (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Varshney & Smetacek 2015). Globally, its range extends up
to Sulawesi from Thailand, Laos, Langkawi, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra,
Java, and the Philippines (Moore 1877, 1884; Piepers et al. 1910; Corbet &
Pendlebury 1992; Vane-Wright & de Jong 2003). This species is not common throughout its
range.
Iambrix salsala (Moore, [1866]) (Chestnut Bob) (Image 3(1))
We
recorded several individuals of this species on 18, 19 and 20 July 2017, from a
riparian forest habitat flanked by shade coffee plantations near Maredumilli,
in the northern Eastern Ghats. Apart
from our record, the only other record of this species from the Eastern Ghats
is that by Subramanium Kalluri (SK) from the same location in December 2010
(Kandoth 2018). The species is common in
northeastern India where it can be seen in urban and semi-urban gardens as well
as in the open areas, cultivations and plantation near forests and forest
edges. All records of this species in
India Biodiversity Portal, (IBP) (Goswami 2017) and Butterflies of India web
portal (BOI) (Kandoth 2018), baring the one mentioned above, is restricted to
the northeast, southern Bengal, the Western Ghats, eastern and central part of
Karnataka and eastern Tamil Nadu.
According to Varshney & Smetacek (2015) the species is distributed
from Gujarat to Kerala and Uttarakhand to northeastern India.
Matapa aria (Moore, [1866]) (Common Redeye) (Image 3(2))
In the
northern Eastern Ghats, only one record of this species was obtained within the
campus of the Forest Guest House at Maredumilli on 20 July 2015. This is the first record of this species from
the Eastern Ghats. This species was
earlier known from northern India (Uttarakhand, Delhi) and northeastern India,
southern Bengal and southern India (Varshney & Smetacek 2015; Wynter-Blyth
1957). The species is common in its
range in northeastern India and the Western Ghats.
Potanthus sp. (Dart) (Image 3(4))
We
recorded several individuals of Potanthus genus around Maredumilli
beween 18 and 23 July 2015. There are no
recent records of any species from the Potanthus genus from the Eastern
Ghats or southern Bengal. Specimens of this genus from Eastern Ghats needs to be
collected and examined to determine species level distribution in the Eastern
Ghats. Species level identification is difficult
based on wing patterns and external morphological characteristics in this
genus. Among the most abundant species
of this genus, two species are known to occur in peninsular India and its hill
ranges. P. pseudomaesa
is known to be distributed from Jammu & Kashmir to northeastern India,
Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and southwards down to Kerala
(Varshney & Smetacek 2015). P. palnia is known from Karnataka and Kerala (Varshney
& Smetacek 2015) while Wynter-Blyth (1957) recorded its distribution from
the southern Indian hills.
Hersperiidae
Subfamily: Pyrginae
Odontoptilum angulatum (Felder, 1862) (Chestnut Angle) (Image 4(1))
This is
the first record of this species from the Eastern Ghats. We encountered only one individual of this species
around the damp areas of moist deciduous forest during the survey on 20 July
2015 indicating that it might be rare in the Eastern Ghats. This butterfly is fairly common within its
known range of the Western Ghats (Maharashtra to Kerala), western and central
Himalaya, eastern Himalaya and the northeast (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Varshney &
Smetacek 2015).
The
known range of this species, which is closest to the Eastern Ghats, is from a
record from Simlipal National Park in Odisha (Saji & Chandrashekharan 2017). Best (1954) did not record this from his
survey of Nagalapuram Hills in southern Andhra Pradesh. The preferred habitat of this species is
moist forests. In the Eastern Ghats,
such forests mostly occur in the northern Eastern Ghats. Therefore, it is likely that the distribution
of this species within the Eastern Ghats is probably restricted to the moist
forests of northern Eastern Ghats.
Sarangesa purendra Moore, 1882 (Spotted Small Flat) (Image 4(2))
Our
observation of three individuals of this species on 18 July 2018 is the first
report of this species from the Eastern Ghats.
This species was sighted along the forest edges close to the
Jalatarangini waterfall frequently during our July 2015 and August 2016 surveys
in the area indicating that the species is locally common. The known distribution of this species is
from northern Karnataka in the south till Maharashtra, Gujarat and Sindh region
(Wynter-Blyth 1957). It has also been
reported from Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand (Varshney & Smetacek
2015). It is not rare throughout its
range.
