New records of reptiles and amphibians from Bhutan
Jigme Tshelthrim Wangyal
District Forest Office, District Administration, Trashigang
42001, Bhutan
jigmewangyal@gmail.com
Abstract: Thirteen new species of anurans that
include six dicroglossids (Euphlyctis
cyanophlyctis, Fejervarya
pierrei, F. teraiensis
and F. nepalensis, from Samdrup Jongkhar, Nanorana conaensis and
N. pleskei from Haa),
three megophryids (Xenophrys
major and X. glandulosa from Trashiyangtse, and X. minor from Mongar) and four ranids (Amolops mantzorum from
Trashiyangtse, Hylarana taipehensis and Sylvirana
leptoglossa from Samdrup
Jongkhar and S. cf. guentheri
from Mongar) and one testudine
a geoemydid (Melanochelys
trijuga from Sarpang),
one sauria an anguid (Ophisaurus gracilis from
Zhemgang) and two colubrids
(Amphiesma platyceps
and Dinodon gammiei
both from Paro) are reported for the first time
from Bhutan. Discussions have been restricted to their presence and the
distribution in and outside Bhutan.
As such, this paper provides the geographic locations, morphometric
measurements (in some cases), time when they were seen in their habitat and
information on who have collected the data of the species reported. The quality of the data is highly
variable being collected opportunistically by various individuals from various
places over the last six years.
Keywords:
Anurans, Bhutan, distributional records, herpetofauna.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3539.4774-83
| ZooBank:
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2EFC1483-99CE-4849-9D16-62A7D0E85E63
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date
of publication: 26 September 2013 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # o3539 | Received 22
February 2013 | Final received 16 June 2013 | Finally accepted 07 September
2013
Citation: Wangyal, J.T.
(2013). New records of reptiles and amphibians
from Bhutan. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 5(13): 4774–4783; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3539.4774-83
Copyright: © Wangyal 2013. Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Funding: No specific funding was received to complete
this research.
Competing Interest: : I declare no competing interest.
Acknowledgements: This
paper is the result of contribution of data and photographs by Dorji Wangchuk, Researcher at
Royal Manas National Park, Sarpang
Bhutan, Karma Wangdi, Forester and Bird Sherub, Dy. Chief Forest Officer, who work at Ugyen Wangchuk Institute for
Conservation of Environment, based in Bumthang. With
deep appreciations, efforts put in by Dr. D.B. Gurung, Professor of the College of Natural Resources
(CNR), Royal University of Bhutan, Lobesa and the
former Lobesans (students of CNR, Lobesa),
Yee J, Baep Tshering and Sherub Jamtsho (all Forest
Rangers) who work in different Districts of the Kingdom are also included in
this paper. Without their support, this paper could never have been written. In
my office in Trashigang, Phuntsho
Wangdi, Forest Ranger deserves a mention for helping
me make maps and confirming if GPS readings collected
by various individuals corresponded to the species. Thanks are also due to my
field colleagues in Trashigang office who always give
me preferences to complete any task I plan by taking my share of official work
on their shoulders.
For figures, images, tables -- click here
Bhutan is primarily a mountainous country with majority of its
inhabitants depending on subsistence farming and sandwiched between the two
Asian giants China and India. The
countryÕs scientific study moves slow on specific taxa
such as herpetofauna, invertebrates, and many others
(with the exception of mammals, birds and to some extent plants) because of
lack of interest. Moreover, most of
the existing research institutes and centres in the country do not focus much
on species conservation as their priorities are set for the development of the
country including betterment of crop production, marketing and other
growth-oriented works aimed at improving the life of the rural people keeping
in mind, the wholesome concept of gross national happiness. BhutanÕs fully authorized lone
conservation agent, the Department of Forest and Park Services performs almost
all the tasks of main stream species protection, management, conservation and
research besides regulating and catering to the daily needs of natural
resources for the people of Bhutan.
Most of the works done by the department include issuing of resources
collection permits, planning of forest management regimes, protected area
conservation planning, patrolling the areas where there is a likelihood of
illegal extraction of natural resources and poaching of wildlife that consumes
lots of time to focus on taxa specific studies. In such a scenario, the lack of information
on many taxa from the country is obvious and herpetofauna
is no exception. However, the
safety of the animals of the country is guaranteed by the very goal of
maintaining 60% forest cover to perpetuity enshrined in the Constitution of the
Kingdom of Bhutan, which is backed by several policies, acts, laws, rules and
regulations that favour an undisturbed forest ecosystem. Recent works on reptiles (Wangyal & Tenzin 2009; Wangyal
2011, 2012; Wangyal et al. 2012) and amphibians (Wangyal & Gurung 2012 a,b) reported many new records for
Bhutan which showed that the research on these taxa is still nascent.
