Odonata larvae of Keibul LamjaoNational Park, Manipur,
northeastern India
Kiranbala Takhelmayum1 & Susmita Gupta 2
1,2 Department of Ecology &
Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar,
Assam 788011, India
1 kirantakhelmayum@yahoo.com, 2 susmita.au@gmail.com
(corresponding author)
Abstract: Odonatalarvae were collected from Keibul LamjaoNational Park, Manipur, northeasternIndia during 2009–2011. The
study recorded 15 species of Odonata larvae belonging
to the anisopteran families Aeshnidae,Libellulidae and zygopteranfamilies Calopterigidae, Lestidaeand Coenagrionidae. The study revealed that there is a need
for a detailed study of Odonata fauna of the national
park as thorough knowledge of the important species of a conservation area is
very essential for proper management.
Keywords:Anisoptera, national park, Odonata, Zygoptera.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3453.5858-63 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2B27873A-693C-4DA3-89A7-1F46F605A9C0
Editor: Albert
Orr, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia. Date
of publication: 26 June 2014 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms #
o3453 | Received 22 December 2012 | Final received 14 May 2014 | Finally
accepted 25 May 2014
Citation: Takhelmayum,
K. & S. Gupta (2014).Odonata larvae of Keibul Lamjao National Park,
Manipur, northeastern India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 6(6): 5858–5863; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3453.5858-63
Copyright: © Takhelmayum &
Gupta 2014. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Funding: AUS-UGC fellowship, India
Competing Interest: The
authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The authors are
thankful to the Head, Dept. of Ecology & Environmental
Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam for providing laboratory facilities. The first author is also
thankful to University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India for financial
support.
For figures, images, tables -- click here
The Keibul LamjaoNational Park (KLNP) situated in the state of Manipur, northeasternIndia, is the only floating park in the world and noted as the last refuge of
the Sangai Rucervus eldii eldii. It is an integral part of Loktak Lake formed by phumdiswith an area of 40km2. Phumdis,are a heterogeneous mass of soil, vegetation and organic matter at various
stages of decomposition floating on lake water.
Odonatalarvae have exploited a wide range of permanent and temporary aquatic habitats
including brackish pools and estuarine habitats. In recent years all known Odonata species from the Japanese Archipelago were
published by Okudaira et al. (2005). In Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and
Brunei ca. 700 species occur in the region of which ca. 500 are endemic (Orr
2004). Fraser
(1933–1936) published three volumes on Odonatain the ‘Fauna of British India’ including 536 species and subspecies of Odonata from India with many species from Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. According to Subramanian (2009), in India there are 463
species/subspecies belonging to 140 genera. Some taxonomic studies on larvae have
been done in India, such as Needhams (1911). Prasad & Varshney(1995) published a checklist of the Indian odonates,
including updated data on larval studies of all known species. This paper presents a list of different
species of Odonata larvae collected from Keibul Lamjao National Park.
Materials and Methods
The Odonata larvae were collected from water
with a dip net (mesh size - 60µm) from various places of Keibul Lamjao National Park using the ‘kick sampling’ method
and by dragging the net around the vegetation for three minutes (Macan & Maudsley 1968; Brittain 1974; Subramanian & Sivaramakrishnan2007).
To ensure a representative sample of the odonatefauna, a monthly collection was undertaken from 2009 until 2011. Collected Odonatalarvae were immediately sorted and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. They were later identified using a Dewinter advance stereozoommicroscope with the help of standard keys (Kumar 1973a, b; Westfall & Tennessen 1996; Srivastava & Sinha 2004).
Results AND Discussion
A total of 15 species of Odonata larvae
belonging to 15 genera, five families and two suborders were recorded (Table
1). The Odonatalarvae recorded from the park are shown with their systematic position in the
Table 1 and Image 1.
1) Crocothemis servilia servilia(Drury): Absence of mid dorsal abdominal
spines. Premental setae 14+14. Palpal setae
10 &10
2) Sympetrum sp.: Presence
of mid- dorsal abdominal spines. Superior abdominal appendage much shorter than inferiors. Lateral spines of abdomen short, not
reaching tips of anal appendages.
3) Rhodothemissp.: Mid-dorsal abdominal spines are
absent. Lateral
spine on abdominal segment 9 only. Lateral spine short, length less than half the mid-dorsal length of
segment 9. Premental setae 12+12; palpal setae 8+8.
4) Zyxomma petiolatum (Ramb): With well developed mid-dorsal abdominal spines. Premental setae 13+13. Palpal setae 8+8.
5) Tramea sp.: Without mid dorsal abdominal
spines. Superior
abdominal appendage slightly shorter than inferiors. Lateral spine of
abdominal segment 8 slightly shorter than those of segment 9. Lateral spine of segment 9 reaching tips
of anal appendages.
6) Potomarcha sp.: Not
much hair, without mid-dorsal abdominal spines. Eyes tend to point upwards; eye
tending to round. Lateral spines on
abdominal segments 8–9, spines on segment 9 small, not longer than middorsal length, spines on segment 8 small, at least
shorter than middorsal length.
