Elephant Elephas maximusLinnaeus (Proboscidea: Elephantidae)
migration paths in the Nilgiri Hills, India in the
late 1970s
E.R.C. Davidar 1, Peter Davidar 2, Priya Davidar 3 & Jean-Philippe Puyravaud 4
1 Deceased.
2,4 ECOS, 9A Frédéric Ozanam St., Colas Nagar, Puducherry605001, India
3 Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences,
Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry605014, India
Email: 2 sigurnaturetrust@gmail.com, 3 pdavidar.ees@pondiuni.edu.in,4 jp.puyravaud@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Date of publication
(online): 26 November 2012
Date of publication (print): 26 November 2012
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: Heidi Riddle
Manuscript details:
Ms #
o3008
Received 15 November 2011
Final received 31 August 2012
Finally accepted 15 October 2012
Citation: Davidar, E.R.C.,
P. Davidar, P. Davidar& J.-P. Puyravaud (2012).Elephant Elephas maximus Linnaeus
(Proboscidea: Elephantidae)
migration paths in the Nilgiri Hills, India in the
late 1970s. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 4(14): 3284–3293.
Copyright: © E.R.C. Davidar, Peter Davidar, Priya Davidar & Jean-Philippe Puyravaud 2012.Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 UnportedLicense. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article
in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by
providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Acknowledgements
1981: We thank Mr. A.M. Mahmood Hussain IFS, Additional Chief Conservator of Forests, Tamil
Nadu Forest Department, and Y.S. Kadakshamani IFS,
DFO Coimbatore for their formal permission to work in Mudumalaiand Coimbatore Reserved Forests. But for the enthusiasm of Mr.J.C. Daniel, Chairman, Asian Elephant Specialist Group, this study would not
have been possible. We also thank him for meeting the expenditure incurred on
the study. We owe a debt of gratitude to the planting community who helped and
shared information. We thank Mr. B. Palaniappan, Group Manager, WoodbriarEstate Ltd., Mr. C. Ramachandra Rao, Group Manager, Manjushree Plantations, Ltd., Mr. V.A. Krishnan, Senior Manager, KilkotagiriEstates, Mr. K. Madappa,
Manager, Korakundah Estate, Mr.E. Luke, Manager, Periashola Estate, Mr. D.R.B. Tyman, Managing
Director, Tea Estates India Ltd., and Mr. A. Arunachalam IFS, Managing Director, TANTEA. Mr. Jude Michael, Shikari Bokkan, and informant Mari of Sirurhelped on the many treks. To those who are going to initiate action on this
report and implement the recommendations we wish them success.
2011: We thank Dr. Ajay Desai (Co-Chair, Asian Elephant Specialist Group),Dr. Simon Hedges (Co-Chair, Asian Elephant Specialist
Group), and Dr. Simon Stuart, Chair, IUCN Species
Survival Commission, for their initial interest in this publication. Dr. Asad Rahmani(Director, BNHS) and Dr. Ajay Desai kindly granted us
permission to utilise the draft and publish it. We thank the Journal of
Threatened Taxa and in particular the Founder & Chief Editor, Dr. Sanjay Molur, for their enlightened editorial policy, and an anonymous referee
of the Journal of Threatened Taxa for constructive comments. Dr. S. Jayakumar, Department of Ecology and Environmental
Sciences, Pondicherry University, kindly provided us the elevation map of the
region.
Author Details: The late E.R.C. Davidar was a lawyer by profession and a
conservationist. He pioneered studies on the Nilgiri tahr, elephant corridors, the dhole and the striped hyena.
He established what may be the first ever privatereserve in India and has authored a book on the recent ecological history of
the Nilgiris.
Peter Davidar holds a MPhil in Wildlife Biology. He has undertaken surveys on
elephant corridors and is presently a trustee of the SigurNature Trust, a private wildlife corridor. He is interested in wildlife
photography.