This paper reports at least 13 species of anurans, a turtle, lizard and
two snakes. For each of these
records, a
digital photograph, geo-referenced locality data and details of measurement
such as the SVL, hind and the fore limb lengths where relevant are provided.
Materials and Methods
Since this paper is the result of information gathered by the author
over the past several years, no specific survey methodology can be
mentioned. The method used is
rather an amalgamation of information from various local and national networks
of students, farmers and field colleagues who had most of the time collected
data without considering any serious research reporting. Photographs, measurements and habitat
information were collected from different sources opportunistically. As such, no systematic surveys were
conducted to obtain the data presented in this paper because of which the data
are highly variable with varying places, time, date and the seasons. Most of the species information were the result of opportunistic encounters by individuals
who submitted the data to the author for species confirmation. Some of the data presented in this paper also include those
collected by the field officials of the Department of Forests and Park Services
who gathered them wherever and whenever they came across on the encouragement of the
author.
Telephonic conversation, email exchanges, visual talks through internets
and personal contacts during the official workshops and meetings were very
useful in obtaining much of the data provided in this report. Interview of few people in the field,
meeting with experts and sending many photographs to experts outside the
country for confirmation of species were useful in identifying and
authenticating the data collected over the last six years. Physical observation in the field to
obtain specific habitat details such as where the species were seen, time of
photography, altitude, habitat, coordinates, etc. that were taken with the help
of instruments such as altimeter and GPS are considered as field data. Measurements of the body parts of
species such as SVL, carapace length, etc. where relevant were taken using a
steel tape nearest to millimetre.
For the identification of species, references used include Smith (1931,
1935, 1943), Schleich & Kstle
(2002), Daniels (2005), Yang & Rao (2008), Ahmed
et al. (2009), Fei et al. (2010), and Vasudevan & Sondhi
(2010). For lack of a standardized
system in the country to allocate e-voucher numbers, digital copies of the
images are archived by the author and the Forest Office, District
Administration, Trashigang. GPS datum used was WGS 84.
Results
Compiling all the past records (Bauer & Gnther
1992; Das & Palden 2000; Wangyal
& Tenzin 2009; Wangyal 2011, 2012; Wangyal et al. 2012; Wangyal
& Gurung 2012a,b), Bhutan thus far has 36 species
of amphibians (34 anurans, one caudata, one
caecilian), 83 species of reptiles (57 snakes, 20 lizards, one crocodile, five
turtles). With this report, 13
anurans, a turtle, a legless lizard and two snakes are added to the countryÕs
biodiversity list. Due to
varying nature of data collection, some species data were collected even before
the latest herpetofaunal reports of the country. Some species information that were
collected long ago were not reported in the past due to a really small amount
of data available that would be suitable to have an article or a paper. Further, the information available needed
double confirmations since all the data was collected by people who lack
knowledge on the species. However, now that the species are being reported, the
information in this paper is well verified as discussions on species were done
adequately with herpetologists known to the author outside Bhutan.
For giving a distribution idea of the species, a map (Fig. 1) has been
produced specifying the locations of 13 species of anurans (including also
another four anurans that need further confirmation), one each of turtle, a
lizard and two snakes collected from different parts of the country using the
data collected over the years. Where relevant, morphometric measurements such
as SVL, fore limb and hind limb in anurans, carapace size in turtle are given
in the species accounts. The geo-coordinates of the species locations are
tabulated (Table I).
This report includes data on coordinates, altitude and names of the
places where these species were seen including the identifications of personnel
who collected the species information.
Species accounts
Dicroglossidae
Indian Skipping Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799): A specimen (Image 1)
measuring SVL = 60mm, Hind Limb = 95mm, Forelimb = 42mm was collected from Tshangkha Lake, Dagana District at
1378m at 1650hr on 14 May 2011. The
habitat, a small Lake which is also home to a small
population of Tylototriton verrucosus in the middle of the village is a marsh with
accumulation of mud from the agricultural fields around it. A farm road passes just on its
side. A second specimen (Image 2)
measuring SVL = 60mm, Hind Limb = 90mm, Fore Limb = 40mm was observed and
photographed by Dorji Wangchuk,
a Researcher of Royal Manas National Park at Gelephu on 06 June 2007 at an elevation of 225m, Sarpang District.
