Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 13 August 2016 | 8(8): 9053–9124
Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of the Kameng Protected Area Complex, western Arunachal Pradesh, India
Sanjay Sondhi 1 & Krushnamegh Kunte 2
1 Titli Trust, 49 Rajpur Road Enclave, Dhoran Khas, near IT Park, P.O. Gujrada, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001, India
1,2 Indian Foundation for Butterflies. C-703, Alpine Pyramid, Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Bengaluru Karnataka 560097, India
2 National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), GKVK, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India
1 sanjay.sondhi1@gmail.com (corresponding author), 2 krushnamegh@ncbs.res.in
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2984.8.8.9053-9124 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D4465E1D-D9A8-43DB-9F56-41EAF1549453
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 13 August 2016 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # 4244 | Received 03 March 2015 | Final received 28 June 2016 | Finally accepted 15 July 2016
Citation: Sondhi, S. & K. Kunte (2016). Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of the Kameng Protected Area Complex, western Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(8): 9053–9124; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2984.8.8.9053-9124
Copyright: © Sondhi & Kunte 2016. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the author and the source of publication.
Funding: SS’s research and conservation efforts in the landscape were funded by two Rufford Small Grants. More about this grant can be seen at http://www.rufford.org/projects/sanjay_sondhi. KK was supported by NCBS and a Ramanujan Fellowship from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, which funded his taxonomic research in London.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author Details: Sanjay Sondhi, Founder Trustee, Titli Trust (www.titlitrust.org) is a naturalist with an interest in Lepidoptera, Herpetofauna and Avifauna. He supports conservation research and action and conservation education programs in the Himalaya. Krushnamegh Kunte is a lepidopterist, an evolutionary biologist, and a faculty member at the National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru. Visit his lab website, http://biodiversitylab.org/, for more information.
Author Contribution: SS carried out field surveys, collected and compiled data, photographed and identified species, conducted literature reviews and wrote the manuscript. KK assisted in species identification, contributed additional species records from earlier surveys, provided critical taxonomic information, and edited the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: SS would like to acknowledge Ramana Athreya, IISER, Pune for supporting initial travel to Eaglenest and encouragement to initiate a long-term survey in the area. Thanks are due to Goutam Narayan and Nandita Hazarika of EcoSystems-India, Guwahati who provided on-the-ground support for logistics, funding, accounting and countless other issues, which made the surveys possible. SS would also acknowledge Tana Tapi, DFO Pakke Tiger Reserve, Millo Tasser, DFO Eaglenest, the forest staff at all the protected areas, Indi Glow of Bugun Welfare Society and the camp staff at Eaglenest and Takum Nabum and Suresh Pait of Ghora Aabhey Society and the camp staff at Pakke for their support on the ground. Numerous people accompanied SS during the surveys and he would like to thank them all for their support: Ajay Gaikwad, Alka Vaidya, Anand Pendharkar, Balakrishnan Valappil, Hemant Ogale, Geetha Iyer, Kedar Tokekar, Paul Waring, Peter Smetacek, Purnendu Roy, Rahul Natu, Tarun Karmakar, Tshetsholo Naro, Vidya Venkatesh and Yash Sondhi. SS would like to thank Yash Sondhi, who helped with the preparation of maps for this manuscript. Finally, SS would like to thank Rufford Small Grants, which funded the surveys in the area. KK would like to thank Geoff Martin and David Lees at the Natural History Museum, London, for permission to examine specimens in the museum and for facilitating his research, without which many of the species identifications reported here would not have been confirmed.
Abstract: The butterflies of the Kameng Protected Area Complex in western Arunachal Pradesh, India, covering the protected areas of Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Pakke Tiger Reserve and Sessa Orchid Wildlife Sanctuary were surveyed over a 5-year period (2009–2014). A total of 421 butterfly species were recorded during the survey, including two species new to India (Gonepteryx amintha thibetana and Bhutanitis ludlowi) and several species rediscoveries and range extensions in the Eastern Himalaya, most notably Arhopala belphoebe, Sovia separata magna, Aulocera saraswati vishnu, Calinaga aborica, Callerebia annada annada, and Callerebria scanda opima. Here we provide an annotated checklist of butterflies of the Kameng Protected Area Complex, including historical records, distributions, abundance, habitats and other notes on these 421 species. An additional 42 species recorded in older literature or by other authors in recent times are also listed, taking the total number of species recorded in the landscape to 463.
Keywords: Biodiversity inventory, Eaglenest, eastern Himalaya, Kameng, Lepidoptera, Pakke, Sessa, species rediscoveries.
INTRODUCTION
The hill state of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India is situated at the junction of the Oriental and Palearctic biogeographic regions. The state is part of the Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot, which stretches from northeastern Pakistan eastward up to the Dibang Valley in eastern Arunachal Pradesh through which the Brahmaputra River enters India (http://www.cepf.net/resources/hotspots/Asia-Pacific/Pages/Himalaya.aspx). The parts of Arunachal Pradesh further east of the river are in the Indo-Burmese Biodiversity Hotspot. Arunachal Pradesh has 80.39% of its land area forested (Forest Survey of India 2013) supporting unusually high species diversity and many prominent endemic species, making this a globally important biodiversity area.
The state of Arunachal Pradesh is the largest amongst the seven ‘sister’ states of northeastern India. Historically this area was called the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) and till 1972 it remained constitutionally a part of the state of Assam. In 1972, NEFA became the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh, and it became a full-fledged state in 1987. The state is bordered by the Indian states of Assam and Nagaland on its southern border, Bhutan on its western border, China on its northern border and Myanmar on its eastern border. Arunachal Pradesh has 26 major tribes, mostly inhabiting the hill forests of the state.
The Kameng Protected Area Complex (KPAC) is located in western Arunachal Pradesh and includes three protected areas that were the focus of the butterfly surveys reported in this paper: Pakke Tiger Reserve (862km2), Sessa Orchid Wildlife Sanctuary (100km2) and Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary (200km2), together covering an altitudinal range of 100m to 3,300m in East and West Kameng Districts. These three protected areas along with Nameri Tiger Reserve and Sonai Rupai Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam, and the reserved forests of Papum, Doimara, Amortola and Shergaon, make for nearly 3,500km2 of contiguous forest. Bhutan is on the western border of KPAC with China on its northern border and Assam on its southern border.
The area’s diverse and largely unexplored habitats have resulted in the discovery of many new species such as Liocichla bugunorum (Bugun Liocichla) (Athreya 2006a) and Leptobrachium bompu (Bompu Litter Frog) (Sondhi & Ohler 2011) and many rediscoveries such as Mictopholis austeniana (Dafla Hill Agama), Japalura andersoniana (Dafla Mountain Lizard), and Dinodon gammiei (Darjeeling False Wolf Snake) (Athreya 2006b).
In spite of its tremendous biodiversity importance, the KPAC, and the western Arunachal Pradesh on the whole, have a sparse record of published butterfly inventories. Varshney (2008–2009) and our own literature searches have yielded very few published records from this area. The earliest published work on butterflies in the study area was the butterfly collection made by Capt. F.M. Bailey in 1913. Bailey’s expedition began in May from the Dibang River (in what is currently eastern Arunachal Pradesh), moved westwards across the upper ranges of the Subansiri River and eventually travelled to Tawang and Sela Pass and into eastern Bhutan. Bailey reached the Sela Pass, Tawang District, and descended to Dirang, West Kameng District only in October, so his butterfly collection in our study area was limited to this month. Evans (1914) reported on this collection. Later, F.N. Betts collected butterflies from the Balipara Frontier Tract, east to Subansiri in western Arunachal Pradesh (Betts 1950). This collection covered what are currently the districts of Lower Subansiri, Papum Pare, East Kameng, West Kameng and Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh, and Sonitpur, Lakhimpur and Tinsukia bordering Assam. Betts reported 169 butterfly species but did not cover Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae.
Arora & Mondal (1981) reported 32 species of Papilionidae of Arunachal Pradesh and surrounding areas based on butterfly collections between 1961 and 1974, housed at the Zoological Society of India (ZSI), Kolkata. Gupta & Shukla (1988) reported on the same collection covering Nymphalidae, Riodinidae and Lycaenidae, listing 123 species in these three families, and provided a checklist of 211 butterfly species for Arunachal Pradesh from the above three families but did not cite specific sources for this checklist.
In recent surveys in western Arunachal Pradesh, 165 butterfly species were reported primarily from Eaglenest and Pakke during the Eaglenest Biodiversity Project (Athreya 2006b). This checklist was the outcome of surveys conducted by R. Athreya and S. Kartikeyan at Pakke in 1995 and at Eaglenest in October 2004 (2 weeks) and May 2005 (1 week). Checklists of butterflies from Dihang Dibang Biosphere Reserve (Borang et. al 2008) and Mishmi Hills (Gogoi 2013a) in eastern Arunachal Pradesh have also been published.
In this paper we provide an updated, annotated checklist of the butterflies of the KPAC. This includes 421 species that SS recorded in 103 days of field work. We also list an additional 42 species that were reported in previously published literature as well as recent records from outside the survey in the KPAC. This brings the known butterfly fauna of the Kameng Protected Area Complex to 463 species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study area in the KPAC, western Arunachal Pradesh, India covered multiple sites in the protected areas of Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, Sessa Orchid Wildlife Sanctuary and Pakke Tiger Reserve. Between 2009 and 2014, SS surveyed butterflies in the study area with Table 1 providing an overview of the study sites, which covered diverse habitats at a considerable elevational range, with their GPS coordinates and altitudes. These sites are also indicated in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4. Table 2 provides an overview of the survey efforts, which totaled 103 field days spread over the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The survey efforts over seasons were not uniform, as accessibility to many areas during the monsoons was difficult. While field work was conducted from the morning till late afternoon or evening, based on weather conditions, SS conducted populations counts of butterflies using the protocol established during previous butterfly surveys in northeastern India (Kunte et al. 2012). Briefly, this involved half-hour counts on already well-established trails, where every individual that was sighted and could be identified to species level was counted. These 30-minute counts were taken from the beginning to the end of field work every day, typically from 09:00hr to 13:00hr resulting in 3–4 hours of counts. Species were not counted on the return trails to avoid duplication. However, any additional species not recorded during the morning trails on the return count were included in the population records. The species that were recorded outside the counts, but during the survey period are also included in the checklist. Species that needed careful examination were netted and examined for brands, tufts, markings and other key external characters that help determine species identification. SS did not collect specimens; hence the species diversity of some genera that can be reliably identified only by comparing male genitalia (e.g., Potanthus, many Caltoris, and Parnara), may have been underestimated in the surveys.
Permission for this research was obtained from the Arunachal Pradesh Forest Department (permit letter no. CWL/G/13 (17)/06-07/12-14, dated 6 January 2010) and funding for this project was received from the Rufford Small Grants program (http://www.rufford.org/projects/sanjay_sondhi).
We identified butterflies using standard literature and web-based resources (Marshall & de Niceville 1882–1890, Bingham 1905–1907; Swinhoe 1912–13; Antram 1924; Evans 1927, 1932, 1949, 1957; Talbot 1939, 1947; Wynter-Blyth 1957; Cantlie, 1963; Eliot 1969; d’Abrera 1982, 1985, 1986; Smith 1989, 1994, 2006; Corbet et. al 1992; Haribal 1992; Kinyon 2004; Kehimkar 2008; Singh 2011; Ek-Amnuay 2012; Sondhi et al. 2013; Inayoshi 2014; Sondhi & Kunte 2014; Kunte et al. 2016; and a library of ca 25,000 reference images of museum specimens that KK has accumulated from his work in the Natural History Museum (London), Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard University, USA), and the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity (University of Florida, Gainesville, USA). Scientific names used in this paper follow the references above and additional taxonomic references mentioned for species annotations as and when required below.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Over the 103 days of field work, SS counted 8,476 individuals belonging to 421 butterfly species in six families, 24 subfamilies and 204 genera (Table 3). A detailed taxonomic breakdown of these species is given in Table 4. As elsewhere (e.g., Kunte et al. 2012), species abundance was highly skewed, with the species that are usually abundant in all forest patches in northeastern India being common in the study area as well (Fig. 5). However, Orthomiella pontis, normally an uncommon species, was surprisingly the second-most common species in this survey due to the localized mass emergence of this species at Eaglenest on 20 April 2012 (Fig. 5, and annotated checklist). Species richness and abundance also varied across the landscape with the number of days of field work in specific protected areas and seasons (Table 2) with Pakke recording the maximum number of species (335 species) during the survey period.
Although we recorded a very high number of butterfly species for the KPAC, the species accumulation curve (Fig. 6) was still climbing considerably, indicating that many more species remain to be recorded in this area. Of the 421 species recorded during the survey, 95 species (i.e., approx. 21% of the species total) are protected under various schedules of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (WPA). Of the additional 42 species recorded in older literature and outside the survey (Table 6), an additional 13 species are protected under various schedules of the WPA. The summary and the list of the Schedule-wise breakdown of these 108 species is given in Table 7 and 8. It should be noted that the WPA still uses many taxonomically outdated scientific names but Table 7 provides current, taxonomically valid names of these (sub)species.
As an outcome of the study, two species were added to the Indian butterfly fauna: Gonepteryx amintha thibetana (Sondhi & Roy 2013) and Bhutanitis ludlowi (Dutta et al. 2015) (Image 19: also see the annotated checklist below). Ranges of several species were also extended further west or east along the eastern Himalaya from their previously known ranges, especially for Sovia separata magna, Thoressa hyrie, Mycalesis heri, Aulocera saraswati vishnu, Callerebia annada annada, Callerebria scanda opima, and Arhopala belphoebe (Image 20). Ypthima persimilis, which is only provisionally identified, could be a range extension, too. Many extremely rare species that have not been recorded in recent decades or which have been historically poorly recorded in India were also recorded during this survey; e.g., Celaenorrhinus badia, Celaenorrhinus plagifera, Celaenorrhinus pyrrha, Celaenorrhinus sumitra, Arhopala belphoebe, Arhopala khamti, Chrysozephyrus assamica, Rapala refulgens, Monodontides musina musinoides and Dercas lycorias lycorias (Image 20). Two species of skippers, Baoris pagana and Pudicitia pholus are first records for Arunachal Pradesh.
The rich floral and faunal diversity of this landscape has given birth to two community-based ecotourism ventures at Eaglenest and Pakke. The Bugun and Sherdukpen tribes supports ecotourism at Eaglenest while the Nyishis support it at Pakke. We hope that the results from this study will also promote butterfly tourism in the landscape, providing an additional financial incentive to the local communities to conserve their forests.
Despite the wealth of information generated about the butterfly species in this poorly studied area, the species accumulation curve, as well as the numerous species recorded in the past in this landscape mean that surveys need to continue. The population data accumulated will provide a baseline for future studies and impacts of habitat destruction and climate change, which are ever-present threats in this landscape.
An annotated checklist of butterflies of the Kameng Protected Area Complex, western Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India, recorded during the survey
The following list is organized alphabetically by butterfly families, subfamilies, genera and species. English names are mentioned in parentheses. Alternative common names (ACN) of butterflies, which are still in use, are mentioned alongside. It is annotated with observations on the occurrence, habitats and habits, and other ecological as well as taxonomic information on these butterflies. Local status of species is based largely on the quantitative data gathered during the survey between 2009 and 2014, and was determined as follows: very rare: single individual sighted; rare: 2–5 individuals sighted; uncommon: 6–10 individuals sighted; common: 11–25 individuals sighted; locally common: 11–25 individuals sighted, but at very specific localities; very common: more than 25 individuals sighted.
In the species notes, the seasons in which the species were recorded have been classified as during the pre-monsoon (March to mid-June), monsoon (mid-June to mid-September) and the post-monsoon (mid-September to December).
This follows the guidelines used for local status of species in our previous works (Sondhi & Kunte 2014; Sondhi et al. 2013). Images 1–18 illustrate most of the species recorded during the survey, barring those species that could not be photographed or some very common and readily identifiable butterflies. All the photographs were taken in the study area.
Family Hesperiidae, Subfamily Coeliadinae
1. Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775) (Brown Awl): Single individual recorded from Sukhanala at Pakke on 27 July 2014. Very rare in the survey area.