Priya Davidar is a
professor of ecology at the Pondicherry University. She teaches conservation
biology and behavior. Her research
interests span over the fields of biogeography, biodiversity, pollination
ecology and conservation.
Jean-Philippe Puyravaud is an
ecologist associated with ECOS, a trust for the conservation of nature. His
main interest is habitat management for endangered species. He advises MSc and
PhD students of the Pondicherry University in research methodology and landscape
ecology.
Author Contribution: ERCD was the principal investigator of this project. He
designed the study, conducted the field surveys and wrote a longer unpublished
version of this paper for the Asian Elephant Specialist Group of the IUCN. PeD assisted in the field survey. PrDassisted with editorial work of the first version and helped revise the
abridged version of the paper. J-PP revised and edited this abridged version of
the paper, and prepared the maps.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8DBD3959-3024-43AE-938E-EA234D2852B0
Abstract: The study presented was carried out in 1978 with the
support of the Asian Elephant Specialist Group (AsESG)
of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species
Survival Commission (SSC). Its
objective was to investigate the impediments to elephant movement in the Nilgiri Hills, in the Western Ghats of India, in an attempt
to suggest positive steps to encourage movement through the provision of
corridors. The report was left
unpublished, but given its importance as a reference document for the
conservation of the Asian elephant in the Nilgiris,
in 2011 the last two authors decided to publish it. The process of habitat fragmentation has
been going on ever since man started agriculture. But this problem has, of late, become
much more acute due to mounting pressure on land. The corridor concept applied to wildlife
is the provision of a free and, as far as possible, unimpeded way for the
passage of wild animals between two wildlife zones. A corridor’s more important function is
to prevent wild animals from getting isolated in small pocket-like islands.
Maintaining elephant habitat connectivity in and around the Nilgirisrests upon the understanding that elephant populations of the several protected
areas of the now Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve must
remain active. The first author
surveyed the Nilgiris on foot and on elephant back
for several months in 1978. It was
concluded that four areas (the Nilgiri north slopes
and Deccan Plateau, the south and southeasternslopes, the Gudalur Plateau, and the upper plateau)
harboured together 10 corridors that needed to be maintained, or restored, or
even partially restored.
Keywords: Asian Elephant, connectivity,
conservation, corridors, Elephas maximus Linnaeus, habitat, NilgiriBiosphere Reserve.
For images, tables
-- click here
Preface
The work presented here
was undertaken by the late E.R.C. Davidar for the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Asian Elephant
Specialist Group (AsESG) in the second half of the
1970s. The study was promoted by
the late Mr. J.C. Daniel, former Chairman, IUCN AsESG, and former Vice-President of the Bombay Natural
History Society (BNHS).
Forty years ago, naturalists started to be
concerned about Asian Elephant Elephas maximus migrations. Nothing much was known about it but
biologists could see that development in the NilgiriMountains (Western Ghats of India) posed more and more obstacles to the free
movement of elephants. Geographic
information systems (GISs) were in their infancy, the Landsat satellite program
had just started, and personal computers were rare. In order to visualize how elephants
migrated, there was no other way than to go to the field, observe and produce
maps, as were doing land surveyors.
Only few people were interested in
spending months in jungles “infested” (the term used at that time) by dangerous
wildlife. E.R.C. Davidar was one of them and had already done extensive
field surveys all over the Western Ghats and the Nilgiris(e.g. Davidar 1978). With 25 years of experience in this
rough terrain, he walked or visited on elephant back all habitats he thought
were of importance.
E.R.C. Davidarfinalized the first version of his text “Investigation of elephant migration
paths in the Nilgiri Hills and inquiry into impediments
to the free movement of elephants and recommendations for the provision of
corridors for their movement” in 1981, and submitted it to Mr.J.C. Daniel for comments. The study
remained a poorly circulated, unpublished draft. After seeking permission from the IUCN AsESG and the BNHS in 2011, the two last authors decided to
publish the report.