This particular species was found in a pool created by rainfall in the Gelephu town area.
Owing to its wide distribution IUCN considers the species as least
concern. Yet another specimen
(Image 3) was found in Bhangtar, Samdrup
Jongkhar District on 27 October 2011 at 1333hr at an
altitude of 253m by Mr. Karma Wangdi,
a forester with Ugyen Wangchuck
Institute for Conservation and Environment (UWICE) based in central BhutanÕs Bumthang District.
Ahmed et al. (2009) measured SVL of 65mm for a northeastern
Indian specimen which is almost same as the
measurements in Bhutanese specimens.
Literature reveals active breeding to start by early summer when water
temperature rises to 10–12 0C (Khan & Malik 1987b). Outside Bhutan, the species is found in
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Iran and westwards
to Afghanistan up to 1800m (Khan 1997c).
PierreÕs Cricket Frog Fejervarya
pierrei (Dubois, 1975): An
individual (Image 4) with SVL of 26mm was caught and deposited at the
laboratory of College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan. The location data of the habitat, Tshangkha Lake, Dagana District,
at an elevation of 1378m was surveyed on 08 May 2011 and the animal was caught
at 1838hr while making the rounds of the lake. Several individuals of the species that
are known to occupy lowland forests, grasslands and open wet places including
the paddy fields retreating in moist and shadowy places and burrows were found
around the lake. It is widely found
in southern China, South and Southeast Asia. IUCN considers it as Least Concern (Shrestha & Ohler
2004).
Terai Cricket Frog Fejervarya teraiensis (Dubois,
1984): A specimen measuring SVL = 50mm was collected from Gelephu,
Sarpang District at an altitude of 255m at 1100hr on
06 June 2007 and later released. However, single photographic evidence (Image
5) was kept for the reporting purpose.
The species is known to occupy open lowland Terai
to the margins of the Himalaya where Gelephu is the
accurate boundary. The species is
mainly distributed in Terai zone of southern Nepal,
India (Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura)
and Bangladesh.
Nepal Cricket Frog Fejervarya nepalensis (Dubois, 1975): Two individual
species were photographed in Ngera Ama Ri, a stream in Samdrup Jongkhar District at an
altitude of 356m on 29 October 2010 at 1457hr. The area is tropical lowland. A big cream mid-dorsal line that tapers
towards the vent is highly conspicuous (Image 6) while in another case, the
mid-dorsal line is quite small (Image 7).
Dorsum is smooth with longitudinal folds made of oblong tubercles. The venter is uniformly smooth. Basic dorsal colour is grayish-brown with dark, oblong and irregular spots. Sides of the body and the posterior
parts of the thighs are marbled. A dark inter-orbital band is disjoined by the mid-dorsal line. Forelimbs have dark stripes and hind
limbs are barred and the ventral sides of the hands and feet are with pale
metatarsal tubercles and the toe webbing being marbled with dark colour. It differs from others in the group as
it has distinct dark bars on the legs.
The species is known to occupy brooks and ponds in wooded surroundings
and breed in summer. It is native to south Asia including India,
Bangladesh, Nepal and now Bhutan.
Cona Spiny Frog Nanorana conaensis
(Fei & Huang, 1981): A lone individual
(Image 8) was found nearby Tshenchulum Lake, in Haa District on 09 July 2010 at 1304hr at an altitude of
4066m by Karma Wangdi of UWICE. Although described as a species confined
to Mama, in Cona County, southern Xizang Autonomous
Region, China, it is now reported for the first time from Bhutan as this report
confirms its presence from Haa, western Bhutan. Further, Cona
is not too far from the spot where this species was found. It is known to occupy small streams in
forested and shrubby areas, and breeds in these streams, laying its eggs under
stones.
PleskeÕs High
Altitude Frog or Tibetan or Plateau Frog Nanorana
pleskei (Gunther, 1896): A lone species of
Nanorana pleskei
was also found at a place (not far from Noob Tshona Patra) below a dayÕs walk
from Tshenchulum Lake, Haa
(Images 9, 10) on 08 July 2010 at 1041hr at an altitude of 4083m by the same
person who found N. conaensis (not that far
from the spot where N. conaensis was
seen). Considered native to China,
this species found in three provinces in China, viz., Qinghai, Gansu and
Sichuan provinces between 3,300–4,500 m (Wang et al. 2004). This is the first report from Bhutan, a
sort of range extension.