2. Bibasis sena sena (Moore, 1865) (Orange-tail Awl): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Khari and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
3. Burara amara (Moore, 1866) (Small Green Awlet): A single individual recorded from Seijosa West Bank, Pakke at dusk on 28 July 2014. Previously recorded by KK from Seijosa in May 2007. Rare.
4. Burara gomata gomata (Moore, 1866) (Pale Green Awlet): A record of a solitary individual on the Seppa Road at Pakke-Kesang on 20 September 2013 at an altitude of 1,431m. Very rare.
5. Burara harisa harisa (Moore, 1866) (Harisa Orange Awlet):A single individual recorded on 02 August 2014 at the Forest Inspection Bungalow at Tippi, Pakke. Previously recorded by KK from Seijosa in May 2007. Rare.
6. Burara jaina jaina (Moore, 1866) (Orange Awlet): Two records in October 2010 from Bhalukpong at Pakke. Rare.
7. Burara oedipodea belesis (Mabille, 1876) (Branded Orange Awlet): Two records from Bhalukpong Ghat and Langka at Pakke in October 2010. Both records were in the vicinity of the campsite kitchen early in the morning. Rare.
8. Choaspes cf. benjaminii japonica (Murray, 1875) (Indian Awlking): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat and Tipi at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Single sighting at Sessni in Eaglenest in September 2011 at an altitude of 1,250m. All sightings along forest tracks. These records are tentative in absence of genitalia dissections or information about early stages. Uncommon.
9. Hasora badra badra (Moore, 1858) (Common Awl): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Khari and Langka at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. A single record from Sessa in October 2012 at an altitude of at 1,150m. Smith (1994) states that it is recorded from the Terai up to 870m in central Himalaya, so this marginally extends its altitudinal range. Uncommon.
10. Hasora chromus chromus (Cramer, 1780) (Common Banded Awl): Recorded from Bhalukpong and Langka at Pakke, from Bompu, Lama and Sessni at Eaglenest and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 1,900m. Seen in the vicinity of the camp kitchen at Bompu. Common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
11. Hasora vitta indica Evans, 1932 (Plain Banded Awl): Recorded from Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke, Sessa and Bompu, Lama, Khellong and Sessni at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 2,100m. Most sightings were during the day along shady forest tracks. Uncommon. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule IV of WPA.
Family Hesperiidae, Subfamily Hesperiinae
12. Aeromachus stigmata stigmata (Moore, 1878) (Veined Scrub Hopper): Recorded from the Sochung-Lumta trail on 17 September 2013 and on the Pakke-Kesang-Seppa road on 20 September 2013 at altitudes between 1,040m and 1,400m. Rare.
13. Astictopterus jama olivascens Moore, 1878 (Forest Hopper): Recorded from Bhalukpong, Khari, Langka, Sukhanala and Tipi at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Seen commonly on shrubs along forest tracks. Common.
14. Ochus subvittatus subradiatus (Moore, 1878) (Tiger Hopper): Recorded from all locations at Pakke-Kesang between 17 and 19 September 2013 at altitudes between 1,000m and 1,400m. Abundant on the Sochung-Lumta trail with 28 individuals being recorded on a three-hour count on 17 September 2013. Locally very common.
15. Halpe porus (Mabille, 1877) (Bi-spot Banded Ace; ACN: Moore’s Ace): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Khari, and Upper Dekorai at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Rare.
16. Halpe cf. zola zola Evans, 1937 (Zola Banded Ace): Recorded once from Sukhanala on 13 September 2013 at Pakke. The inner and outer edges of UNH discal band on this individual was not straight, therefore it was provisionally identified as H. zola following the key given by Evans (1949). However, H. zola and H. zema are best separated by examining male genitalia, so this is a tentative record. Very rare.
17. Halpe species # 1 (Ace sp.)
An Ace species was recorded at Eaglenest in September 2011. In the absence of specimens, these individuals could not be identified to the species level, though the description closely matched that of Halpe molta. Rare.
18. Halpe species # 2 (Ace sp.)
An Ace species was recorded from Sukhanala and Khari at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons, but could not be identified in absence of specimens. Uncommon.
19. Pithauria stramineipennis stramineipennis Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887 (Light Straw Ace): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail and Langka at Pakke in August and September. Attracted to rotting fish. All the records from Meghalaya (Sondhi et al. 2013) were pre-monsoon, so this record indicates that it is bi-voltine, and has a post-monsoon brood. Rare.
20. Sebastonyma dolopia (Hewitson, 1868) (Tufted Ace): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Khari and Sukhanala at Pakke in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon.
21. Sovia separata magna Evans, 1932 (ChequeredAce): A single record of a male of this species on 20 September 2013 at Pakke-Kesang. The individual sat with its wings spread like a flat on the butterfly net, before taking to wing. Very rare. Evans (1949) listed the subspecies separata from Sikkim, while Smith (1994) mentioned it from Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. However, ssp. separata has obscure chequering of cilia, while ssp. magna has prominently chequered black and white cilia and extreme apex UPF is white-tipped in the male, as in the individual recorded at Pakke-Kesang. Evans (1949) stated the distribution of ssp. magna as Naga Hills and Manipur; hence this represents a westwards extension of its known range.
22. Thoressa cerata (Hewitson, 1876) (Northern Spotted Ace): Two records from Bhalukpong (September 2011) and Sukhanala (April 2012) at Pakke. Rare.
23. Thoressa hyrie (de Nicéville, 1881) (Variable Ace; ACN: Chequered Ace): Recorded from Sessni, Eaglenest WS in April 2012. Attracted to rotting crab, and feeding at moist soil. Individuals recorded on 22, 23 and 25 April 2012 in the same area. Rare. This is the first record of this species from western Arunachal Pradesh, though it has been reported from the Mishmi Hills, central Arunachal Pradesh (Gogoi 2012). Evans (1949) records this species from Naga Hills, Manipur, Bhutan and southeastern Tibet, hence given the proximity of Eaglenest WS to Bhutan, its presence in western Arunachal Pradesh is not surprising.
24. Cupitha purreea (Moore, 1877) (Wax Dart): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail at Pakke in March 2011 and April 2014 and on the Seijosa-West Bank-Sukhanala trail on 23 October 2013 along the forest track. Rare.
25. Oriens goloides (Moore, 1881) (Smaller Dartlet; ACN: Indian Dartlet): Recorded from the Sukhanala trail at Pakke on 29 April 2013. Rare.
26. Cephrenes acalle oceanic (Mabille, 1904) (Plain Palm Dart): A single record from Khari at Pakke at a stream bank on 22 October 2013. Very rare.
27. Potanthus spp. (Dart spp.): Potanthus species seen from the foothills at Pakke, at medium altitudes in Sessa and up to 2,200m at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Species level identities could not be verified in the absence of specimens and these could well be multiple species. Common.
28. Telicota bambusae bambusae (Moore, 1878) (Dark Palm-Dart): Records from Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail and Sukhanala at Pakke in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Rare (possibly overlooked).
29. Ancistroides nigrita diocles (Moore, 1866) (Chocolate Demon): Records from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
30. Notocrypta curvifascia curvifascia (Felder & Felder, 1862) (Restricted Demon): Records from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai and Seijosa West Bank-Sukhanala trails at Pakke in March, July and October. A single record on the Bompu-Sessni trail in September 2011 at Eaglenest. Common in the foothills. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
31. Notocrypta feisthamelii alysos (Moore, 1866) (Spotted Demon): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Langka and Seijosa West Bank-Sukhanala trail at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa Orchid WS and from Bompu, Lama and Sessni at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 2,200m. Common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
32. Notocrypta paralysos asawa Fruhstorfer, 1911 (Common Banded Demon): Recorded at all locations at Pakke in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Very common.
33. Udaspes folus (Cramer, 1775) (Grass Demon): Recorded on the Khari and Sukhanala trails at Pakke and at Lumta, Pakke-Kesang in the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Common.
34. Iambrix salsala salsala (Moore, 1866) (Chestnut Bob): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common.
35. Koruthaialos butleri (de Nicéville, 1884) (Dark Velvet Bob): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Khari, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon.
36. Scobura tytleri (Evans, 1914) (Conjoined Bush Bob; ACN: Tytler’s Bush Bob): A single record at Sessa at 1,150 m on 13 Sep 2011. This species was identified by comparing the individual photographed with specimens in the Natural History Museum, London. The butterfly was seen basking on a banana leaf, four feet above the ground. It repeatedly and aggressively chased a Pseudocoladenia dan fabia (Fulvous Pied Flat) as well as other hesperiids that ventured close to it. Very rare.
37. Scobura isota (Swinhoe, 1893) (Khasi Forest Bob): A single record of a worn individual from Langka at Pakke on 13 April 2012. Very rare.
38. Suada swerga swerga (de Nicéville, 1884) (Indian Grass Bob): A single record from Langka at Pakke on 13 April 2012. Very rare.
39. Hyarotis adrastus praba (Moore, 1866) (Tree Flitter): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail and Sukhanala at Pakke in March, April and August. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule IV of the WPA. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
40. Zographetus satwa (de Nicéville, 1884) (Purple and Gold Flitter): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Langka, the Seijosa West Bank-Khari trail and Sukhanala at Pakke in the months of March and April. Smith (1994) states that this species flies in March and May, though post-monsoon records exist from other parts of NE India (Kunte et al. 2012), hence it is likely to be bi-voltine. Uncommon.
41. Matapa aria (Moore, 1866) (Common Branded Redeye; ACN: Common Redeye): Recorded from Khari and Langka in pre- and post-monsoon seasons at Pakke. Rare.
42. Matapa druna (Moore, 1866) (Grey-branded Redeye ACN: Dark-brand Redeye): A single individual, identified using de Jong (1983), was recorded at a bamboo clump from Elephant Flat on 21 October 2012. Very rare.
43. Pudicitia pholus (de Nicéville, 1889) (Spotted Redeye): A single female was seen feeding on flower nectar on the Pakke-Kesang to Seppa road on 20 September 2013. The same was seen by Alka Vaidya and SS, but only photographed by the former. This very rare species is known from Sikkim, Khasi Hills (Meghalaya), Darjeeling (Paschimbanga) and Bhutan (Swinhoe, 1912–1913). Evans (1949) also states that it is recorded in Assam (which included Arunachal Pradesh), Sikkim and Naga Hills. Smith (1994) does not record it in Nepal. There are few recent records of this species in literature from Arunachal Pradesh. Very rare.
44. Iton semamora semamora (Moore, 1866) (Common Wight): Recorded from Khari and Sukhanala in pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Rare, but local; individuals spotted at the same location at Sukhanala in October 2012 and April 2013.
45. Baoris farri (Moore, 1878) (Complete Paint-brush Swift ACN: Paintbrush Swift, Farr’s Swift): Recorded from Khari and Sukhanala at Pakke and from Lumta at Pakke-Kesang at an altitude of 1,000m in September and October 2013. Only males seen. Uncommon. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
46. Baoris pagana (de Nicéville, 1887) (Figure-of-8 Swift): A single record on 22 May 2009 on the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest at an altitude of 1,500m. The description matches that in Evans (1932) and Evans (1949). Evans (1949) lists the distribution of species as Bengal and Sikkim, while Smith (1994) states that it is recorded in East and Central Nepal. Gogoi (2013b) has recorded this in Panbari Reserve Forest in Assam. This represents the first record of this species from western Arunachal Pradesh in recent times, though Gogoi (2012) reported it from the Mishmi Hills in central Arunachal Pradesh. Though outside the survey, Yash Sondhi recorded the same species in May 2013 at the same location. Rare.
47. Caltoris cf. moorei moorei Evans, 1926 (Cryptic Swift): A single record from the Seijosa West Bank-Khari trail at Pakke in March. This individual is provisionally identified as Caltoris moorei based on Evans (1932) and Evans (1949), but it could not be confidently distinguished from C. philippina without examining male genitalia. Very rare.
48. Parnara spp. (Swift spp.): Numerous records from Bhalukpong Ghat and Sukhanala at Pakke, Sessa Orchid WS and from Bompu, Lama and Sessni at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Belonging to the genus Parnara, their specific identities could not be ascertained in the absence of specimens and information of genitalia. These sightings were across an altitudinal range of 110–2,100 m could actually be multiple species. Uncommon. Recorded by Evans (1914) in Dirang.
49. Pelopidas mathias mathias (Fabricius, 1798) (Small Branded Swift): Recorded from Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in April and October. Quite a few individuals of Pelopidas species were recorded that could not be identified to the species level, as they were females lacking brands. Rare.
50. Pelopidas agna (Moore, 1866) (Obscure Branded Swift; ACN: Dark Branded Swift ): Two individuals were recorded on 30 May 2011 at Sessa at an altitude of 1,200m. Rare.
51. Polytremis eltola eltola (Hewitson, 1869) (Yellow-spot Swift): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke, at Pakke-Kesang, at Sessa Orchid WS and from Bompu, Lama and Sessni at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 110m and 2,200m. Very common at Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Eaglenest. Not so common in the foothills at Pakke.
52. Polytremis lubricans lubricans (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (Contiguous Swift): Two records from Sukhanala at Pakke on 30 October 2010 and 16 April 2012. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule IV of WPA.
53. Borbo bevani (Moore, 1878) (Lesser Rice Swift; ACN: Bevan’s Swift): A single record from Elephant Flat on 21 October 2013. Very rare in the survey area (possibly overlooked). Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
Family Hesperiidae, Subfamily Pyrginae
Eight species belonging to the Genus Celaenorrhinus were recorded from the survey. Given the cryptic nature of these species, extra care was taken in their identification by using Elwes & Edwards (1897), Swinhoe (1912–1913), Evans (1932) and Evans (1949), and the BMNH reference images by KK. Several of these species have not been reported from India in many decades. These are C. badia, C. patula, C. plagifera, C. pyrrha and C. sumitra. None of these species have been reported in recent literature from eastern Himalaya and northeastern India by Athreya (2006), Gogoi (2012), Gogoi (2013a, 2013b) and Kunte et al. (2012). Arora & Mondal (1981) and Gupta & Shukla (1988) did not cover Hesperiidae at all. Haribal (1992) makes a mention of many of these species, but clearly, these represent historical records, and not recent sightings.
54. Celaenorrhinus aurivittata aurivittata (Moore, 1878) (Dark Yellow-banded Flat): Two individuals recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail at Pakke while 10 individuals were recorded from Sessa Orchid WS, where it was common. Seen in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Common.
55. Celaenorrhinus badia (Hewitson, 1877) (Scarce Banded Flat): A single individual recorded on 12 September 2011 inside Sessa Orchid WS at an altitude of 1,250m on the narrow forest track leading into the sanctuary. No recent published records from India. Very rare.
56. Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Kollar, 1844) (Common Spotted Flat): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
57. Celaenorrhinus sp.: Six individuals recorded from the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest and Sessa Orchid WS in March and April between altitudes of 1,200m and 1,900m. These individuals closely match C. morena and C. patula (Evans 1932; Evans 1949 and images from the Natural History Museum, London). In all these individuals, the white upperside forewing subapical spots in 3 and 4 were small, and the spot in 1b overlapped the spot in 2 and was not shifted out. While the upperside white spotting pattern in these individuals largely matched C. morena, the antennae in all these individuals were white and unchequered as in C. patula (Evans 1949). Evans (1949) does indicate a DSF of patula in which subapical spots in 3 and 4 are small. While there is a published record of C. morena (incorrectly reported as C. moreana) by Gogoi (2013) from Kaziranga, Assam, there are no recent published records of C. patula from India. Further sampling and genitalia dissection are needed to confirm their identities. Uncommon, but local.
58.Celaenorrhinus plagifera de Nicéville, 1889 (Large-spotted Flat; ACN: de Nicéville’s Spotted Flat): A single record from Bompu at Eaglenest at an altitude of 1,500m on 6 September 2011. Very rare. No recent published records from India.
59. Celaenorrhinus putra (Moore, 1866) (Restricted Spotted Flat): Recorded from Sukhanala on 3 June 2009 and 5 October 2010 at Pakke. Rare.
60. Celaenorrhinus pyrrha de Nicéville 1889 (Double-spotted Flat): Recorded from Sessa Orchid WS on 30 May 2011 at an altitude of 1,250m and from the Pakke-Kesang to Seppa road on 20 September 2013 at 1,400m. Rare. No recent published records from India.