Why should we publish an old report as
wildlife science in India has considerably evolved since the seventies? There
were several reasons. Firstly, it
was the first study of elephant corridors in India. Due to the amazing field experience of
the lead author E.R.C. Davidar, a life-timeof treks and interaction with shikaris (guides of
hunting parties) who had an intimate knowledge of the jungle, he came to draw
general patterns of elephant migrations in the Nilgiris. The report is consequently a historical
record of elephant movements, and an invaluable baseline scenario for any study
on corridors for this region. Secondly, it is referred to in technical surveys
(Menon et al. 2005), Forest Department master
documents (Tamil Nadu Forest Department, 2009), newspapers1,
scientific articles (i.e. Johnsingh & Williams
1999), and books (i.e. Santiapillai & Jackson
1990), but available to only a handful of specialists. Thirdly and most importantly, E.R.C. Davidar understood that his mission of recording corridors
was “a purely negative exercise”, and extended the scope of the study. His reasoning was that focusing on
functional elephants corridors was biased since it would not take into
consideration corridors that were recently lost at the time of the study, which
has implications for conservation. These lost corridors needed to be restored to reduce conflict with
elephants and to properly manage elephant populations. Following this rationale, he recorded
functional corridors and also added what he knew to be recently lost major
elephant corridors.
Corridors, in his view, were meant to
maintain connectivity among core habitats and were necessary (i) outside protected areas, or (ii) within a potentially
threatened protected area. To him,
it was obvious that particular former passages had to be restored because they
were, and still are, potential areas for human / elephant conflict. If restoration was impossible, it was
still of value to note the place of a former corridor, because future
generations might be more sensitive to the fate of the elephants than ours.
The reader must be warned that the
manuscript and study styles are very much at variance with present-day scientific
articles. Moreover, the content of
the original draft report has been shortened. The text has been edited only when minor
changes regarding the expression were absolutely necessary. Recommendations are unchanged. Location names have been retained as per
the draft. For example, “Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary” was kept instead of “Mudumalai Tiger Reserve”, as it is called today. No actualized literature has been added
except in the preface. Wherever
text has been added in 2011, it is in between brackets [ ].
Investigating elephant paths in the Nilgiris
The NilgiriHills, located between 11010’–11030’N & 76025’–77000’E,
are an off-shoot of the Western Ghats where the
Eastern Ghats terminate. The
geographical area of the Nilgiri District is 2,452km2,
and the area covered by this report including forests in Kerala and the
Coimbatore District in Tamil Nadu, is 3,000km2 approximately (Image
1). This region encompasses several
forest types, which are mostly tropical wet evergreen, tropical semievergreen, tropical moistdeciduous,
and montane wet temperate types of forests (Champion
& Seth 1968). This region is
served by both the south-west and north-east monsoons,
but there is considerable variability in rainfall and temperature in the
different areas since elevation ranges between 200 and 2,600 m.
Elephants are great wanderers. In Africa, elephants Loxodonta africana have been known to cover great
distances, and their wanderings have been recorded with meticulous care by
researchers. There are few such
records for the Asian elephants, although migrations, though not on a similar
scale as in Africa, do occur. In
the Nilgiris, unlike in most places, there is scope
for both lateral as well as vertical movement. There also appears to be definite migratory
seasons, although solitary bulls as well as bull parties are on the move year
round.
These migrations are likely to offer
elephants a change of diet and climate. For instance, elephants move from wetter tracts such as tropical wet
evergreen and tropical semievergreen forests in the
west, to tropical moistdeciduous and dry deciduous
scrub in the east. That way, they
may escape insects that swarm the wet regions during the south-westmonsoon. It also gives sections of
the habitat a chance to recover. Wild elephants had their traditional migration paths particularly over
difficult hill country. It is
believed that engineers opening up the hills to traffic followed some of these
trek routes to lay roads as they found that the elephants had done their
gradient survey for them! Elephant
depredations and damage to crops are less concentrated due to such
movement. Encouraging movement of
wildlife is a necessary tool in wildlife management.