Megophryidae
White-Lipped Horned Toad Xenophrys
major (Boulenger, 1908): There are many
unaccounted encounters with this species in Trashiyangtse,
Choetenkora.
Some civilians are even known to eat the species. An individual (Image
11) was hit by a stray arrow (Bhutanese men enjoy playing archery every little
free time they get) just behind the archery range near the Institute for
Zorig Choosoom, based in Trashyangtse not far away from the small Choetenkora suburb.
The injured toad was collected by the author and kept in the office for
at least two nights before it succumbed to its injuries. However, photograph was taken on 26
August 2009 at 0813hr and stuffed at the Bumdeling
Wildlife Sanctuary laboratory where it can be assessed even today.
The species is known from Cambodia, China, India, Lao PeopleÕs
Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. This species is also widespread in northeastern India states of Arunachal Pradesh and
Nagaland.
Glandular Horn Toad Xenophrys glandulosa (Fei, Ye &
Huang, 1991): An individual (Image 12) was collected by one Tashi Phuntsho, a forester then
working in Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary from a nearby
stream just in front of his quarters in Choetenkora, Trashiyangtse District on 15 August 2011 at 0740hr. The species was put through to one Kaushik Deuti, a herpetologist at
ZSI, Kolkatta who confirmed the identity. The town has a number of streams around
and the area remains wet most of the summer. Outside Bhutan, this species is known
from Yunnan Province in China and from the northeastern
Indian state of Nagaland.
Little Horned Frog Xenophrys minor (Stejneger, 1926): A lone species was photographed
(Image 13) from Serzhong, Mongar
District under Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary on 25
July 2009 at 1030hr at an elevation of 1287m by one Karma Wangdi,
who was then a forester in Bumdeling Wildlife
Sanctuary. Serzhong
is a village under Mongar District between
900–1600 m and is surrounded by Chirpine (Pinus roxburghii)
species. The species is also found in China, Thailand and Vietnam.
Ranidae
Mouping
Sucker Frog Amolops mantzorum
(David, 1872): A specimen was (Image 14) collected from a perennial
stream called Serkang Chu, that runs through the
suburban Choetenkora town, the headquarters of Trashiyangtse District at an altitude of 1745m on 23
September 2008 at 2201hr.
Considered endemic to southeastern Gansu and
western Sichuan provinces of China, it has been recorded between 1,000 and
2,800 m. I now report its presence
in Bhutan as well. It also is known
to occur in India (Meghalaya, Sikkim, Himanchal
Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, and West Bengal), Bangladesh and Nepal.
Taipeh Frog Hylarana taipehensis
(van Denburgh, 1909): A specimen (Image 15)
was collected and photographed from a place called Dungkarling,
Phuntshothang with a SVL of 40mm on 23 July 2011 at
2223hr at an elevation of 150m.
IUCN considers it as a species of Least Concern (van Dijk
et al. 2004). Feeding on insects,
grasshoppers, etc. they are found in dense tree masses in groups during daytime
(Lue 1990).
This species can be found in wet, damp crop fields, ponds, and hills
with tea crop plants present (Lue 1990), as well as
open grassy wetlands, rice paddies, river floodplains, and swamps in deciduous
forests. The species is known from
Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Lao PeopleÕs Democratic Republic,
Myanmar, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Assam Forest Frog Sylvirana leptoglossa (Cope, 1868): A specimen (Image 16) was
collected and photographed from a place called Dungkarling,
Phuntshothang, SamdrupJongkhar
District with a SVL of 70mm on 23 July 2011 at 2224hr at an elevation of
150m. IUCN considers it as a
species of Least Concern. Looking at the photograph, fingers and toes in order
of length are 3>4>1>2 and 4>5>3>2>1, respectively (after Lalremsanga et al. 2007). Found in tropical swampy forests from
40–300 m (Ahmed et al. 2009) the species is known to feed on insects and
flies. The place where this species
was located is not far away from the Indian state of Assam and the vegetation
type, altitude and other ecological attributes would not differ much. Outside Bhutan, this species is known to
occur in India (Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram), Bangladesh, Myanmar and
Thailand. It is a new record for
Bhutan.
GuntherÕs Amoy Frog Sylvirana cf. guentheri (Boulenger, 1882): Webbing
between toes is 3/4 similar to what Yang & Rao
(2008) suggests as seen in the photograph.