61. Celaenorrhinus sumitra (Moore, 1866) (Contiguous Spotted Flat; ACN: Moore’s Spotted Flat): Two records from Sessa WS on 12 October 2010 and 21 October 2012 at the same location; on the narrow forest track leading into the sanctuary at an altitude of 1,250m. Rare and local. No recent published records from India.
62. Gerosis phisara phisara (Moore, 1884) (Dusky Yellow-breasted Flat): Two records from the Seijosa West Bank-Khari trail and Sukhanala at Pakke on 4 and 5 October 2010. Rare.
63. Gerosis sinica narada (Moore, 1884) (White Yellow-breasted Flat): A single record of a female near Sessni at Eaglenest on 7 September 2011 at an altitude of 1,400m. Very rare.
64. Odontoptilum angulata angulata (Felder, 1862) (Chestnut Angle): Recorded at all locations at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon.
65. Pseudocoladenia dan fabia Evans, 1949 (Fulvous Pied Flat): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Sessa and two records from the Sessni-Khellong trail from altitudes of 110m up to 1,200m in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common in the foothills, not so at higher elevations. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
66. Pseudocoladenia cf. festa (Evans, 1949) (Dull Pied Flat): A single record near Lama Camp at Eaglenest on 15 October 2012 at an altitude of 2,100m. In this individual, the spots on the upperside of the forewing were contiguous and the spot in 2 extended beyond the origin of vein 3 indicating that it is closest to P. festa (Evans 1949). However, a discrepancy in this individual was that the cell-end spot UPF was externally rounded, and not pinched in the center. In addition, P. fatua is very similar to P. festa and the two species are best separated by male genitalia, hence this is a tentative identification. While festa has been recorded from Bhutan and in India from Sikkim, Khasi Hills and Naga Hills, fatua is recorded from the same areas, but generally flies at a lower elevation than festa (Evans 1949; Kunte et. al 2016). Very rare. No recent published records from India.
67. Sarangesa dasahara dasahara Moore, 1866 (Common Small Flat): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Khari and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
68. Seseria sambara sambara Moore, 1866 (Notched Seseria; ACN: Sikkim White Flat): Recorded from Sukhanala at Pakke in October 2010, April 2013 and July 2014. Uncommon, but local.
69. Tagiades cohaerens cynthia Evans, 1934 (White-striped Snow Flat): Single record from Ramaling at Eaglenest on 20 October 2012. No recent published records from India. Very rare.
70. Tagiades gana athos Plötz, 1884 (Suffused Snow Flat): Recorded from Khari, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon.
71. Tagiades japetus ravi (Moore, 1866) (Common Snow Flat): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and one record on the New Khellong-Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 110–750 m. Common.
72. Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa Möschler, 1878 (Water Snow Flat): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon.
73. Tagiades menaka menaka (Moore, 1866) (Spotted Snow Flat): Recorded from Langka in April and Tippi in August at Pakke. Rare.
Family Lycaenidae, Subfamily Curetinae
74. Curetis bulis bulis (Westwood, 1852) (Bright Sunbeam): Males recorded mud-puddling at moist soil at stream edges or river sandbanks from Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke and at Sochung at Pakke-Kesang. A single female seen high up in the canopy on the forest trail leading from Bhalukpong Ghat to Dinai. A male observed feeding on a rotting crab. Seen in pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,040m. Common.
75. Curetis acuta dentata Moore, 1879 (Acute Sunbeam; ACN: Dentate Sunbeam, Angled Sunbeam): Males recorded mud-puddling at moist soil from Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in March and May. Rare. Gupta & Shukla (1988) reported this from Charduar Forest in Assam at 125m.
Family Lycaenidae, Subfamily Lycaeninae
76. Heliophorus brahma brahma (Moore, 1858) (Golden Sapphire): Males recorded from the Lama-Ramaling trail and Sessni at Eaglenest and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 1,200m and 1,900m. A group of four male H. brahma and one male H. tamu observed feeding together on carnivore scat. Uncommon. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Bomdila, West Kameng District. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
77. Heliophorus epicles latilimbata (Fruhstorfer, 1908) (Purple Sapphire): Males (more common) and females recorded from all locations at Pakke and from Sessa Orchid WS in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from an altitude of 110–1,200 m. Very common at Pakke, not so common at Sessa. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b); however, we believe that this record may be erroneous and might be H. indicus.
78. Heliophorus indicus (Fruhstorfer, 1908) (Dark Sapphire; ACN: Indian Sapphire): Recorded from the Sessni-Khellong trail at Eaglenest and at Pakke-Kesang in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 750m and 1,400m. At Pakke-Kesang in September 2013, 55 individuals were recorded, of which all but three individuals were male. Unconfirmed records from lower altitudes at Pakke. Locally very common. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Bhalukpong, West Kameng District as H. epicles indicus. However, this record needs to be validated as to whether this is actually H. indicus or refers to H. epicles latilimbata, which is more likely to be found from the foothills near Bhalukpong.
79. Heliophorus moorei moorei (Hewitson, 1865) (Azure Sapphire): Males (more common) and females recorded from Bompu, Lama and Sessni at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 1,200m and 2,300m. Common. Reported from Dirang by Evans (1914). Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b). This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
80. Heliophorus sena (Kollar, 1844) (Sorrel Sapphire): Two individuals recorded at Tenga on 21 May 2009 and near Sessa on 12 October 2010 at altitudes of 1,350m and 1,200m respectively. Uncommon. Greeshma (2010) noted its occurrence at Rupa thereby extended its known range to western Arunachal Pradesh. Its larval food plant Rumex histatus is widespread near Tenga and Sessa.
81. Heliophorus tamu tamu (Kollar, 1844) (Powdery Green Sapphire): Recorded at Bompu, Lama-Ramaling trail and Sessni at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons at altitudes between 900m and 2,400m. Very common; both sexes seen, females not so common. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
Family Lycaenidae, Subfamily Miletinae
82. Allotinus drumila drumila (Moore, 1866) (Crenulate Mottle): A single record of a female amidst the lower canopy on 18 October 2012 below Sessni at Eaglenest at an altitude of 1,200m. Very rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule I of WPA.
83. Logania distanti massalia Doherty, 1891 (Dark Mottle): A pair of butterflies recorded from Seijosa West Bank at Pakke on 24 March 2011. Observed for 10 minutes during which the two butterflies repeatedly flew in circles, chasing each other, sitting only occasionally in the middle canopy of the tree. Outside of the survey, there is a subsequent record of an individual by Milind Pandit from Khari in early May 2013. Rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
84. Miletus chinensis assamensis (Doherty, 1891) (Common Mottle; ACN: Common Brownie): Records from Bhalukpong in September 2011 and April 2014 and Sukhanala in May 2011 at Pakke. Rare.
85. Taraka hamada mendesia Fruhstorfer, 1918 (Forest Pierrot): Recorded from Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke, at Sessa and at Pakke-Kesang in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons at altitudes from 110m to 1,300m. At Sessa, the species was seen at one specific location over seasons. Smith (1994) states that this species is found up to an altitude of 304m; these records from Sessa and Pakke-Kesang show that it is found also at mid-elevations. Uncommon.
Family Lycaenidae, Subfamily Polyommatinae
86. Anthene emolus emolus (Godart, 1824) (Common Ciliate Blue): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Large congregations were seen mud-puddling in May. Very common.
87. Anthene lycaenina lycambes (Hewitson, 1878) (Pointed Ciliate Blue): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Pakke-Kesang in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,200m. Not as common as the previous species, and never seen in large congregations. Uncommon. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
88. Catochrysops panormus exiguus (Distant, 1886) (Silver Forget-me-not): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke and Pakke-Kesang in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Common.
89. Catochrysops strabo strabo (Fabricius, 1793) (Forget-me-not): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and a single record from Bompu at Eaglenest at an altitude of 1,900m. Active in the pre-monsoon season; no post-monsoon records though it does fly post-monsoon elsewhere (Smith 1994; Sondhi 2013). Very common (at low elevations).
90. Chilades lajus lajus (Stoll, 1780) (Lime Blue): Recorded from the Bhalukpong-Dinai trail, Khari and Langka at Pakke and from Pakke-Kesang (1,400m altitude) in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Rare.
91. Caleta elna noliteia (Fruhstorfer, 1918) (Elbowed Pierrot): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and at Pakke-Kesang in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. A congregation of the species (7 individuals) was seen feeding on a single crab leg. Also observed feeding on bird dropping and rotting fish. On 2 August 2014, an individual which was completely chocolate brown below with creamy-white discal patches on both wings was seen feeding on carnivore scat in the company of other C. elna individuals. It is believed that this is an aberrant C. elna (Image 5: # 91b). Reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b). Very common at low elevations.
92. Castalius rosimon rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) (Common Pierrot): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Prefers drier habitat than C. elna. Very common. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Bhalukpong in West Kameng District and from Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
93. Tarucus ananda (de Nicéville, 1884) (Dark Pierrot): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon. This species is legally protected under the Schedule IV of WPA.
94. Niphanda cymbia cymbia de Nicéville, 1884 (Pointed Pierrot ): Two individuals recorded from Dinai on 30 March 2011 and 15 September 2011 and a third individual recorded from Langka on 16 May 2011 at Pakke. The sightings at Dinai were in the same locality. Its flight seasons indicate that it is bi-voltine. There are only a few recent sightings of this species from northeastern India. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
95. Everes argiades diporides (Chapman, 1909) (Tailed Cupid; ACN: Chapman’s Cupid): A single record from Ramaling at Eaglenest on 21 May 2009 at an altitude of 1,900m. Very rare in the survey area. Reported from Dirang by Evans (1914).
96. Jamides alecto eurysaces (Fruhstorfer, 1915) (Metallic Cerulean): Two records from Dinai on 4 October 2010 and Upper Dekorai on 30 April 2013 at Pakke. Rare. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
97. Jamides bochus bochus (Stoll, 1782) (Dark Cerulean): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Langka, Sukhanala and Upper Dekorai at Pakke and from Lama and the Sessni-Khellong trail at Eaglenest. Flies in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 2,000m. Both sexes seen; females less common. Very common at Pakke, not so common at Eaglenest. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
98. Jamides celeno celeno (Cramer, 1775) (Common Cerulean): Three records from Dinai and Nameri West at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Only wet season forms recorded. Rare. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
99. Jamides elpis pseudelpis (Butler, 1879) (Glistening Cerulean): Recorded from the Bhalukpong-Dinai trail, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Only males seen. Very common. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) only from Kaziranga, Assam. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
100. Ionolyce helicon merguiana (Moore, 1884) (Pointed Lineblue): Recorded from Nameri West in May 2009 and Bhalukpong Ghat and Tippi in July and August at Pakke and from Pakke-Kesang (1,200 m altitude) in September 2013. Rare in the survey area. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
101. Nacaduba beroe gythion Fruhstorfer, 1916 (Opaque Six-Lineblue): Records from Langka, Sukhanala and Upper Dekorai at Pakke, at Pakke-Kesang and below New Khellong at Eaglenest. Recorded in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,400m. At Eaglenest, many individuals were seen feeding on flowering bushes, 3.5m above the ground. Locally common.
102. Nacaduba kurava euplea Fruhstorfer, 1916 (Transparent Six-Lineblue): Records from Pakke-Kesang in September 2013 and from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail at Pakke in April 2014. Rare, possibly overlooked.
103. Nacaduba hermus nabo Fruhstorfer, 1916 (Pale Four-Lineblue): Recorded from Langka and Sukhanala in April and May at Pakke. All individuals observed at moist soil at forest stream edges. Rare.
104. Nacaduba pactolus continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1916 (Large Four-Lineblue): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat at Pakke and at Pakke-Kesang in the post-monsoon season. Rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
105. Nacaduba pavana vajuva Fruhstorfer, 1916 (Small Four-Lineblue; ACN: Violet Four-Lineblue): Males recorded from Khari, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in April and June. Observed at moist soil at edges of forest streams. Uncommon, but local. Reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
106. Petrelaea dana (de Nicéville, 1884) (Dingy Lineblue): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail and Langka at Pakke in April and May. Often seen in mixed congregations with other lineblues at stream and river banks. Common.
107. Prosotas aluta coelestis (Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887) (Banded Lineblue): Recorded from Nameri West, Khari, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
108. Prosotas bhutea (de Nicéville, 1884) (Bhutia Lineblue): Recorded at all locations at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons, often at moist soil in the company of other lineblues. Locally common.
109. Prosotas dubiosa indica (Evans, 1925) (Tailless Lineblue): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. A single individual recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat on 16 September 2011 appeared to be an aberrant with peculiar markings UNH (Image 6: # 109b). Mostly seen at moist soil at stream edges in large congregations with other lineblues. Very common. Reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
110. Prosotas nora ardates (Moore, 1875) (Common Lineblue): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa Orchid WS and on the Bompu-Sessni-Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 2,200m. Very common; not so common at Eaglenest.
111. Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) (Pea Blue): Seen at all locations at Pakke, Sessa and Eaglenest from 110m to 2,400 m in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common in the survey area. Reported by Evans (1914) from Dirang, by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Elephant Flat, Chackoo and Tenga in West Kameng District and from Eaglenest by Athryea (2006b). This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
112. Leptotes plinius plinius (Fabricius, 1793) (Zebra Blue): Recorded at all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Observed feeding on damp shoes. Common.
113. Megisba malaya sikkima Moore, 1884 (Malayan): Recorded at all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. A solitary record from Lama Camp at Eaglenest on 15 October 2012 at an altitude of 2,100m. Most current records of this species are from lower altitudes; Smith (1994) states its upper elevation as 870m, so SS’s record may be of a straggler at higher elevations. Common at lower elevations.
114. Neopithecops zalmora zalmora (Butler, 1870) (Quaker): Recorded from Bhalukpong, Khari and Upper Dekorai at Pakke and Pakke-Kesang in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon. Reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
115. Orthomiella pontis pontis (Elwes, 1887) (Straightwing Blue): Recorded from the Lama Camp-Ramaling trail and the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest in April and May between altitudes of 1,200m and 2,200m. Smith (1994) stated that this flies in April between altitudes of 1980 and 2,070m; however, the records from this survey indicate that it does descend to lower altitudes, but is not as common. On 20 April 2012, on the trail from Lama Camp to Ramaling, SS counted 270 individuals of this species in congregations of 10 to 75 individuals at moist soil, all along the trail. Such a localized mass emergence of O. pontis was not witnessed in any other season or location and has not been reported recently. Observed feeding mainly at moist patches, but occasionally seen feeding on rotting crabs. Univoltine. Very common, but local. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
116. Acytolepis puspa gisca (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Common Hedge Blue): Recorded at all locations at Pakke, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons at altitudes from 110 to 2,200 m. Both sexes seen. Very common. Reported from Eaglenest and Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
117. Celastrina lavendularis limbata (Moore, 1879) (Plain Hedge Blue): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and on the Bompu, Lama and the Sessni-Khellong trails at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Common. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
118. Monodontides musina musinoides (Swinhoe, 1910) (Grey Hedge Blue; ACN: Swinhoe‘s Hedge Blue): A single record on the Lama-Ramaling trail at Eaglenest on 09 September 2011 at an altitude of 1,900m. The identification key in Evans (1932), carried forward by Cantlie (1963), states that this species as well as Lestranicus transpectus has a spot at the base of 1b, UNH. However, on examining images in Pinratana (1981), Corbet et al. (1992) and Ek-Amnuay (2012) as well as images taken by KK from the Museum of Natural History, London leads us to believe that this identification feature is incorrectly characterized. The spot in question is actually at the base of 1c, not 1b, UNH for both these species. Details of this feature for this species can be seen at http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sp/2919/Monodontides-musina and http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sp/1016/Lestranicus-transpectus. Very rare.
119. Lestranicus transpectus (Moore, 1879) (White-banded Hedge Blue): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail and Langka at Pakke, at Pakke-Kesang and one record from Bompu at Eaglenest at 1,900m in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Common. Reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
120. Udara albocaerulea albocaerulea (Moore 1879) (Albocaerulean): Recorded from Sessni at Eaglenest and at Sessa in March and April at altitudes between 1,200m to 1,300m. Recorded in the pre-monsoon seasons in western Himalaya (SS pers. obs.) and by Smith (1994) in Nepal, hence bi-voltine. Rare, but local.