As the NilgiriHills developed, the migration paths began to shift. In the course of time many had to be
abandoned due to being cut up by roads, settlements, cultivation, plantations,
hydroelectric projects, and so on. Most have ceased to exist. On level ground however, elephants had no set routes, except at river fords
and like. In the Nilgiris, short stretches of well-beaten elephant trails
still exist, especially on the slopes.
The present project started as an
”Investigation of the migration routes of elephants in the Nilgiris”.
As the investigation proceeded, it became apparent that it would be a purely
negative exercise [as with development, some of these routes had already been
severed]. It was, therefore,
decided to enlarge the scope of the project. In addition, we investigated the
impediments to elephant movement in the area to suggest positive steps to
encourage movement through the provision of corridors.
The corridor concept applied to wildlife
is the provision of a free and, as far as possible, unimpeded way for the
passage of wild animals between two wildlife zones. A corridor’s more important function is
to prevent wild animals from getting isolated in small pocket-like
islands. The process of habitat
fragmentation has been going on ever since man started agriculture. But this problem has, of late, become
much more acute due to mounting pressure on land.
What should be the optimum size of a
corridor? The length will naturally
depend on the distance to be connected. In doing so, it may become necessary to take a circuitous route
connecting existing jungles. There
cannot be any hard and fast rule on the width. It may be anything from approximately
100m to approximately 2km. The wider the better. But limitations such as the lay of the land, the types of country, and
practical consideration such as causing least disturbance to people who are
likely to be affected by the provisions of corridors has to be taken into
account in determining the width.
Methods
Wildlife literature relating to the Nilgiris was exhaustively researched for information [in
1978] on elephants’ migration and to identify migration paths. Unfortunately references on the subject
were sketchy [at the time of this report]. All known elephant habitats were extensively covered on foot following
migration paths whenever possible.
Four areas seemed of particular
importance, so we divided the Nilgiris into four
broad sections: (I) the northern slopes and the southern portion of the Deccan
Plateau (called “Deccan Plateau” hereafter), (II) the south and southeastern slopes, (III) the Gudalurplateau, and (IV) the upper plateau. [All corridors noted 1 to 10 in the four different areas were
represented in Image 1. In the original report, corridors were marked on
photocopied survey of India topographic maps. These documents would have been adequate
forty years ago when forest officers knew the area well. These original maps were used to produce
more readable documents. Reserved
forest layers have been redrawn on the basis of Prabhakar& Pascal (1996) with GRASS-GIS (2011) and QGIS (2011). The reserved forests approximately
represent the elephant habitat. Most of the reserved forests could be
represented fairly accurately except the northern AttappadiReserved Forest, which was improperly delimited.]
Results
I. Nilgiri north slopes and Deccan Plateau
This region is defined as the section of
the Deccan Plateau north of, and below the main NilgiriPlateau towards the east of the Mudumalai Wildlife
Sanctuary (Image 2). Reserved
forests of the Sigur range occupy most of the land
area. Interspersed among these reserved forests are the populous village of Masinagudi, some hamlets, tribal settlements, Electricity
Board camps, and cattle pens besides cultivated ‘patta’
lands. There are also some revenue
forests and revenue lands belonging to the State Government and private
forests. Some of these non-reserved
forests serve as links between reserved forests.
This region, the slopes of the main Nilgiri range as well as the slopes leading down to the Moyar River in the north, supports a fair elephant
population. The most important
function of this area is that it serves as the migration route between Mudumalai and the Wyanad forests
on the west, and the Talamalai/HasanurPlateau and Biligirirangan ranges on the east and
northeast.
Obstructions to free movement of elephants
occur in the shape of penstocks (huge cylindrical pipes) and trolley lines
leading to the Singara and Moyarpower houses and the flume channel connecting the two, and ‘patta’
lands. In spite of these
obstructions elephants trek from one section to the other using interspersed
private forests and revenue forests. It is essential that these non-reserved forests should be preserved to
facilitate elephants and other animals to trek from one section to the other
avoiding long detours.
