Moolah, misfortune or
spinsterhood? The plight of Slender Loris Lorislydekkerianus in southern India
Arun Kanagavel1, Cynthia Sinclair 2, Rajkumar Sekar 3 & Rajeev Raghavan4
1,3,4 Conservation Research Group
(CRG), St. Albert’s College, Cochin, Kerala 682018, India
1,2 Wildlife Information Liaison
Development Society (WILD), 4 Zoo Outreach Organization,
96, KumudhamNagar, Vilankurichi Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
641035, India
1 arun.kanagavel@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 sinclair.cynthia@gmail.com, 3 raajkumar_seker@yahoo.com,4 rajeevraq@hotmail.com
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3265.948 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9AC1CA91-97CF-46B7-91A7-F6DF1F0D2500
Editor: Mewa Singh,
Mysore University, Mysore, India. Date of publication:26 January 2013 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms #
o3265 | Received 22 July 2012 | Final received 22 November 2012 | Finally
accepted 05 December 2012
Citation: Kanagavel, A., C. Sinclair, R. Sekar & R. Raghavan (2013). Moolah,
misfortune or spinsterhood? The plight of Slender
Loris Loris lydekkerianus in southern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(1):
3585–3588; doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3265.948
Copyright: © Kanagavel et al. 2013. Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and
the source of publication.
Funding: Rufford Small
Grants Foundation (9190-1)
Competing Interest: None
Acknowledgements: We thank the Kanicommunity and the officials of the forest check post at Kanithadam,Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala; Varun Vikraman and Arjun Chincoli for helping with
surveys; Aditya Prithvi for
his suggestions on earlier versions of the manuscript and Ramnath Chandrashekar for lending his camera equipment. The authors thank the two anonymous
reviewers and the Subject Editor for their comments and suggestions
which greatly improved this note. The study was conducted with official permission from the
Department of Wildlife and Forests, Kerala (WL 12-7326/2010).
The publication of this article is supported by the Critical Ecosystem
Partnership Fund (CEPF), a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement,
Conservation International, the European Commission, the Global
Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the
World Bank.
For
figures, images, tables -- click here
The Slender Loris Loris lydekkerianus is a shy, small-sized primate,
endemic to southern India and Sri Lanka (Kumara et al. 2006; Nekaris et al. 2008). It is a Least Concern species as per the IUCN Red List and is classified
under Schedule I (Part I) of the Indian Wildlife Act, 1972 (Nekariset al. 2008). Represented by two
subspecies in India (lydekkerianus and malabaricus), this insectivorous primate is
characterized by its huge, prominent eyes that assist in its nocturnal behavior (Kumara et al. 2009). Lorislydekkerianus lydekkerianus is the larger of the two subspecies, grey in color and found largely in
plantations, villages or cultivated areas, especially in Acacia trees (Kumara et al. 2006). They are distributed across the Eastern Ghats, and also the eastern
slopes of the Western Ghats (Radhakrishnaet al. 2011). Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus is
reddish-brown in color and restricted to the western slopes of central
and southern Western Ghats (mostly at elevations above 700m) in Karnataka,
Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Kumara et al. 2006, 2009; Radhakrishnaet al. 2011). It prefers
plantations and evergreen scrub forests within the broad vegetation type of wet
evergreen forests, and is also more abundant in disturbed areas (Kumara et al.
2006; Radhakrishna et al. 2011). In spite of several studies (Kumara
et al. 2006, 2009; Radhakrishna et al. 2011), the
distribution and threats to Slender Lorises are not
well known from many regions in southern India.
This note contributes a new distribution record, and
discusses poorly documented threats to Loris lydekkerianusin the southern Western Ghats. Our
results originate from opportunistic observations, analysis of images from an
Indian wildlife photography website and local knowledge-based surveys conducted
at Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary (PWS), Kerala, during
April 2011, as part of a project on the status of forest-dwelling chelonians in
the Agasthyamalai Hills.