121. Udara dilectus dilectus (Moore, 1879) (Pale Hedge Blue): Recorded from Langka at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and at all locations at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 2,300m. Both sexes seen. Very common at Pakke-Kesang in September; not so common elsewhere. Reported from Dirang by Evans (1914) and from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
122. Una usta usta (Distant, 1886) (Singleton; ACN: Una): Recorded from the Pakke riverbank at Sochung, Pakke-Kesang on 18 and 22 September 2013 at an altitude of 1,040m. Two individuals seen at precisely the same location on two different days, and at different times during the day, feeding on flower nectar and mud-puddling at moist sandy soil. Rare and local. Reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b). This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
123. Pseudozizeeria maha maha (Kollar, 1844) (Pale Grass Blue): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke and at Pakke-Kesang in the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Population counts of this and the next species might be under-represented as not all individuals were identified to species level. Very common. Reported by Evans (1914) and Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Dirang, West Kameng District.
124. Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) (Dark Grass Blue): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Very common.
125. Zizula hylax hylax (Fabricius, 1775) (Tiny Grass Blue): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke, from Bompu at Eaglenest and at Tenga in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 1,900m. Common.
126. Zizina otis otis (Fabricius, 1787) (Lesser Grass Blue): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Very common. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Dirang Dzong, West Kameng District.
Family Lycaenidae, Subfamily Theclinae
127. Arhopala bazalus teesta (de Nicéville, 1886) (Powdered Oakblue): Single record from the Khari trail on 4 October 2010 at Pakke. Very rare.
128. Arhopala belphoebe Doherty, 1889 (White-ringed Oakblue; ACN: Doherty’s Oakblue, Large-spotted Oakblue): Sightings of two individuals at the stream near Bhalukpong Ghat Anti-poaching Camp at Pakke on 23 April 2014 represent only the second record of this species from India. These individuals were identified using Evans (1957) and d’Abrera (1986) and matched closely with the specimens available at the Natural History Museum, London (KK, pers. obs.). The two individuals were seen 30 minutes apart around noon in a forest patch at the edge of an unnamed stream. They stayed low in the undergrowth, and displayed a weak, fluttering flight typical of the smaller, tailless oakblues. Two other oakblues, Arhopala perimuta and Arhopala centaurus were seen in the same location and shared the habitat with A. belphoebe. SS had surveyed butterflies in the same area in May 2009, October 2010, March 2011 and September 2011, but had no previous sightings of this species. The only previous Indian record of this species was reported by Evans (1957) as being from “Assam”. However, this specimen currently carries three labels: (a) “moreh E. Manipur 1000′”, (b) “ASSAM: Moreh. E. Manipur. 1,000 ft. 24.iv.1954 T. Norman B.M. 1959-340.”, and (c) “BMNH(E) #1036865” (KK, pers. obs.). Thus, this specimen was from Manipur and the Pakke records, in addition to representing only the second Indian locality, have extended the known range of the species further northwest into western Arunachal Pradesh (Sondhi & Kunte 2016).
129. Arhopala birmana birmana (Moore, 1884) (Myanmarese Bushblue; ACN: Burmese Bushblue): Recorded 1 male near Ramaling, Eaglenest WS (4 Sep 2011); and 2 males and 1 female from Tenga (21 Oct 2012) at altitudes of 2,000m and 1,400m respectively. Rare.
130. Arhopala centaurus pirithous (Moore, 1884) (Centaur Oakblue): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Khari, Sukhanala and Tippi at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Common.
131. Arhopala ganesa watsoni Evans, 1912 (Tailless Bushblue): A single record by Hemant Ogale below Lama Camp at Eaglenest on 15 Oct 2012 at an altitude of 2,000m. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
132. Arhopala khamti Doherty, 1891 (Luster Oakblue ACN: Doherty’s Dull Oakblue; Khamti Oakblue): Solitary individuals recorded from Sukhanala at Pakke on 16 April 2012, 13 September 2013 and 27 July 2014. Only males recorded. Rare and local. No recent published records from India.
133. Arhopala oenea (Hewitson, 1869) (Lackluster Oakblue; ACN: Hewitson’s Dull Oakblue): Solitary individuals recorded from Sukhanala at Pakke on 5 October 2010 and 16 April 2012. Rare and local. Male and female seen. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
134. Arhopala perimuta perimuta (Moore, 1858) (Yellowdisc Tailless Oakblue): Recorded from Sukhanala on 4 June 2009, and 27 July 2014 and from Bhalukpong Ghat on 22 April 2014 at Pakke. Rare.
135. Arhopala silhetensis silhetensis (Hewitson, 1862) (Sylhet Oakblue): Recorded from Sukhanala at Pakke on 16 April 2012 and 13 September 2013. Rare and local. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
136. Bindahara phocides phocides (Fabricius, 1793) (Plane): Single record on 28 April 2013 from Langka at Pakke. Another record outside of the survey from Ditchu in April by Rohit Naniwadekar. Rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
137. Cheritra freja evansi Cowan, 1965 (Common Imperial): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Observed feeding on moist, discarded wrapper of edible dates, as well as sweaty clothes. Common. Reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
138. Ticherra acte acte (Moore, 1858) (Blue Imperial): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and at Pakke-Kesang (1,200m altitude) in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Common.
139. Hypolycaena kina kina (Hewitson, 1869) (Blue Tit): Recorded from Lama, Bompu and Sessni at Eaglenest, at Sessa and at Pakke-Kesang. Single record from Langka at Pakke in March 2011 at 220m. Observed feeding on moist shoes. Wynter-Blyth (1957), Smith (1994) and Kehimkar (2008) states its range from 875m to 2,100m, which seems to be its preferred range, but the sighting at Pakke seems to indicate that it could descend to lower altitudes. Very common at Pakke-Kesang, Eaglenest and Sessa. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Chug, West Kameng District. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
140. Hypolycaena othona othona Hewitson, 1865 (Orchid Tit): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, the Seijosa West Bank-Khari trail, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule I of WPA.
141. Hypolycaena erylus himavantus Fruhstorfer, 1912 (Common Tit): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Males very common, females rare. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
142. Zeltus amasa amasa (Hewitson, 1865) (Fluffy Tit): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons up to 1,100m. Very common at Pakke. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Bhalukpong and Tipi in West Kameng District. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
143. Chrysozephyrus duma duma (Hewitson, 1869) (Large Green Hairstreak): A single record of this species during the survey. A male hairstreak was recorded from below Lama Camp at Eaglenest on 9 September 2012 at an altitude of 2,000m. The individual was sitting in the mid-canopy and only a few photographs could be taken. Outside the survey, a male of this species was recorded by Arjan Basu Roy on 13 August 2014 at Lama Camp in Eaglenest WS (http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sp/3030/Chrysozephyrus-duma). Very rare.
144. Chrysozephyrus sp. (Hairstreak sp.): An unidentified female recorded from below Lama Camp at Eaglenest on 15 October 2012. This could possibly be the female of C. duma. Very rare.
145. Chrysozephyrus assamicus (Tytler, 1915) (Assam Silver Hairstreak): A single record of a male on the Lama-Ramaling trail on 2 September 2011 at Eaglenest at an altitude of 2,000m. Interestingly, all the hairstreak sightings at Eaglenest were in September–October. In western Himalaya, SS has observed that hairstreaks are most active in May–June. Very rare. No recent published records from India. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
146. Deudorix epijarbas epijarbas (Moore, 1857) (Cornelian): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat at Pakke and at Tenga near Eaglenest in August, September and October from the foothills up to 1,350m. Only males sighted. An individual repeatedly settled on our sweaty clothes to feed. Rare.
147. Horaga onyx onyx (Moore, 1858) (Common Onyx): A single record on the Khari-Seijosa West Bank trail from Pakke on 3 June 2009. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
148. Rapala iarbus iarbus (Fabricius, 1787) (Common Red Flash):A single record of a male from Seijosa at Pakke on 29 July 2014. The species was basking on the upper surfaces of leaves in the lower canopy of a tree, and kept returning repeatedly to its perch. Very rare.
149. Rapala nissa ranta Swinhoe, 1897 (Common Flash): Recorded from Lama Camp at Eaglenest and from Pakke-Kesang in May and September between altitudes of 1,000m to 2,000m. Mostly males recorded, feeding on flower nectar. Common at Pakke-Kesang in September; not so common elsewhere.
150. Rapala pheretima petosiris (Hewitson, 1863) (Copper Flash): Records from Bhalukpong Ghat and Sukhanala at Pakke in April and May. Rare in the survey area. Reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
151. Rapala refulgens de Nicéville, 1891 (Refulgent Flash): A single, provisional record (pending specimen collection) of a male from Langka at Pakke on 28 April 2013. Very rare-no recent published records from India. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
152. Rapala varuna orseis (Hewitson, 1863) (Indigo Flash): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Seijosa and Sukhanala at Pakke in March, June and July. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
153. Ancema blanka minturna (Fruhstorfer, 1912) (Silver Royal): Two records from Bhalukpong Ghat at Pakke on 2 August 2014. One individual repeatedly kept returning to the butterfly net to feed. Rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
154. Ancema ctesia ctesia (Hewitson, 1865) (Bi-spot Royal): Recorded from Sochung, Pakke-Kesang on 18, 19 and 22 September 2013 at an altitude of 1,100m. The three sightings on three separate days, possibly of the same individual seen mud-puddling at the banks of the Pakke River. An additional record from Bhalukpong Ghat at Pakke on 23 April 2014. This species has been recorded from Sukhanala at Pakke in May 2007, outside of the survey. Rare.
155. Remelana jangala ravata (Moore, 1866) (Chocolate Royal): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Khari, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Common.
156. Sinthusa nasaka amba (Kirby, 1878) (Narrow Spark): Recorded only from Langka at Pakke on 22 March 2011, 14 May 2011 and 29 April 2013. Only males seen. Rare and local.
157. Sinthusa virgo (Elwes, 1887) (Pale Spark): A single record above Ramaling at Eaglenest on 25 May 2011. Very rare-few recent published records from India. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule I of WPA.
158. Surendra quercetorum quercetorum (Moore, 1858) (Common Acacia Blue): Recorded at all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Both sexes seen. Very common. Reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
159. Zinaspa todara distorta (de Nicéville, 1887) (Silver-streaked Acacia Blue): Recorded from the Pakke Jungle Camp and Langka at Pakke on 4 May 2013 and 15 September 2013. Attracted to sweat-lined clothes, visiting sweaty clothes repeatedly. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
160. Loxura atymnus continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1912 (Yamfly): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common.
161. Yasoda tripunctata tripunctata (Hewitson, 1863) (Branded Yamfly): Three individuals recorded on the New Khellong-Khellong trail at Eaglenest on 18 October 2012 at altitudes between 750m and 900m. Additionally, a single individual recorded in August 2014 on the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail at Pakke. The records at Eaglenest represent highest altitude at which we have recorded this species in northeastern India; most previous sightings have been in the foothills. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
162. Spindasis lohita himalayanus (Moore, 1884) (Long-banded Silverline): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Khari-Seijosa West Bank trail and Sukhanala at Pakke and at Pakke-Kesang in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Observed feeding on sweaty clothes. On 11 September 2011, at Sessa, a mass emergence of males occurred. Twenty-two individuals were counted at the trail, mostly localized around a small stretch of the road. Recorded up to an altitude of 1,200m. Very common. Reported from Eaglenest and Pakke by Athreya (2006b). This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
163. Spindasis syama peguanus (Moore, 1884) (Club Silverline): Recorded from Langka, Khari and along the NEC road at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Both WSF and DSF seen (Image 8: # 163a and 163b). Rare.
Family Nymphalidae, Subfamily Apaturinae
164. Mimathyma ambica ambica Kollar, (1844) (Indian Purple Emperor): Recorded from Langka at Pakke, Sessa Orchid and Lama-Ramaling trail at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Smith (1994) and Kehimkar (2008) report that this species flies between 609m to 2,600m; however SS had four records from Langka in March, May and October at an altitude of 220m. SS also has records of this species at altitudes of 100–200 m from eastern Arunachal Pradesh (Namdapha) and Meghalaya (Garo Hills). Hence this species is found at lower altitudes than currently stated in literature. Common in the areas surveyed. Reported as very common by Betts (1950). Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Dirang in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
165. Dilipa morgiana (Westwood, 1850) (Golden Emperor): A single record from mid-way on the trail from Bompu to Sessni at Eaglenest on 8 September 2011 at an altitude of 1,500m. The butterfly was basking high up in the tree canopy, where it flew for close to 30 minutes permitting it to be properly observed through binoculars. Very rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule I of WPA.
166. Euripus consimilis consimilis (Westwood, 1850) (Painted Courtesan): A single record alongside the road near Tipi on 4 September 2011 at Pakke. Very rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
167. Euripus nyctelius nyctelius (Doubleday, 1845) (Courtesan): Recorded from the Khari-West Bank Seijosa trail at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Only males seen. Rare.
168. Herona marathus marathus Doubleday, 1848 (Pasha):Records from Langka and Sukhanala on 2 October 2010 and17 May 2011 at Pakke. Rare.
169. Hestinalis nama nama (Doubleday, 1844) (Circe): Recorded from all locations at Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Records from Bhalukpong-Dinai trail and Dichu at Pakke. Common between 750–2,200 m, but occasionally seen in the foothills. Reported as fairly common by Betts (1950) and reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from numerous locations in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
170. Rohana parisatis parisatis (Westwood, 1850) (Black Prince): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, from Sessa and from Khellong at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Seen feeding on human excreta. Only males recorded. Very common. Reported as fairly common by Betts (1950). Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
171. Rohana parvata parvata (Moore, 1857) (Brown Prince): A single record mid-way between Bompu and Sessni on 16 October 2012 in Eaglenest at an altitude of 1,500m. Attracted to human perspiration; kept returning repeatedly to feed on the sweat on our clothes and bodies. Very rare.
172. Sephisa chandra chandra (Moore, 1858) (Eastern Courtier): A single unconfirmed record in flight mid-way between Bompu and Sessni at Eaglenest on 21 April 2012 at an altitude of 1,500m. Very rare. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Naphra in West Kameng District. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule I of WPA.
Family Nymphalidae, Subfamily Biblidinae
173. Ariadne ariadne pallidior (Fruhstorfer, 1899) (Angled Castor): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and the Sessni-Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,400m. Common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
174. Ariadne merione tapestrina (Moore, 1884) (Common Castor): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and a single record from Lumta, Pakke-Kesang (1,000m altitude) in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common at low elevations. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
Family Nymphalidae, Subfamily Cyrestinae
175. Chersonesia risa risa (Doubleday, 1848) (Common Maplet): Recorded from Sukhanala at Pakke and at Sessa in September and October up to an altitude of 1,200m. Rare in the survey area. Reported as fairly common by Betts (1950). Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
176. Cyrestis thyodamas thyodamas Boisduval, 1846 (Map Butterfly; ACN: Common Map): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Pakke-Kesang in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Common. Reported as common by Betts (1950). Also reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Dirang Dzong in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
Family Nymphalidae, Subfamily Charaxinae
177. Charaxes arja arja Felder & Felder, 1867 (Pallid Nawab): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Common. Could be more common as many individuals in flight could not be identified to species level.
178. Charaxes bharata Felder & Felder (Indian Nawab): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Single record from Sochung, Pakke-Kesang at 1,040m altitude. Common. Reported as very common by Betts (1950). Also, reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke. Till recently, the Indian population of this species, was known as the Common Nawab Charaxes athamas athamas. Recent genetic work has raised the Indian population to a separate species, Charaxes bharata (Toussaint et al. 2015).
179. Charaxes bernardus hierax (Felder & Felder, 1867) (Tawny Rajah): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Forms corax, hipponax, hierax and pleistonax recorded. Very common.
180. Charaxes kahruba (Moore, 1895) (Variegated Rajah): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, the Seijosa West Bank-Khari trail, Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Common. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
181. Charaxes marmax marmax Westwood, 1847 (Yellow Rajah): Recorded from Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
182. Charaxes narcaeus aborica (Evans, 1924) (Chinese Nawab; ACN: China Nawab): Single unconfirmed record by SS from below Lama camp at Eaglenest on 5 September 2011 at an altitude of 2,000m. The individual was observed through binoculars sitting on a tree. Very rare.
Family Nymphalidae, Subfamily Danainae
183. Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Plain Tiger): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 1,200m. At Sessa, observed repeatedly visiting a moth screen with a mercury vapour bulb at night. Common.