Hersperiidae
Family: Lycaenidae
Subfamily: Polyommatinae
Nacaduba berenice (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (Rounded
six-lineblue) (Image
6(1))
Our observation
of the species from Araku Valley near Katiki waterfall on 26 July is the first
report of this species from the Eastern Ghats.
Two
sub-species of N. berenice are reported from India. N.b.
nicobaricus (Wood-Mason & de Niceville 1881) is distributed in the
Andaman & Nicobar Islands while N. b. plumbeomicans (Wood-Mason
& de Niceville 1881)’s distribution so far has been reported from
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and northeastern
India (Varshney & Smetacek 2015).
The species
belongs to the six-lineblue group of butterflies which are difficult to
identify in the field and without careful and technical diagnosis of its
morphology can be easily misidentified as one of three very similar species
with overlapping distributions - N. kurava Moore, 1858 (Transparent
six-lineblue), N. beroe C. & R. Felder, 1865 (Opaque six-lineblue),
and N. calauria C. Felder, 1860, (Dark Ceylon six-lineblue).
The
main distinguishing features of N. berenice are rounded termen of fore
and hindwings and the lack of zig-zagged lunules at
the outer-discal region on the forewings (Wynter-Blyth 1957). Another identification key, which sets this
species apart from the other two similar species, is the inner line of the
discal area which joins the lower ends of the outer line of the cell-ending
region (Evans 1932).
Lycaenidae
Subfamily: Theclinae
Loxura atymnus (Stoll, 1780) (Yamfly) (Image 6(6))
Our
report of L. atymnus from Maredumilli is its first record from the
northern Eastern Ghats. Two individuals
of this species were observed on 18 July 2018.
This species is not uncommon throughout its range
which includes the Western Ghats from Maharashtra to Kerala, central
India (Bihar, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh), and in northern India
(Uttarakhand) to northeastern India, along with the Andaman & Nicobar
Island (Evans 1932; Varshney & Smetacek 2015; Wynter-Blyth 1957). Wynter-Blyth (1957) has reported this species
from the Servarayan Hills (anglicised as Shevaroy by Wynter-Blyth) which forms one of the southernmost parts of the Eastern
Ghats and is part of Tamil Nadu.
Family: Nymphalidae
Subfamily: Cyrestinae
Cyrestis cocles (Fabricius, 1787) (Marbled Map) (Image 8(1))
Our observation
of this species on 20 July 2015 is its first record from Eastern Ghats. The species was observed mud-puddling
at an elevation of 400m in a hill stream surrounded by dense forest patch near
the Jalatarangini water fall. The
location is frequently visited by tourists and is highly disturbed. This rare nymphalid is known from the
northeast region of India including Sikkim along with southern part of Bihar
and Odisha, which was its southernmost limit.
So far, this is the southernmost limit of this species in India.
In the
northeast too, this species has been recorded from areas with high human
activity. This species is listed within
the Part II of Schedule II list of protected animals under the Indian Wildlife
(Protection) Act (Anonymous 1972).
Subfamily: Danainae
Euploea sylvester (Fabricius, 1793) (Double Branded Crow) (Image 8(6))
This is
the first record of this species from the northern Eastern Ghats. We observed a dead specimen of this species
on the 20 July 2015. The specimen was
found on the tar road and was probably a case of roadkill. On examination, the specimen was found to be E.s.
coreta as it had the two parallel long brands on the upper side of the
forewings (Image 8(6)).
The
subspecies E.s. coreta Godart, 1819 was found mud-puddling
in damp patches on the side of the roads along the denser part of the forest
around Maredumilli. This species,
although locally ‘very common’, particularly during the rainy and immediately
after the rainy season throughout its range, hasn’t been reported yet from the
northern Eastern Ghats (Wynter-Blyth 1957), probably because the species is
almost indistinguishable from E. core based on the underside
wing-markings. Thus, it might have gone
unreported.
Nymphalidae
Subfamily: Limenitidinae
Neptis
sappho (Pallas, 1771) (Pallas’ Sailer)
(Image 10(1))
This is
the first record of this species from Peninsular India. We observed several individuals during our
surveys in July 2015 and August 2016.
This species was encountered at about 1,100m in the highly degraded
forest in Araku Valley near the Katiki Waterfall as well as at 400m in and
around Maredumilli. The species is very
similar to the Common Sailer (N. hylas) which we have also
recorded from the northern Eastern Ghats; however the characteristics based on
which N. sappho could be distinguished from N. hylas—(the veins
in the UNH-under-hindwing is not blackened and in the forewing not blackened at
least till cell) (Evans 1932)—could be photographed and therefore could be
correctly identified. The species was
found to be uncommon in the sites we recorded them from.
