Length-weight and
length-length relationship of three species of snakehead fish, Channa diplogramma, C. marulius and C.
striata from the riverine reaches of Lake Vembanad,
Kerala, India
Anvar Ali 1, Neelesh Dahanukar 2& Rajeev Raghavan 3
1,3 Conservation Research Group
(CRG), St. Albert’s College, Kochi, Kerala 682018, India
2 Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune,
Maharashtra 411008, India
2,3 Zoo Outreach Organization
(ZOO), 96 Kumudham Nagar, VilankurichiRoad, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India
1 anvaraliif@gmail.com, 2 n.dahanukar@iiserpune.ac.in, 3rajeevraq@hotmail.com (corresponding author)
Abstract: The length-weight
relationship (LWR) and length-length relationships (LLR) of three snakehead
fishes, Channa diplogramma,C. marulius and C. striata,
exploited by small-scale fishers in the riverine reaches of Lake Vembanad, Kerala were studied using the allometricgrowth equation Y = aXb. Our analysis shows that the LWR of C.diplogramma and C. maruliusis nonisometric with exponents much smaller than the
cubic value (b = 3), while that of C. striatais isometric. Channa marulius showed a definite change in LWR with
size, with smaller fish growing with positive allometricexponents (b > 3) and larger individuals having negative allometric relationship (b < 3), indicating a
possible age-related change in growth pattern. In the case of LLR, all three snakehead
species showed non-isometric growth patterns. The caudal fin did not grow
substantially with increasing fish length.
Keywords: Allometric relationships, Channidae, snakeheads, southern Western Ghats.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3353.4769-73 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CB35EE3E-8D38-48B3-A9D7-ABFB29A915ED
Editor: M. Afzal Khan,
Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh,
India. Date
of publication: 26 September 2013 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # o3353 | Received 19
September 2012 | Final received 02 September 2013 | Finally accepted 03
September 2013
Citation: Ali, A., N. Dahanukar & R. Raghavan(2013). Length-weight and length-length relationship of three species of
snakehead fish, Channa diplogramma,
C. marulius and C. striatafrom the riverine reaches of Lake Vembanad, Kerala,
India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(13): 4769–4773; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3353.4769-73
Copyright: © Ali et al. 2013. Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Funding: The study was carried out as part of a larger
project on the conservation of freshwater fishes of Kerala funded by the North
of England Zoological Society/NEZS, Chester Zoo, UnitedKingdom
Competing Interest: The authors declare no competing
interests. Funding sources had no role in study design, data collection, results
interpretation and manuscript writing.
Acknowledgements: We thank FibinBaby for his help and support in the field, K. Krishnakumarfor photographs and Siby Philip for his critical
comments and valuable suggestions on the draft manuscript. Two anonymous
reviewers and Subject Editor provided constructive comments on the draft
manuscript.
The publication
of this article is supported by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF),
a joint initiative of l’Agence Françaisede Développement, Conservation International, the
European Commission, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of
Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank.
For figures, images -- click here
Snakeheads
of the genus Channa Scopoli,
1777, are among the most popular food fishes in tropical Asia (Wee 1982). In addition to being a common staple food
fish, snakeheads are also consumed therapeutically for wound healing and
reducing post-operative pain and discomfort (Gam et al. 2006). These fish are the focus of important
small-scale fisheries in rivers and reservoirs throughout their range, and are
also popular for pond and cage aquaculture (Adamson 2010; Poulsenet al. 2008). Little is known about
their bionomics and demography, and such data are required for developing
management measures for both aquaculture and wild fisheries.
Information
on allometry is essential to understand the basic
growth pattern of a species. Among the allometricrelationships, length-weight relationship (LWR) and length-length relationship
(LLR) of fishes can indicate species status in an environment and characterize
patterns of growth (Froese 2006; Kharatet al. 2008). Allometricrelations take the general form of the power law Y = aXbor its logarithmic form log Y = b log X + log a, where X and Yare measured quantities, a is the normalization
constant and b is the scaling exponent. When scaling is isometric, fish
weight (equal to the volume if constant density is assumed) will vary with the
length cubed (i.e. b = 3), while the standard length will show linear
correlation with total length (i.e. b = 1; Froese2006; Kharat et al. 2008). If the observed value of bdiffers from these expectations the relationship is allometricand growth is non-isometric, and an examination of the contributing factors can
shed light on species biology and wellbeing.
In this
paper we determine the LWR and LLR of three species of snakeheads, Channa diplogramma,C. marulius and C. striata (Images 1–3), targeted by small-scale fishers from the Pampa and Achankovil, two important confluent rivers of Vembanad Lake in the southern Indian state of Kerala.