Interactions with the indigenous Kanicommunity at Kanithadam inside PWS revealed the
occurrence of a loris population close to the forest
check post. Accompanied by
individuals from this indigenous community, opportunistic visual encounter
surveys were undertaken at night (1900–2330 hr)
by members of our project team over a period of five days. A total of seven L.l. lydekkerianus sightings were made (Image 1; day
1=3, day 2=nil, day 3=3, day 4=1 and day 5=nil). The elevation here, ranged between
158–208 m while the vegetation was largely bamboo Ochlandra sp. and
plantations of Acacia and Eucalyptus. Currently L.l. lydekkerianus is known to be distributedacross the Eastern Ghats and the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats and, L.l. malabaricus across
the Western Ghats (Kumara et al. 2009, Fig 1., p.32). The southern-most point of occurrence of L.l. lydekkerianusaccording to available literature (CDL 2003; Kumara et al. 2009) is the Dindigul District of Tamil Nadu. Our sightings in PWS
therefore, extends the range of L.l. lydekkerianus further south, by approximately
180km to the Agasthyamalai Hills.
Subsequently, informal interviews were conducted with 12 Kani respondents to understand local attitudes as well as
ecological knowledge of the species (Kanagavel & Raghavan 2012). Locally known as ‘tevaang’, two types of lorises were perceived to occur at PWS, one distinctly
larger and fairer in color while the other, smaller and brown in color. Known to be nocturnal, the Kanis had noticed them more frequently in the night from
the glare reflected by the loris’ eyes while using a
torch. Lorisesusually remain at a height of 4.5–5.5 m on trees, and are known to
sometimes move on the ground. They
consume tender parts of leaves especially that of bamboo, as well as insects,
and are known to subsist on water collected within the cavities in the
vegetation. Lorisesare neither consumed nor kept as pets as the local community does not like
their physical appearance. These
animals are also perceived to bring bad luck, and if encountered in the forest
means that locals will not find any non-timber forest produce in the area. Lorises also
resemble their ‘Mala Daivam’ (Hill God), which also
associates the species with religious sentiments. Unmarried women in the community are not
allowed to, and also willingly abstain from seeing the species due to the
belief that a sighting can lead to lifelong spinsterhood.
Accounts of local perceptions towards lorisesare largely unavailable from India. Kumara (2007) documented the association of lorises as an omen in protected areas in Karnataka, which
resulted in locals killing them when encountered. In Sri Lanka, the species is associated
with similar beliefs; however their use for treating a variety of ailments from
leprosy to preparing love potions is more prominent (Nekaris et al. 2010). The practice of collecting tears from lorisesfor treating eye ailments, although known to be popular in Tamil Nadu (Singh
et al. 1999) and Sri Lanka (Nekariset al. 2010) is currently not in much practice at PWS.
During our study period, individuals of the Kani community captured an adult male L.l. lydekkerianus from an Acacia tree at
night. The loriswas collected for wildlife photographers from Thiruvanthapuram,
located 40km away, to indulge in photography. Our team was invited to see the animal,
which was readily held on a short branch with torches aimed to highlight it, and
prodded in order to refrain it from moving; so as to assist in capturing a
“good” image (Image 3). The Kanis explicitly showed us various framing angles while
photographing it. The animal was
subsequently kept within a local’s house and photographed by the photographer
it was intended for, next morning. Subsequently the animal was released into an isolated bamboo thicket
right next to the house, which had no vegetation continuity to the collection
site (Image 1). The loris was not sighted the night after.
These locals were generally paid 500-1500 Indian Rupees
by photographers for such ‘managed photo-shoots’. A respondent recounted that he had once
collected an adult female loris with an infant, and
also showed us an image given to him of the same. Another described to us that he had to
cut down four trees in order to restrict a loris to a
single tree to prevent it from escaping. They are supposedly easier to capture when they are at lower branches of
trees, and respondents recounted painful bites while handling them. Lorises were known to be thus collected and kept within local
settlements, generally covered by a cloth to avoid being seen by their
women. Although, they are known to
acclimatize to human company within two or three days, they are difficult to
maintain as pets due to their daily requirement of tender leaves and insects,
which are laborious to collect. The
indigenous respondents have also sighted feral/domestic dogs killing these
primates.