Our
record of this species represents a significant range extension, adding a new
species to the list of butterflies of peninsular India. From India, this species was so far known
from western, central and eastern Himalaya and the northeastern region
(Varshney & Smetacek 2015).
Nymphalidae
Subfamily: Satyrinae
Lethe drypetis (Hewitson, 1863) (Tamil Treebrown) (Image 11(2))
Our
record of this species on the 28 August 2016 from Maredumilli and Jalatarangini
water fall sites is the first record of this species
from the Eastern Ghats. We observed four
individuals during 2015 and another two during 2016 around the same locations
in wet riparian vegetation. On both the
days, rain had preceded our visit and the species was recorded resting in the
shady understory. The species seemed to
be locally common.
The
subspecies L.d. todara Moore, 1881 is found in India and is distributed
in the Western Ghats from Goa to Kerala and the states of Chhattisgarh and
Odisha (Varshney & Smetacek 2015).
Papilionidae
Subfamily: Papilioninae
Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Great Jay) (Image 12(2))
Our
observation of a single individual of Graphium eurypylus on 19 July 2015,
mud puddling among yellows, papilionids and hedge blues in a damp teak
plantation close to Maredumilli forest campus, is the first report of this
species from peninsular India. Our
record represents a significant range extension of the species from its current
known range in the eastern Himalaya and the northeast of India (Varshney &
Smetacek, 2015). The subspecies G.e.
macronius Jordan, 1909 has been reported from the Andaman Islands.
Morphologically,
in terms of wing markings and patterns, the species is similar to Graphium
evemon (Boisduval, 1836) and Graphium doson (Felder & Felder,
1864). The key characters in the
underwing patterns, which distinguish it from the two similar species, could be
detected from the images we shot. On the
underside hindwing of this species, the costal bar is joined to the dark basal
band across the cell and that the extreme end of the cell is red instead of
brown (Evans 1932; Wynter-Blyth 1957).
In very rare cases when the costal band in the UNH is not joined to the
basal bar, then the basal margin of the silver band between them is notched
(Evans 1932). This species is listed
within the Part II of Schedule II list of protected animals under the Indian
Wildlife (Protection) Act (Anonymous 1972).
Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758 (Red Helen)
Our
record of P. helenus from Maredumilli on 19 July 2015 is its first
report from the northern Eastern Ghats. The species has not been recorded from
Odisha or southern Bengal yet.
A
relatively common butterfly of the forests, P. helenus is widely
distributed across India. It has been
reported from western and central Himalaya, eastern Himalaya and northeast and
peninsular India (Evans 1932; Wynter-Blyth 1957; Varshney & Smetacek 2015). Within peninsular India, the butterfly so far
has been reported from the Western Ghats, southern Eastern Ghats from the
Servarayan Hills and Bangalore.
Papilio polymnestor (Cramer, 1775) (Blue Mormon) (Image 12(6))
Our
record of this species from multiple locations around Maredumilli,
is its first report from the northern Eastern Ghats. We observed the species during morning and
late afternoon nectaring around the forest edges close to streams and rivers on
all days during our survey periods in 2015 and 2016.
P. polymnestor is a large common butterfly in peninsular India and found in urban,
rural as well as edges of forested areas.
Although the butterfly is believed to be endemic to peninsular India
(Kunte & Gadgil 2000), its occurrence has been reported from as far as
Sikkim, southern Bihar, West Bengal (Wynter-Blyth 1957) as well as neighbouring
Bangladesh (Larsen 2004). RG has also
recorded this species from Nongpoh located in the northern Khasi Hills,
Meghalaya at 600m.
From
the Eastern Ghats, there is only one previous record of this species by Best
(1954) from the Nagalapuram Hills in southern Andhra Pradesh, close to the
Tamil Nadu border.
Pieridae
Subfamily: Coliadinae
Eurema andersonii (Moore, 1886) (One-spot Grass
Yellow) (Image
13(3))
Our record of one specimen of Eurema andersonii
on 18 July 2015, which lay injured on the SH 41 near
Rampachodavaram probably after being hit by a vehicle, is its first report from
northern Eastern Ghats. On both sides of
the roads were teak plantations of variable age. This is the only record of this species we
have got so far from our entire survey effort.