Dorsal surface brown with irregular black blotches but the belly is
white. Conspicuous longitudinal
black marks along the dorsolateral folds visible. The dorsum of hind limbs has black
horizontal stripes while the posterior sides of the legs have gray-black spots.
As described by Yang & Rao (2008), marks
on the dorsal surfaces of the legs are longitudinally arranged in a row.
By way of distribution it is known to be widely distributed in southern
China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and Viet Nam (Kuangyang
et al. 2004), and has also been recently introduced to Guam (Christy et al.
2007). A lowland species, it can be
found up to elevations of 1100m (Kuangyang et al.
2004). Photographs
of an amplecting pair (Image 17) was taken by
Bird Sherub, a Bhutanese ornithologist from Zhonggarchu, Lingmethang, Mongar on 30 September 2010 at 1642hr at an altitude of
606m.
Geoemydidae
Black Pond Turtle Melanochelys trijuga (Annandale, 1930): A sixth species for
Bhutan and the first record of Indian Black Turtle or Indian Pond Terrapin, Melanochelys trijuga,
a geoemydid specimen (Image 18) was found from Kanamakura, Royal Manas National
Park in Sarpang District (Image 19). The terrapin had a carapace length and
breadth of 7 and 6 centimeters, respectively, and was
found in the grassland on 18 April 2012 at 0618hr at an altitude of 260m while
looking for signs of mammals in the area.
The identification is based on the shape of its tricarinate
carapace which was found to be moderately depressed
with lateral margins more or less turned upward and the plastron being dark
with each shield having a light margin.
Digits were fully webbed while the tail was short. It had flat limbs with yellow
reticulations on sides. Olive brown
head had arrow head shaped black mark on forehead.
Outside Bhutan, the species is found in Nepal, India, Bangladesh and
Myanmar. While it is common in
India and Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar consider it locally endangered.
Anguidae
Burmese Glass Lizard Ophisaurus gracilis (Gray, 1845): A
single Burmese Glass Lizard was seen and photographed (Image 20) by one Sherub Jamtsho, a Forest Ranger
working for Zhemgang Forest Division as an Officer In
Charge of Khomshar Forest Range, Zhemgang
District on 02 February 2013 at 1913hr in an
open ground near school campus in the middle of the Khomshar
Village, Bardo, Zhemgang
District at an altitude of 1305m. The habitat is surrounded by paddy and maize fields and the
species actually was killed by villagers who mistook it for a snake.
Another specimen (Image 21) was seen in an
open country side filled with Eupatorium weeds,
ferns, grasses and a few Benthamidia capitata trees.
The overall forest surrounding the habitat is dominated by Lithocarpus species with Schima
sp., Quercus sp., Exbackliandia sp., Michalia
sp., and Daphnephyllum sp., etc. as
secondary species. The lizard was
spotted at the base of the partially rotten stump with thick mosses and grasses
on it while digging pits for plantation near Nimshong-Phumithang
Dratshang under Shingkhar, Zhemgang District on 07 June 2012 at 0953hr at an altitude
of 1866m. The quality of the image
is poor since a mobile camera was used due to unavailability of better camera
at that point of time.
Outside Bhutan, this legless lizard is known to occur in northeastern India, southern China, northern Myanmar, Laos, Thailand
and Vietnam.
Colubridae
Himalayan Mountain Keelback Amphiesma platyceps (Blyth,
1854): One Ugyen Dorji, a
Forest Ranger working for the National Land Commission for cadastral survey in Paro District found a Himalayan Mountain Keelback (Image 22) near Kuenga
School, on the banks of Pachu, a river that feeds the
Paro Valley, on 18 October 2010 at 2014hr in Paro. According to him, the species was found resting on
the sandy bank of Pachu, the main river that passes
through the Paro Valley. There are lots of unconfirmed reports of
the species presence in Thimphu, Punakha
and Wangdi Phodrang
districts. It is mainly found in
India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and China.
Sikkim False Wolf Snake Dinodon gammiei (Blandford, 1878): GammieÕs Wolf Snake, Dinodon
gammiei, is a non-venomous species of snake first
reported from Sikkim, India. A
juvenile (Images 23 & 24) was found inside an animal rescue shed in Chukha Village, Paro District by
an American animal rescuer Jamie Vaughan on 21 April 2013. The species identity
was confirmed by Abhjit Das, an Indian herpetologist
and Professor Indarneil Das. The latest reports of the presence of
the species in northeastern India include that of Mistry et al. (2007) and Chettri
& Bhupathy (2009). The supposed to be rare species may be
present in good numbers in Bhutan.
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