184. Danaus genutia genutia (Cramer 1779) (Striped Tiger; ACN: Common Tiger): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common in the survey area. Reported from Doimara, West Kameng by Betts (1950).
185. Parantica aglea melanoides Moore, 1883 (Glassy Tiger): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest, Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common in the survey area. Reported as common by Betts (1950) and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
186. Parantica melaneus plataniston (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Chocolate Tiger): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest, Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 110m and 2,200 m. Very common at Pakke and Sessa, not so common at Eaglenest. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
187. Parantica sita sita (Kollar, 1844) (Chestnut Tiger): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest, Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 2,200m. Very common, more numerous than P. melaneus. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke. No records of Pedong Tiger P. pedonga despite netting and examining many individuals in hand.
188. Tirumala limniace exoticus (Gmélin, 1790) (Blue Tiger): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Common.
189. Tirumala septentrionis septentrionis (Butler, 1874) (Dark Blue Tiger): Recorded from all locations from Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and from Khellong at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
190. Euploea algea deione Westwood, 1848 (Long-branded Blue Crow): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Common.
191. Euploea core core (Cramer, 1780) (Common Crow; ACN: Indian Crow): Two records from Sukhanala at Pakke in April 2012 and July 2014. Rare in the survey area.
192. Euploea klugii klugii Moore, 1858 (Blue King Crow): Recorded from the Khari trail, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in March and October. Uncommon.
193. Euploea midamus rogenhoferi Felder & Felder, 1865 (Blue-spotted Crow): Recorded from Khari, Langka, Seijosa, Sukhanala and Upper Dekorai at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoons seasons. Rare. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
194. Euploea mulciber mulciber (Cramer, 1777) (Striped Blue Crow): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 2,400m. Very common; both sexes seen but females less common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule IV of WPA.
195. Euploea radamanthus radamanthus (Fabricius, 1793) (Magpie Crow): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, at Sessa and Khellong at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 750m. Very common at low elevations in the survey area. Reported by Betts (1950) from Charduar, Sonitpur District in Assam and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
196. Euploea sylvester hopei Felder & Felder, 1865 (Double-branded Blue Crow): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Common.
Family Nymphalidae, Subfamily Heliconiinae
197. Acraea issoria issoria (Hübner, 1819) (Yellow Coster): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest and from Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. On 17 October 2012 a mass emergence of this species had occurred, with 15 individuals being counted at a single location and dozens of caterpillars seen on its larval foodplant. Seen between altitudes of 900m and 2,000m. Very common; both sexes seen but males more common. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
198. Argynnis childreni childreni Gray, 1831 (Large Silverstripe): Two records from Lama and Bompu at Eaglenest on 11 September 2011 and 17 October 2012 respectively at altitudes of 1,200m and 1,900m. Rare. Reported by Evans (1914) and by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Naphra in West Kameng District.
199. Argynnis hyperbius hyperbius (Linnaeus, 1763) (Tropical Fritillary; ACN: Indian Fritillary): Recorded from Pakke-Kesang, Bompu and Ramaling at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 1,000m and 1,900m. Common. Reported by Evans (1914) and Gupta & Shukla (1988) from numerous locations in West Kameng District. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
200. Cethosia biblis tisamena Fruhstorfer, 1912 (Red Lacewing): Recorded from Sukhanala and Langka at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and all locations at Eaglenest and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 2,300m. Both sexes seen, but males more common. Very common at Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Eaglenest, not so common at Pakke. Reported as fairly common by Betts (1950). Also reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from numerous locations in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
201. Cethosia cyane cyane (Drury, 1770) (Leopard Lacewing): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and at Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Very common at Pakke, not so common at Sessa. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
202. Cirrochroa aoris aoris Doubleday, 1847 (Large Yeoman): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and at Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Females rare. Very common at Pakke, not so common at Sessa and Pakke-Kesang. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from numerous locations in West Kameng District. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
203. Cirrochroa tyche mithila Moore, 1872 (Common Yeoman): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and at Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Very common at Pakke, not so common at Sessa and Pakke-Kesang.
204. Cupha erymanthis lotis (Sulzer, 1776) (Rustic): Recorded from the Bhalukpong-Dinai trail at Pakke and at Sessa in pre- and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 1,200m. Rare in the survey area. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
205. Phalanta phalantha phalantha (Drury, 1773) (Common Leopard): Recorded from Langka, Seijosa and Sukhanala at Pakke in March, May and July. Uncommon.
206. Vagrans egista sinha (Kollar, 1844) (Vagrant): Recorded from Langka and Nameri West at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. At Lumta village, Pakke-Kesang, swarms of this species seen feeding on animal droppings near a village hut, where village hens were devouring them with ease. Very common.
207. Vindula erota erota (Fabricius, 1793) (Cruiser): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and from Lama, Bompu and the Sessni-Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 2,200m. Females rare. Very common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
Family Nymphalidae, Subfamily Libytheinae
208. Libythea lepita lepita Moore, 1858 (Common Beak): Recorded from Sukhanala on 24 March 2011 at Pakke and near Sessni at Eaglenest on 16 October 2012 at altitudes of 110m and 1,500m respectively. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
209. Libythea myrrha sanguinalis Fruhstorfer, 1898 (Club Beak): Recorded from Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Rare. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Charduar in Sonitpur district in Assam.
Family Nymphalidae, Subfamily Limenitidinae
210. Athyma asura asura Moore, 1858 (Studded Sergeant): Two males recorded from Bhalukpong on 15 and 16 September 2011 at Pakke and a female recorded from Sessa at 1,300m on 21 October 2012. A male observed feeding on human perspiration on our bags. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
211. Athyma cama cama Moore, 1858 (Orange Staff Sergeant): Recorded males from Sessa and Pakke-Kesang and a female at Ramaling, Eaglenest in the post-monsoon season at altitudes between 1,000m and 1,900m. Uncommon. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
212. Athyma inara inara Doubleday, 1848 (Color Sergeant): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Only males seen. Common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
213. Athyma kanwa phorkys Fruhstorfer, 1913 (Dot-dash Sergeant): Recorded from the Seijosa West Bank-Sukhanala trail at Pakke on 5 October 2010 and 16 April 2012. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
214. Athyma orientalis Elwes, 1888 (Elongated Sergeant): Recorded from all locations at Pakke-Kesang, Eaglenest and Sessa between 1,200–2,000 m in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Previously treated as subspecies of Athyma opalina orientalis but raised to species level by Gallo & Bruna (2013). Common. Reported from Dirang in October by Evans (1914). Also reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Dirang Dzong in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
215. Athyma perius perius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Common Sergeant): Recorded from Khari and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Rare. Reported as common from Rupa, West Kameng District by Betts (1950). Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
216. Athyma pravara acutipennis Fruhstorfer, 1906 (Unbroken Sergeant): Recorded from Bhalukpong, Langka, Sukhanala and Tipi at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Observed feeding on human perspiration on our bags. Uncommon. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
217. Athyma ranga ranga Moore, 1858 (Blackvein Sergeant): Recorded from Bhalukpong, Khari, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon. Reported as common by Betts (1950) from Doimara, West Kameng District. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
218. Athyma selenophora selenophora (Kollar, 1844) (Staff Sergeant): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Only males seen. Uncommon. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Elephant Flat in West Kameng District.
219. Athyma zeroca zeroca Moore, 1872 (Small Staff Sergeant): Recorded from Langka and Khari at Pakke and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 1,200m. Only males seen. Rare. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Elephant Flat in West Kameng District. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
220. Auzakia danava danava (Moore, 1858) (Commodore): Recorded from Sessa in September and a single record from Langka at Pakke on 13 April 2012. Only males seen. Wynter-Blyth (1957) states that this species is recorded from low elevations to 2,400m while Smith (1994) records its elevation between 880 and 1,800m. SS’s lowest altitudinal record in western Himalaya is 1,000m. Hence, this record from Langka, Pakke at 220m shows that it does occasionally descend to lower altitudes in eastern Himalaya. Rare. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Dirang Dzong in West Kameng District.
221. Bhagadatta austenia austenia (Moore, 1872) (Grey Commodore): Recorded at Sessa and on the Bompu-Sessni-New Khellong trail in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons at altitudes between 1,000m and 1,400m. Common in the survey area. Recorded from Doimara, West Kameng District by Betts (1950) and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
222. Parasarpa zayla zayla (Doubleday, 1848) (Bi-color Commodore): Recorded from Sessa and from Lama and Sessni at Eaglenest in September and October at altitudes between 1,200m and 1,900m. Observed feeding on plastic wrappers containing rotting fish, on the rotting fish itself and sweaty clothes and bags. Rare. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from numerous locations in West Kameng District.
223. Sumalia daraxa daraxa (Doubleday, 1848) (Green Commodore): Recorded from Khari and Sukhanala at Pakke, Sessa and the Bompu-Sessni-New Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 110m and 1,400m. Seen feeding on human excreta. Common at 900–1,400 m; not so common at lower altitudes. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Dirang Dzong in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
224. Sumalia zulema (Doubleday, 1848) (Scarce White Commodore): A single record on the forest trail from Pakke-Kesang to Sochung on 22 September 2013 at an altitude of 1,200m. The individual kept patrolling the trail for over 30 minutes, forcing us to follow the butterfly up and down the track for this duration. There were at least two other unconfirmed sightings of this species at Sochung. Rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule I of WPA.
225. Bassarona durga durga (Moore, 1858) (Blue Duke): Recorded from the Sochung and Riloh trails at Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Sessni at Eaglenest in September and October at altitudes between 900m and 1,400m. This species largely perches high up in the tree canopy level, basking, descending to moist patches near streams infrequently. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
226. Dophla evelina derma (Kollar, 1848) (Redspot Duke): A single record on the Seijosa West Bank-Sukhanala forest trail at Pakke on 29 April 2013. Very rare.
227. Euthalia aconthea garuda (Moore 1858) (Common Baron): Single record of a female from Bhalukpong Ghat at Pakke on 15 September 2013. Very rare. Very rare in the survey area.
228. Euthalia alpheda jama (Felder & Felder, 1867) (Streaked Baron): A single record of an individual below New Khellong at Eaglenest on 18 October 2012 at an altitude of 900m. Very rare.
229. Euthalia franciae franciae (Gray, 1846) (French Duke): Three records from the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest on 6 and 7 September 2011 at altitudes between 1,500m and 1,700m. Other records in the same area outside the survey in May 2013. Rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
230. Euthalia iva (Moore, 1858) (Grand Duke): Two individuals recorded from within Sessa Orchid WS on 12 September 2011 and a third record from the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest on 17 October 2012 at altitudes between 1,200m and 1,400m. Generally basks very high up in the upper canopy of tall broadleaved trees, near forest streams. Rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule I of WPA.
231. Euthalia lubentina lubentina (Cramer, 1777) (Gaudy Baron): Two males recorded from Langka and Khari at Pakke on 2 and 4 October 2010 respectively. Rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule IV of WPA.
232. Euthalia monina kesava (Moore, 1859) (Powdered Baron): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Both sexes seen, although males were more abundant. Seen feeding on rotting fruit. Very common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
233. Euthalia nara nara (Moore, 1859) (Bronze Duke): A single record from Sessa Orchid WS on 21 October 2012 at an altitude of 1,200m. Spotted feeding at the Army waste disposal area. Very rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
234. Euthalia phemius phemius (Doubleday, 1848) (White-edged Blue Baron): Recorded from the Bhalukpong-Dinai trail and Tippi at Pakke, Sessa and Sessni-Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Both sexes seen, but males more common. A female at Tippi was feeding on banana peels, returning repeatedly to the same spot. Common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
235. Lexias dirtea khasiana (Swinhoe, 1893) (Dark Archduke): All individuals recorded from the same locality on the Bhalukpong forest trail at Pakke in March and October. Males and a single female seen. Uncommon, but local. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
236. Lebadea martha martha (Fabricius, 1787) (Knight): Two records from Langka at Pakke on 22 March 2011. Rare in the survey area. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
237. Moduza procris procris (Cramer, 1777) (Commander): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, the Khari trail and Sukhanala at Pakke and Sessa Orchid WS in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Common. Reported as very common by Betts (1950). Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
238. Lasippa viraja viraja (Moore, 1872) (Yellowjack Sailer): Single record by Purnendu Roy during the survey on 16 April 2012 from Sukhanala at Pakke. Very rare.
239. Neptis nata adipala Moore, 1872 (Clear Sailer; ACN: Burmese Sailer): Numerous records of Neptis nata adipala and Neptis clinia susruta from Pakke and Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Given the seasonal and individual variation in these species, it is best to separate these species by examining male genitalia. As no collections were made, it was not possible to determine the species identity with a high degree of certainty. Very common.
240. Neptis clinia susruta Moore, 1872 (Sullied Sailer): See notes above. The common name of this species has been variously listed as Creamy Sailer, Sullied Sailer and Clear Sailer because of the historically confused taxonomy. Gupta & Shukla (1988) report ssp. susruta from Elephant Flat and Bhalukpong in West Kameng District. Very common.
241. Neptis harita harita Moore, 1875 (Dingiest Sailer): Records from Bhalukpong, Khari and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. An unconfirmed sighting from Sessni at Eaglenest of either Neptis harita or Neptis pseudovikasi. Uncommon.
242. Neptis pseudovikasi (Moore, 1899) (False Dingy Sailer): A single record from Lumta village, Pakke-Kesang on 21 September 2013 at an altitude of 1,020m. Very rare (possibly overlooked). Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Elelphant Flat, West Kameng District.
243. Neptis hylas varmona Moore, 1872 (Common Sailer): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Very common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
244. Neptis magadha khasiana Moore, 1872 (Spotted Sailer): A single record from Langka at Pakke on 2 October 2010. Very rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
245. Neptis miah miah Moore, 1857 (Small Yellow Sailer): Recorded at stream edges from Bhalukpong, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon in the survey area. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Elephant Flat in West Kameng District. Also reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
246. Neptis radha radha Moore, 1857 (Great Yellow Sailer): Recorded from Sessa and near Sessni at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons at altitudes between 1,000m and 1,400m. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
247. Neptis sankara amba Moore, 1858 (Broad-banded Sailer): Recorded from the Khari trail and Sukhanala at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons at altitudes between 110m and 1,200m. Observed feeding on carnivore scat. Uncommon in the survey area. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Dirang Dzong in West Kameng District.
248. Neptis sappho astola Moore, 1872 (Rusty Sailer; ACN:Pallas‘s Sailer): Recorded from Bhalukpong, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke, Lama Camp and the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 1,900m. Very common in the survey area. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) as Neptis hylas astola from Bomdila Road in West Kameng District.
249. Neptis soma soma Moore, 1858 (Creamy Sailer): Recorded from Bompu, Lama and Sessni at Eaglenest in April and May between altitudes of 1,300m and 1,900m. Described in earlier literature as Neptis yerburyi sikkima, but its status was clarified by Eliot (1969). This species has been called the Sullied Sailer and Creamy Sailer because of the historically confused taxonomy. Common in the survey area. Reported as Neptis yerburyi from Dirang in October by Evans (1914). Also reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
250. Phaedyma columella ophiana (Moore, 1872) (Short-banded Sailer): Recorded from the Khari-West Bank Seijosa trail, Langka, Sukhanala and Upper Dekorai at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Seen along forest trails and at moist spots at stream edges in forested areas. More of a forest species than related Neptis species. Common in the survey area. Reported as common by Betts (1950).
251. Pantoporia hordonia hordonia (Stoll, 1790) (Common Lascar): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Only one record from Khellong at Eaglenest at an altitude of 750m. Very common at Pakke. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Bhalukpong in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
252. Pantoporia paraka paraka (Butler, 1879) (Perak Lascar): Single record on the Khari-West Bank Siejosa trail at Pakke on 2 June 2009. Very rare.
253. Neurosigma siva siva Westwood, 1850 (Panther): Recorded from Sessa Orchid WS and Sessni at Eaglenest in September at altitudes between 1,200–1,500 m. Attracted to rotting fish. Uncommon; best seen at Sessa, where it is more common. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
254. Tanaecia jahnu jahnu (Moore, 1858) (Plain Earl): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, the Khari trail and Sukhanala at Pakke in October 2010. Only females seen. Rare. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
255. Tanaecia julii appiades (Ménétriés, 1857) (Common Earl): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Both sexes seen; males more common. Common in the survey area. Reported by Betts (1950) as common from West Kameng District.