1. The Mudumalai-Singara-Sigurconnection
Glenmorgan, on the edge of the upper Nilgiri slope, is
where the head works of the Singara power house is located. Along the entire width of this 1,000m slope, at the foot of which the Singara power house is installed, the movement of elephants
is blocked by three rows of penstocks, the trolley, and communication lines
that run parallel to them. Animals
on the slopes that want to cross over have to make a long detour by coming
right down to the power house level at Singara, and skirt the Electricity Board camp before doing
so. Then they meet the Singara-Masinagudi road connecting the two places. Elephants coming from the southern part
of the Mudumalai Sanctuary also use this stretch to
migrate to the Sigur range and the slopes.
On either side of the middle stretch of
the Masinagudi-Singara road is a private forest. This
forms part of the Singara estate. It is reported that this forest is under
litigation [at the time of the study] and whether the land remains with the
present owner or not, a corridor is necessary here. Land for such a corridor is more easily
set apart and the corridor set up before the process of development begins.
It is recommended that a 600–800 m
wide corridor connecting Kalmalai Reserved Forest andSingara Reserved Forest across the Masinagudi-Singara road between 3 and 4 km (from Masinagudi between the bridge over the channel and the Singara estate fence marking the new planting) be set up.
2. MavinhallaRevenue Forests
On either side of the SigurRiver there are reserved forests. On the west is the Mudumalai Sanctuary and Singara Reserved Forest, and on the east is Sigur Reserved Forest whichconnects the Talamalai plateau and the range of hills
beyond. The reserved forests are
contiguous below Chemmanatham and the slope above theSigur bridge. However for a distance of 6 km both
above and below Mavinhalla lands (cultivated and
fallow), cattle pens and the Mavinhalla hamlet itself
obstruct the passage of elephants, if a stretch of revenue forests south of Mavinhalla is not taken into account. This stretch of revenue forests serves
as a corridor between the reserved forests on either side.
It is recommended that the revenue forests
comprising revenue survey nos. 98, 107, 109, 115, and 246/1 of Masinagudi Village be converted to a reserved forest. Should it be considered very necessary,
part of the survey fields on the northern end of the proposed corridor (close
to Mavinhalla and the highway) may
be excluded to be put to other uses.
3. Masinagudi-Thengamaradaroad
Between Masinagudiand Sirur there is already a road
which is about 20km long. Of
this, 5km is a road of the Highways Department, and the rest is a metalled road
maintained by the Forest Department. There is a proposal to upgrade this road and connect it to Thengamarada and take it on from there to Bhavanisagar and connect it to the Sathyamangalam-Mettupalayamhighway. The road will soon become
a two lane highway. Branch roads are
proposed to be laid to Hallimoyar and Kallampalayam. Work is already in progress and in 2 years’ time the road is expected to
be ready for traffic. This is a
prime wilderness area rich in wildlife which has
remained undisturbed so far. This
road will traverse and cut across elephant migration paths in several places.
It is recommended that strict vigil be
exercised to prevent exploitation to the detriment of wildlife.
II. South and southeastern slopes
On the south and south-easternslopes of the Nilgiri hills, forests extend from Attapadi in Kerala to the west to Bhavanisagarin the east. Forests cover the base of the mountain and extend into the plains,
varying in depth. Forest cover on
the Tamil Nadu side is continuous, except for the ghatroads (mountain roads), a railway line, forest plantations, and the Kundah hydro-electric works at the lower levels, tea and
coffee plantations, and villages interspersed among the forests at the higher
elevations. Elephants are confined
to the lower levels except for crop and jackfruit raiding forays into
plantations higher up. The two mainghat roads, namely the Coonoorand Kotagiri ghat roads,
the heavy traffic that they carry, the steep cuttings that have been made for
laying roads, and the occupation of the land on either side of the road, are
the main obstacles for movement of elephants.