Materials
and Methods
Our
sampling was concentrated on four important landing centresin the Pampa and Achankovil river basin viz., Edathua (9.360N & 76.470E), Parumala (9.340N & 76.550E), Prayikkara (9.260N & 76.540E) andPayippad (9.420N & 76.580E).Payippad is one of the largest fishing villages in
the Pampa-Achankovil river basin (Sunil 2007), while Parumala contributes to more than half of the share of
exploited fish catches from the Pampa River (Renjithkumaret al. 2011). We visited these fourmarkets fora period of five months (January to May 2010) and measured the total lengths
(from tip of snout to end of caudal fin) and standard length (from tip of snout
to end of caudal peduncle) in centimeters and weight in grams of C. diplogramma, C. maruliusand C. striata that were caught by local
fishers. All measurements were
taken at the markets and no fish was purchased and brought to the
laboratory. A total of 358
individuals (C. marulius, n=154; C. striata, n=137; C. diplogramma,
n=67) were measured during the course of the study.
The LWR
was determined using the equation W = aLb(Pauly 1984) and logarithmically transformed into logW = log a + b log L where W is the weight of
the fish in gram and L is the length (L = TL orSL) of the fish measured in centimetre.
The parameters a (proportionality constant) and b (exponent) of the LWR were estimated by least square regression (Zar 1999). Goodness of fit was determined using the coefficient of determination (r2).
The null hypothesis that b = 3 was tested using two tailed t test
as described by Zar (1999). The LLR was estimated as TL= aSLb and its log-log
form log (TL) = log (a) + b log (SL).
Goodness of fit was determined using the coefficient of determination (r2)
and the null hypothesis that b = 1 was tested using two tailed ttest.
Results
and Discussions
Snakehead
fishes like C. marulius and C. diplogramma are important food fishes exploited in
central Kerala, especially in the Pampa River with annual landings of 30.36 and
0.79 tons, respectively (Renjithkumar et al.
2011). However, populations of
snakeheads in the rivers of Kerala have declined considerably due to a variety
of factors such as unethical fishing, habitat alterations and diseases (Kurup 2000; Renjithkumar et al.
2011). For example C. diplogramma has been categorised as ‘Vulnerable’ in the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species (Abraham 2011) due to its declining populations and rarity (Benziger et al. 2011).
Analysis
of the LWR suggested that both C. diplogramma andC. marulius showed a non-isometric growth
pattern in the study region, whereas C. striatashowed an isometric growth pattern. In the case of C. diplogramma the
exponent of the LWR (Fig. 1a) was 1.28 (SE = 0.06) which was significantly
lesser than the cubic value (t = 27.17, df= 60, P < 0.0001), while in C. marulius(Fig. 1b) it was 1.54 (SE = 0.05) which was also significantly lesser than the
cubic value (t = -11.76, df = 151, P< 0.0001). These results suggest
that both species show non-isometric or negative allometricgrowth and that the fish do not grow in proportion to the length but the
increase in weight occurs with much smaller increments with increase in the
length of the fish. This therefore
indicates that populations of both C. diplogrammaand C. marulius are not growing isometrically and is likely to have less conditioning (Froese 2006). However, in C. striata, the exponent of
the LWR (Fig. 1c) was 2.73 (SE = 0.19) which was not
significantly different from the cubic value (t = 1.43, df = 135, P = 0.16) indicating that the
species shows an isometric growth pattern.
For all
three species the scatter of points along the regression line was substantial
and this can be backed up by the relatively low values of coefficient of
determination (r2) which was 0.8732 for C. diplogramma, 0.8820 for C. maruliusand 0.6113 for C. striata. Even though it is difficult to predict
the exact cause of this disparity it is possible that the observed pattern is a
result of difference in the growth pattern at different ages/stages of growth. Nevertheless, we do not have sufficient
evidence for this argument for C. diplogrammaand C. striata. However, the pattern in the distribution
of the data points along the log weight and log standard length axes in C. marulius clearly shows that the smaller individuals
(21.1–29.9 cm) have a higher slope as compared to larger individuals
(38.2–67.9 cm). Therefore,
these two ranges were plotted separately (Fig. 2). Smaller C. maruliushad an exponent of 3.67 (SE = 0.36) which was
marginally higher than the cubic value at one tailed level (one tailed t= -1.85, df = 42, P = 0.035). However, larger C. marulius had an exponent of 2.47 (SE = 0.11) which was significantly smaller than the cubic value (t= 4.83, df = 100, P < 0.0001). This indicates that in smaller
individuals of C. marulius the weight
increases with higher rate, with increase in the size but the change in the
weight as compared to the change in the length slows down in the larger
individuals. The exponent for the
small and large fish was also significantly different (t = 4.098, df = 143, P < 0.0001).