Unlike at PWS, slender loriseshave been extensively sold as pets, and supplied to zoos in the states of
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and various other places in
Kerala (Singh et al. 2000; Ahmed 2001). Also, local
astrologers in Karnataka and Kerala are known to use lorisesto pick out tarot cards (Ahmed 2001).
To find out whether the photography of lorises indeed involved unethical handling, India’s
prominent wildlife photography website, India Nature Watch (INW)
(http://www.indianaturewatch.net) which allows its users to post images online,
was searched for related images. Images of slow lorises were omitted and only
those of slender lorises were retained until the
year, 2011. Multiple images posted
by the same photographer from the same sighting were considered as a single
event. Overall, 29 events, mostly
from Karnataka (n=20) followed by Tamil Nadu (n=7) and Kerala (n=2) were found,
of which three were L.l. malabaricus, the rest being L. l. lydekkerianus. The two subspecies were identified and distinguished based on their
overall body color and the circumlocular patch (Kumara et al. 2006).
The images of L.l. lydekkerianus were from Karnataka (Bengaluru, Chamrajnagar, Coorg, Tumkur) and Tamil Nadu (Dindigul,Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Krishnagiri, Sathyamangalam),
while those of L.l. malabaricus were from Karnataka (Udupi) and Kerala (PWS, Wayanad). A
‘boom and bust’ cycle is very evident as events captured during 1995 were
posted beginning 2005, that could have eventually led to a peak in 2008,
subsiding thereafter (Fig. 1). Images from INW substantiate the ecological knowledge of the Kanis that L.l. malabaricus also occurs at PWS. This suggests that the distribution of
the two subspecies may overlap contrary to previous information (CDL 2003;
Kumara et al. 2009), and yet remain isolated locally, by factors like elevation
and vegetation. Images from INW also
suggest new records for L.l. lydekkerianus at Coorg, Krishnagiri and Sathyamangalam.
One of the L.l. lydekkerianus photographed from Tumkur,
Karnataka involved rescue and release by the forest department, and therefore
this event was omitted from further review. Using our experience from PWS, we
analyzed 28 events for instances during which loriseswere captured and/or handled for photography. Ethical wildlife photography
involves animals not being mistreated for acquiring an image. This ethic was not followed in a
majority of cases (n=16) and in one case a loris was
held by its hind limb on the ground to restrict it from moving. In spite of largely being a nocturnal
animal, 13 events were during the day. Two of the L.l. lydekkerianus photographed in Karnataka had infants.
Such unethical photography not only endangers a species
protected under the Indian Wildlife Act (1972), but also promotes cultural and
emotional discomfort among local communities, whose proximity to wildlife only
presents an increased risk to wildlife conservation in this case. The process also involves tree felling
and causes considerable amount of stress for the animal. Handling and/or capture of animals
should be strongly discouraged, and instead loriswatching and photography workshops could be organized in collaboration with
local communities and the forest department. Wildlife photography based online
initiatives like India Nature Watch (INW), set up to explore and promote the
wildlife of India, should impose on its users such ethics, restrict it’s
members from posting such images and should also report to authorities of
malpractices. Such guidelines
currently exist for nesting birds and this should be extended for various other
species, including lorises. Initiatives also need to be undertaken
to promote ethical photography, especially in Karnataka, where the majority
(n=13) of unethical events occurred.
Urgent field surveys are also required in southern
Kerala, northwestern Tamil Nadu and northern Karnataka to comprehensively
understand the distribution and status of the various subspecies of Slender
Loris in the Western Ghats. Such surveys
would benefit from collaboration with online photography websites and citizen
science initiatives like INW, which have resulted in an improved understanding
of species distribution as demonstrated here.
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