4. KunjapanaiCorridors
The village of Kunjapanaion the Mettupalayam ghatroad is located about half way between Kotagiri and Mettupalayam at an elevation of 1,200m. Elephants, mostly solitary or in small
herds, frequent this area particularly during the jackfruit season. Elephants come from the forest below,
the plantations, and the forests east of the road. They cross the road above and below Kunjapanai. This does not happen frequently; when they do it is usually very late at
night. Below Kunjapanaithe steep slope and the road have made it difficult for elephants to move from
one side of the road to the other.
It is recommended that either side of Kunjapanai, particularly the road-sideland, is kept free of obstructions for the movement of elephants.
5. Mettupalayam-Kotagiri ghat road
The road is the second important link to
the hills from the south. It
traverses a stretch of scrub jungle which is part of
the reserved forest in the plains. On
the mountain slope steep road cuttings make it difficult for the animals to
cross. Therefore the bases of the
hills and the forests in the plains have to be kept clear of obstruction. The scrub east of the road at the lower
(Mettupalayam) end has been cleared, and an
experimental forest research station of the Tamil Nadu Agricultural Institute
has come up. It is fenced in and
acts as a barrier to animals. There
is an explosives store on the west. Other such obstructions might come up along this road.
It is recommended that a 1km stretch of
the reserved forests on either side of the Mettupalayam-Kotagiriroad between 4.2 and 5.2 km (distance from Mettupalayam)
be left free of obstruction.
6. Mettupalayam-Coonoor ghat road:
the Kallar corridor
The Mettupalayam-Coonoor ghat road runs up the HullicalValley. The ghatroad is the main highway to the hills and starts its ascent at the 25thkm from Mettupalayam. On either side of the road from the
bottom up to Burliar are reserved forests composed of
scrub and mixed jungle. The jungle
on the east of the road extends up to Bhavanisagarand beyond on the west side up to Mulli on the Tamil
Nadu-Kerala border. No movement is possible at higher elevation because of road
cuttings, revetments, steepness of the slopes, fruit
orchards and plantations. Passage
is possible only at the start of the ascent. But at present, it is cut off because of
the road itself, areca plantations and fields, not to mention heavy traffic.
But traffic tapers off at night. In
spite of these conditions elephants come as close as 100m to the road, and
there are reports of occasional elephant crossings at the 1sthairpin bend (25th km stone). The Coonoor River and the Kallar River, which are only a short distance away, are
frequently used by elephants. If access is to be provided in the shape of a corridor, elephants and
Gaur (Bos gaurus)
will make use of it.
It is recommended that:
a. A corridor about 100–150 m in
width at and immediately below the first hairpin bend be set up to connect the
reserved forests on either side.
b. For this purpose private land needs to
be acquired. Some land leased by the Government across the CoonoorRiver may be resumed (such area to be acquired may not be more than 10 to12
hectares in extent).
c. Plantations below the corridor should
be fenced with a sturdy stone wall at Government cost
to prevent migrating elephants from straying into plantations and causing
damage.
d. The fence should be inspected
periodically and maintained.
e. Some gaps should be left in the
revetment supporting the first hairpin bend and steps/slopes taken to
facilitate easy passage of elephants.
7. Pillur–Melur slopes and Bhavani River
Valley
Until recently, on the southern and southwestern slopes of the Nilgirihills and the Bhavani River valley above and west of Mettupalayam, forests extended westward until they met the Attapadi Reserved Forest, which is contiguous to the Silent
Valley Reserved Forest. Now
forests remain only on the Tamil Nadu side. On the Kerala side, the river valley has
been converted into flourishing irrigation fields, and the lower slopes have
been denuded and are being extensively grazed by domestic cattle. The slopes below Kinnakoraihave been turned into fields even at the higher levels. The forests were the private properties
of minor rajas who indiscriminately leased them out to
cultivation. Had the Government
taken action and made these into reserved forests this may not have happened.