This butterfly’s known distribution in
India so far ranges from Uttarakhand, central Himalayan region, northeast, and the
states of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu in peninsular India and the South
Andaman Islands (Varshney & Smetacek 2015; Sondhi & Kunte 2018).
Gandaca harina (Horsfield, [1829]) (Tree Yellow) (Image 13(4))
Our
observation of Gandaca harina on 18 July 2015 from a shade coffee
plantation edge close to Maredumilli, is the first report of this species from
peninsular India.
Apart
from this record, we observed this species only twice and believe that it might
be rarely distributed in the northern Eastern Ghats within its preferred
habitat of forest with dense forest canopy.
The sub-species, G. h. assamica Moore, 1906, so far known
to be occurring across the northeast and West Bengal (Varshney & Smetacek
2015) was recently reported from Kumaon by Sondhi (2017). Two other sub-species G. h. andamana
Moore, 1906 and G. h. nicobarica Evans, 1932 has been reported
from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands respectively.
Table 2. Species richness across the six
families of butterflies recorded during the survey
Family |
No. of
species |
Nymphalidae |
38 |
Lycaenidae |
23 |
Hesperiidae |
21 |
Pieridae |
10 |
Papilionidae |
9 |
Riodinidae |
1 |
DISCUSSION
A rapid
and opportunistic but intensive survey of butterflies at a few sites within the
northern Eastern Ghats resulted in recording 102 species of butterflies out of
which 17 records were highly significant in nature. These included three new species records for
peninsular India, nine new species records for the Eastern Ghats and 14 new species
records for the northern Eastern Ghats.
Nine of the species are accorded highest protection under the Indian
Wildlife Act (Anonymous 1972) which include species
such as the Orange-tailed Awl Bibasis sena, a new species for the
Eastern Ghats and Great Jay Graphium eurypylus, a new species record for
the Indian peninsular region. We add 17
new butterflies to the existing butterflies of the state of Andhra Pradesh.
Highest
number of new species records (six) were obtained for members of the
Herperiidae family, probably because most butterfly survey tends to take place
once the day gets warmer, usually late morning, once the sun is fully out. Most of the Hesperiidae are shade loving and
are usually crepuscular, i.e., they are most active during the early morning
and evenings. Moreover, they are also
fast moving and cryptic, therefore difficult to observe and capture images.
Among
the other more camera-friendly and relatively more ubiquitous butterfly
families, most new records were for species which are
difficult to identify without handling them.
Such as the Double-banded Crow Euploea sylvester. A few are impossible to identify conclusively
without high quality images which manages to capture
finer identifying morphological characteristics and wing-markings. For example, the Rounded Six-lineblue Nacaduba
berenice, the Pallas’ Sailer Neptis sappho
and Great Jay Graphium eurypylus.
Thus,
while the number of new records underlines how under explored the region has
been till date, the high turnover of butterfly species within a short rapid
survey underscores the importance of the northern Eastern Ghats as an area with
significant butterfly diversity. During
our survey, we recorded very high butterfly activity along the streams and
roads with hundreds of lycaenids, pierids and papilionids seen to be mud
puddling.
Numerous
records of both Western Ghats, northeastern Indian and Himalayan butterfly
species during our survey strengthens the theory that the Eastern Ghats is a
transitional zone which facilitates species mixing and might have been crucial
in the colonisation of peninsular India by the oriental fauna, which is known
to comprise 78% of all butterflies known so far from the Western Ghats (Kunte
2016).
The
Eastern Ghats, particularly the northern Eastern Ghats, is under severe
developmental pressure today. Large
areas, some of which include the sites we surveyed has
been earmarked for many upcoming development and mining projects, including the
Polavaram hydroelectric project, which will lead to the creation of one of the
largest dams in India. The resulting
reservoir is poised to submerge a substantial area comprised of primary
forests. We feel that development at
such high ecological costs has been allowed in the northern Eastern Ghats
without much resistance, unlike other ‘biodiversity hotspots’, mainly because
it has not received due attention from the conservation community.
The
area is a goldmine for both the amateur natural historians and the conservation
biologists seeking new avenues and area to study and conduct research. Higher engagement with this very poorly
explored region will help to highlight its precarious status. For example, besides Polavaram, five other
medium irrigation dams at Bhupathipalem, Musurumilli, Kovvadakalva, Jalleru and
Surampalem have come up around PNP.