Analysis
of the LLR suggested that all the three species of Channa,studied here, had a non-isometric growth pattern. In C. diplogrammathe exponent of the LLR (Fig. 3a) was 1.14 (SE = 0.01) which was significantly
greater than the value of unity (t = -10.88, df= 60, P < 0.0001); in C. maruliusthe LLR exponent (Fig. 3b) was 1.10 (SE = 0.01) which was significantly greater
than the value of unity (t = -19.82, df= 158, P < 0.0001); and in C. striatathe LLR exponent (Fig. 3c) was 1.06 (SE = 0.02) which again was significantly
greater than the value of unity (t = -4.10, df= 135, P < 0.0001). Since
the difference in the total length and the standard length is due to the caudal
fin, the growth of caudal fin is based on the above results. As the standard length was scaling with
the total length with the positive allometricrelationship with b > 1 it is obvious that the increase in the standard
length was not scaled with the growth in the total length and total length
increased at smaller increments with increase in the standard length. Thus, with increase in the length of the
fish the caudal fin does not increase proportionately but grows with lesser
increments.
Very few
studies are available on the LWR and LLR of snakehead fishes from India, and
especially so from Western Ghats and the southern states (Froese& Pauly 2012). There is only one other report on the
LWR of C. diplogramma from Tamil Nadu (Ebanasar & Jayaprakash 2005),
while there is no information on the LLR of the species. There are several reports on the LWR of C.marulius and C. striatafrom other parts of their distribution but no information on their LLR.
In River
Ganga, C. marulius followed isometric growth
with a LWR exponent of 3.00 (Khan et al. 2012), while the same species showed
non-isometric growth pattern with an LWR exponent of 2.75 in Harike Wetland, Punjab (Dua &
Kumar 2006), 1.45 in the Godavari River (Rathod et al.
2011), 3.32 from Poongar swamp in Bhavanisagar(Devaraj 1973) and 3.16 in Kali River (Ahmad et al.
1990). The negative allometric growth pattern in HarikeWetland and Godavari River or the positive allometricgrowth pattern in Kali River cannot be validated statistically because the
authors have not provided the standard error in b. However, for Bhavanisagar, Devaraj (1973) has
shown that the exponent is significantly higher than isometry. In accordance with our results of
overall exponent of 1.54 (SE = 0.05), it can be suggested that C. marulius shows a wide variation in their growth
pattern. Length class in three
studies (Ahmad et al. 1990; Dua & Kumar 2006; Devaraj 1973) had strong overlap with the length class
considered in our study (16–80 cm, 25–89 cm and 8–95 cm
respectively versus 21–68 cm in our study). Therefore the variation in the exponent
is not a result of differential sampling methods across the studies. Nevertheless, within our study we
observed that there was a difference in the exponent for smaller length class
as compared to larger length class indicating that the species has two growth
stanzas. The smaller individuals
(21.1–29.9 cm) grew with the exponent significantly higher than the cubic
value while the larger specimens (38.2–67.9 cm) grew with exponents
significantly smaller than the cubic value. Such ontogenicvariations in the cubic law are known from other fish species as well (Froese 2006), however, a more detailed investigation
regarding the reasons contributing to such variations is essential. It is important to note that this
possibly age related pattern is not universal for different populations of this
species. Rathodet al. (2011) studied the LWR in the length class 22–38 cm, which
overlapped with our smaller length class, and they found an exponent of
1.45. Further, even though the
length class groups considered are not similar to our classes, Devaraj (1973) suggested that the specimens of smaller
length class (< 8cm) had an exponent of 1.18, while the specimens of larger
length class (>8cm) had an exponent of 3.33.
Except
for a study by Senguttuvan & Sivakumar(2010) indicating that C. striata in Ukkadam Lake, Coimbatore showed fast growth (without any
information on LWR), there is no other information on the LWR of C. striata from southern India to compare our
results. Khan et al. (2011)
reported the exponent of 2.93 (SE = 0.24) for C. striatacollected in Ganga River of northern India, while Satrawaha& Pilasamorn (2009) reported the exponent of 2.94
(SE = 0.22) from Chi River of Thailand. Both these results, similar to our
study, vouch for isometric growth of C. striata.
Even
though we do not have other reports on LLR of the three species of snakeheads,
the fact that all three showed a positive allometricgrowth indicate that the caudal fin of these species does not increase
proportionately with the length of the species, rather it grows with much
smaller increments.
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