The contiguity between the forests on the
Tamil Nadu side and the Kerala side has been lost. Beyond the Tamil Nadu border, forests
remain only in Attapadi and no movement of elephants
between the forests on the two sides is possible. The few elephant herds on the Tamil Nadu
side can move up to Manar and Pegumbahallaon the Karamadai-Kundah road (and a little distance
up to the border) and not beyond. Even on the Tamil Nadu side elephant movement is hindered by power houses no. 3 and 4 of the Kundahhydro-electric scheme, the Pillur dam, large
residential camps in three locations, the penstocks, network of roads, and
cultivation. But these are not
insurmountable obstacles and elephants have been moving around, up to the
border and into the forests across the south of the BhavaniRiver. The restoration of these
lost migration paths seems rather doubtful.
III. The Gudalur Plateau
The GudalurPlateau is 1,000m on average in elevation. To the west are the tropical evergreen forests of Nilambur,
New Amarambalam, Silent Valley, and to the north and
east are the moist mixed deciduous forests thinning into heavy scrub of Mudumalai and Bandipur. It was covered with forests (Fletcher
1911) and acted as a link between the forests of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and
Karnataka. The plateau became a center for mining, and tea and coffee planting in the
nineteenth century. These were
opened up in the place of forests. Mines were abandoned when they failed but
the development of tea, coffee, and forest plantations continued. According to official records, the area
occupied by plantations in the Gudalur Taluk is 1,200ha (approximately). Unofficially, the area is much larger
due to encroachments. Now forests remain only within the MudumalaiSanctuary limits, on the northwestern slopes (above Ouchterlony Valley), and in scattered reserves.
In 1969, the Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation
Corporation Ltd. (TANTEA) moved into the area, and cleared the thickly wooded
reserved forests around Cherangode, Cherambadi, and Nelliyalam, and
planted tea to settle repatriates from Sri Lanka. New areas (some were grasslands) have
been taken up in the past three years in Devala and Gudalur, and a further extent of 600ha has been added and
expansion is in progress.
A distinct form of land tenure known as
the janmum tenure, which applied to a third of
the area, has been another unsettling factor. The Tamil Nadu Government sought
to abolish the janmum tenure by legalization which is known as the “Gudalur Janmum Estates” (Abolition and Conversion intoRiotwari) Act, 1969. Litigation over the
enactment has been dragging on. Taking advantage of this unsettled situation,
large-scale to forcible occupation of janman [or janmun] lands has been taking
place. It has become a free for all
where profits were high, except for wildlife.
It would be a great advantage to wild
elephants if the old links between Nilambur-New Amarambalam-Silent Valley and Mudumalai-Bandipurcould be restored across the Gudalur plateau. But
this is not a possibility. A new
link may have to be forged. Even this is extremely difficult as there are many
obstacles, the worst being the squatters who have reduced criminal trespass
into a fine art. The squatter
problem has become a political issue, most of the
opposition parties and even the Government of Kerala oppose evictions.
Besides, getting elephants used to new
migration paths in the form of corridors is not going to be easy. The slopes overlooking the Ouchterlony valley would have provided an ideal migration
link, but it is cut-off at the Gudalur end of
plantations and settlements. For a
long time there has been no sign of elephants using these slopes for migration.
[In order to setup corridors], two routes
have been suggested - one cutting right across the Gudalurplateau, and the other skirting the plateau (and partly through the Ootacamund Taluk) along its
eastern border. Both start at
different points in the Mudumalai Sanctuary and
terminate at about the same area on the Tamil Nadu-Kerala border. It is desirable that both are attempted
and at least sections are preserved for the day when public opinion demands a
better deal for elephants.
8. The Benne (Mudumalai)-Needlerock - New Amarambalamcorridor
[The full length of the proposed corridor
is described in Table 1.] A corridor across TANTEA’s new Gudalurand Devala divisions, stretching from the Kerala
border to the Rockwood Reserve, is a long and vital link. A 200m wide path could be in the form of
a fuel reserve. High priority is
accorded to this corridor because tree planting has just begun here so it is
still possible to preserve this stretch. Even if it becomes impossible to set up a corridor for its whole length
from New Amarambalam to Mudumalai,
this TANTEA stretch alone would enable elephants to move at least up to
Rockwood Reserve and Needle Rock as before.