Mining activities, particularly for bauxite in the mineral laden
hilltops in Araku is a constant threat to these Ghats (Pattanaik et al. 2009a;
Kumar et al. 2010; Samata 2003). Apart
from such large scale threats, continuous use, extraction and disturbances of
seemingly low intensities such as unruly and irresponsible tourism, high-demand
for bamboo chicken, shifting cultivation, hunting and commercial plantations
have been rendering many of these forest patches ‘empty’ by producing long term
insidious impacts on the flora and fauna (Ganesh et al. 2015).
The
high butterfly diversity recorded in the northern Eastern Ghats can be used to
mobilise conservation attention to the ongoing damage to natural
ecosystems. All the sites with high
butterfly activity were very close to Maredumilli and can be easily accessed by
foot. With an already existing range of
accommodation options for tourists within the forest department campus, PNP has
the potential to emerge as a popular butterfly tourism site, which can provide
a much-needed profile boost to the region.
Ecotourism is known to benefit conservation activities by enabling
frequent monitoring of biodiversity and increasing the popularity of
biodiversity rich area. Further, the
eco-tourist tends to articulate strong and influential pro-conservation opinion
during flashpoints of crises and threats.
Therefore, we strongly recommend the development and implementation of a
well-regulated butterfly tourism plan, within the framework of responsible and
low-impact ecotourism, to attract amateur naturalists and nature lovers.
CONCLUSION
The
survey showed that both the northern Eastern Ghats and the PNP are very
important sites for butterfly diversity and conservation. Currently both face high conservation threats
and the findings may be used to contain or reduce the extent of threat. The current findings although limited by time
and funds, lay the foundation for more long-term, detailed and focussed
butterfly surveys in the future.
Diversity studies such as these will help to prioritise area for
conservation and research, and designate no go areas for developmental and high
intensity extraction/habitat transformation activities.
Table 3. List of butterflies recorded
during the survey along with their schedule according to the Wildlife
Protection Act (1972). New species records for Peninsular India, Entire Eastern
Ghats, northern Eastern Ghats and Andhra Pradesh are indicated with ‘X’ mark.
WPA 1972=Wildlife Protection Act (1972).
PI - Peninsular India; EEG - Entire Eastern Ghats; NEG - northern
Eastern Ghats; AP - Andhra Pradesh
|
Image number |
Common name |
Scientific name |
Family |
Subfamily |
Tribe |
New species record |
Schedule Species -WPA, 1972 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PI |
EEG |
NEG |
AP |
|
1 |
Image 2(1) |
Brown Awl |
Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775) |
Hesperiidae |
Coeliadinae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
Image 2(2) |
Orange-tailed Awl |
Bibasis sena (Moore, [1866]) |
Hesperiidae |
Coeliadinae |
|
|
X |
X |
X |
Sch II (Part II) |
3 |
|
Common Awl |
Hasora badra (Moore, [1858]) |
Hesperiidae |
Coeliadinae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
Common banded Awl |
Hasora chromus (Cramer, 1780) |
Hesperiidae |
Coeliadinae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
Image 2(3) |
Aw sp. |
Hasora sp. |
Hesperiidae |
Coeliadinae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Image 2(4) |
Plain banded Awl |
Hasora vitta (Butler, 1870) |
Hesperiidae |
Coeliadinae |
|
|
|
|
X |
Sch IV |
7 |
Image 2(5) |
Ceylon Dartlet |
Oriens goloides (Moore, [1881]) |
Hesperiidae |
Hesperiinae |
Taractrocerini |
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
Image 2(6) |
Wax Dart |
Cupitha purreea (Moore, 1877) |
Hesperiidae |
Hesperiinae |
Aeromachini |
|
X |
X |
X |
|
9 |
Image 3(1) |
Chestnut Bob |
Iambrix salsala (Moore, [1866]) |
Hesperiidae |
Hesperiinae |
Aeromachini |
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