256. Tanaecia lepidea lepidea (Butler, 1868) (Grey Count): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Very common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
Family Nymphalidae, Subfamily Nymphalinae
257. Aglais caschmirensis aesis (Fruhstorfer, 1912) (Indian Tortoiseshell): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. At Sessa, on 27 March 2011, 50 individuals were counted along the road during a 3-hour count. Pairs were seen in courtship display, and a female laid more than a hundred green eggs in a pyramid-shaped cluster on Urtica spp. Very commonly recorded between 1,000m and 2,200m. The distributional records of this species have been extended eastwards to western Arunachal Pradesh (Greeshma 2010) and Nagaland (Naro 2012). However, Evans (1914) and Betts (1950) had reported this species from the area, which includes Tawang and West Kameng Districts. Gupta & Shukla (1988) reported that many individuals were collected from West Kameng District at Naphra (1961, coll. by S Biswas), But (1961, coll. by K.C. Jayaram), Bomdila (1965, coll. Bhattacharya & Joseph), Bomdila Road and Bhalukpong (both in 1973, coll. by S.K. Tandon & party). Also, Athreya (2006b) reported it from Eaglenest. Hence, this species has been overlooked from western Arunachal Pradesh by Greeshma (2010), though its records from Nagaland might represent a more recent range extension.
258. Junonia almana almana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Peacock Pansy): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Very common; more common pre-monsoon. Reported as very common by Betts (1950).
259. Junonia atlites atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) (Grey Pansy): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Pakke-Kesang in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common in the survey area. Reported as very common by Betts (1950).
260. Junonia hierta hierta (Fabricius, 1798) (Yellow Pansy): Recorded from Sukhanala at Pakke and at Lama, Eaglenest and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 2,200 m. Uncommon in the survey area. Reported from the area by Evans (1914) and Betts (1950). Also reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from numerous locations in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
261. Junonia iphita iphita (Cramer, 1779) (Chocolate Pansy; ACN: Chocolate Soldier): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 2,200m. Very common–the most abundant species during the survey. Reported as very common by Betts (1950). Also reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from numerous locations in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
262. Junonia lemonias lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lemon Pansy): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
263. Junonia orithya ocyale Hübner, 1816 (Blue Pansy): Recorded from Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Lama at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon in the survey area. Reported from the area by Evans (1914) and Betts (1950). Also reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from numerous locations in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
264. Kaniska canace canace (Linnaeus, 1763) (Blue Admiral): Recorded on the Lama-Ramaling trail at Eaglenest in September and October at altitudes between 1,500 and 2,000 m. Uncommon, and local in the survey area. Reported by Betts (1950) as not uncommon.
265. Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) (Painted Lady): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest between 1,200 and 2,400 m in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon in the survey area. Reported from West Kameng by Betts (1950) and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
266. Vanessa indica indica (Herbst, 1794) (Indian Red Admiral): Recorded from all locations at Pakke-Kesang, Eaglenest and Sessa; a single record from Sukhanala at Pakke. Flies in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 2,400m. Very common, not so common at low elevations at Pakke. Reported from West Kameng by Evans (1914) and Betts (1950).
267. Symbrenthia hypselis cotanda Moore, 1875 (Spotted Jester): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest and Sessa; a single record each from Langka at Pakke and at Pakke-Kesang. Flies in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 1,900m. Very common, not so common at low elevations at Pakke. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
268. Symbrenthia lilaea khasiana Moore, 1875 (Common Jester): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 2,400m. Very common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
269. Symbrenthia niphanda niphanda Moore, 1872 (Bluetail Jester): Recorded from Lama on 5 September 2011 and from Sessni on 7 September 2011 at Eaglenest and from Sessa on 3 September 2012 at altitudes between 1,200m and 2,000m. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
270. Symbrenthia silana de Nicéville, 1885 (Scarce Jester): A single record from Haathi nala, near Sessni at Eaglenest on 24 April 2012 at an altitude of 1,200m. This butterfly was rediscovered after 90 years with recent records from Sikkim, Namdapha in eastern Arunachal Pradesh and Nokrek in Meghalaya (Kunte 2010). This sighting from Eaglenest represents the first published record of this species from western Arunachal Pradesh. Very rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule I of WPA.
271. Hypolimnas bolina jacintha (Drury, 1773) (Great Eggfly): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Both sexes sighted. Common. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
272. Doleschallia bisaltide indica Moore, 1899 (Autumn Leaf): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Very common in the survey area. Reported as “fairly common” by Betts (1950). Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
273. Kallima inachus inachus (Boisduval, 1846) (Orange Oakleaf): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest, Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Very common at Pakke, not so common at Pakke-Kesang, Eaglenest and Sessa. Reported as common by Betts (1950). Also reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Tenga Valley in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
274. Rhinopalpa polynice birmana Fruhstorfer, 1898 (Wizard): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke between July and October. Two unconfirmed sight records from Langka in March and April need further investigation as this species has so far been considered to be univoltine and flying between August and November (Wynter-Blyth, 1957; Kehimkar 2008). Attracted to human sweat; fed on our perspiration-lined clothes, refusing to fly away. Aggressive; chased away Pierids and larger Nymphalids such as Vindula erota feeding at moist soil. Generally flies at the canopy level, but descends to moist soil. Locally common. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
Family Nymphalidae, Subfamily Pseudergolinae
275. Dichorragia nesimachus nesimachus (Doyère, 1840) (Constable): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Dinai, Seijosa West Bank and Sukhanala at Pakke in the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Rare.
276. Pseudergolis wedah wedah (Kollar, 1844) (Tabby): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and at all locations at Eaglenest from the foothills up to an altitude of 2,000m in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Wynter-Blyth (1957) states that this species flies from low elevations up to 1,500m in the northeast, while Smith (1994) states that this species flies between 1,000m and 2,000m in Nepal. The records from Bhalukpong Ghat at 185m in October indicate that it occasionally descends to the foothills. Common at Pakke-Kesang, Eaglenest and Sessa; not so common at Pakke. Reported from the area by Evans (1914), Betts (1950) and Athreya (2006b).
277. Stibochiona nicea nicea (Gray, 1846) (Popinjay): Recorded from Dinai and Langka at Pakke, Sessa and along the Bompu-Sessni-Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,400m. Wynter-Blyth (1957) states that this flies from low elevations to 1,200m while Smith(1994) states that this species flies between 480–1,800 m from April to June and August to December. However, records from this survey show that this species flies at lower altitudes (Dinai-155 m, Langka-220 m) and also flies in March. Very common at Sessa and Eaglenest; not so common at Pakke. Reported as fairly common by Betts (1950) from West Kameng District. Also, reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
Family Nymphalidae, Subfamily Satyrinae
278. Aemona amathusia (Hewitson, 1862) (Yellow Dryad): A single record of a male at Sessa Orchid WS on 12 September 2011. Another sighting of the rare female by Yash Sondhi (pers. comm.) at Bompu in May 2013, outside the survey (Image 13: # 278b). Both sightings at an altitude of 1,400m. Rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
279. Amathuxidia amythaon amythaon (Doubleday, 1847) (Koh-i-noor): A single record of the species on 30 July 2014 at 0650 hours below a fruiting Jamun (Syzygium cumini) tree near the Tippi Inspection Bungalow at the edge of Pakke. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA. Rare in the survey area.
280. Discophora sondaica zal Westwood, 1851 (Common Duffer): A single record from Elephant Flat on 21 October 2012, near a large bamboo clump at an altitude of 330m. Very rare in the survey area.
281. Enispe euthymius euthymius Doubleday, 1845 (Red Caliph): Recorded from Bompu at Eaglenest (1,900m) and from the Lumta trail at Pakke-Kesang (1,100m) in September. A couple of unconfirmed sightings in flight from Bompu during the same period. Rare.
282. Faunis eumeus assama (Westwood, 1858) (Large Faun): Recorded from Sessa Orchid WS at an altitude of 1,250m in May 2011. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
283. Stichophthalma nurinissa de Nicéville, 1890 (Nurinissa Junglequeen; ACN: Chocolate Junglequeen): Single record of a female from Sessa Orchid WS on 13 October 2010 at an altitude of 1,300m. Very rare.
284. Thaumantis diores diores Doubleday, 1845 (Jungle Glory): Recorded from Khari at Pakke (~200m altitude), Sessa and the Sessni-New Khellong trail at Eaglenest in May and September at altitudes between 900m and 1,200m. At Sessa, the species was attracted to a mercury vapour bulb at night and repeatedly visited the moth screen. Kehimkar (2008) states that its flight period is September to November, whereas it was also recorded flying in May during the survey. SS has records of the species flying in March (Garo Hills, Meghalaya) and June (Namdapha, eastern Arunachal Pradesh) suggesting that it may be bi-voltine at lower elevations. Uncommon.
285. Aulocera saraswati vishnu Gross, 1958 (Striated Satyr): Recorded on 5 and 10 September 2011 and 5 September 2012 on the trail from Lama to Ramaling at Eaglenest at altitudes between 1,900m to 2,100m. Uncommon. The distribution of this species as reported in previous literature needs a comment. Talbot (1947) mentions its distribution as north-west Himalaya to Sikkim while Wynter-Blyth (1957) states its distribution as “Himalaya”. Kehimkar (2008), too, states its distribution as Jammu and Kashmir to Sikkim. Evans (1914) reported this species from Dirang in West Kameng District in mid October. Betts (1950) reported three species of the genus Aulocera from western Arunachal Pradesh A. brahminus, A. swaha and A. padma, but did not report A. saraswati. However Gupta & Shukla (1988) reported that S. Biswas collected it from Siggaram and Kalaktang in West Kameng District in 1961 but did not report that it represented a range extension. Hence the distribution of this species extends at least to western Arunachal Pradesh.
Callerebria species: The genus Callerebia shows significant seasonal and individual variations hence identification can be difficult. Thus while considerable care has been taken in these identifications they should be considered provisional in the absence of close investigation of male genitalia. Five species could be recorded from this area, and these are Callerebia annada, C. baileyi, C. orixa, C. suroia, C. scanda and possibly the new species described recently from Aruanchal Pradesh, C. dibangensis (Roy 2013). Only two of these species were recorded from Eaglenest, though a literature review reveals that other species could be found in the area. Evans (1914) reported C. suroia (as polyphemus?) from Tawang at 2,430m in October. Betts (1950) reported C. orixa as common from Rupa in West Kameng District, while Gupta & Shukla (1988) reported C.orixa from Kalikat in Kameng District. Given the cryptic nature of these species and the variations encountered, the identifications below are best considered provisional and need to be confirmed through collection of specimens.
286. Callerebia annada annada (Moore, 1858) (Ringed Argus): Recorded commonly from the Lama Camp-Ramaling trail at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The two subspecies of this genus are ssp. caeca whose distribution is Kashmir to Nepal, while ssp. annada is known from Sikkim to Bhutan (Talbot 1947; Smith 1994; Roy 2013). These records extend the range of ssp. annada further eastward to western Arunachal Pradesh. A third ssp. orixa, is now raised to a separate species (Bruna et al. 2000). Common.
287. Callerebria scanda opima Watkins, 1927 (Pallid Argus): Recorded from the Lama Camp-Ramaling trail at Eaglenest in May, September and October. Subspecies scanda has a known distribution from Kashmir to Nepal and lower Sikkim, while ssp. opima is known from upper Sikkim (Talbot 1947) and eastern Bhutan (Roy 2013). This record extends the distribution of this subspecies eastwards into western Arunachal Pradesh. Uncommon. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
288. Elymnias hypermnestra undularis (Drury, 1773) (Common Palmfly): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Only one female sighted. Common. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Bhalukpong in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
289. Elymnias malelas malelas (Hewitson, 1863) (Spotted Palmfly): Recorded from Seijosa and Khari at Pakke and from New Khellong at Eaglenest between altitudes of 110m and 750m in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Rare.
290. Elymnias nesaea timandra Wallace, 1869 (Tiger Palmfly): A single unconfirmed record in flight from Sukhanala at Pakke in October 2010. Subsequently, confirmed sightings outside the survey by Balakrishnan Valappil (pers. comm.). Rare.
291. Elymnias patna patna (Westwood, 1851) (Blue-striped Palmfly): A single record from the Tippi Inspection Bungalow at the edge of Pakke on 1 August 2014. Very rare in the survey area.
292. Elymnias vasudeva Moore, 1857 (Jezebel Palmfly): A single record near Upper Dekorai on 2 May 2013 at Pakke. Spotted from elephant back. Very rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
293. Ethope himachala (Moore, 1857) (Dusky Diadem): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai trail, Elephant Flat, Khari, Sukhanala and Tipi in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Common.
294. Lethe bhairava (Moore, 1857) (Rusty Forester): Recorded from the Bompu-Sessni-New Khellong trail and Lama at Eaglenest and Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 1,200m and 2,00m. Very common. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
295. Lethe isana dinarbas (Hewitson, 1863) (Common Forester): Recorded from the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 1,200m and 1,900m. Observed feeding on rotting crab and human excreta. Common.
296. Lethe scanda (Moore, 1857) (Blue Forester): Three records on 23 May 2009 below Bompu at Eaglenest at an altitude of 1,700m. Seen at carnivore scat and at moist patches in company of other species of Lethe, especially woodbrowns. Rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
297. Lethe vindhya vindhya (Felder & Felder, 1859) (Black Forester): Recorded males near Sessni at Eaglenest and at Pakke-Kesang between altitudes of 1,200m and 1,400m in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Observed feeding on blood on a leaf from a freshly and illegally hunted Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak). Also observed feeding on human excreta. Rare in the survey area. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Elephant Flat, West Kameng District.
298. Lethe chandica chandica (Moore, 1858) (Angled Red Forester): Recorded near Tipi at Pakke and at Elephant Flat in October 2012 between altitudes of 180m and 330m. Rare.
299. Lethe distans Butler, 1870 (Scarce Red Forester): Recorded from Sessa and at Sessni at Eaglenest in April and October between altitudes of 1,200m and 1,500m. Rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule I of WPA. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
300. Lethe mekara mekara (Moore, 1858) (Common Red Forester): Recorded from Sukhanala and Tipi at Pakke in April and October. Rare.
301. Lethe sinorix sinorix (Hewitson, 1863) (Tailed Red Forester): Recorded on the Bompu-Sessni-New Khellong trail in April 2012 between altitudes of 1,200m and 1,500m. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
302. Lethe nicetas (Hewitson, 1863) (Yellow Woodbrown): Recorded only on the Lama-Ramaling trail in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 1,900m and 2,200m. Observed feeding on cattle dung near Ramaling. Uncommon. Reported from Dirang by Evans (1914) and from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
303. Lethe siderea Marshall, 1881 (Scarce Woodbrown): Recorded on the Chackoo-Bompu-Sessni trail and Lama at Eaglenest in May and October over numerous seasons between altitudes of 1,200m and 2,000m. Observed feeding on carnivore scat in the company of three Lilacforks Lethe sura. Common.
304. Lethe sidonis (Hewitson, 1863) (Common Woodbrown): Recorded on the Chackoo-Bompu-Sessni trail and Lama at Eaglenest in May, September and October over numerous seasons between altitudes of 1,200m and 2,200m. Common. Reported as extremely local from Bompu and Bomdila in West Kameng District by Betts (1950). Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
305. Lethe visrava (Moore, 1866) (White-edged Woodbrown): Three males recorded on the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest on 26, 27 and 28 May 2011 between altitudes of 1,200–1,700 m. A single record of the rarely seen female (Image 14: # 305b) on 28 May 2011 from the same area. Rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
306. Lethe confusa confusa Aurivillius, 1898 (Banded Treebrown): A single record from Bhalukpong Ghat at Pakke on 15 October 2010. Very rare in the survey area. Reported as common by Betts (1950). Also reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Bomdila, West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
307. Lethe rohria rohria (Fabricius, 1787) (Common Treebrown): Recorded on the Lama-Ramaling trail at Eaglenest in May, September and October; all sightings at the same area between altitudes of 1,700–2,000 m. Rare, but local. Reported from Dirang by Evans (1914).