As far as other big tea estates on the
path are concerned, they may be allowed to retain the corridor land involved on
the condition that the corridor land is developed as fuel reserve and allows
the passage of elephants.
9. The Mudumalai-Ouchterlonyvalley Nilambur - New Amarambalamcorridor
[The full length of the proposed corridor
is described in Table 2.] Solitary
elephants do stray as far as Burnside Estate from the Kerala side, and the
corridor is traced following their route. From below Burnside Estate the corridor will be almost wholly along the
bed of the Pandey River and tributaries. The problem to overcome will be the
squatters occupying the banks on either side. Passage through developed estates will
be most difficult as there are lines [workers’ quarters], buildings, etc. Where
passage through estate reserves becomes necessary, estates could develop fuel
reserves.
IV. The upper plateau
The Nilgirimountains flatten out into a plateau roughly 900km2 in area, above
1,500m in elevation, with temperate conditions prevailing. Before the 1850s,
the plateau consisted of mostly southern montanegrasslands interspersed with southern subtropical hill forest (sholas) and
scrub. A considerable area of
grasslands and sholas have disappeared yielding place to plantations. This worsened due to the increasing size
of towns and encroachments on Government land. Only the southwest parts of the plateau
retain some of the original Nilgiri habitat. In recent years elephants were recorded
with higher frequency, and this may be because of degradation of their habitats
at the lower elevation.
There are three routes up the slopes to
Upper Bhavani from the Attapadi-Silent
Valley-New Amarambalam forests. One route is up the Galisi-Todiki slope skirting the KorakundahEstate, the second is up the Bhavanipuzha-Bison swamp
slope, and the third is the Sispara bridle path
through the Sispara pass [corridor 10]. Only small elephant herds are regular
visitors. As more pressure builds up at lower elevations, larger herds are
expected to come to the plateau. This should be encouraged [because this area
might function as a refuge].
At present there are no impediments to
elephants roaming over this entire area except for the upper Bhavani dam water spread. However, there is a proposal to build
dams that might be obstacles across the path of elephants. There is a proposal to mine bauxite in
the range of hills at Lakkidi (eastern end of upper Bhavani) to feed Malco’saluminium factory at Mettur. [This mining project has
not been implemented so far.]
It is recommended that:
a. It is important that the Upper Bhavani country should continue to remain a wilderness
area.
b. The proposal of the electricity board
to build further dams in this area should be abandoned.
c. The bauxite miningproposal at Lakkidi should also be given up.
Conclusion
[It emerges from this work that elephant
habitat in coastal areas of Kerala (Silent Valley, Attapadi)
are isolated from inland habitats ranging from Nagarholeto Mudumalai to Bhavanisagar. Consequently, rainforest habitats are
now isolated from drier type of forests. And elephants can no more circle the Nilgiris, as they probably used to do, to find better
feeding grounds. However, this
state of affairs should not prevent the search for solutions. Forging new corridors, reshaping
boundaries between village lands and reserved forests in order to prevent
conflicts with elephants, remains a priority.]
The considerations that weighed uppermost
when making recommendations was that they should be pragmatic and capable of
implementation. Care was taken not
to propose any grandiose schemes. The recommendations are modest and should be workable. For the success of projects of this
nature it is essential that local sympathies are not
alienated. The cooperation and
support of local people should be sought and obtained.
Lines of action and priorities have been
indicated. Naturally the recommendations vary to suit the local
conditions. While some require
positive action, in the case of others all that isrequired is a safeguard that the prevailing conditions are not disturbed. Of course, the most important
requirement is enthusiasm on the part of the concerned authorities, and the
political will to put the recommendations into effect.
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