Image 3(2) |
Common Redeye |
Matapa aria (Moore, [1866]) |
Hesperiidae |
Hesperiinae |
Aeromachini |
|
X |
X |
X |
|
11 |
Image 3(3) |
Restricted Demon |
Notocrypta curvifascia (Felder & Felder, 1862) |
Hesperiidae |
Hesperiinae |
Aeromachini |
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
Image 3(4) |
Dart sp. |
Potanthus sp. |
Hesperiidae |
Hesperiinae |
Aeromachini |
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
Image 3(5) |
Indian Palm Bob |
Suastus gremius (Fabricius, 1798) |
Hesperiidae |
Hesperiinae |
Aeromachini |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
Image 3(6) |
Golden Angle |
Caprona ransonnettii (Felder, 1868) |
Hesperiidae |
Pyrginae |
Tagiadini |
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
Image 4(1) |
Chestnut Angle |
Odontoptilum angulatum (Felder& Felder, 1862) |
Hesperiidae |
Pyrginae |
Tagiadini |
|
|
|
X |
|
16 |
|
Common Small Flat |
Sarangesa dasahara (Moore, [1866]) |
Hesperiidae |
Pyrginae |
Celaenorrhinini |
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
Image 4(2) |
Spotted Small Flat |
Sarangesa purendra Moore, 1882 |
Hesperiidae |
Pyrginae |
Celaenorrhinini |
|
X |
X |
X |
|
18 |
Image 4(3) |
Suffused Snow Flat |
Tagiades gana (Moore, [1866]) |
Hesperiidae |
Pyrginae |
Tagiadini |
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
|
Common Snow Flat |
Tagiades japetus (Stoll, [1781]) |
Hesperiidae |
Pyrginae |
Tagiadini |
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
Image 4(4) |
Water Snow Flat |
Tagiades litigiosa Möschler, 1878 |
Hesperiidae |
Pyrginae |
Tagiadini |
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
Image 4(5) |
Common Spotted Flat |
Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Kollar, [1844]) |
Hesperiidae |
Pyrginae |
Celaenorrhinini |
|
|
|
|
|
22 |
Image 5(1) |
Common Hedge Blue |
Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield, [1828]) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
23 |
|
Common Ciliate Blue |
Anthene emolus (Godart, [1824]) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
24 |
Image 5(2) |
Elbowed Pierrot |
Caleta elna (Hewitson, 1876) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
25 |
Image 5(3) |
Common Pierrot |
Castalius rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
26 |
Image 5(4) |
Lime Blue |
Chilades lajus (Stoll, [1780]) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
27 |
Image 5(5) |
Plains Cupid |
Chilades pandava (Horsfield, [1829]) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
28 |
Image 5(6) |
Gram Blue |
Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
Sch II (Part II) |
29 |
|
Metallic Cerulean |
Jamides alecto (Felder, 1860) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
30 |
|
Dark Cerulean |
Jamides bochus (Stoll, [1782]) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
31 |
|
Common Cerulean |
Jamides celeno (Cramer, [1775]) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
32 |
Image 6(1) |
Rounded Six-Line Blue |
Nacaduba berenice (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
X |
X |
X |
|
33 |
Image 6(2) |
Dingy Lineblue |
Petrelaea dana (de Nicéville, [1884]) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
34 |
Image 6(3) |
Tailless Lineblue |
Prosotas dubiosa (Semper, [1879]) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
35 |
|
Common Lineblue |
Prosotas nora (Felder, 1860) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
|
Red Pierrot |
Talicada nyseus (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
37 |
Image 6(4) |
Angled Pierrot |
Caleta decidia (Hewitson, 1876) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
38 |
Image 6(5) |
Dark Grass Blue |
Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) |
Lycaenidae |
Polyommatinae |
Polyommatini |
|
|
|
|
|
39 |
|
Common Acacia Blue |
Surendra quercetorum (Moore, [1858]) |
Lycaenidae |
Theclinae |
Arhopalini |
|
|
|
|
|
40 |
|
Purple Leafblue |
Amblypodia anita Hewitson, 1862 |
Lycaenidae |
Theclinae |
Amblypodiini |
|
|
|
|
|
41 |