308. Lethe verma sintica Fruhstorfer, 1911 (Straight-banded Treebrown): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between 1,200m and 2,000m. Common. Reported from Dirang by Evans (1914), from West Kameng District by Betts (1950) and from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
309. Lethe sura sura (Doubleday, 1849) (Lilacfork): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between 1,200 and 2,200 m. Observed feeding on carnivore scat in the company of Lethe bhairava, Lethe visrava and Mycalesis mestra. Also observed feeding on a dead rodent. Common; seen most frequently on the Chackoo-Bompu-Sessni trail. Reported as common in September at Bompu and Bomdila, West Kameng District by Betts (1950).
310. Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus, 1758) (Common Evening Brown): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Eaglenest and Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,400m. Wet season and dry season forms seen very commonly. Sometimes, both forms seen together. DSF more common. Reported as extremely common by Betts (1950).
311. Melanitis phedima bela Moore, 1857 (Dark Evening Brown): Recorded from the Bhalukpong-Dinai trail, Langka and Khari at Pakke, Sessa and at Sessni at Eaglenest from the foothills up to 1,300m in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon in the survey area. Reported as scarce by Betts (1950).
312. Mycalesis anaxias aemate Fruhstorfer, 1911 (White-bar Bushbrown): Recorded from Bhalukpong, Khari and Sukhanala at Pakke and Elephant Flat in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between 120m and 330m. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
313. Mycalesis francisca sanatana Moore, 1858 (Lilacine Bushbrown): Recorded from Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Lama at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 1,200m and 2,000m. Dry and wet season forms seen. Rare. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
314. Mycalesis gotama charaka Moore, 1875 (Chinese Bushbrown): A single record of a male on 14 April 2012 from Langka at Pakke. Very rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
315. Mycalesis heri Moore, 1857 (Large-eyed Bushbrown; ACN: Moore’s Bushbrown): A single record of a male on 7 September 2011 on the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest at an altitude of 1,500m. The known range of this species is from Kumaon east to Bhutan (Talbot, 1947). This record extends its range eastwards into western Arunachal Pradesh. Very rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
316. Mycalesis intermedia (Moore, 1892) (Intermediate Bushbrown; ACN: Pale-brand Bushbrown): A record from Elephant Flat on 21 Oct 2012 and another from Langka at Pakke on 28 April 2013. Both males in dry season form. Rare.
317. Mycalesis malsarida Butler, 1868 (Plain Bushbrown): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Both sexes and dry and wet season forms sighted. Common. This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
318. Mycalesis mestra mestra Hewitson, 1862 (White-edged Bushbrown): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between 1,500m and 1,900m. Often observed feeding on carnivore scat in the company of the Lilacfork L. sura. Uncommon; seen most frequently on the Bompu-Sessni trail. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
319. Mycalesis mineus mineus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Darkbrand Bushbrown): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Khari and Langka at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Mostly males seen. Uncommon.
320. Mycalesis perseus blasius (Fabricius, 1798) (Common Bushbrown): Single record of a male from Langka at Pakke on 28 April 2013. Very rare in the survey area.
321. Mycalesis visala visala Moore, 1858 (Long-branded Bushbrown): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat, Langka, Sukhanala and Upper Dekorai at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Both sexes seen. Common. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Pinjoli and Tipi in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
322. Neope armandii khasiana Moore, 1881 (Chinese Labyrinth): Recorded from Bompu on 22 May 2009 and from Sessni on 23 and 24 April 2012 at Eaglenest between altitudes of 1,200m and 1,900m. Rare.
323. Neope bhadra (Moore, 1857) (Tailed Labyrinth): Recorded from the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest on 6 September 2011 and on the Lumta trail at Pakke-Kesang on 21 September 2013 at altitudes between 1,200m and 1,500m. Rare. Reported from Bomdila, West Kameng District by Betts (1950).
324. Neope yama yama (Moore, 1858) (Dusky Labyrinth): Two records on 23 May 2009 and 26 May 2011 at Bompu from Eaglenest at an altitude of 1,900m. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
325. Neorina hilda Westwood, 1850 (Yellow Owl): A single unconfirmed record on 9 September 2011 on the Bompu-Chackoo trail from Eaglenest at an altitude of 2,100m. Very rare in the survey area. A confirmed record from outside the area is reported by Rohit Naniwadikar at http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sp/1034/Neorina-hilda (Kunte et al. 2016). Reported from Dirang in October by Evans (1914). Also, reported as scarce from Bompu in August and September by Betts (1950). This species is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
326. Neorina patria westwoodii Moore, 1891 (White Owl): Recorded from the Chackoo-Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest, at Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in September at altitudes between 1,200m and 2,000m. Seen patrolling up and down forest tracks quite frequently; at the first instance SS mistook it in flight for an oakleaf butterfly (Kallima spp.). Based on these records as well as other sightings in NE India, this species is univoltine, and probably has a single post-monsoon brood. Locally common at Eaglenest in September. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
327. Orinoma damaris damaris Gray, 1846 (Tiger Brown): Recorded from the Sessni-New Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons at altitudes between 750m and 1,200m. Rare and local. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest.
328. Orsotriaena medus medus (Fabricius, 1775) (Medus Brown): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Dry and wet season forms seen. Very common in the survey area. Reported from Doimara, West Kameng District by Betts (1950). Gupta & Shukla (1988) reported it from Chuarduar and Sonai Rupai forests in the adjacent areas of Assam.
329. Penthema lisarda lisarda (Doubleday, 1845) (Yellow Kaiser): Recorded from Langka on 13 April 2012 and from Sukhanala on 29 April 2013 at Pakke. Typically seen patrolling along riverbanks, flying 8 to 10 feet above the ground. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
330. Ragadia crito de Nicéville, 1890 (Dusky-striped Ringlet): Recorded from Sessa Orchid WS on 12 October 2010 and 12 September 2011 at the same location at an altitude of 1,200m. Also recorded from Pakke-Kesang on 20 September 2013. A similar species, Ragadia crisilda crisilda, occurs south of the Brahmaputra River. Rare and local. Reported as Ragadia crisilda by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
331. Ypthima cf. affectata Elwes and Edwards, 1893 (Affected Five-ring): Only a single individual recorded from the Riloh trail at Pakke-Kesang on 19 September 2013. The individual most closely matched the description of Y. affectata (Talbot, 1947) who reports this as a subspecies Ypthima similis affectata (now elevated to species level). However, given the seasonal and individual variation of the genus Ypthima, alongwith the fact that only a single individual was sighted, this identification is only provisional pending more sampling, and examination of male genitalia. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of the WPA.
332. Ypthima baldus baldus (Fabricius, 1775) (Common Five-ring): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa and from Ramaling as well as the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,900m. Both dry and wet seasons forms seen. At Eaglenest and Pakke-Kesang, found alongside Y. sakra on a few occasions. Very common in the survey area. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from many locations in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest and Pakke.
333. Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871 (Common Fourring): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon.
334. Ypthima cf. newara Moore, 1875 (Newar Three-ring): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat and Langka at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Ramaling and New Khellong at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoons seasons between altitudes of 110m and 1,500m. Very common at Pakke-Kesang. This species is provisionally identified at Y. newara, as there are several very similar species that can be separated from Y. newara only by examining museum specimens and male genitalia. Reported from Dirang by Evans (1914) and as “fairly common” by Betts (1950) from West Kameng District. Also reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Pinjoli in West Kameng District.
335. Ypthima cf. persimilis Elwes & Edwards, 1893: Seen commonly (28 individuals counted) along the Bompu-Sessni trail in April-May and September–October. These individuals most closely match Ypthima persimilis (Elwes & Edwards 1893; Uemera & Monastyrskii 2004). They also closely resemble Y. methora, but the ocelli in 5 UNH is shifted and separate in persimilis. This species was described in 1893 based on specimens collected from Mao, Manipur at 1,825–2135 m. All the individuals SS saw were between altitudes of 1,500–2,000 m. If the species identity is confirmed, these would be the first sightings of this species from India in more than a hundred years with no published records of it since its original description. Evans (1934), Wynter-Blyth (1957), Shirozu & Shima (1979) and Kehimkar (2008) make no mention of this species. Talbot (1947) lists this as a subspecies Ypthima dohertyi persimilis from Manipur and northeastern Myanmar but Uemera & Monastyrskii (2004) treat this as a distinct species. Gupta & Shukla (1988) reported Ypthima methora methora from Elephant Flat in West Kameng District (coll. by S.K. Tandon in 1973). However, given the seasonal and individual variation of the genus Ypthima, this identification is only provisional pending more sampling, and examination of male genitalia.
336. Ypthima sakra sakra Moore, 1857 (Himalayan Fivering): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest and Pakke-Kesang in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 1,000–2,200 m. Very common in the survey area. Evans (1914) reported the subspecies Y. sakra sakra from Dirang with a comment that many individuals are inseparable from the ssp. austeni. Reported as common in West Kameng by Betts (1950). Gupta & Shukla (1988) reported the nominate subspecies Y. sakra sakra from Kameng and Subansiri districts. Reported by Athreya (2006b) from Eaglenest. There is a need to revisit the exact taxonomic status of subspecies austeni.
337. Zipaetis scylax scylax Hewitson, 1863 (Dark Catseye): Recorded from Langka at Pakke in March 2011 and at Elephant Flat in October 2012. Rare.
Family Papilionidae, Subfamily Parnassiinae
338. Bhutanitis lidderdalii lidderdalii Atkinson, 1873 (Bhutan Glory): Recorded from the Lama Camp-Ramaling trail and the Chackoo-Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest in September and October between altitudes of 1,600m and 2,200m. Some individuals were seen flying as early as 06:00hr on sunny days, at the first hint of sunlight. On cloudy days, sunshine for even a few minutes would bring out the butterflies to bask. The species was seen flying as late as 16 October 2012. Very common, but local. Reported from Eaglenest during the Eaglenest Biodiversity Project (Athreya 2006b). This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
339. Bhutanitis ludlowi Gabriel, 1942 (variously known as Mystical Bhutan Glory, Ludlow’s Bhutan Glory, and Ludlow’s Bhutan Swallowtail): A single record of a dead individual from Ramaling at Eaglenest on 10 September 2011 at an altitude of 1,700m. Outside of the survey, Sujatha Padmanabhan photographed another individual on 11 September 2012 below Lama Camp. Additionally, Rohit Naniwadikar photographed this species at Eaglenest in August 2007, but his record went unreported till recently. This species was re-discovered in Bhutan in September 2012 (Harada et al. 2012) many decades after its description (Gabriel 1942). These records from Eaglenest, along with a sighting between Dirang and Sange in West Kameng District represent the first records of this species outside of Bhutan, extending its known range. More on these Indian records may be found in (Dutta et al. 2015). Rare.
Family Papilionidae, Subfamily Papilioninae
340. Graphium agamemnon agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) (Tailed Jay): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Attracted to rotting crabs. Very common in the survey area. Reported by Betts (1950) from Doimara in West Kameng District and by Athreya (2006b) from Pakke.
341. Graphium chironides chironides (Honrath, 1884) (Veined Jay): Recorded from Langka at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and the Sessni-New Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 120m and 1,200m. Uncommon in the survey area. Reported by Betts (1950) and by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Amatulla in West Kameng District.
342. Graphium doson axionides (Page & Treadaway, 2014) (Common Jay): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Pakke-Kesang in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,200m. Common in the survey area. Reported by Betts (1950) and by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Amatulla, Tipi and Bhalukpong in West Kameng District.
343. Graphium eurypylus cheronus (Fruhstorfer, 1903) (Great Jay): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Pakke-Kesang from the foothills up to 800m in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Very common.
344. Graphium antiphates pompilius (Fabricius, 1787) (Five-bar Swordtail): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common.
345. Graphium eurous sikkimica (Heron, 1899) (Six-bar Swordtail): A single unconfirmed record at Alu Bari below Lama Camp at Eaglenest on 25 May 2011 at an altitude of 1,700m. The individual sat a few feet away from SS, but flew away before SS could photograph it. The known flight season from the Western Himalaya and from SS’s personal records is April and early May. Very rare in the survey area. Reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Chug Village, Dirang in West Kameng District in April.
346. Graphium macareus indicus (Rothschild, 1895) (Lesser Zebra): Recorded from Langka, Nameri West and Sukhanala at Pakke from March to May. Common. Arora & Mondal (1981) reported it from Bhalukpong in West Kameng District and from the Subansiri and Lohit districts.
347. Graphium xenocles phrontis (de Nicéville,1897) (Great Zebra): A single record of an individual on 10 April 2012 on the Seijosa West Bank-Sukhanala trail at Pakke. Very rare.
348. Graphium sarpedon sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) (Common Bluebottle): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Very common at Pakke; not so common at Sessa. Reported by Betts (1950) and by Arora & Mondal (1981) from West Kameng District. Recently the northeast Indian populations and presumably also the Himalayan populations were assigned to a new subspecies, Graphium sarpedon sirkari Page & Treadaway, 2013 (Page & Treadaway 2013). This name appears to describe only minor and inconsistent, and therefore infrasubspecific, variation of the nominotypical subspecies.
349. Lamproptera curius curius (Fabricius, 1787) (White Dragontail): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. At Pakke-Kesang, a congregation of 10 individuals was seen mud-puddling at the banks of the Pakke River. Very common.
350. Papilio agestor agestor Gray, 1831 (Tawny Mime): Two unconfirmed records of individuals observed through binoculars sitting and flying at the canopy level on 21 and 23 April 2012 mid-way on the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest at an altitude of 1,500m. Vary rare in the survey area. Reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Chug village, Dirang in West Kameng District.
351. Papilio clytia clytia Linnaeus, 1758 (Common Mime): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and on the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,500m in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Forms clytia and dissimilis seen. Only two females seen. Common.
352. Papilio epycides epycides Hewitson, 1864 (Lesser Mime): Two records of mud-puddling males from Lankga on 23 March 2011 at Pakke (110m) and from Sessni (1,400m) at Eaglenest on 23 April 2012. Rare in the survey area. Reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Pinjoli in West Kameng District. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
353. Papilio paradoxa telearchus (Hewitson, 1852) (Great Mime): Recorded from Sukhanala at Pakke on 16 April 2012. Observed feeding repeatedly on human urine at moist soil. Rare and local in the survey area. Reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Denling and Bhlaukpong in West Kameng District. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
354. Papilio memnon agenor Linnaeus, 1758 (Great Mormon): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons up to an altitude of 1,900m. Male form agenor seen. Very common. Reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
355. Papilio polytes romulus Cramer, 1775 (Common Mormon): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m. Very common in the survey area. Reported as “very common” by Betts (1950). Also reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Bhalukpong and Dirang in West Kameng District and Pakke (Athreya 2006b).
356. Papilio helenus helenus Linnaeus, 1758 (Red Helen): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,500m. Very common in the survey area. Reported as the “commonest Papilio” by Betts (1950). Also reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from numerous locations in West Kameng District and from Pakke and Eaglenest (Athryea 2006b).
357. Papilio nephelus chaon Westwood, 1845 (Yellow Helen): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Pakke-Kesang in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,200m; more common at low elevations. Observed feeding on rotting crab. Very common in the survey area. A single record from Doimara, West Kameng District by Betts (1950). Also reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Bhalukpong and Tipi in West Kameng District.
358. Papilio alcmenor alcmenor Felder & Felder, 1864 (Redbreast): Recorded from the Bhalukpong, Seijosa West Bank-Khari trail and Langka at Pakke and Pakke-Kesang in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,200m. Rare in the survey area. Reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Dirang in West Kameng District and from Eaglenest (Athreya 2006b).
359. Papilio protenor euprotenor Fruhstorfer, 1908 (Spangle): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,500m. Common in the survey area. Reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Sangloom Village in the West Kameng District.
360. Papilio arcturus arcturus Westwood, 1842 (Blue Peacock): A single record at New Khellong at Eaglenest on 6 September 2011 at an altitude of 1,100m. Very rare.
361. Papilio bianor ganesa Doubleday, 1842 (Common Peacock): Only recorded from Pakke-Kesang on 17, 20 and 21 September 2013 at altitudes between 1,000m to 1,400m. Only males seen, but many individuals seen in flight that could not be identified to species level. Uncommon. Much less common than P. paris.
362. Papilio paris paris Linnaeus, 1758 (Paris Peacock): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,900 m. Very common in the survey area. Reported as “the commonest of the genus other than P. helenus” by Betts (1950). Also reported from Eaglenest (Athreya 2006b).
363. Papilio castor polias Jordan, 1909 (Common Raven): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Common in the survey area. Reported as “not uncommon” by Betts (1950). Also reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Tipi in the West Kameng District.