7) Urothemis sp.: Eyes
extended to posterior corners of head, pointed. Lateral spines on abdominal segments
8-9, spines on segment 9 substantial as long as the middorsallength, spines on segment 8 at least shorter than middorsallength.
8) Leucorrhiniasp.: The eyes generally make up about half the
length of the head. Superior abdominal appendage about as long as the inferiors. Length of the lateral
spine of segment 9 less than the mid-dorsal length of segment 9.
9) Anaxsp.: Abdomen with lateral spines on segments 7
to 9. Superior
anal appendage but slightly shorter than inferiors. Inferiors about one
and one-half times as long as mid-dorsal length of segments 9 and 10.
10) Aeshna juncea (Mongolica): Abdomen with lateral
spines on segments 6 to 9. Lateral anal appendages greater than one-half the length of the
inferiors. Palpal lobes >1.50x as wide as the movable hook at its
basal articulation, the distal margin squarely truncateand the outer distal angle a little rounded.
11) Neurobasis chinensis chinensis (Linnaeus): Large caudal lamellae, epiproct and paraproct in the
form of large, elongated lamellae. Major premental and palpalsetae absent. Prementum widely bifurcated in
the middle. Laterally the distal
ends project into long thin processes. One small spiniform setae present at about the
middle of each of these processes.
12) Ceriagrionsp.: Caudal lamellae rounded, short, marked
with blotches along the periphery. Posterior corners of head rounded or slightly angular; caudal gills
denudate. Premental setae 1+1, palpal setae 6&6.
13) Pseudagrion rubriceps(Selys): Caudal lamella long,
typically laminar type, rounded at the apices and divided distinctly into
ante-nodal and post-nodal areas. Premental setae 1+1, palpal setae 4&4.
14) Ischnura senegalensis(Charpentier): Premental setae 4+4, palpal setae
5&5, a few spiniform setae present on the sides
of prementum. Movable hook medium sized. Caudal lamellae duplex lamellae, tapering at both ends, light brown with
darker tracheae.
15) Lestessp.: Caudal lamellae simplex, lamellate
type. Inner
portion of labial palps with apex long, thin,
claw-shaped. Premental setae
6+6, palpal setae 3&3.
Of the numerous candidates of species that serve as wetland indicators, odonates (Odonata: dragonflies,
damselflies) have been deemed a ‘flagship’ group of indicators (Oertli et al. 2002) because of their amphibious life
history, relatively short generation time, high trophic position, and diversity
(Corbet 1993; Clark & Samways1996). Odonataspecies diversity are generally affected by
contamination of water bodies (Watson et al. 1982) and the presence of
predators (Williams 1987). There
are many wetland complexes throughout the world where the Odonatafauna is under sampled and incompletely understood (Kalkmanet al. 2008). There are several
studies on Odonata of Manipur (Lahiri1977, 1979; Mitra 1975, 1996; Asahina1967; Srivastava & Sinha2004). According to Srivastava & Sinha (2004) the
total number of Odonata species recorded from Manipur
were 68 species, 41 genera and eight families. In the above mentionedstudies adult Odonata were collected from Keibul Lamjao National Park,
Manipur Reserve Forest, Kharsom, Manipur Longienmandeei, Churachandpur, Kangpokpi, Loktak Lake, Ranginmanlli, Siendra Hill, Moirang, Annangtang Ukhrul and other places (Srivastava& Sinha 2004). A study on the Takmuarea of Loktak Lake, Manipur revealed the presence of
larvae of Tramea sp., Sympetrumsp. etc. belonging to the family Libellulidae (Takhelmayum & Gupta 2011).
In the present study, Anisoptera larvae were
abundant in all the study sites. This could be attributed to their high dispersal ability and
adaptability to a wide range of habitats (Batzer& Wissinger 1996; Lawler 2001; Kadoya et al. 2004; Suhling et
al. 2004, 2005). The abundance of Libellulidae larvae (Anisoptera)
might be due to their shorter life cycle and widespread distribution
(Norma-Rashid et al. 2001). Further
they are tolerant to a wide range of habitats (Gentry et al. 1975; Samways 1989). Among the 10 genera of the family Libellulidaerecorded in the present study, the genus Leucorrhiniais a new record from India (Image 2).
The survey of Odonata larvae during
2009–2010 and 2010–2011 in the national park revealed that the
number of species was higher in the first year than in the second year. The highest number of species was
recorded in the months of March and June in the first and second years,
respectively. Leucorrhinia sp. was recorded only in the month of May in the first year (28.6% relative
abundance). Sympetrumsp. was recorded in all the months in both the years and in the second year in
all the months it was found to have the highest relative abundance (Figs. 1
& 2). This study finds that
there is a need for a detailed study of Odonata fauna
of the national park as thorough knowledge of the important species of a
conservation area is very essential for proper management.
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