Image 6(6) |
Yamfly |
Loxura atymnus (Stoll, 1780) |
Lycaenidae |
Theclinae |
Loxurini |
|
|
X |
X |
|
42 |
Image 7(1) |
Club Silverline |
Spindasis syama (Horsfield, 1829) |
Lycaenidae |
Theclinae |
Aphnaeini |
|
|
|
|
|
43 |
Image 7(2) |
Common Silverline |
Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius, 1775) |
Lycaenidae |
Theclinae |
Aphnaeini |
|
|
|
|
|
44 |
Image 7(3) |
Fluffy Tit |
Zeltus amasa (Hewitson, 1865) |
Lycaenidae |
Theclinae |
Hypolycaenini |
|
|
|
|
|
45 |
|
Angled Castor |
Ariadne ariadne (Linnaeus, 1763) |
Nymphalidae |
Biblidinae |
Biblidini |
|
|
|
|
|
46 |
|
Common Castor |
Ariadne merione (Cramer, [1777]) |
Nymphalidae |
Biblidinae |
Biblidini |
|
|
|
|
|
47 |
Image 8(1) |
Marbled Map |
Cyrestis cocles Fabricius, 1787 |
Nymphalidae |
Cyrestinae |
Cyrestini |
|
|
|
X |
Sch II (Part II) |
48 |
|
Tawny Coster |
Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Nymphalidae |
Heliconiinae |
Acraeini |
|
|
|
|
|
49 |
Image 8(2) |
Common Leopard |
Phalanta phalantha (Drury, [1773]) |
Nymphalidae |
Heliconiinae |
Vagrantini |
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
Image 8(3) |
Indian Nawab |
Charaxes bharata (Felder & Felder, 1867) |
Nymphalidae |
Charaxinae |
Charaxini |
|
|
|
|
|
51 |
Image 8(4) |
Black Rajah |
Charaxes solon (Fabricius, 1793) |
Nymphalidae |
Charaxinae |
Charaxini |
|
|
|
|
|
52 |
|
Plain Tiger |
Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Danaini |
|
|
|
|
|
53 |
|
Striped Tiger |
Danaus genutia (Cramer, [1779]) |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Danaini |
|
|
|
|
|
54 |
|
Common Crow |
Euploea core (Cramer, [1780]) |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Danaini |
|
|
|
|
|
55 |
Image 8(5) |
Striped Blue Crow |
Euploea mulciber (Cramer, [1777]) |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Danaini |
|
|
|
|
Sch IV |
56 |
Image 8(6) |
Double branded Crow |
Euploea sylvester (Fabricius, 1793) |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Danaini |
|
|
X |
X |
|
57 |
Image 9(1) |
Glassy Tiger |
Parantica aglea (Stoll, [1782]) |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Danaini |
|
|
|
|
|
58 |
|
Blue Tiger |
Tirumala limniace (Cramer, [1775]) |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Danaini |
|
|
|
|
|
59 |
|
Dark Blue Tiger |
Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) |
Nymphalidae |
Danainae |
Danaini |
|
|
|
|
|
60 |
|
Large Yeoman |
Cirrochroa aoris (Doubleday, [1847]) |
Nymphalidae |
Heliconiinae |
Vagrantini |
|
|
|
|
|
61 |
Image 9(2) |
Baronet |
Symphaedra nais (Forster, 1771) |
Nymphalidae |
Limenitidinae |
Adoliadini |
|
|
|
|
|
62 |
Image 9(3) |
Grey Count |
Tanaecia lepidea (Butler, 1868) |
Nymphalidae |
Limenitidinae |
Adoliadini |
|
|
|
|
|
63 |
Image 9(4) |
Colour Sergeant |
Athyma nefte (Westwood, 1850) |
Nymphalidae |
Limenitidinae |
Limenitidini |
|
|
|
|
|
64 |
Image 9(5) |
Common Sergeant |
Athyma perius (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Nymphalidae |
Limenitidinae |
Limenitidini |
|
|
|
|
|
65 |
Image 9(6) |
Staff Sergeant |
Athyma selenophora (Kollar, [1844]) |
Nymphalidae |
Limenitidinae |
Limenitidini |
|
|
|
|
|
66 |
|
Commander |
Moduza procris (Cramer, [1777]) |
Nymphalidae |
Limenitidinae |
Limenitidini |
|
|
|
|
|
67 |
Image 10(1) |
Pallas' Sailer |
Neptis sappho (Pallas, 1771) |
Nymphalidae |
Limenitidinae |
Limenitidini |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
68 |
|
Common Sailer |
Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Nymphalidae |
Limenitidinae |
Neptini |
|
|
|
|
|
69 |
Image 10(2) |
Great Eggfly |
Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Junoniini |
|
|
|
|
|
70 |
|
Danaid Eggfly |
Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764ŽŽ) |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Junoniini |
|
|
|
|
Sch II (Part II) |
71 |
|
Grey Pansy |
Junonia atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Junoniini |
|
|
|
|
|
72 |
Image 10(3) |
Chocolate Pansy |