364. Papilio demoleus demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 (Lime Swallowtail): Recorded from Khari, Langka, Seijosa and Sukhanala at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Uncommon in the survey area. Reported as “very common” by Betts (1950). Also reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
365. Meandrusa lachinus lachinus (Fruhstorfer, 1902) (Brown Gorgon): A single unconfirmed record of an individual in flight on 5 September 2012 below Lama Camp at Eaglenest at an altitude of 1,900m. Very rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
366. Atrophaneura aidoneus Doubleday, 1845 (Lesser Batwing): Recorded from Bhalukpong and Sukhanala at Pakke in the post-monsoon season. Only the confirmed records with species identified in hand are included here. Uncommon. There were numerous sightings of Batwings in flight whose identities could not be confirmed; hence this species is likely to be more common.
367. Atrophaneura varuna astorion Westwood, 1842 (Common Batwing): Recorded from Bhalukpong, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke and from Pakke-Kesang (altitude 1,200m) in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Common in the survey area. Reported by Evans (1914) from Dirang and as “widely spread, but not numerous” by Betts (1950). Also reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Bhalukpong in West Kameng District.
368. Byasa dasarada dasarada (Moore, 1857) (Great Windmill): Recorded from the Bhalukpong-Dinai trail, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon season up to 1,800m. Uncommon in the survey area. There were numerous sightings of Windmills in flight whose identities could not be confirmed; hence this species is likely to be more common. Reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Amatulla in West Kameng District and from Pakke (Athreya 2006b).
369. Byasa latreillei kabrua Tytler, 1915 (Rose Windmill): A pair of butterflies was observed in a courtship display at Ramaling at Eaglenest on 20 May 2009 at altitude of 1,800m. Rare in the survey area. Reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from near Bomdilla in West Kameng District. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA. The nominotypical subspecies is expected to occur in the KPAC based on previous literature (Talbot 1939), but the individuals that SS saw match the description of kabrua, so this is a range extension of the subspecies. Ranges and separation between these two subspecies needs to be studied in detail in this area.
370. Byasa polla (de Nicéville, 1897) (Crimson-bordered Windmill; ACN: de Nicéville’s Windmill): A record of a worn individual seen basking up in the canopy on the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest on 27 May 2011 at an altitude of 1,500m. Two individuals recorded on 11 September 2011 from Sessa at an altitude of 1,300m. An unconfirmed record in September 2012 from Sessa. Rare in the survey area. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from “Pura Bridge” in Kameng.
371. Byasa polyeuctes polyeuctes (Doubleday, 1842) (Common Windmill): Recorded from Pakke, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons at altitudes up to 2,200m. Very common in the survey area. Reported by Betts (1950) as being extremely common in the temperate areas of East and West Kameng Districts. Also reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from many locations in West Kameng District and from Eaglenest (Athreya 2006b).
372. Pachliopta aristolochiae aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775) (Common Rose): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common in the survey area. Reported by Arora & Mondal (1981) from Denling in West Kameng District.
373. Troides aeacus aeacus (Felder & Felder, 1860) (Golden Birdwing): Recorded from the Bhalukpong Ghat-Dinai, Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke and at Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between 110m and 1,200m. Both sexes seen. Common in the survey area. Reported as fairly common at low elevations in September and October by Betts (1950). Also, reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from numerous locations in West Kameng District below 1,000m.
374. Troides helena cerberus (Felder & Felder, 1865) (Common Birdwing): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Both sexes seen. Common.
Family Pieridae, Subfamily Coliadinae
375. Colias fieldii fieldii Ménétriés, 1855 (Dark Clouded Yellow): Solitary individual recorded from the Khari-Seijosa trail at Pakke in April 2012 (~150m altitude). Additional records from Pakke-Kesang and on the Sunderview-Bompu-Chackoo trail at Eaglenest in April and September at altitudes between 1,200m and 2,200m. While mostly a butterfly of the hill regions, this species does descend to the plains and foothills in colder weather (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Smith 1994; Kehimkar 2008). It is less common in the Eastern Himalaya (Talbot 1947) than the western Himalaya. Both sexes seen. Rare in the survey area. Reported as common at Rupa, West Kameng District by Betts (1950). Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
376. Dercas lycorias lycorias (Doubleday, 1842) (Plain Sulphur): Recorded from the Lama-Ramaling trail at Eaglenest on 15 October 2012 vide sight records and a photograph by Balakrishnan Valappil. Another unconfirmed record in flight by SS from Sessni on 28 May 2011. Rare. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
377. Dercas verhuelli doubledayi Moore, 1905 (Tailed Sulphur): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, at Nechphu near Sessa and from Sessni at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon season between March and June from the foothills up to 1,400m. Wynter-Blyth (1957) mentions it flies in May and June, while Smith (1994) states it flies in April, May and July implying that it flies in the pre-monsoon season only. However, there is a solitary record of this species by Paresh Kale from Namdapha in November (Kunte et al. 2016), hence there may be an additional post-monsoon brood, but more data is need to validate this. Uncommon, but local. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
The Grass Yellows Eurema spp. were abundant, but not all individuals were identified to species level. Hence the records here would under-represent the populations of this genus, as individuals whose species identity was not confirmed are not included in these counts.
378. Eurema andersoni jordani Corbet & Pendlebury, 1932 (One-spot Grass Yellow): Recorded from the Bhalukpong-Dinai trail, the Khari-Seijosa trail and Langka at Pakke, Sessa and Ramaling at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,900m. Common.
379. Eurema blanda silhetana (Wallace, 1867) (Three-spot Grass Yellow): Recorded from the Bhalukpong-Dinai trail at Pakke (100–250 m altitude) and below Lama Camp (1,900m) at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Observed feeding on fluids on a box containing rotting fish. Locally common. Reported from Eaglenest and Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
380. Eurema brigitta rubella (Wallace, 1867) (Small Grass Yellow): A single record from Sunderview at Eaglenest on 9 September 2011 at an altitude of 2,400m. Very rare in the survey area.
381. Eurema hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Common Grass Yellow): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and single records at Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 1,900m. Very common at Pakke. Reported from Dirang by Evans (1914). Reported from Eaglenest and Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
382. Eurema laeta sikkima (Moore, 1906) (Spotless Grass Yellow): A single record below Eaglenest Pass at Eaglenest on 21 April 2012 at 2,300m. Very rare in the survey area.
383. Gandaca harina assamica Moore, 1906 (Tree Yellow): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Mostly males seen, females seen only on a few occasions. Very common.
Family Pieridae, Subfamily Pierinae
384. Appias albina darada (Felder & Felder, 1865) (Common Albatross): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Both sexes seen. The rare female yellow form flava (Image 17: # 384b.) was also recorded once from Langka in March. Very common. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
385. Appias galba (Wallace, 1867) (Indian Orange Albatross; ACN: Wallace’s Albatross): A single individual recorded from the banks of the Pakhui River at Langka on 15 May 2011. Very rare. This species is legally protected under the Schedule IV of WPA.
386. Appias lyncida eleonora (Boisduval, 1836) (Chocolate Albatross): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to an altitude of 2,000m. Mostly males seen, females seen only on a few occasions. Very common at Pakke; not so common at Eaglenest. Reported from Eaglenest and Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
387. Appias olferna Swinhoe, 1890 (Eastern Striped Albatross): Recorded from Langka and Khari at Pakke in March. Rare.
388. Appias indra indra (Moore, 1857) (Plain Puffin): Recorded from Langka and Sukhanala at Pakke and Pakke-Kesang in the pre-monsoon season. Very common.
389. Appias lalage lalage (Doubleday, 1842) (Spot Puffin): Recorded from Langka at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and the Bompu-Sessni-New Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Very common at Eaglenest and Pakke-Kesang; not so common at Pakke. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
390. Belenois aurota aurota (Fabricius, 1793) (Pioneer): A single record from Sukhanala at Pakke (May 2011). Very rare in the survey area.
391. Catopsilia pomona pomona (Fabricius, 1775) (Common Emigrant): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and one record from Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,200m. Common in the survey area. Reported from Doimara, West Kameng District by Betts (1950). Reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
392. Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mottled Emigrant): Recorded from Sukhanala in October 2010 and Bhalukpong Ghat in April 2014 at Pakke. Rare in the survey area, but possibly overlooked.
393. Cepora nadina nadina (Lucas, 1852) (Lesser Gull): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and the Sessni-Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,500m. Observed feeding on rotting fish. Very common; less common at higher altitudes. Reported from Eaglenest and Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
394. Cepora nerissa nerissa (Fabricius, 1775) (Common Gull): Recorded from all locations at Pakke in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Very common.
395. Delias acalis pyramus (Wallace, 1867) (Red-breast Jezebel): Recorded from Langka on 2 October 2010 and Sukhanala on 16 April 2012 at Pakke. Rare. Reported from Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
396. Delias agostina agostina (Hewitson, 1852) (Yellow Jezebel): Recorded from the Khari trail (150m altitude) on 15 April 2012 at Pakke and at Sessa (1,000m altitude) on 14 October 2010. Rare.
397. Delias belladonna ithiela Butler, 1869 (Hill Jezebel): Recorded from all locations at Eaglenest and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between altitudes of 1,200m and 2,300m. A single record from Pakke-Kesang in September 2013. Very common. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
398. Delias berinda boyleae Butler, 1885 (Dark Jezebel): Recorded from Haathi nala before Sessni at Eaglenest in May at an altitude of 1,400m. Observed mud-puddling in the company of Hill Jezebel D. belladonna. Rare and local.
399. Delias descombesi descombesi (Boisduval, 1836) (Red-spot Jezebel): Recorded from Langka, Seijosa and Tippi at Pakke in March, July and October. Uncommon.
400. Delias hyparete indica (Wallace, 1867) (Painted Jezebel): Recorded from Seijosa at Pakke on 29 July 2014. Seen feeding on flowers of a Teak (Tectona grandis) tree along with other Jezebel species (Delias spp.). Very rare in the survey area.
401. Delias pasithoe pasithoe (Linnaeus, 1767) (Red-base Jezebel): Recorded from Langka, Seijosa and Sukhanala at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,200m. Seen feeding on flowers of a Teak (Tectona grandis) tree along with other Jezebel species (Delias spp.). Uncommon in the survey area. Recorded from Doimara, West Kameng by Betts (1950).
402. Gonepteryx amintha thibetana Nekrutenko, 1968 (Orange Brimstone; ACN: Tibetan Brimstone): Three records of males from the Lama-Ramaling trail and Bompu at Eaglenest in April 2012 at altitudes between 1,500m and 2,200m. These sightings represent an addition to the butterfly fauna of India. This species was previously known from Tibet; however, its type locality, Lalung, (Nekrutenko 1973) which was considered to be in Tibet, is actually in India (Sondhi & Roy 2013). Rare.
403. Hebomoia glaucippe glaucippe (Linnaeus, 1758) (Great Orange-tip): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Sessa and the Bompu-Sessni-Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 2,100m. Very common; less common at higher altitudes. Reported from Eaglenest and Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
404. Ixias pyrene familiaris Butler, 1874 (Yellow Orange-tip): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and the Sessni-Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,200m. Females seldom seen. Very common. Reported from Eaglenest and Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
405. Leptosia nina nina (Fabricius, 1793) (Psyche): Recorded from all locations at Pakke and Sessa in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,200m. Common.
406. Pareronia avatar (Moore, 1858) (Pale Wanderer): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and the Bompu-Sessni-Khellong trail at Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,200m. Smith (1994) states its altitudinal range in Nepal is from 640m up to 1090m while Kehimkar (2008) states its altitudinal range as up to 1090m, but it does fly at higher altitudes and in the survey area it was most common at 1,200m altitude. Both sexes seen; females less common. Very common in the survey area. Reported as locally common by Betts (1950). Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
407. Pieris brassicae nepalensis Gray, 1846 (Large Cabbage White): Recorded from Bhalukpong Ghat (March 2011) and Khari (April 2012) at Pakke, and all locations at Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 2,200m. Both sexes seen. Not so common at Pakke; very common elsewhere. Reported from the area by Evans (1914), Betts (1950) and Athreya (2006b).
408. Pieris canidia indica Evans, 1926 (Indian Cabbage White): Recorded from all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 2,200m. Both sexes seen. Very common in the survey area. Reported from the area by Evans (1914), Betts (1950) and Athreya (2006b).
409. Pieris melete ajaka Moore, 1865 (Green-veined White): Recorded from the Eaglenest Pass-Lama Camp-Ramaling trail at Eaglenest, Pakke-Kesang and Sessa in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between 1,100m and 1,900m. Common. Reported from the area by Evans (1914).
410. Pontia daplidice moorei (Röber, 1907) (Bath White): Recorded from Langka on 15 May 2011 and 14 April 2012 at Pakke and from Sessa on 28 March 2011 at altitudes of 120m and 1,100m respectively. These records represent a range extension of this species to the eastern Himalaya and are the first record of this species from Arunachal Pradesh. Previously, the species’ distribution in literature had been stated as Western and central Himalaya, but recent sightings from Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland have extended its known distributional range eastwards (Naro & Sondhi 2013; Singh & Gogoi 2013). In addition, Kehimkar mentions its altitudinal range as 1,200–2,700 m. However, it does occasionally descend to the lower elevations; in addition to this record from Pakke, we have seen the species in the foothills elsewhere, too, across the Himalaya. Rare.
411. Prioneris thestylis thestylis (Doubleday, 1842) (Spotted Sawtooth): Recorded from Langka at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and at all locations at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 1,900m. An individual repeatedly visited the moth screen with a vapour mercury bulb at Sessa at night. Very common. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
Family Riodinidae, Subfamily Nemeobiinae
412. Abisara chela chela de Nicéville, 1886 (Spot Judy): Recorded from the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest and Sessa in the pre-monsoon season between altitudes of 1,300m and 1,500m. Rare.
413. Abisara fylla (Westwood, 1851) (Dark Judy): Recorded from Langka (Mar 2011) at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang and at all locations at Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between 110m and 1,900m. Both sexes seen. Very common at Eaglenest and Sessa; not so common at Pakke. Reported from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b).
414. Abisara neophron neophron (Hewitson, 1861) (Tailed Judy): Recorded from Sukhanala at Pakke on 5 October 2010 at an altitude 110m and from the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest on 23 April 2012 and 19 October 2012 between altitudes of 1,200m and 1,900m. Smith (1992) and Kehimkar (2008) state that it flies between 790m and 1,790m; however this record at Pakke and other records by the authors in northeastern India show that it occasionally descends to lower altitudes in the foothills. Rare. Reported from Eaglenest and Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
415. Dodona adonira adonira Hewitson, 1866 (Striped Punch): Recorded at all locations at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between 1,200m and 2,200m. Uncommon in the survey area. Reported by Gupta & Shukla (1988) from Chug valley in West Kameng District and from Eaglenest by Athreya (2006b). This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
416. Dodona dipoea dipoea Hewitson, 1866 (Lesser Punch): Recorded at all locations at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between 1,800m and 2,300m. Active at Eaglenest even in December. Common. This subspecies is legally protected under the Schedule II of WPA.
417. Dodona eugenes Bates, 1867 (Tailed Punch): Recorded at all locations at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between 1,800m and 2,300m. Common.
418. Dodona ouida ouida Moore, 1866 (Mixed Punch): Recorded at all locations at Eaglenest in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons between 1,500m and 2,200m. Two records of females (Image 18: # 409b), rest males. Uncommon.
419. Stiboges nymphidia nymphidia Butler, 1876 (Columbine): Recorded on the Bompu-Sessni trail at Eaglenest on 23 and 24 April 2012. Rare and local.
420. Zemeros flegyas flegyas Cramer, 1780 (Punchinello): Recorded at all locations at Pakke, Pakke-Kesang, Sessa and Eaglenest in the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons from the foothills up to 2,000m. Very common. Reported from Eaglenest and Pakke by Athreya (2006b).
Family Nymphalidae, Subfamily Calinaginae
421. Calinaga aborica Tytler, 1915 Abor Freak (Dark Freak): A single record of this species on 21 May 2015 at Sochung, Pakke-Kesang. While this species was recorded outside the duration of the survey period covered in this manuscript, this sighting constitutes a significant record and a species re-discovery after a hundred years (Sondhi et al. 2016), so we felt it pertinent to include this species in this manuscript during the production stage.
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