Junonia iphita (Cramer, [1779]) |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Junoniini |
|
|
|
|
|
73 |
Image 10(4) |
Lemon Pansy |
Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Junoniini |
|
|
|
|
|
74 |
Image 10(5) |
Orange Oakleaf |
Kallima inachus (Boisduval, 1846) |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Kallimini |
|
|
|
|
|
75 |
Image 10(6) |
Common Jester |
Symbrenthia lilaea (Hewitson, 1864) |
Nymphalidae |
Nymphalinae |
Nymphalini |
|
|
|
|
|
76 |
|
Common Palmfly |
Elymnias hypermnestra (Linnaeus, 1763) |
Nymphalidae |
Satyrinae |
Elymniini |
|
|
|
|
|
77 |
Image 11(1) |
Common Evening-brown |
Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Nymphalidae |
Satyrinae |
Melanitini |
|
|
|
|
|
78 |
Image 11(2) |
Tamil Treebrown |
Lethe drypetis (Hewitson, 1863) |
Nymphalidae |
Satyrinae |
Satyrini |
|
X |
X |
X |
|
79 |
Image 11(3) |
Dark-brand Bushbrown |
Mycalesis mineus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Nymphalidae |
Satyrinae |
Satyrini |
|
|
|
|
|
80 |
|
Common Bushbrown |
Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius, 1775) |
Nymphalidae |
Satyrinae |
Satyrini |
|
|
|
|
|
81 |
Image 11(4) |
Common Four-ring |
Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871 |
Nymphalidae |
Satyrinae |
Satyrini |
|
|
|
|
|
82 |
|
Common Lascar |
Pantoporia hordonia (Stoll, [1790]) |
Nymphalidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
83 |
|
Common Bluebottle |
Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Leptocircini |
|
|
|
|
|
84 |
Image 12(2) |
Great Jay |
Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Leptocircini |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
85 |
Image 12(1) |
Common Jay |
Graphium doson (Felder & Felder, 1864) |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Leptocircini |
|
|
|
|
|
86 |
|
Red Helen |
Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Papilionini |
|
|
X |
X |
|
87 |
|
Common Mime |
Papilio clytia Linnaeus, 1758 |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Papilionini |
|
|
|
|
|
88 |
Image 12(3) |
Common Mormon |
Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758 |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Papilionini |
|
|
|
|
|
89 |
Image 12(4) |
Common-banded Peacock |
Papilio crino Fabricius, 1793 |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Papilionini |
|
|
|
|
|
90 |
Image 12(5) |
Lime Swallowtail |
Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Papilionini |
|
|
|
|
|
91 |
Image 12(6) |
Blue Mormon |
Papilio polymnestor (Cramer, [1775]) |
Papilionidae |
Papilioninae |
Papilionini |
|
|
X |
X |
|
92 |
|
Common Emigrant |
Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius, 1775) |
Pieridae |
Coliadinae |
Coliadini |
|
|
|
|
|
93 |
Image 13(1) |
Mottled Emigrant |
Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Pieridae |
Coliadinae |
Coliadini |
|
|
|
|
|
94 |
Image 13(2) |
Common Grass Yellow |
Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Pieridae |
Coliadinae |
Euremini |
|
|
|
|
|
95 |
Image 13(3) |
One-spot Grass Yellow |
Eurema andersonii (Moore, 1886) |
Pieridae |
Coliadinae |
Euremini |
|
|
X |
X |
|
96 |
Image 13(4) |
Three-spot Grass Yellow |
Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836) |
Pieridae |
Coliadinae |
Euremini |
|
|
|
|
|
97 |
Image 13(5) |
Tree Yellow |
Gandaca harina (Horsfield, 1829) |
Pieridae |
Coliadinae |
Incertae sedis |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
98 |
|
Wanderer |
Pareronia hippia (Fabricius, 1787) |
Pieridae |
Pierinae |
Nepheroniini |
|
|
|
|
|
99 |
|
Common Albatross |
Appias albina (Boisduval, 1836) |
Pieridae |
Pierinae |
Pierini |
|
|
|
|
|
100 |
|
Common Jezebel |
Delias eucharis (Drury, 1773) |
Pieridae |
Pierinae |
Pierini |
|
|
|
|
|
101 |
|
Common Gull |
Cepora nerissa (Fabricius, 1775) |
Pieridae |
Pierinae |
Pierini |
|
|
|
|
|
102 |
Image 13(6) |
Double-banded Judy |
Abisara bifasciata Moore, 1877 |
Riodinidae |
Nemeobiinae |
Abisarini |
|
|
|
|
|
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